1626:
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it is defined as legal, recognized and acknowledged as such by a sovereign authority. Within its borders, a sovereign state does as it pleases. Most, if not all, modern states have honorific orders and decorations of some kind, and those are sometimes called orders of knighthood." Exactly what makes one order legitimate and another self-styled or false is a matter of debate with some arguing that any monarch (reigning or not) or even the descendants of such can create an order while others assert that only a government with actual internationally recognized authority has such power (regardless of whether that government is republican or monarchical in nature). Historically, nobility and knights have also formed Orders of
Knighthood. The
3965:
241:
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38:
179:(Latin for 'order' / 'status') – is dedicated to a Christian purpose. The first orders of knights were religious orders that were founded to protect and guide pilgrims to the Holy Land. The knightly orders were characterized by an order-like community life in poverty, obedience and chastity, which was linked with charitable tasks, armed pilgrimage protection and military action against external and occasionally internal enemies of Christianity. Examples are the
4230:
2273:
3958:
2258:
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2367:), and on the left chest for the lower grades. Many orders use insignia in the form of a cross, but there may also be stars, and military awards may have crossed swords added onto the insignias. Ladies may wear the badge on a bow on the left chest. In orders following the example set by the French Legion of Honour, the two highest classes also wear a star (or
2442:
claim to be chivalric orders but are actually private membership organisations that have not been created by a state or a reigning monarch. The answer to the question of whether an order is legitimate or not varies from nation to nation, François Velde wrote an "order of knighthood is legitimate if
206:
In the course of time, many orders of knights have been dissolved due to a lack of people or the field of activity has changed. So in many areas the charitable aspect and nursing came to the fore. There were also dissolutions for political reasons, such as the
Knights Templar in 1312 or many orders
1392:
who followed a common mission but were established by monarchs or governments with the specific purpose of bestowing honours on deserving individuals. In most
European monarchies, these new orders retained some outward forms from the medieval orders of chivalry (such as rituals and structure) but
1325:
The distinction between these orders and decorations is somewhat vague, except that these honorific orders still implied membership in a group. Decorations have no such limitations and are awarded purely to recognize the merit or accomplishments of the recipient. Both orders and decorations often
198:
In addition to the religious orders of knights, courtly orders of knights emerged in many
European royal houses from the middle of the 14th century. This enabled the monarchs and princes to create a reliable household power independent of the church and to combine their court life with knightly
2705:
Louis XI founded the Order of Saint
Michael in 1469. Initially, there were thirty-six knights, but their numbers increased to such a point that the order began to lose its prestige. Louis XIV reformed the order on 12 January 1665, reducing the number of knights to one
2839:
The Most
Honourable Order of the Bath was established as a military order by Letters Patent of George I on 18 May 1725, when the Dean of Westminster was made Dean of the Order in perpetuity and King Henry VII's Chapel designated as the Chapel of the
210:
There are repeated attempts to revive or restore old orders of knights. Often, old knight orders are used today to honor personalities. For example, the
British Queen Elizabeth II regularly appointed new members to the
172:
An order of knights is a community of knights composed by order rules with the main purpose of an ideal or charitable task. The original ideal lay in monachus et miles (monk and knight), who in the order –
3938:
72:. George, then Prince of Wales, is wearing the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, the sash and grand cross grade of the Order of Charles III, the Royal Victorian Chain, and the stars of the Garter and the
223:, was reactivated by the House of Habsburg after its dissolution by Nazi Germany. Meanwhile, to this day, deserved personalities in republican France are highlighted by being awarded the Knight of the
2248:. There were two classes. The first class, the Grand Collar, was worn by the Shah, crown prince, and awarded to heads of state. The second class, the Grand Cordon, was worn by princes and princesses.
227:. In contrast, the knights of the ecclesiastical orders of knights such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Order of St. John mainly devote themselves to social tasks, nursing and care.
195:. These communities only became orders in the sense of canon law through papal recognition of their own binding rules of order and through the dissolution of ecclesiastical diocesan organizations.
1014:
961:
1035:
1607:
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of knights as opposition by Nazi
Germany. While the Knights Templar was not re-established, some orders were reactivated after the end of World War II and the fall of the Iron Curtain.
2597:
1263:
1188:
2405:
on admittees while also no further implying the same status on previously non-noble conferees. Yet some orders may still expect noble ancestry on the part of recipients, such as the
1124:
3011:
Bossuat, A. (1944). Un ordre de chevalerie auvergnat; l'ordre de la Pomme d'or'. Bidle/in bistoriqia it stienti/iqm dt I'Aupergite, Uiv (1944), 83–98; H. Morel,'Unc associa, 523-4.
1085:
1301:
1228:
1279:
1008:
1248:
1218:
1164:
1662:, merged it with the Savoyan Order of Saint Maurice, and thenceforth the title of Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus was hereditary in that house. 1572
1178:
1615:
1363:
2496:. See the definition of the Order of the Garter as "a society, fellowship and college of knights" there. – St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. 2005. Archived from
2296:, then descending with varying titles. Alternatively, the ranks are referred to by number (for example "1st class" instead of "Grand Cross"). Typical rankings are:
466:
2214:, founded by King Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 30 December 1888, which became a Belgian order in 1908 and has not been awarded since the independence of
599:. Most military-monastic orders (except the Teutonic Order and the Order of Saint John) became parts of this category during the 15th and 16th century (e.g. the
3002:
Thiou, E. (2002). La noble confrérie & les chevaliers de Saint-Georges au Comté de
Bourgogne sous l'Ancien régime & la révolution. Mémoire et documents.
