31:
471:
576:("sub-humans"), who could be beaten, terrorized, and killed for their transgressions. Those who tried to escape were hanged where other workers could see their bodies. Escape or leaving without authorization was punished by death. The Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and the Easterners. On 7 December 1942 Himmler called for any "unauthorized sexual intercourse" to be punishable by death. In accordance with these new racial laws all sexual relations, even those that did not result in pregnancy, were severely punished as
53:
101:
517:
936:
1015:
repression former slave labourers would often be ostracised by the wider Soviet community. Many victims have testified that since the war they have suffered a lifetime of abuse and suspicion from their fellow countrymen, many of whom have accused them of being traitors who helped the
Germans and lived comfortably in the Third Reich while Ukraine burned.
529:. Himmler spoke of thus winning back German blood and benefiting the women, too, who would have a social rise through working in Germany and even the chance to marry there. They could be assigned only to families with many children who would properly train the nannies as well. These assignments were carried out by the
378:. They received reduced wages and food rations and had to work longer hours than the former, could not use public facilities (such as public transportation, restaurants, or churches), were forbidden to possess certain items and some were required to wear a sign – the "Polish P" – attached to their clothing. The
392:) and were subject to even harsher conditions than the civilian workers. They were forced to live in special camps that were fenced with barbed wire and under guard, and were particularly exposed to the arbitrariness of the Gestapo and the commercial industrial plant guards. At the end of the war 5.5 million
908:
who have been brought to the German Reich as a labour force, their admission into German psychiatric hospitals as mentally ill patients has become more frequent ... With the shortage of space in German hospitals, it is irresponsible to treat these ill people, who in the foreseeable future will not be
619:
Native German workers served as foremen and supervisors over the forced labour in factories, and therefore no solidarity developed between foreigners and German nationals. The German workers became accustomed to inequalities raised by racism against the workers and became indifferent to their plight.
524:
One special category was that of young women recruited to act as nannies; Hitler argued that many women would like to have children, and many of them were restricted by the lack of domestic help (this was one of many efforts made to promote the birth rate). Since the nannies would be in close company
1014:
suffered from state-sanctioned stigmatisation, with special references in their passports (and the passports of their children and relatives) mentioning their time in
Germany during the war. As a result, many jobs were off-limits to anyone unlucky enough to carry such a status, and during periods of
982:
were still children or young teenagers when they were taken away and wanted to return home to their parents. Others who became aware of or understood the postwar political reality declined to return. Those in the Soviet occupational zones were returned automatically. Those in the French and
British
864:
In some rural areas, the authorities found that German farm-wives were inclined to care for children born to their workers, along with their own children. Attempts were made to segregate these children and use ruthless propaganda to establish that if a worker of "alien blood" gave birth in
Germany,
826:
the infants were killed on site. The
Western factory workers had brothels. Easterners did not. They were supposed to be recruited in equal numbers of men and women, so brothels would not be needed. Female labourers were always housed in separate barracks. Nevertheless, they were suspected by the SS
615:
Nazi authorities attempted to reproduce such conditions on farms, ordering farmers to integrate the workers into their workforce while enforcing total social separation, including not permitting them to eat at the same table, but this proved far more difficult to enforce. Sexual relationships in
497:
The advertising continued in the following months. "Germany calls you! Go to
Beautiful Germany! 100,000 Ukrainians are already working in free Germany. What about you?" ran a Kiev newspaper ad on March 3, 1942. Word got back however, of the sub-human slave conditions that Ukrainians met in Germany
846:
Occasionally, when the female worker and the baby's father were "of good blood" (for example, Norwegian), the child might prove "racially valuable." In such cases, the parentage was investigated and both parents tested. If they passed, the woman would be permitted to give birth, and the child was
1081:
who found themselves in the
British or French zones were automatically repatriated. Only those who were in the American zone were not forced to return to their countries of origin. In comparison, Ukrainians from western Ukraine and the Baltic region were not forced to return to the Soviet Union,
507:
faced in
Germany came back to Ukraine, the pool of volunteers dried up. The Germans resorted to mass round-ups, often targeting large gatherings such as church congregations and crowds at sporting events, with entire groups simply marched off at gunpoint to waiting cattle trucks and deported to
582:(racial pollution). During the war, hundreds of Polish and Russian men were executed for their sexual relations with German women, even though the main offenders by far – wrote Ulrich Herbert – were the French and Italian civilian workers who were not prohibited from social contacts with them.
