129:
discovered how glucose-inhibited neurons affected the regulation of sleep cycles. Tests show a class of potassium ion channels, pore-like proteins in the cell membrane, affect the cellular responses by controlling the flow of potassium into the cell. The exact mechanism of the potassium ion channels
79:
Orexins are highly excitatory neuropeptides that were first discovered in the brains of rats. It is a peptide that is produced by a very small population of cells in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus. Orexins strongly excite various brain nuclei
154:. The sleep-deprived monkeys which were given the nasal form of orexin-A performed far better than the ones treated with injections. Orexin-A not only restored the monkeys' cognitive abilities but made their brains appear awake in
1331:
118:. Deficit amounts of orexin-A will make people sleepy and research suggests that by adding it back into the brain, narcoleptic effects will be reduced. The research determined how
130:
is unknown, but the experiments show that the presence of glucose inhibited the orexin neurons by acting on this class of potassium ion channels known as "tandem pore" channels.
122:
inhibited a particular class of glucose-sensing neurons, which produce orexins. However, it is unknown how glucose suppresses the electrical activity of orexin cells.
71:
The amino acid sequence is: Pyroglu-Pro-Leu-Pro-Asp-Cys-Cys-Arg-Gln-Lys-Thr-Cys-Ser-Cys-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Leu-Leu-His-Gly-Ala-Gly-Asn-His-Ala-Ala-Gly-Ile-Leu-Thr-Leu.
1640:
837:
832:
822:
1911:
1748:
867:
347:"Systemic and Nasal Delivery of Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Reduces the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performance in Nonhuman Primates"
1866:
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111:. This receptor senses molecules outside the cell and activates inside signal transduction pathways to elicit cellular responses.
1674:
413:
1032:
1626:
2002:
103:
These systems work together to stabilize the organism's sleep cycles. Once made, the orexin peptides can bind to the
174:
1992:
907:
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1351:
1326:
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142:, were deprived of sleep in durations of 30 to 36 hours, and were immediately assessed in short term
150:. The test group was administered orexin-A, intravenously or nasally. The control group was given a
1356:
126:
324:
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1027:
1997:
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scans. The same was not true for the control group, which did not exhibit any changes.
270:
Raffaella
Spinazzi; Paola G. Andreis; Gian Paolo Rossi; Gastone G. Nussdorfer (2006).
197:"Amino acid sequence mentioned in "Phenylurea and phenylthio urea derivatives" patent"
1181:
1155:
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378:
291:
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196:
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542:
104:
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1125:
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842:
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219:"Narcolepsy — clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment"
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1590:
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1232:
961:
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147:
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57:
27:
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115:
54:
1386:
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1078:
797:
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93:
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1376:
1240:
1145:
956:
772:
751:
690:
85:
65:
272:"Orexins in the Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis"
146:
tasks. The rhesus monkeys were split into a test group and into a
1576:
1492:
1088:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1006:
976:
817:
802:
422:
151:
119:
81:
50:
34:
1852:
1689:
1083:
1011:
738:
143:
31:
1305:
1111:
651:
175:"Amino acid sequence in Orexin A EIA Kit (Human, Rat, Mouse)"
114:
Research shows that an absence of orexin-A appears to cause
188:
877:
84:) to affect an organism's wakefulness by affecting their
325:"New mechanism explains glucose effect on wakefulness"
41:
is the primary orexin projection system in the brain.
216:
194:
345:Deadwyler, S. A.; et al. (December 26, 2007).
1510:
1984:
344:
1530:
1454:
1314:
1648:
868:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
322:
1634:
908:
788:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
407:
68:residues in 6 and 12 and 7 and 14 positions.
421:
338:
323:Denis Burdakov; et al. (31 May 2006).
217:Claudio L.A. Bassetti; et al. (2019).
167:
1641:
1627:
1447:
915:
901:
414:
400:
1564:
372:
362:
53:composed of 33 amino acids including an
263:
1985:
195:Johns, A.; Porter, R.A. (1999-11-18).
138:The subjects of one particular study,
1622:
922:
896:
395:
316:
210:
133:
13:
14:
2014:
37:. The orexinergic nucleus in the
778:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
60:residue and two intramolecular
1972:Vornorexant (ORN-0829, TS-142)
1804:Vornorexant (ORN-0829, TS-142)
1799:Tebideutorexant (JNJ-61393215)
1161:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
364:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3878-07.2007
1:
161:
793:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
74:
44:
7:
351:The Journal of Neuroscience
26:, is a naturally occurring
10:
2019:
109:G protein-coupled receptor
1812:
1769:Nivasorexant (ACT-539313)
1659:
1503:
1491:
1437:
1414:
1405:
1304:
1281:
1272:
1252:
1174:
1133:
1124:
1097:
1046:
1020:
967:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
962:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
949:
940:
930:
813:Gastrin-releasing peptide
760:
737:
706:
650:
641:
584:
561:
533:
510:
457:
448:
433:
235:10.1038/s41582-019-0226-9
2003:Orexin receptor agonists
1151:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
223:Nature Reviews Neurology
127:University of Manchester
16:Stimulating neuropeptide
1912:Fazamorexant (YZJ-1139)
1877:Suntinorexton (TAK-861)
1749:Fazamorexant (YZJ-1139)
276:Pharmacological Reviews
1993:Molecular neuroscience
1922:GSK-649868 (SB-649868)
1848:Firazorexton (TAK-994)
1838:Danavorexton (TAK-925)
1759:GSK-649868 (SB-649868)
1586:Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
1187:N-Methylphenethylamine
863:Pancreatic polypeptide
1327:2-AGE (noladin ether)
1729:C4X-3256 (INDV-2000)
1538:Carbon monoxide (CO)
808:Galanin-like peptide
39:lateral hypothalamus
1543:Hydrogen sulfide (H
1397:Virodhamine (O-AEA)
357:(52): 14239–14247.