2921:
1625:
1061:
2980:
Knights of fantasy: an overview, history, and critique of the self-styled "Orders" called "of Saint John" or "of Malta", in
Denmark and other Nordic countries
2660:
2224:, founded by King Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 9 April 1891, which became a Belgian order in 1908 and has not been awarded since the independence of
1244:
Cliental pseudo-orders are not orders of chivalry and were princes' retinues fashionably termed orders. They are without statutes or restricted memberships:
4243:
1071:
1232:
978:
1351:
990:
1422:
2410:
1418:
1222:
422:
Over time, the above division became no longer sufficient, and heraldic science distinguished orders into: hereditary, military, religious and fees.
2558:
1417:, some republican honours have thus avoided the traditional structure found in medieval orders of chivalry and created new ones instead, e.g. the
4111:
461:
299:
1886:
1204:. These were courtly chivalric games rather than actual pledges as in the case of the fraternal orders. Three are known from their statutes:
1030:
Princely orders were founded by noblemen of higher rank. Most of these were founded in imitation of the Order of the Golden Fleece, after 1430:
188:
1393:
were in essence orders of merit, mainly distinguished from their republican counterparts by the fact that members were entitled to a title of
1208:
2605:
2378:
In certain countries with feudal heritage the higher ranks (usually at least the Grand Cross) may have vestments proper to them, including a
1892:
547:
Honorific chivalric orders: consist only of honorific insignia bestowed on knights on festive occasions, consisting of nothing but the badge
4094:
2159:
3611:
3563:
1577:
751:
685:
596:
2493:
2413:. Others may continue to imply conferral of nobility on any admittee, whether hereditary or personal, such as in some of the cases of
3538:
1915:
894:
4233:
2444:
1134:
1191:, founded by 44 knights in the Barrois (1416–1422), subsequently converted into the Confraternal order of Saint Hubert (see above)
3591:
935:
900:
216:
1334:
The orders have influenced organizations which are completely separate and distinct from them. Since at least the 18th century,
3672:
3139:
1588:
became a Republic in 1946, but continues to be awarded by the heir of the last King as the head of the house of Savoy rules in
840:
3881:
2698:
1413:
are sometimes referred to as orders of knighthood. As a consequence of being not an order of chivalry but orders of merit or
888:
1318:
Together with the monarchical chivalric orders (see above) these honorific orders are the prime ancestors of the modern-day
666:
Late medieval monarchical orders (14th and 15th centuries) are orders of chivalry with the presidency attached to a monarch:
3553:
3528:
2401:
democratised the honour systems of orders of chivalry and merit in the sense of formally omitting both the expectations of
1075:
2768:
203:, founded there in 1430, was for many a model in the sense of a princely order based on the ideals of Christian chivalry.
3576:
2122:
1954:
1651:
913:
355:
17:
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984:
397:
108:
31:
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1842:
1708:
1659:
1524:
1452:
1406:
1398:
1359:
1339:
870:
647:
333:
192:
73:
3042:
2923:
The legitimacy of Orders of St. John: a historical and legal analysis and case study of a para-religious phenomenon
2668:
2225:
2215:
1876:
1796:
1619:
1045:
220:
48:(right), during his State Visit to the United Kingdom in 1905. Alfonso is wearing the uniform of a general of the
3677:
3514:
1846:
1105:
951:
277:
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2598:"La Santa Sede e gli Ordini Cavallereschi: doverosi chiarimenti (Prima parte) | ZENIT - Il mondo visto da Roma"
2018:
1899:
1812:
1405:, established in 1806) while in yet other orders only the top classes were considered knights (such as in the
3157:
2321:
Grand Officer, Commander 1st Class, Grand Commander, Knight Commander, Knight Companion, Commander with Star
2088:
1832:
996:
785:
634:
443:
435:
346:), otherwise a "non-national dynastic order", as the head of a formerly reigning royal house operating under
184:
4248:
3548:
3519:
1970:
1836:
1826:
1641:
1601:
1414:
1402:
1355:
1081:
1002:
967:
801:
795:
761:
4271:
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2118:
2014:
1933:
1909:
1852:
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1305:
1154:
923:
711:
321:
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2884:(in German). Hamburg: Verlag Kleine Reihe für Freunde der Ordens- und Ehrenzeichenkunde. pp. 19–24.
1991:, founded by King Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 24 August 1900 (became a Belgian order in 1908).
1267:
661:
Investiture of three new members of the Order of the Knot (miniature from the order's statutes, 1352/4).
3299:
3132:
2201:
2191:
2149:
2128:
2004:
1862:
1633:
1597:
1581:
1548:
929:
791:
755:
731:
200:
65:
2024:
3682:
3649:
2292:, most multi-level European orders comprise five ranks or classes. The highest is usually called the
2211:
2155:
2078:
1722:
1049:
1055:
3601:
2718:
2456:
2422:
2175:
2064:
1927:
1456:
1430:
1347:
1311:
1150:
Fraternal orders are orders of chivalry that were formed off a vow & for a certain enterprise:
945:
940:
834:
765:
618:
568:
450:
284:– medieval pioneer of the original military orders – distinguishes orders in the following manner:
2742:
2447:
is a Baronial Order and the Ordre de la Pomme d'Or was founded by 14 knights in Auvergne in 1394.