1005:
were often treated as traitors. Many were transported to remote locations in the Soviet Union and were denied basic rights and the chance to get further education. Those who returned home were also physically and spiritually broken. Moreover, they were considered by the authorities to have
561:, which they could use only for the purchase of a limited number of items in special camp stores. By law they were given worse food rations than other forced labor groups. Starvation rations and primitive accommodation were given to these unfortunates in Germany.
718:
were considered to be quite productive and efficient. Males were thought to be the equivalent of 60-80% of a German worker, and women — 90-100%. Two million
Ukrainians worked mostly in the armaments factories, including the V-2 rocket factory at
616:
particular were able to take place despite efforts to raise German women's "racial consciousness". When
Germany's military situation worsened, these workers' conditions often improved as the farmers tried to protect themselves against a defeat.
1065:
were taken to Germany, and it is estimated that Ukrainians constituted about 75% of the total. Ukraine, according to some sources, lost about 10 million people in World War II, which was one of the greatest losses of any country in the war.
226:
from most occupied territories were predominantly men, of the "eastern workers" taken from occupied Soviet territories over 50% were women, and of those from Poland nearly 30% were women. Eastern workers included ethnic Ukrainians, Poles,
330:
in the territory of the "Greater German Reich", who for the most part had been brought there by force. Thus, they represent roughly a quarter of all registered workers in the entire economy of the German Reich at that time.
557:, complained that many firms viewed these former Soviet civilian workers as "civilian prisoners", treated them accordingly, and paid no wages at all to them. Those who received pay got specially printed paper money and
410:
At the end of 1941, a new crisis developed in Germany. Following the mobilization of men into its massive armies, the country faced a shortage of labour in support of its war industries. To help overcome this shortage,
1746:"Eksterminacja "niewartościowych rasowo" dzieci polskich robotnic przymusowych na terenie III Rzeszy w świetle postępowań prowadzonych przez Oddziałową Komisję Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Poznaniu"
553:. They worked an average of 12 hours a day, six days a week. They were paid approximately 30% of German workers' wages; however, most of the money went toward food, clothing and board. The labor authorities, the RSHA
535:. Originally, this recruitment was carried out only in the annexed territories of Poland, but the lack of women who passed screening extended it to all of Poland, and also to occupied territories of the USSR.
301:
in October 1945, and some of them immigrated to the U.S. as well as to other non eastern-bloc countries. In 2000 the German government and thousands of German companies made a one-time payment of just over
1745:
443:
431:
among other similar projects; 40,000 to 50,000 Polish children aged 10 to 14 were kidnapped by the German occupational forces and transported to Germany proper as slave labourers during the so-called
629:
887:
suffered from high levels of psychological trauma, and those who were admitted to psychiatric hospitals were often the victims of abuse and murder. The Nazi regime also sanctioned the use of
1059:. The State Archival Service of Ukraine now has a collection of documents online showing official notices published by the German government of occupation in Ukraine. A total of 3,000,000
1075:
survived the war and were forced to emigrate to the countries outside Europe, primarily to the United States, although a handful also made it to Argentina, Australia, Canada, and Brazil.
652:
were Ukrainians. Kondufor wrote that 2,244,000 Ukrainians were forced into slave labor in Germany during World War II. Another statistic puts the total at 2,196,166 for Ukrainian
454:) was an acronym for allegedly homeless, parentless and unhoused children gathered in lieu of their guardians. After arriving in Germany, the children were handed over to
1657:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945
1035:) to the former forced laborers. This is roughly one-off payment of €2,000 per worker, much less than the inflation-adjusted value of their work. Of the over 2 million
1024:
1041:
in Ukraine, 467,000 received a total amount of €867 million, with each worker being assigned a one-time payment of 4,300 marks. The last payments were made in 2007.
427:
The crisis deepened as the war with the Soviet Union went on. By 1944, the policy turned into mass abductions of virtually anyone to fulfill the labour needs of the
144:
of Belarus. The badges were legally introduced on 19 June 1944 as replacements for the "OST" badges and practically implemented seemingly only after February 1945.
2076:"State Archives of Ukraine online collection of German and Ukrainian documents regarding forced transportation of Ukrainian civilians for forced labor in Germany"
873:
between Germans and foreign workers, nevertheless, the arrival of trains with Polish girls in German towns and villages usually turned into sex slave markets.
1757:
498:
and the campaign failed to attract sufficient volunteers. Forced recruitment was implemented, although propaganda still depicted the workers as volunteers.
