609:(German Industrial Concern; GmbH), an organization he helped establish. It was designed to unify the massive business interests of Himmler's SS, taking in profits from the slave labour of concentration camp prisoners. Under Pohl's leadership, the WVHA turned its attentionâonce focused primarily on security and re-educationâtowards economic matters. To merge operations, Pohl announced the incorporation of the inspectorate of concentration camps into the WVHA on 13 March 1942. Expressing his sentiments regarding the use of prisoners for labor in a memo, Pohl wrote, "SS industries have the task ... to organize a more businesslike (more productive) execution of punishment and adjust it to the overall development of the Reich." Agreeing in general terms that many of the prisoners should be worked to death, Pohl paradoxically complained about the death of some 70,610 out of 136,870 new concentration camp inmates between June and November 1942, insisting that these deaths were impeding productive output at the camp's armament factories.
771:. Pohl was the chief defendant for the proceedings at the fourth Nuremberg trial; he and his co-conspirators were on trial for crimes committed in the concentration camps administered by the SS-WVHA while he was in charge. Without denying his knowledge of the mass killings of Jews, Pohl presented himself as a mere executive, accusing the prosecution of being guided by feelings of hatred and revenge. Pohl appealed his death sentence several times. During the Nuremberg trials, he started to see a Roman Catholic priest and recommitted himself to the Catholic faith. Officially, Pohl had never left the Catholic Church, although he stopped attending Mass in 1935. In 1950, his re-conversion resulted in the appearance of his book
620:, when there were administrative complaints in favor of providing more food to the inmates. According to historian Michael Thad Allen, "Pohl's men prided themselves as modern administrators" and often clashed with prison guards who "undermined productivity" by beating or killing prisoners. An irreconcilable duplicity emerged over the conflicting goals between the pragmatic economic interests of the SS under Pohl's purview and their fanatical racialist ideological imperatives. Fulfilling a call beyond mere economic interests but one based on communal concerns prompted Pohl's thinking when he informed the Reich's Interior Ministry in a letter that, "It is the will of the
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clothing), their profit intake from valuables (watches, clothing, money) remaining after their deaths (minus crematoria expenses), and any costs recovered from selling their bones and ashes; in total, the average concentration camp inmate had a life expectancy of nine months or less and was valued at 1,630 marks. Along these lines, Pohl supervised the macabre task of collecting Jewish people's gold fillings, hair, clothing, jewelry and other possessions. These "spoils", taken from the concentration camp inmates (mostly Jews) were carefully itemized and sold at prices set by the WVHA.
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concentration camp labor spread as a result of the collaboration between the industrialists and the SS, due in part to both Pohl and Speer's arrangements. Concentration camp inmates were not supposed to be leased-out on orders from
Himmler, a directive Pohl ignored for he considered it impractical given the inability of the SS to establish production processes in short order. An enterprise overseen by Pohl and one Speer was keen on as well, was the construction works at Dora-Mittelbau, the underground complex where the
692:. By those tasks he meant the policing duties related to the Reich's security, those concerning the concentration camp system and industry, those duties which promoted the Nazi world-view, and any undertaking related to the "Reinforcement of Germandom." Shortly before the invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler wrote to Pohl about not needing to conceal any "hidden agendas" from him and emphasized the "essential" task of increasing "good and worthy" blood (Germans) through nutrition and SS settlements.
294:
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625:"ideological raison dâĂȘtre." Along with other SS ideologues, Pohl wanted the SS to lead the Nazi revolution through the creation of an economic base that focused on communal industrial interests versus the despised principles of western style capitalism that served individuals; in the process he intended on employing concentration camp prisoners to serve the greater interests of the Reich. For Pohl, that also meant completely "exhausting forced labor."
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554:, accompanied Himmler to the small town of Mauthausen where it was decided that the SS-operated German Earth and Stoneworks Corporation (DEST) would begin excavating granite, using concentration camp prisoners as slave laborers. Administrative and financial authority for the camps and the SS Death's Head troops were conveyed to Pohl by 1938, which pitted him against his contemporary and peer,
616:) on 12 March 1943. Despite the seeming intention to use concentration camp prisoners for production in the expanding SS economics industry, Pohl's role was also framed by the ideological mandates of exploitation and racial extermination. For example, evidence indicates that Pohl refused to allow any increases in rations for starving prisoners toiling in the Granite Works of
733:
WVHA in the application process for industrial firms seeking business with the Reich. Estimates provided by Pohl indicate that during the second half of 1944, there were upwards of 250,000 slaves working for private firms, another 170,000 working in underground factories and an additional 15,000 clearing rubble from the Allied bombing raids.