296:, rewarding military or civil merits of citizens, legally based on the sovereignty of their states
3701:
3639:
3596:
3327:
2823:
2221:
1950:
1748:
1445:, one of the original military orders founded circa 1099, and its definite acceptance in 1103 by
1101:
507:
69:
2793:
1514:
1500:
187:
officially called The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, founded in 1090, the
3659:
3634:
3374:
2383:
2145:
2008:
1943:
1923:
1822:
1816:
1806:
1689:
1669:
1665:
1469:, a Catholic religious order founded as a military order in 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1446:
1111:
1039:
828:
811:
614:
2520:
3654:
3125:
2620:
2261:
2082:
1994:
1960:
1919:
1802:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1712:
1685:
1566:
1486:
882:
864:
852:
775:
725:
699:
53:
1388:
Most orders created since the late 17th century were no longer societies and fellowships of
544:
Votive chivalric orders: founded for a limited period of time only by members who take a vow
4116:
3812:
3689:
3586:
3571:
3384:
3349:
3332:
3243:
2938:
2497:
2169:
2054:
1998:
1912:
is an order of Thailand. It was established in 1861 by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of Siam.
1866:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1675:
1645:
1528:
1476:
1252:
1065:
876:
858:
846:
805:
689:
622:
381:(1521–1586) distinguished knights and their respective societies in three main categories:
61:
30:
This article is about secular orders of knighthood. For the medieval religious orders, see
8:
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3415:
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3165:
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2179:
2044:
1988:
1792:
1762:
1758:
1695:
1679:
1562:
1319:
1182:
956:
781:
721:
695:
513:
378:
343:
149:
97:
57:
2926:(Thesis). Amsterdam: Hoegen Dijkhof Advocaten (van Universiteit Leiden). pp. 35–41.
254:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3468:
3311:
3047:
The knights of the crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe
2471:
2439:
2245:
2204:, founded by Queen Victoria in 1878 and has not been awarded since the independence of
2194:, founded by Queen Victoria in 1861 and has not been awarded since the independence of
2108:
2072:
1937:
1738:
1538:
1496:
1482:
1091:
1026:
Confraternal orders are orders of chivalry with the presidency attached to a nobleman:
815:
675:
550:
156:
decoration. In fact, these decorations themselves often came to be known informally as
3964:
2636:
1095:
432:
The Knights in the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Late Medieval Europe
4169:
3405:
3258:
3102:
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2900:
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2434:
1880:
1856:
1718:
1702:
1552:
1510:
1273:
771:
745:
741:
735:
715:
600:
581:
908:
Monarchical orders whose monarch no longer reigns but continues to bestow the order:
4196:
4191:
3866:
3479:
3212:
2418:
2398:
2285:
2237:
2048:
1978:
1845:, is an order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George, Prince Regent, later
1585:
1534:
972:
671:
224:
3112:
2028:
1401:, established in 1764), others would confer a title upon appointment (such as the
1138:
4221:
4201:
4186:
4121:
4077:
4050:
3927:
3876:
3871:
3503:
3369:
3203:
3186:
2783:
Pierredon (de) M.: L'Ordre equestre du Saint Sepulchre de Jerusalem. Paris, 1928.
2772:
2544:
See also: Johannes Fried "Das Mittelalter. Geschichte und Kultur." (2011), p 460.
2364:
2098:
2092:
1974:
1896:
1611:
1556:
1460:
1426:
1367:
1212:
528:
501:
456:
415:
393:
329:
293:
180:
152:
of members, but some of them were ultimately purely honorific and consisted of a
3026:
Observations introductory to an historical essay upon the Knighthood of the Bath
2899:. Vol. 3, History and Heritage. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. pp. 4–6.
2809:
Observations introductory to an historical essay upon the Knighthood of the Bath
2363:
in the case of the senior ranks, around the neck for the middle ranks (see also
4060:
3844:
3758:
3533:
3458:
3439:
3364:
3321:
3306:
3222:
2765:
2466:
2461:
2414:
2265:
1964:
1766:
1466:
1383:
1343:
917:
657:
386:
372:
339:
317:
289:
199:
virtues. During this time, the Burgundian court culture was leading and so the
161:
131:
3995:
3049:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1325–1520.
1297:
Honorific orders were honorific insignia consisting of nothing but the badge:
4265:
4206:
4164:
4089:
4045:
3888:
3849:
3490:
2372:
2185:
1782:
1472:
553:: self-proclaimed imitation-orders without statutes or restricted memberships
141:
3064:
Kaeuper, Richard W.; Kennedy, Elspeth; De Charny, Geoffroi (December 1996).
342:
of a sovereign royal dynasty, either an active "dynastic state order" (e.g.
37:
4159:
3794:
3451:
3248:
3148:
2165:
2132:
2112:
2102:
2068:
2058:
1947:
1655:
1590:
1200:
Votive orders are orders of chivalry, temporarily formed on the basis of a
49:
41:
3068:
The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi De Charny: Text, Context, and Translation
2852:
2371:) on the chest. In special cases the senior class may wear the badge on a
625:, the time of proper orders of merit begun. The monarchical orders became
134:, began to be established in a more courtly fashion that could be created
4154:
4144:
4005:
3932:
3763:
3750:
3644:
3485:
3397:
3379:
3161:
2821:
2293:
1658:
united the Order of Saint Lazarus in perpetuity with the Crown of Savoy.
1409:, established in 1818). Orders of merit which still confer privileges of
1335:
487:
483:
120:
3107:
2967:. London: Lambeth Diploma of Student in Theology Thesis. pp. 80–90.
2182:(or Hesse-Cassel) (in present-day Germany), founded 1814, abolished 1866
1314:, a papal order (since the 14th century, flourishes in the 16th century)
962:
Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception
4040:
4022:
3915:
3827:
3473:
3354:
2272:
1903:
1459:, founded as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in 1048, sanctioned by
1410:
351:
2689:
Vachaudez, Christophe; Walgrave, Jan (2008). Diana Scarisbrick (ed.).