2059:
1387:
1027:, a project of the German Federal Government and 6,500 companies of the German Industry Foundation Initiative, was established, which disbursed 10 billion
321:
987:, which stated that "Citizens of the Soviet Union and of Yugoslavia were to be handed over to their respective countries, regardless of their consent".
677:
were initially sent to intermediate camps, where laborers were picked out for their assignments directly by representatives of labor-starved companies.
1163:
The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State: Deported, used, forgotten: Who were the forced workers of the Third Reich, and what fate awaited them?
1748:[Extermination of "racially worthless" children of enslaved Polish women in the territory of Nazi Germany from the IPN documents in Poznań].
1882:
A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945, edited by Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, Bernd Greiner, page 185.
712:
worked for private firms, although many were employed in the factories making armaments. These factories were prime targets for Allied bombing. The
549:
lived either in private camps owned and managed by the large companies, or in special camps guarded by privately paid police services known as the
2019:. Band 3 der Kleinen historischen Bibliothek. Hamburg: Hamburger Stiftung für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Ausgabe 2005, page 18 / 143.
2244:
2219:
2075:
1107:
1366:
278:), abuse, and execution by the German overseers. These workers were often denied wages; when they did get paid, they received payment in a
570:
were restricted to their compounds, in some cases labor camps. Being ethnically Slavic, they were classified by German authorities as the
462:
aircraft works. The secondary purpose of these abductions was to pressure the adult populations further to register in place of children.
183:
640:
During the German occupation of Central and Eastern Europe in World War II (1941–44) over three million people were taken to Germany as
2188:
520:
A Russian-language Nazi poster reading "I live with a German family and feel just fine. Come to Germany to help with household chores."
1055:
experience are virtually non-existent in Ukraine although there were 2,244,000 of them from Ukraine, according to Ukrainian historian
2229:
817:
793:
596:
2104:
1214:
Ostarbeiter: weißrussische Zwangsarbeiter in Österreich / Остарбайтеры. Принудительный труд белорусского населения в Австрии. 2003.
1162:
1112:
827:
of "cheating their way out of work" by conceiving. The earlier policy of sending them home to give birth, was replaced by the
608:
died when Allied bombing raids targeted the factories where they worked and the German authorities refused to allow them into
2224:
2153:
1945:
1789:
1712:
1664:
1474:
1298:
1241:
1199:
525:
with German children as well as in a position where they might be sexually exploited, they were required to be suitable for
186:. The Germans started deporting civilians at the beginning of the war and began doing so at unprecedented levels following
1971:
834:
2214:
816:. A staggering 80 percent of rapes occurred on farms where Polish girls worked. The newborns were secretly euthanized in
256:; 30% were as young as 12–14 years of age when taken from their homes. The age limit was reduced to 10 in November 1943.
927:
unit of the Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Kaufbeuren; 49 died as a result of the starvation diet, or from deadly injections.
2122:
2024:
1870:
1839:
1816:
1753:
1691:
1603:
1568:
1544:
1500:
1331:
1175:
857:
1288:
990:
In October 1945, General Eisenhower banned the use of force in repatriation in the American Zone. As a result, many
646:. Some estimates put the number as high as 5.5 million. Between two-thirds and three-quarters of the over 3,000,000
486:
for workers to go to Germany. "On January 28 the first special train will leave for Germany with hot meals in Kiev,
2234:
1403:
Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression - Volume 1 Chapter X - The Slave Labor Program, The Illegal Use of Prisoners of War.
1233:Жертвы двух диктатур: жизнь, труд, унижение и смерть советских военнопленных и остарбайтеров на чужбине и на родине
1006:"questionable loyalty", and were therefore discriminated against and deprived of many of their citizenship rights.
658:
slaves in Germany. Both of these statistics probably exclude the several hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians from
2056:
338:(foreign workers) brought to Germany. The multi-layered system was based on layers of national hierarchies. The
1630:
1219:
996:
began to escape to the American Zone. Some, when faced with return to Soviet reality, chose to commit suicide.
1779:
30:
1091:
963:
for processing and returned to their country of origin, primarily the USSR. The Soviets also used special
804:(violation of German racial laws by the native Germans), the farmers were given propaganda leaflets about
326:
The official German records for the late summer of 1944 listed 7.6 million foreign civilian workers and
1621:
896:
On September 6, 1944 the Reichsminister of the Interior ordered the establishment of special units for
474:
German propaganda poster in Polish: "Let's do agricultural work in Germany. Report immediately to your
420:
385:
209:
197:
179:
902:
in several psychiatric hospitals in the Reich. The reason given was: "With the considerable number of
861:
facilities, where up to 90 percent of them would die a torturous death due to calculated abandonment.