1600:Sulfur dioxide (SO
1511:Cholinergic system
1213:Phenylethanolamine
1192:N-Methyltryptamine
1156:NAS (normelatonin)
943:inhibitory systems
941:Major excitatory /
1980:
1979:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1560:
1559:
1552:Nitric oxide (NO)
1526:
1525:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1268:
1267:
1182:3-Iodothyronamine
1120:
1119:
924:Neurotransmitters
890:
889:
886:
885:
637:
636:
288:10.1124/pr.58.1.4
125:A study from the
62:disulfide bridges
2010:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1591:Nitrous oxide (N
1562:
1561:
1531:Gasotransmitters
1528:
1527:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1412:
1411:
1347:Anandamide (AEA)
1315:Endocannabinoids
1312:
1311:
1279:
1278:
1166:Serotonin (5-HT)
1131:
1130:
950:Glutamate system
947:
946:
938:
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893:
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199:. Google Patents
192:
186:
185:
183:
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171:
134:Ongoing research
22:, also known as
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1817:
1808:
1664:
1655:
1650:Orexin receptor
1647:
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1594:
1580:
1556:
1546:
1522:
1479:
1425:
1401:
1292:
1264:
1248:
1170:
1126:Biogenic amines
1116:
1093:
1042:
1016:
942:
926:
921:
891:
882:
838:Neuropeptide VF
833:Neuropeptide SF
828:Neuropeptide FF
823:Neuropeptide AF
756:
733:
702:
643:
633:
580:
557:
529:
506:
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450:Opioid peptides
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105:orexin receptor
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1384:
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1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
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1309:
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1298:
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1291:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Phenethylamine
1215:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1047:Glycine system
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Kynurenic acid
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
951:
944:
935:
928:
927:
920:
919:
912:
905:
897:
888:
887:
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
848:Neuropeptide Y
845:
843:Neuropeptide S
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
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749:
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621:
616:
611:
610:
609:
599:
594:
588:
586:
582:
581:
579:
578:
576:Leu-enkephalin
573:
571:Met-enkephalin
567:
565:
559:
558:
556:
555:
550:
545:
539:
537:
531:
530:
528:
527:
522:
516:
514:
508:
507:
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504:
502:β-Neoendorphin
499:
497:α-Neoendorphin
494:
489:
484:
479:
478:
477:
473:
463:
461:
452:
446:
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419:
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404:
396:
389:
388:
337:
315:
262:
229:(9): 519–539.
209:
187:
177:. Biokitsupply
165:
163:
160:
140:rhesus monkeys
135:
132:
90:norepinephrine
76:
73:
49:Orexin-A is a
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2015:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Neuropeptides
1996:
1994:
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1605:
1598:
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1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1518:Acetylcholine
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:Miscellaneous
1502:
1497:
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1471:
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1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Neurosteroids
1404:
1398:
1395:
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1390:
1388:
1385:
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1378:
1375:
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1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Neuropeptides
1271:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
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1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
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1201:
1199:
1195:
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1173:
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1123:
1113:
1110:
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1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
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1072:
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1060:
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1055:
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1008:
1005:
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1000:
998:
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993:
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988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
948:
945:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
918:
913:
911:
906:
904:
899:
898:
895:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
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644:neuropeptides
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525:Endomorphin-2
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520:Endomorphin-1
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487:Big dynorphin
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148:control group
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107:; which is a
106:
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98:acetylcholine
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42:
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33:
29:
25:
21:
1927:JNJ-10397049
1902:Daridorexant
1884:Antagonists:
1883:
1856:
1824:
1744:Daridorexant
1706:Antagonists:
1705:
1693:
1671:
1572:Acetaldehyde
1241:
1233:
1205:
1197:
1175:Trace amines
853:Neurophysins
746:
681:Neurokinin B
676:Neurokinin A
512:Endomorphins
438:
354:
350:
340:
329:. Retrieved
318:
307:. Retrieved
282:(1): 46–57.