4072:
4000:
3957:
3922:
3856:
3822:
3817:
3789:
3463:
3429:
3359:
2368:
2241:
2038:
2034:
1629:
1371:
630:
500:
Catholic chivalric orders: membership exclusively for members of the
4176:
4149:
4139:
4012:
3990:
3720:
2766:
Definition adapted from www.turkishmedals.net, accessed 2010-02-20.
2402:
2289:
1870:
1394:
535:
407:
281:
124:
112:
105:
45:
2688:
1849:, while he was acting as Prince Regent for his father, George III.
3832:
3784:
3041:
2257:
1982:
1211:(Enterprise of the green shield with the white lady), founded by
1168:
1128:
524:
411:
375:
145:
2743:"Monarchy Today: Queen and Public: Honours: Order of St Patrick"
2188:(Order of Wilhelm) of Hesse-Kassel, founded 1851, abolished 1875
2091:, granted a legislative charter by President of the Philippines
1215:
dit Boucicaut and 12 knights in 1399 for the duration of 5 years
4082:
3910:
3861:
3434:
3420:
3117:
2625:(in Italian). Vol. 1. Heredi di Marchio Sessa. p. 14.
2356:
2313:
Grand Cross, Commander Grand Cross, Grand Cordon, Grand Collar
1389:
1172:
541:
Fraternal chivalric orders: founded for a specific purpose only
136:
101:
3971:
2587:
Jürgen Sarnowsky "Die geistlichen Ritterorden" (2018), pp 221.
482:
Medieval chivalric orders: foundation of the order during the
4067:
3902:
3839:
3779:
3173:
3169:
2352:
2205:
2195:
1542:
1518:
1504:
1490:
1158:
679:
153:
3772:
3424:
2882:
Die Orden und Ehrenzeichen des Kurfürstentums Hessen-Kassel
2379:
2360:
1699:
1201:
1058:, founded in Silesia, Upper Lusatia and Boehmia before 1389
578:–1291), beginning with the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
403:
308:
3320:
1137:, also called Confraternity of Saint-Georges of Burgundy (
219:, whose roots also go back to the so-called "last knight"
4017:
2387:
1338:
has incorporated symbols and rituals of several medieval
215:
in the 21st century. In Central Europe, for example, the
160:. These institutions in turn gave rise to the modern-day
564:
Another occurrent chronological categorisation is into:
140:. These orders would often retain the notion of being a
3227:
heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families
3063:
2578:"What is the Legion d'Honneur?". BBC News. 24 May 2004.
2345:
Knight, Knight 2nd Class, Chevalier, Cavaliere, Member
414:, later also by feudal lords and knights elderly (e.g.
104:, typically founded during or inspired by the original
1555:
in 1319. This order considers itself successor of the
1397:. While some orders required noble birth (such as the
4244:
Knowledge:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals
3089:
The History of the Order of the Bath and its Insignia
2895:
Barber, Malcom; Mallia-Milanes, Victor, eds. (2008).
1584:
in 1362, ceased to be a national order of Italy when
512:
Protestant chivalric orders: blessed by the heads of
130:
Since the 15th century, orders of chivalry, often as
2894:
2268:
depicting his honours embroidered on his coat jacket
2035:
Order of the Knights of the Southern Cross Australia
1322:(see below) which are orders of merit in character.
4224:
is the accepted criterion for official distinctions
2494:"St. George's Chapel: History: Order of the Garter"
1773:
Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III
1352:
Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
1119:
Baronial orders, founded by noblemen of lower rank:
991:
Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
506:Orthodox chivalric orders: blessed by the heads of
3065:
2822:The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey (2011).
1423:Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
1225:and 16 knights in 1415 for the duration of 2 years
3035:Statutes of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath
2977:
2411:Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem
1419:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
979:Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
4263:
2965:Orders of Chivalry under the Aegis of the Church
1221:(Enterprise of the Prisoner's Iron), founded by
4112:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
3410:
3108:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
2857:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
2390:. An example of such a modern-day order is the
2375:, which is an elaborate chain around the neck.
2085:of the Kingdom of Cambodia on 9 September 1948.
1370:), the latter two featuring prominently in the
1231:(Enterprise of the Dragon's Mouth), founded by
534:Confraternal chivalric orders: foundation by a
3217:and their national/public/official authorities
3113:Medieval Chivalry – World History Encyclopedia
2962:
2919:
2691:Royal jewels: from Charlemagne to the Romanovs
1889:, Order founded in 1099 and refounded in 1852.
1887:Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)
823:Post-medieval foundations of chivalric orders:
523:Monarchical chivalric orders: foundation by a
492:Modern chivalric orders: foundation after 1789
475:Based on Boulton, this article distinguishes:
332:: the only extant one in this category is the
3133:
2252:
2148:, founded in 1098 at a leper hospital in the
1953:, acting on behalf of her under-age daughter
1893:Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
1779:on 19 September 1771 (became a Spanish order)
2337:Officer, Knight 1st Class, Member 1st Class
2160:Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski of Poland
1940:, to celebrate the unification of Italy 1868
430:In a more generous distribution proposed in
2939:"Legal Definitions of Orders of Knighthood"
2759:
2682:
2359:. Typically these insignia are worn from a
2351:Each of these ranks wear insignia, usually
752:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
617:(despite its military obligations) and the
174:
3342:
3140:
3126:
2937:Velde, François Velde (25 February 2004).
2519:Velde, François Velde (25 February 2004).
2329:Commander, Commander 2nd Class, Companion
1819:on 14 March 1815 (became a Spanish order).
597:Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary)
559:
44:(left) with his cousin-in-law, the future
27:Order, confraternity or society of knights
2920:Hoegen Dijkhof, Hendrik Johannes (2006).