671:. They were employed in agriculture, mining, armament manufacturing, metal production, and railroads.
2079:
2115:
Working for the Enemy: Ford, General Motors, and Forced Labor in Germany During the Second World War
2239:
612:. Many also perished because the German authorities ordered that "they should be worked to death".
162:
1464:
1440:
1321:
286:
137:
2169:
865:
it meant immediate and total separation from the child. Repeated efforts were made to propagate
494:", offered an announcement. The first train was full when it departed from Kiev on January 22.
213:
79:
1935:
455:
416:
262:
were often the victims of rape, and tens of thousands of pregnancies due to rape occurred.
187:
141:
808:, which were completely ineffective. The rampant sexual abuse of Polish and Soviet female
470:
8:
813:
678:
592:
201:
1642:
1858:
1804:
1591:
1556:
375:
205:
2039:
2011:
829:
274:. Many died from starvation, overwork, bombing (they were frequently denied access to
2198:
2149:
2118:
2020:
1941:
1931:
1866:
1843:
1835:
1812:
1785:
1708:
1687:
1660:
1626:
1599:
1564:
1540:
1515:
1496:
1470:
1381:
1327:
1294:
1237:
1215:
1195:
428:
248:
By 1944, most new workers were under the age of 16 because those older were usually
2139:
2128:
1532:
1488:
1427:
956:
727:
327:
2183:
1622:
Hitler's Foreign Workers, Enforced Foreign Labor In Germany Under The Third Reich.
1271:
909:
fit for work, for a prolonged period in German institutions. "The exact number of
2143:
2063:
1231:
1189:
1097:
984:
531:
447:
343:
282:
which could only be used to buy specific products at the camps where they lived.
42:
855:
institution. However, when the born children did not pass, they were put in the
628:
1128:
1056:
133:
52:
2166:("The Third road for Germans Catholics"), POSTUP/BRAMA № 136 (580), Ukrainian.
2163:
1286:
690:
2208:
1827:
1402:
1117:
1028:
848:
805:
800:
633:
609:
578:
558:
526:
483:
275:
100:
720:
595:. The victims began giving so many unwanted births that hundreds of special
1367:""Seksualne Niewolnice III Rzeszy" [Sex-slaves of the Third Reich]"
822:
253:
217:
175:
129:
851:. If the woman was found particularly suitable, she might be placed at a
2013:
Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen. Braunschweig, Broitzemer Straße 200
1937:
The Crime of My Very Existence: Nazism and the Myth of Jewish Criminality
1460:
1317:
1290:
Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe
1101:
694:
572:
347:
249:
228:
171:
1847:
1082:
because the UK did not recognize those territories as part of the USSR.
491:
1645:. Einsatz von Arbeitskräften aus dem Osten, vom 20. 2. 1942. NS-Archiv.
1123:
852:
271:
1707:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. January 2007. p. 58.
659:
487:
433:
270:
often received starvation rations and were forced to live in guarded
232:
1316:
412:
964:
915:
killed in these psychiatric institutions is as yet not known. 189
983:
zones of occupation were forced to return under the terms of the
960:
682:
459:
351:
125:
121:
2193:
482:
Initially a recruiting campaign was launched in January 1942 by
475:
216:
and the conquered territories of the Soviet Union. According to
1678:
1676:
1360:
236:
117:
516:
415:
decreed to bring in people from the territories seized during
1778:
Lynn H. Nicholas (2009). "Arbeit Macht Frei: Forced Labour".
1032:
355:
303:
279:
1673:
1449:]. Śląsk. pp. 99, 75, 146 – via Google Books.
812:
at the hands of their overseers led to tens of thousands of
374:(civilian workers); and primarily Polish prisoners from the
2135:
by Ukrainian Fraternal Association, Scranton, Pennsylvania.
1750:
Bibliography: R. Hrabar, N. Szuman; Cz. Łuczak; W. Rusiński
1369:. 22 April 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008
1287:
Alexander von Plato; Almut Leh; Christoph Thonfeld (2010).
935:
686:
399:
41:
badge at the Auschwitz subsidiary IG-Farbenwerke factory (
1323:
War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II
367:
1405:
Avalon Project, Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy.
833:
in 1943 with a special abortion decree. Contrary to the
599:
had to be created in order to dispose of their infants.