279:
275:
265:
254:. Retrieved
226:
222:
212:
201:. Retrieved
190:
179:. Retrieved
169:
137:
124:
113:
102:
78:
70:
58:pyroglutamyl
48:
28:neuropeptide
24:hypocretin-1
23:
19:
18:
1952:Seltorexant
1932:Lemborexant
1867:Oveporexton
1764:Lemborexant
1577:Ammonia (NH
1448:Nucleosides
1208:-Octopamine
1200:-Octopamine
1112:T-HCA (GHC)
1069:Hypotaurine
1021:GABA system
972:Glutathione
858:Neurotensin
768:Angiotensin
707:Neuromedins
696:Physalaemin
671:Substance P
665:Tachykinins
660:Bradykinins
607:Hemorphin-4
592:Adrenorphin
563:Enkephalins
553:γ-Endorphin
548:β-Endorphin
543:α-Endorphin
482:Dynorphin B
472:Dynorphin A
467:Dynorphin A
1987:Categories
1967:TCS-OX2-29
1957:Suvorexant
1917:Filorexant
1897:Almorexant
1892:ACT-462206
1887:ACT-335827
1789:Suvorexant
1754:Filorexant
1719:Almorexant
1714:ACT-462206
1709:ACT-335827
1653:modulators
1565:Candidates
1439:Nucleobase
1228:Tryptamine
1223:Synephrine
1134:Monoamines
1099:GHB system
932:Amino acid
687:amphibian
624:Spinorphin
614:Nociceptin
597:Amidorphin
535:Endorphins
492:Leumorphin
459:Dynorphins
331:2008-01-25
309:2008-01-25
256:2021-07-03
203:2008-01-25
181:2008-01-25
162:References
116:narcolepsy
55:N-terminal
1872:SB-668875
1833:ALKS-2680
1825:Agonists:
1784:SB-408124
1779:SB-334867
1774:RTIOX-276
1672:Agonists:
1456:Adenosine
1260:Histamine
1244:-Tyramine
1236:-Tyramine
1079:Sarcosine
1059:β-Alanine
1054:α-Alanine
798:FMRFamide
783:Carnosine
667:: mammal
629:Valorphin
619:Opiorphin
602:Hemorphin
251:198132754
100:systems.
94:histamine
75:Mechanism
45:Structure
1962:TCS-1102
1794:TCS-1102
1724:AZD-4041
1495:-derived
1441:-derived
1422:instead.
1377:Oleamide
1308:-derived
1289:instead.
1146:Dopamine
957:Agmatine
934:-derived
773:Bombesin
691:Kassinin
441:hormones
434:Hormones
423:Peptides
383:18160631
327:. Neuron
304:17941978
296:16507882
243:31324898
86:dopamine
66:cysteine
64:between
20:Orexin-A
1947:MK-8133
1942:MK-3697
1937:MK-1064
1739:CVN-766
1734:CR-5542
1493:Vitamin
1387:RVD-Hpα
1342:AA-5-HT
1089:Taurine
1074:Proline
1064:Glycine
1007:Proline
977:Glycine
873:RVD-Hpα
818:Ghrelin
803:Galanin
739:Orexins
374:6673447
152:placebo
120:glucose
82:neurons
51:peptide
35:isoform
1853:Orexin
1843:E-2086
1828:AEX-19
1690:Orexin
1685:AEX-24
1680:AEX-19
1458:system
1332:2-ALPI
1253:Others
1084:Serine
1012:Serine
652:Kinins
585:Others
381:
371:
302:
294:
249:
241:
144:memory
32:orexin
1675:AEX-5
1367:NAGly
1306:Lipid
1141:6-OHM
1033:GABOB
761:Other
642:Other
300:S2CID
247:S2CID
1907:EMPA
1420:here
1418:See
1362:NADA
1337:2-OG
1322:2-AG
1287:here
1285:See
1028:GABA
1002:NAAG
987:GSSG
982:GSNO
439:see
379:PMID
292:PMID
239:PMID
96:and
30:and
1475:ATP
1470:AMP
1465:ADP
1392:SEA
1382:PEA
1372:OEA
1357:LPI
1352:DEA
1107:GHB
1038:GHB
997:NAA
878:VGF
474:1–8
369:PMC
359:doi
284:doi
231:doi
156:PET
1989::
1859:,
1814:OX
1696:,
1661:OX
1595:O)
1547:S)
425::
377:.
367:.
355:27
353:.
349:.
298:.
290:.
280:58
278:.
274:.
245:.
237:.
227:15
225:.
221:.
92:,
88:,
1863:)
1861:B
1857:A
1855:(
1816:2
1700:)
1698:B
1694:A
1692:(
1663:1
1642:e
1635:t
1628:v
1604:)
1602:2
1593:2
1581:)
1579:3
1545:2
1242:p
1234:m
1206:p
1198:m
916:e
909:t
902:v
752:B
747:A
729:U
724:S
719:N
714:B
415:e
408:t
401:v
385:.
361::
334:.
312:.
286::
259:.
233::
206:.
184:.
80:(
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