2618:
1239:
1157:, founded by 3 princes and 11 knights in
350:(right to confer), typically approved by
4234:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals
2963:Brett-Crowther, Michael Richard (1990).
2875:
2873:
2747:Official website of the British Monarchy
2723:Official website of the British Monarchy
2693:. New York: Vendôme Press. p. 146.
2665:Official website of the British Monarchy
2445:Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont
2284:Following the example set by the French
2271:
2256:
1789:in 1772 (Dormant between 1974 and 2023).
1624:
1209:Emprise de l'Escu vert à la Dame Blanche
1135:Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont
656:
479:Chivalric orders by time of foundation:
438:classifies chivalric orders as follows:
316:: under the protection of the Holy See (
36:
3103:History of Orders of Chivalry: A Survey
1997:(or Muni Isvarabarna): founded by King
1967:of the United Kingdom on 21 April 1896.
1632:orders of chivalry. In the centre, the
936:Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)
14:
4264:
3023:
2806:
2152:and is one of the lesser known orders.
1021:
841:Blood of Jesus Christ (military order)
538:, either high nobility or low nobility
3121:
3032:
2936:
2879:
2870:
2521:"Legitimacy and Orders of Knighthood"
2518:
2488:
2486:
2428:
1614:in 1370 where today is headed by the
1251:(Order of the Broom-Pod), founded by
768:in 1381: First order to accept Women.
652:
389:", i.e. dynastic orders of knighthood
4220:* = Direct or indirect reference to
3939:Prizes known as the Nobel of a field
3086:
3072:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1813:Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic
1114:, founded by fourteen nobles in 1755
1076:Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg
234:
4239:
2123:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
1955:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
1922:Order founded on 1 January 1865 by
1652:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1578:Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
1292:
1145:
1015:Royal Order of the Crown of Hawai'i
914:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
356:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
354:in the case of older origins (e.g.
336:, an international sovereign entity
24:
2483:
1759:Order of St. George the Triumphant
985:Order of Saint Michael of the Wing
641:
32:Military order (religious society)
25:
4283:
3096:
2978:Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2002).
2794:"Knights of Thistle Bourbon 1370"
2407:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
2039:the Catholic Bishops of Australia
1843:Order of St Michael and St George
1799:in 1783 (Not awarded since 1936).
1660:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1608:Knights of the Thistle of Bourbon
1525:Order of Saint James of the Sword
1453:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1436:
1407:Order of St Michael and St George
1399:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
1360:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
871:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
648:Military order (monastic society)
334:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
288:State orders or orders of merit:
74:Order of St Michael and St George
62:cross of the Order of Charles III
4238:
4229:
4228:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3147:
2811:. London: J. Woodman. p. 4.
2139:
1877:Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav
1797:George III of the United Kingdom
1620:Order of Our Lady of the Thistle
1377:
1264:Order of the camail or Porcupine
1195:
1189:Alliance et Compagnie du Levrier
1074:(Order of the Swan), founded by
449:Confraternal orders (as seen in
239:
3017:
3005:
2996:
2971:
2956:
2930:
2913:
2888:
2845:
2815:
2800:
2786:
2777:
2735:
2711:
2653:
2637:"History of Orders of Chivalry"
2561:from the original on 2010-03-27
1847:George IV of the United Kingdom
1725:of Great Britain on 18 May 1725
1366:" (derived from the historical
1040:Humbert II, Dauphin du Viennois
952:Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje
434:(1987), the Canadian heraldist
2629:
2612:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2547:
2538:
2512:
2234:, founded 1904, abolished 1952
2172:, founded 1807, abolished 1918
2031:the Regent of Hungary in 1921.
2019:George V of the United Kingdom
1302:Order of the Stoat and the Ear
1229:Emprise de la gueule de dragon
629:honours during the shift from
613:–present), beginning with the
497:Chivalric orders by religion:
230:
13:
1:
3043:D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton
2619:Sansovino, Francesco (1570).
2555:"Order of the British Empire"
2089:Order of the Knights of Rizal
1981:on 15 October 1897 (became a
1833:Order of the Netherlands Lion
1569:
1283:
1280:Order of the Scale of Castile
1255:
1009:Order of the Crown of Georgia
997:Order of the Eagle of Georgia
786:Sigismund, as king of Hungary
703:
607:
585:
572:
520:Chivalric orders by purpose:
444:dynastic orders of knighthood
185:Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
116:
4249:Knowledge:WikiProject Awards
3158:Auxiliary science of history
1837:William I of the Netherlands
1827:William I of the Netherlands
1642:Order of the Tower and Sword
1602:Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
1403:Military Order of Max Joseph
1329:
1219:Emprise du Fer de Prisonnier
1167:, founded by the vicomte de
1086:Gerhard V of Jülich and Berg
968:Order of the Crown (Romania)
802:Order of the Tower and Sword
796:Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
362:
300:Pontifical equestrian orders
68:, and the badge of the four
7:
4056:Fraternities and sororities
2450:
2392:Order of the British Empire
2244:, abolished 1979 after the
2232:Order of the Norwegian Lion
2015:Order of the British Empire
1934:Order of the Crown of Italy
1910:Order of the White Elephant
1853:Order of the Southern Cross
1443:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
1306:Francis I, Duke of Brittany
1181:, founded by 14 knights in
1165:Corps et Ordre du Tiercelet
1155:Compagnie of the Black Swan
712:Order of the Sword (Cyprus)
322:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
271:
213:Order of the British Empire
167:
119:1099–1291) and paired with
56:, the sash and star of the
10:
4288:
3091:. London: Spink & Son.