1176:"Home-sickness: Soviet forced laborers under the Nazis"
730:, as of December 1944, the numbers of deployment were:
128:
colored in accordance with their national flags: blue
1743:
1104:
to use and abuse people in Central and Eastern Europe
636:
depart to Nazi Germany to serve as labor force, 1942.
591:
was extremely common and led to tens of thousands of
2145:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1914:
1912:
1781:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1727:
Majer, "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich, p. 855.
1493:
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
1025:
Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future"
322:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
289:repatriated many of the over 2.5 million liberated
2129:"World War II in Ukraine: Ostarbeiter Slave Labor"
295:. American authorities banned the repatriation of
2138:
1930:
501:When the news about the terrible conditions many
2206:
1909:
1777:
1386:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1442:Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich (1939-1945)
1049:Published eyewitness accounts of the Ukrainian
662:, so a final total could be about 2.5 million.
388:. They were marked with a badge reading "OST" (
94:At least 7.6 million foreign civilians in 1944
2189:Колиншні остарбайтери вважають, що їх обдурили
2164:"Третій шлях німецьких католиків" OST-ARBEITER
2009:
1625:Cambridge University Press, pp. 269, 324–325.
1578:
1576:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1108:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
2201:propaganda aimed at Germans about the program
1967:
1965:
1963:
945:) badges are liberated from a camp near Lodz.
465:
140:and white and red badge in accordance to the
2171:
1926:
1924:
1654:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1438:
1428:Andrew Gregorovich - World War II in Ukraine
1274:Журнальный зал в РЖ, 2016. Звезда 2005 / 6.
1076:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1036:
1009:
1000:
991:
977:
968:
950:
940:
922:
916:
910:
903:
897:
888:
882:
838:
713:
707:
698:
672:
666:
653:
647:
641:
603:
586:
565:
544:
502:
393:
379:
307:
296:
290:
265:
257:
240:
221:
191:
150:
111:
105:
36:
2113:Billstein, Reinhold editor (November 2000)
1784:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 401.
1573:
1521:
1408:
1018:
959:) camps from which they were then moved to
869:(racial consciousness) in order to prevent
184:forced labor in Germany during World War II
167:
2131:InfoUkes: Ukrainian History; reprint from
1960:
665:There were slightly more female than male
196:from the newly-formed German districts of
16:Nazi Germany term for foreign slave worker
1921:
1648:
1608:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
794:Nazi birthing centres for foreign workers
597:Nazi birthing centres for foreign workers
384:were the Eastern workers, primarily from
245:range between 3 million and 5.5 million.
239:, and others. Estimates of the number of
1453:
1354:
1352:
1350:
934:
627:
515:
469:
99:
1094:, Nazi German Economic Enterprises, DWB
881:As a result of their abusive treatment
334:A class system was created amongst the
2245:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
2207:
2049:
2047:
1320:; Klaus Naumann; Heer Naumann (2004).
1250:
1146:
1113:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
939:Female forced laborers wearing "OST" (
876:
2220:Forced migrations during World War II
2003:
1771:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1643:Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang
1482:
1459:
1347:
1312:
1310:
342:, the so-called "guest workers" from
161:
132:'s cross on white within a red oval (
2179:s Employment Identification Document
2148:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1293:. Berghahn Books. pp. 251–262.
843:women were usually forced to abort.
762:Machine and equipment manufacturing
2044:
13:
2103:Berliner Unterwelten e.V. (2010),
1940:. University of California Press.
1900:
1730:
1447:Nazi Kidnapping of Polish Children
1432:
1395:
1307:
1182:
1120:forced laborers in the Third Reich
14:
2256:
1972:HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE
1754:Institute of National Remembrance
1401:International Military Tribunal,
1280:
1168:
835:Nazi law against German abortions
136:), yellow within blue badge with
2230:Unfree labor during World War II
2194:КОЛИШНI ОСТАРБАЙТЕРИ В НIМЕЧЧИНI
1469:, UNC Press Books, p. 117,
1191:Labor Organizations of the Reich
1161:Ulrich Herbert (16 March 1999),
999:Upon return to the Soviet Union
697:each employed thousands of such
51:
29:
2068:
2033:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1852:
1821:
1798:
1721:
1705:Nazi Ideology and the Holocaust
1697:
1636:
1585:
1550:
1505:
1326:. Berghahn Books. p. 139.
930:
2040:Forced Labourers in Psychiatry
1744:Magdalena Sierocińska (2016).
1364:magazine (Number 17/18/2007),
1224:
1208:
358:, had the highest status. The
315:
1:
1134:
955:were initially placed in DP (
623:
538:
134:white-blue-red flag of Russia
2225:Eastern Front (World War II)
1092:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
858:Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte
787:
423:. These workers were called
312:victims of the Nazi regime.
7:
2199:"Europe at Work in Germany"
2127:Gregorovich, Andrew (1995)
1272:Павел Полян - Остарбайтеры.
1085:
1044:
10:
2261:
2215:Nazi war crimes in Germany
2184:Павел Полян - Остарбайтеры
1659:. JHU Press. p. 369.
967:brigades to convince many
949:After the war many of the
791:
593:pregnancies caused by rape
511:
466:Recruitment and kidnapping
421:Central and Eastern Europe
405:
386:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
362:(forced workers) included
319:
210:Reichskommissariat Ostland
198:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
190:in 1941. They apprehended
180:Central and Eastern Europe
2158:– via Google Books.
2133:Forum: A Ukrainian Review
1682:Robert Edwin Hertzstein,
1512:Europe at Work in Germany
1194:. R.J. Bender Pub. 1999.
90:
85:
75:
67:
62:
50:
28:
23:
2108:Dokumentartheater Berlin
1832:Mobilizing Women for War
1019:Pensions and retribution
893:in medical experiments.
452:literally: hay operation
212:. These areas comprised
204:(itself attached to the
174:designation for foreign
170:"Eastern worker") was a
2235:Economy of Nazi Germany
2162:Petrenko, Liebe (2000)
2010:Bernhild Vögel (1989).
1684:The War That Hitler Won
1619:Ulrich Herbert (1997),
285:Following the war, the
178:gathered from occupied
163:[ˈɔstˌʔaʁbaɪtɐ]
2172:
1165:Universitaet Freiburg.
1077:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1037:
1010:
1001:
992:
978:
969:
951:
946:
941:
923:
917:
911:
904:
898:
889:
883:
839:
741:Number of Ostarbeiter
714:
708:
699:
673:
667:
654:
648:
642:
637:
604:
587:
566:
545:
521:
503:
479:
451:
394:
380:
366:(military internees),
308:
297:
291:
266:
258:
241:
222:
214:German-occupied Poland
192:
151:
145:
112:
106:
104:"Nationality badges" (
80:German-occupied Europe
37:
1903:German rule in Russia
1655:Diemut Majer (2003).
1439:Roman Hrabar (1960).
938:
921:were admitted to the
818:Nazi birthing centres
631:
519:
473:
398:were returned to the
138:the Ukrainian trident
103:
1466:Nazi empire-building
456:Reich Labour Service
417:Operation Barbarossa
188:Operation Barbarossa
142:white-red-white flag
1982:Nicholas, p. 400-1.
1901:Dallin, Alexander.
1891:Dallin, p. 452
877:Medical experiments
734:
202:District of Galicia
2062:2011-07-16 at the
1859:Richard Grunberger
1805:Richard Grunberger
1752:. Warsaw, Poland:
1592:Richard Grunberger
1557:Richard Grunberger
947:
746:Agricultural work
733:
638:
522:
480:
376:General Government
364:Militärinternierte
206:General Government
146:
2155:978-0-307-73971-1
2140:Nicholas, Lynn M.
1947:978-0-520-94068-0
1932:Michael Berkowitz
1918:Nicholas, p. 399.
1863:The 12-Year Reich
1809:The 12-Year Reich
1791:978-0-679-77663-5
1714:978-0-89604-712-9
1666:978-0-8018-6493-3
1596:The 12-Year Reich
1561:The 12-Year Reich
1476:978-0-8078-2960-8
1300:978-1-84545-990-1
1243:978-5-8243-0130-4
1236:. Росспэн. 2002.
1201:978-0-912138-76-3
785:
784:
770:Metal industries
703:at their plants.
429:Organisation Todt
107:Volkstumabzeichen
98:
97:
57:Ostarbeiter badge
2252:
2178:
2175:
2159:
2117:Berghahn Books.
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2078:. Archived from
2072:
2066:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:Nicholas, p. 403
1998:
1992:
1991:Nicholas, p. 402
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1928:
1919:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1856:
1850:
1825:
1819:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1756:. Archived from
1741:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1701:
1695:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1617:
1606:
1589:
1583:
1582:Nicholas, p. 255
1580:
1571:
1554:
1548:
1533:Lynn H. Nicholas
1530:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1489:Lynn H. Nicholas
1486:
1480:
1479:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1248:
1247:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1178:. 18 March 2020.