2622:Della origine de cavalieri
2432:
2253:Typical insignia and ranks
2202:Order of the Indian Empire
2192:Order of the Star of India
2150:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
2129:New Zealand Order of Merit
2005:Order of Michael the Brave
1916:Order of the Mexican Eagle
1634:Order of the Golden Fleece
1598:Order of the Golden Fleece
1582:Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
1549:Order of Christ (Portugal)
1381:
1326:come in multiple classes.
1249:Ordre de la Cosse de Genêt
930:Order of the Golden Fleece
895:Order of the Mexican Eagle
792:Order of the Golden Fleece
756:Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
645:
425:
369:Dell'origine dei Cavalieri
201:Order of the Golden Fleece
29:
4215:
4130:
4031:
3981:
3954:
3901:
3805:
3749:
3738:
3718:
3610:
3562:
3547:
3513:
3502:
3450:
3280:
3273:
3236:
3202:
3195:
3180:
3155:
2212:Order of the African Star
2156:Order of Saint Stanislaus
2079:Royal Order of Sahametrei
442:Monarchical orders (i.e.
248:This section needs to be
3028:. London: James Woodman.
2477:
2457:Military order (society)
2423:House of Imperial Russia
2276:Insignia of the British
2176:Order of the Iron Helmet
2168:(Order of Louis) of the
1928:Order of the Aztec Eagle
1709:Order of the White Eagle
1616:Seigneur of Fief Blondel
1348:Red Cross of Constantine
1346:, most notably, in the "
1312:Order of the Golden Spur
1066:Albrecht II von Habsburg
1036:Order of Saint Catherine
946:Order of Prince Danilo I
941:Order of the Holy Spirit
926:(Italian House of Savoy)
835:Order of the Holy Spirit
766:John V, Duke of Brittany
619:Order of the Holy Spirit
569:Military-monastic orders
278:Secretariat of the State
64:, the neck badge of the
3087:Risk, James C. (1972).
2355:(often enamelled) on a
2222:Royal Order of the Lion
2135:of New Zealand in 1996.
2119:Order of Merit of Savoy
2025:Knightly Order of Vitéz
1951:Emma of the Netherlands
1749:Order of the Polar Star
1102:Society of Saint Jerome
924:Order of Merit of Savoy
560:Military orders by time
70:Spanish military orders
2880:Sauer, Werner (1950).
2719:"Order of the Thistle"
2281:
2269:
2146:Order of Saint Lazarus
2009:Ferdinand I of Romania
1944:Order of Orange-Nassau
1924:Maximilian I of Mexico
1823:Military William Order
1817:Ferdinand VII of Spain
1807:Charles XIII of Sweden
1690:Christian V of Denmark
1670:Christian V of Denmark
1666:Order of the Dannebrog
1637:
1455:, one of the original
1240:Cliental pseudo-orders
1179:Ordre de la Pomme d'Or
1112:Order of Saint Joachim
1106:Friedrich II of Wettin
1056:Order of the Rüdenband
1046:Order of Saint Anthony
901:Order of Saint Charles
829:Order of Saint Stephen
812:Order of Saint Michael
662:
615:Order of Saint Stephen
595:), beginning with the
531:; either ruling or not
467:Cliental pseudo-orders
175:
123:concepts of ideals of
77:
3024:Anstis, John (1752).
2807:Anstis, John (1725).
2661:"Order of the Garter"
2275:
2262:Lemuel Francis Abbott
2260:
2115:of Australia in 1975.
2083:King Norodom Sihanouk
2011:on 26 September 1916.
1995:Order of Monisaraphon
1961:Royal Victorian Order
1855:, founded by Emperor
1839:on 29 September 1815.
1803:Order of Charles XIII
1753:Frederick I of Sweden
1743:Frederick I of Sweden
1733:Frederick I of Sweden
1729:Order of the Seraphim
1713:Augustus II of Poland
1686:Order of the Elephant
1680:James VII of Scotland
1628:
1567:Edward III of England
1487:St. Raymond of Fitero
1125:Order of Saint Hubert
1092:Order of the Crescent
1082:Order of Saint Hubert
1050:Albrecht I of Bavaria
1003:Order of Queen Tamara
883:Order of Saint Joseph
865:Order of the Seraphim
853:Order of the Elephant
776:Charles III of Naples
726:Edward III of England
700:Alfonso XI of Castile
686:Order of Saint George
660:
164:of sovereign states.
54:Royal Victorian Chain
42:Alfonso XIII of Spain
40:
4117:Magical organization
3577:Intellectual freedom
3385:Master of ceremonies
3033:Burke, John (1725).
2982:. Turku: Digipaino.
2500:on 15 September 2006
2170:Grand Duchy of Hesse
2055:Order of Civil Merit
1999:Sisowath of Cambodia
1787:Gustav III of Sweden
1777:Charles III of Spain
1676:Order of the Thistle
1646:Afonso V of Portugal
1529:Afonso I of Portugal
1515:Ferdinand II of León
1501:Ferdinand II of León
1477:Afonso I of Portugal
1463:on 15 February 1113.
1358:" (derived from the
1350:" (derived from the
1320:orders of knighthood
1253:Charles VI of France
1062:Society of the Eagle
877:Order of St. Patrick
859:Order of Saint Louis
847:Order of the Thistle
806:Afonso V of Portugal
690:Charles I of Hungary
623:Order of Saint Louis
221:Emperor Maximilian I
4182:Order of precedence
2897:The Military Orders
2824:"Order of the Bath"
2278:Order of the Garter
2266:Admiral Lord Nelson
2131:, founded by Queen
2111:, founded by Queen
2101:, founded by Queen
2045:Order of Skanderbeg
2001:on 1 February 1905.