1172:
1166:
1159:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1040:
1013:
1004:
995:
981:
972:
957:displaced person
954:
944:
926:
920:
914:
907:
901:
892:
886:
842:
735:
732:
728:Alexander Dallin
717:
711:
702:
676:
670:
657:
651:
645:
632:Ukrainians from
607:
590:
569:
548:
506:
446:
397:
383:
340:Gastarbeitnehmer
328:prisoners of war
311:
300:
294:
287:occupying powers
280:special currency
269:
261:
244:
225:
195:
169:
165:
160:
154:
115:
109:
55:
40:
33:
21:
20:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2240:Nazi war crimes
2205:
2204:
2176:
2156:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2064:Wayback Machine
2053:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1857:
1853:
1826:
1822:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1742:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1618:
1609:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1531:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1458:
1454:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1251:
1244:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1147:
1137:
1098:Generalplan Ost
1088:
1047:
1021:
985:Yalta Agreement
933:
879:
830:Reichsführer-SS
814:unwanted births
796:
790:
626:
585:Rape of female
543:Within Germany
541:
532:NS-Frauenschaft
514:
468:
442:
408:
324:
318:
252:for service in
220:, although the
158:
58:
46:
43:Nazi propaganda
17:
12:
11:
5:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2136:
2125:
2111:
2105:"OST-Arbeiter"
2093:
2092:
2067:
2043:
2032:
2025:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1959:
1946:
1920:
1908:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1851:
1820:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1729:
1720:
1713:
1696:
1672:
1665:
1647:
1635:
1607:
1584:
1572:
1549:
1520:
1504:
1481:
1475:
1452:
1431:
1407:
1394:
1346:
1332:
1306:
1299:
1279:
1249:
1242:
1223:
1207:
1200:
1181:
1167:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:Polish decrees
1126:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1057:Yuriy Kondufor
1046:
1043:
1020:
1017:
932:
929:
878:
875:
789:
786:
783:
782:
779:
775:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
759:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
625:
622:
559:savings stamps
540:
537:
513:
510:
467:
464:
407:
404:
360:Zwangsarbeiter
317:
314:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
35:Woman with an
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2257:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:1-57181-224-5
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2082:on 2017-09-22
2081:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:Press release
2050:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2026:3-927106-02-X
2022:
2015:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1871:0-03-076435-1
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:0-691-04649-2
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:Leila J. Rupp
1824:
1818:
1817:0-03-076435-1
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1760:on 2017-06-30
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1692:0-399-11845-4
1689:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1604:0-03-076435-1
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1570:
1569:0-03-076435-1
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1545:0-679-77663-X
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1501:0-679-77663-X
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:Cezary Gmyz,
1355:
1353:
1351:
1335:
1333:1-57181-493-0
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:Zivilarbeiter
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:(5.1 billion
1030:
1029:Deutsche Mark
1026:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
986:
980:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
953:
943:
937:
928:
925:
919:
913:
906:
900:
894:
891:
885:
874:
872:
871:Rassenschande
868:
862:
860:
859:
854:
850:
849:Germanization
844:
841:
836:
832:
831:
825:
824:
823:Arbeitslagers
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:miscegenation
803:
802:
801:Rassenschande
795:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
736:
731:
729:
726:According to
724:
722:
716:
710:
704:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
669:
663:
661:
656:
650:
644:
635:
634:Cherkashchyna
630:
621:
617:
613:
611:
610:bomb shelters
606:
600:
598:
594:
589:
583:
581:
580:
579:Rassenschande
575:
574:
573:Untermenschen
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
536:
534:
533:
528:
527:Germanization
518:
509:
505:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
484:Fritz Sauckel
477:
472:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
403:
401:
396:
391:
387:
382:
377:
373:
372:Zivilarbeiter
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Fremdarbeiter
332:
329:
323:
313:
310:
306:5 billion to
305:
299:
293:
288:
283:
281:
277:
276:bomb shelters
273:
268:
263:
260:
255:
251:
246:
243:
238:
234:
230:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:slave workers
173:
164:
156:
155:
153:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
108:
102:
93:
89:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2144:
2132:
2114:
2107:
2098:Bibliography
2097:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2070:
2035:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1951:. Retrieved
1936:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1862:
1854:
1831:
1823:
1808:
1800:
1780:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:the original
1749:
1723:
1704:
1699:
1683:
1656:
1650:
1638:
1620:
1595:
1587:
1560:
1552:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1492:
1484:
1465:
1461:Lower, Wendy
1455:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1397:
1371:. Retrieved
1359:
1337:. Retrieved
1322:
1289:
1282:
1276:(in Russian)
1232:
1226:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1170:
1139:
1138:
1068:
1048:
1023:In 2000 the
1022:
1008:
998:
989:
975:
948:
931:Repatriation
895:
880:
870:
866:
863:
856:
847:removed for
845:
828:
821:
810:Ostarbeiters
809:
799:
797:
725:
705:
664:
639:
618:
614:
601:
584:
577:
571:
563:
555:Arbeitskreis
554:
550:
542:
530:
523:
500:
496:
481:
438:
432:
425:Ostarbeiter.