1989:Order of Leopold II
1859:on 1 December 1822.
1793:Order of St Patrick
1763:Catherine the Great
1696:Order of St. Andrew
1618:and also includeds
1563:Order of the Garter
1364:Order of the Temple
1235:in 1446 for 1 year.
1072:Society of Our Lady
1022:Confraternal orders
957:Order of Skanderbeg
782:Order of the Dragon
762:Order of the Ermine
722:Order of the Garter
718:in 1347 (allegedly)
514:Protestant churches
379:Francesco Sansovino
344:Order of the Garter
307:: conferred by the
217:Order of St. George
86:order of knighthood
18:Order of knighthood
4272:Orders of chivalry
4095:Hereditary society
3312:Royal family order
2771:2012-05-05 at the
2472:Self-styled orders
2440:Some organisations
2429:Self-styled orders
2282:
2270:
2246:Iranian Revolution
2240:, founded 1928 by
2158:, founded by King
2109:Order of Australia
2105:of Canada in 1967.
2073:Maharaja of Jaipur
2057:, founded by King
2017:, founded by King
2007:, founded by King
1971:Order of the Crown
1938:Victor Emmanuel II
1883:on 21 August 1847.
1879:, founded by King
1865:, founded by King
1835:, founded by King
1825:, founded by King
1815:, founded by King
1739:Order of the Sword
1711:, founded by King
1688:, founded by King
1678:, founded by King
1668:, founded by King
1638:
1539:James II of Aragon
1497:Order of Alcantara
1483:Order of Calatrava
1233:Jean comte de Foix
889:Order of Guadalupe
816:Louis XI of France
778:on 1 December 1381
676:James II of Aragon
663:
653:Monarchical orders
606:Honorific orders (
582:Monarchical orders
551:Self-styled orders
396:", i.e. religious
305:collazioni diretti
78:
4259:
4258:
4225:
4170:Campaign streamer
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3897:
3896:
3732:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3668:
3667:
3498:
3497:
3393:
3392:
3336:
3290:Order of chivalry
3269:
3268:
3262:
3259:Self-styled order
2828:Westminster Abbey
2700:978-0-86565-193-7
2641:www.heraldica.org
2435:Self-styled order
2417:conferred by the
2409:and those of the
2349:
2348:
2061:of Spain in 1926.
1946:, founded by the
1881:Oscar I of Norway
1857:Pedro I of Brazil
1829:on 30 April 1815.
1719:Order of the Bath
1705:of Russia in 1698
1553:Denis of Portugal
1511:Order of Santiago
1274:Order of the Dove
1171:and 17 barons in
932:(Austrian branch)
772:Order of the Ship
746:Louis I of Naples
742:Order of the Knot
736:John II of France
732:Order of the Star
716:Peter I of Cyprus
696:Order of the Band
601:Order of Santiago
508:Orthodox churches
269:
268:
189:Order of St. John
82:order of chivalry
16:(Redirected from
4279:
4242:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4219:
4197:Awareness ribbon
4192:Devotional medal
4105:Gentlemen's club
3974:
3967:
3960:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3724:
3678:Religion-related
3560:
3559:
3511:
3510:
3340:
3339:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3278:
3277:
3256:
3204:Founts of honour
3200:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3092:
3083:
3071:
3060:
3038:
3029:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2667:. Archived from
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2604:. Archived from
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2419:House of Bavaria
2399:Legion of Honour
2365:neck decorations
2299:
2298:
2286:Legion of Honour
2238:Order of Pahlavi
2095:on 14 June 1951.
2065:Order of the Sun
2049:Zog I of Albania
1979:Congo Free State
1957:on 4 April 1892.
1920:Mexican Imperial
1873:on 11 July 1832.
1863:Order of Leopold
1574:
1571:
1535:Order of Montesa
1293:Honorific orders
1288:
1285:
1260:
1257:
1146:Fraternal orders
973:Order of Carol I
708:
705:
672:Order of Montesa
612:
609:
594:
590:
587:
577:
574:
471:Honorific orders
457:Fraternal orders
392:"Knights of the
330:Sovereign orders
264:
261:
255:
243:
242:
235:
225:Legion of Honour
178:
118:
94:equestrian order
21:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4222:fount of honour
4211:
4202:Code of conduct
4187:Honorary degree
4132:
4126:
4122:Religious order
4078:Learned society
4051:Fraternal order
4033:
4027:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3944:
3893:
3801:
3740:
3728:
3723:
3706:
3664:
3606:
3592:Humanitarianism
3551:
3543:
3539:Law enforcement
3529:List of highest
3517:
3505:
3494:
3446:
3389:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3265:
3232:
3184:
3176:
3151:
3146:
3099:
3080:
3057:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2976:
2972:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2893:
2889:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2832:
2830:
2820:
2816:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:Wayback Machine
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2453:
2437:
2431:
2415:dynastic orders
2264:'s portrait of
2255:
2142:
2099:Order of Canada
2093:Elpidio Quirino
2021:on 4 June 1917.
1985:order in 1908).
1975:King Leopold II
1897:King-Grand Duke
1703:Peter the Great
1612:Duke of Bourbon
1572:
1557:Knights Templar
1461:Pope Paschal II
1457:military orders
1439:
1427:Legion of Merit
1386:
1380:
1368:Knights Templar
1342:in a number of
1340:military orders
1332:
1295:
1286:
1276:, Castile, 1390
1268:Louis d'Orléans
1258:
1242:
1223:Jean de Bourbon
1213:Jean Le Maingre
1198:
1148:
1024:
706:
655:
650:
644:
642:Medieval orders
610:
592:
588:
575:
562:
529:fount of honour
502:Catholic Church
451:military orders
428:
416:Knight Bachelor
398:military orders
365:
348:ius collationis
340:Dynastic orders
294:sovereign state
274:
265:
259:
256:
253:
244:
240:
233:
181:Knights Templar
170:
162:orders of merit
132:dynastic orders
109:military orders
90:chivalric order
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4285:
4275:
4274:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4236:
4226:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:Secret society
4058:
4053:
4048:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
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2608:on 2013-07-26.
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1464:
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1447:King Baldwin I
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1437:Current orders
1435:
1384:Order of merit
1379:
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1356:Order of Malta
1344:Masonic bodies
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3767:/Grand Cordon
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2671:on 2009-06-14
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2186:Wilhelmsorden
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2037:, founded by
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2029:Miklós Horthy
2027:, founded by
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2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
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1723:King George I
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1038:, founded by
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1016:
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980:
977:
974:
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948:of Montenegro
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66:Golden Fleece
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43:
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19:
4160:Service flag
3937:
3795:Medal ribbon
3766:
3741:
3727:Named after
3620:Architecture
3582:Human rights
3478:
3400:
3350:Grand master
3333:Post-nominal
3289:
3182:Distinctions
3181:
3149:Phaleristics
3088:
3067:
3046:
3034:
3025:
3018:Bibliography
3007:
2998:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2932:
2922:
2915:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2861:. Retrieved
2859:(in Italian)
2856:
2847:
2838:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:
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2808:
2802:
2788:
2779:
2761:
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2737:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2713:
2704:
2690:
2684:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:the original
2664:
2655:
2644:. Retrieved
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2631:
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2606:the original
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2524:
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2498:the original
2438:
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2180:Hesse-Kassel
2166:Ludwigsorden
2133:Elizabeth II
2113:Elizabeth II
2103:Elizabeth II
2069:Man Singh II
2059:Alfonso XIII
1948:Queen regent
1656:Gregory XIII
1591:fons honorum
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4155:Vexillology
4145:Numismatics
4006:Passage fee
3982:Ceremonies
3764:Grand Cross
3739:For wearing
3486:Grand Lodge
3416:Hospitaller
3398:Grand Cross
3343:By function
3196:By conferee
3170:decorations
3162:numismatics
2948:18 November
2853:"REGISTERS"
2833:11 December
2530:18 November
2397:The French
2294:Grand Cross
1900:William III
1586:the Kingdom
1573: 1348
1537:founded by
1527:founded by
1499:founded by
1485:founded by
1475:founded by
1415:decorations
1336:Freemasonry
1287: 1430
1259: 1388
1175:(1377–1385)
1042:around 1335
707: 1330
674:founded by
621:. With the
611: 1580
593: 1470
589: 1330
576: 1100
488:Renaissance
484:Middle Ages
352:Papal bulls
231:Terminology
150:association
4083:Fellowship
4041:Fraternity
4023:Collar day
3984:and events
3828:Collar pin
3650:Philosophy
3640:Literature
3474:Commandery
3355:Chancellor
3253:Commercial
2989:9512922657
2863:2022-09-22
2752:2012-11-18
2728:2012-11-18
2675:2012-11-18
2646:2023-04-14
2565:2021-03-11
2504:6 November
1904:Luxembourg
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646:See also:
635:absolutism
591: – c.
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4001:Feoffment
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3818:Award pin
3790:Medal bar
3602:Volunteer
3480:Obedience
3464:Bailiwick
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3406:Commander
3360:Treasurer
3223:Dynasties
3045:(2000) .
2943:Heraldica
2525:Heraldica
2242:Reza Shah
1867:Leopold I
1745:in 1748 .
1425:, or the
1372:York Rite
1330:Influence
1017:(Hawai'i)
1011:(Georgia)
1005:(Georgia)
999:(Georgia)
975:(Romania)
964:(Bavaria)
916:(Italian
631:feudalism
527:who is a
412:sovereign
363:Sansovino
148:or other
4266:Category
4177:Nobility
4150:Heraldry
4140:Chivalry
4133:concepts
4131:Related
4032:Related
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3991:Accolade
3877:Campaign
3845:Heraldic
3721:insignia
3695:Scouting
3597:Politics
3549:Civilian
3515:Military
3506:by field
3380:Chaplain
3365:Assessor
2769:Archived
2559:Archived
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2403:nobility
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2075:in 1947.
2051:in 1925.
2041:in 1919.
1930:in 1933.
1906:in 1858.
1871:Belgians
1809:in 1811.
1769:in 1769.
1755:in 1748.
1735:in 1748.
1531:in 1172.
1513:founded
1395:nobility
1354:), the "
1183:Auvergne
788:in 1408.
758:in 1362.
748:in 1352.
627:de facto
536:nobleman
408:knighted
406:", i.e.
282:Holy See
272:Holy See
191:and the
168:Overview
125:chivalry
121:medieval
113:Crusades
106:Catholic
3928:Rosette
3882:Service
3850:Pilgrim
3833:Tie pin
3813:Rosette
3785:Necklet
3673:Science
3660:Theatre
3635:History
3612:Culture
3564:Society
3504:Others,
3469:Chapter
3459:Charter
3411:Officer
3370:Bailiff
3274:By type
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2706:hundred
2421:or the
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2218:in 1960
2208:in 1947
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1983:Belgian
1977:of the
1869:of the
1765:of the
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410:by the
376:scholar
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280:of the
250:updated
146:society
111:of the
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3174:medals
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3166:orders
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60:, the
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3187:Lists
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2206:India
2196:India
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3440:Page
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3160:and
3074:ISBN
3051:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2950:2012
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2532:2012
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