424:
409:
389:
371:
363:
359:
339:
335:
333:
325:
284:
264:
247:
231:, Russians,
218:Pavel Polian
149:
148:
147:
130:Saint Andrew
18:
2173:Ostarbeiter
2110:production.
2054:(in German)
1537:Cruel World
1318:Hannes Heer
1102:Hunger Plan
1078:Ostarbeiter
1072:Ostarbeiter
1062:Ostarbeiter
1052:Ostarbeiter
1038:Ostarbeiter
1011:Ostarbeiter
1002:Ostarbeiter
993:Ostarbeiter
979:Ostarbeiter
973:to return.
970:Ostarbeiter
952:Ostarbeiter
942:Ostarbeiter
924:Ostarbeiter
918:Ostarbeiter
912:Ostarbeiter
905:Ostarbeiter
899:Ostarbeiter
890:Ostarbeiter
884:Ostarbeiter
840:Ostarbeiter
798:To prevent
715:Ostarbeiter
709:Ostarbeiter
700:Ostarbeiter
695:Brandenburg
691:Rüsselsheim
674:Ostarbeiter
668:Ostarbeiter
655:Ostarbeiter
649:Ostarbeiter
643:Ostarbeiter
605:Ostarbeiter
588:Ostarbeiter
567:Ostarbeiter
546:Ostarbeiter
504:Ostarbeiter
395:Ostarbeiter
381:Ostarbeiter
348:Scandinavia
346:countries,
316:Terminology
309:Ostarbeiter
298:Ostarbeiter
292:Ostarbeiter
272:labor camps
267:Ostarbeiter
259:Ostarbeiter
250:conscripted
242:Ostarbeiter
229:Belarusians
223:Ostarbeiter
193:Ostarbeiter
182:to perform
172:Nazi German
152:Ostarbeiter
113:Ostarbeiter
38:Ostarbeiter
24:Ostarbeiter
2209:Categories
2086:2017-09-07
1953:2015-06-21
1865:, p. 166,
1764:2016-05-24
1631:0521470005
1539:, p. 256,
1516:Background
1373:2016-02-14
1220:3901661123
1135:References
1124:Polenlager
853:Lebensborn
792:See also:
721:Peenemünde
679:Ford-Werke
624:Statistics
551:Werkschutz
539:Conditions
320:See also:
2142:(2009) .
1834:, p 125,
1811:, p 165,
1598:, p 258,
1563:, p 237,
788:Pregnancy
778:Railways
660:Halychyna
508:Germany.
488:Zdolbuniv
444:‹See Tfd›
439:Heuaktion
434:Heuaktion
233:Armenians
86:Prisoners
71:1939–1945
63:Operation
2060:Archived
1934:(2007).
1495:p. 351.
1463:(2005),
1392:pp. 1–3.
1382:cite web
1100:and the
1086:See also
1045:Research
867:Volkstum
781:122,000
773:170,000
765:180,000
749:725,000
492:Przemyśl
344:Germanic
76:Location
1848:3379930
961:Kempten
757:93,000
754:Mining
683:Cologne
512:Nannies
460:Junkers
458:or the
406:History
352:Romania
254:Germany
208:), and
159:German:
126:Belarus
122:Ukraine
2152:
2121:
2023:
1944:
1869:
1846:
1838:
1815:
1788:
1711:
1690:
1663:
1629:
1602:
1567:
1543:
1499:
1473:
1361:Wprost
1339:20 May
1330:
1297:
1240:
1218:
1198:
837:, the
448:German
437:. The
413:Göring
237:Tatars
118:Russia
68:Period
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