499:. While he already presided over as many as 500 men in his role in the German Navy, as a dedicated Nazi, he jumped at the chance to be a commissioned officer in Himmler's SS. Pohl promised Himmler that he would serve him until he dropped and rose quickly due to his "ruthlessness" and his unwavering "loyalty".
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wrote, "Four potent departments placed Pohl's hand firmly on the levers of power in the SS empire: he was in charge of the entire administration and supply of the Waffen-SS; he controlled the 20 concentration camps and 165 labor camps; he directed all SS and Police building projects; he was in charge
502:
Once an officer in the SS, Pohl furiously set to work, putting his 20-plus years of administrative experience into action; he managed to successfully standardize and professionalize the SS accounting operations, so much so that it was able to withstand a public audit, which garnered more respect from
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By the summer of 1944, control of the concentration camps was removed from Pohl's WVHA and executive power was instead given over to local HSSPF offices, which, according to Pohl, occurred for operational reasons. Speer's armaments ministry took over arms production without the intermediation of the
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During the spring of 1942, Hitler and other Nazi elites looked to increase armaments production through the use of concentration camp inmates. This coincided with Pohl's control over the concentration camp system. Grandiose building plans for new SS facilities in the East were laid aside in favor of
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Despite holding a "nominal" rank in the Waffen-SS, Pohl and the WVHA had "no direct connection" to the combat formations of the SS. Pohl nonetheless showed unwavering commitment to the cause and tenets of Nazism when performing his duties and stressed the importance in fulfilling the tasks outlined
660:), and Stutthof to facilitate a "vertically integrated construction and building supply enterprise." The catalyst for the expansion of SS construction initiatives stemmed from Hitler's megalomania, namely, his plans to erect massive German cities and monuments (masterminded by the young architect
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and
Himmler's boasting in October 1943 of a "giant" SS-run system of armament works, "the SS had failed to become a serious arms manufacturer". Pohl worked in tandem with Speer for arms production, despite the latter's lack of faith in the SS industrial complex. Satellite camps which leased out
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political prisoner and historian Eugen Kogon points out, Pohl insisted on extracting the maximum financial worth from each and every camp laborer. Kogon asserts that Pohl even created evaluative tables that calculated their value as farmed-out wage earners (minus the depreciation of food and
624:
that profits from lucrative corporations be diverted to cover the losses of others that must labor under the constraints of their non-capitalistic end goals. At times these goals damn our corporations to years of future losses." In this manner, Pohl helped provide SS companies with their
503:
national agencies for
Himmler's SS. Pohl was quickly promoted as a result. Capable administrative officers were recruited and assigned to the concentration camps due to Pohl's efforts. Eventually Pohl was appointed chief of the administration department in the staff of the
664:) as the Reich expanded. Himmler was likewise inspired by these plans which would expand SS production and "boost the status of the SS". To accomplish the job of carrying out the FĂŒhrer's vision, Pohl created the East German Building Supply Works (
525:, an old castle that was supposed to be turned into a cultural and scientific headquarters of the SS at Himmler's request. The "society" soon became a part of Pohl's SS administration office. Pohl left the Roman Catholic Church in 1935.
846:
In terms of the concentration camps, Pohl oversaw all of the major ones that were not solely focused on the Final
Solution, which included "Dachau, Mauthausen, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Majdanek, Stutthof, and Auschwitz".
393:
where he studied classical Greek and Latin texts. From what Pohl claimed, he always wanted to study science but his father did not have the means to send him straight to university. In 1912, he became a sailor in the
344:
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arms production, which Pohl thought prudent and necessary. While
Himmler and Pohl foresaw an enormous SS-operated armaments industry, they encountered opposition from the newly appointed armaments minister,
545:
and inspected them from time to time. During the early establishment of the concentration camps in the mid-1930s, Pohl already recognized the economic potential of forced labor. Shortly after the
Austrian
389:-Ruhrort on 30 June 1892 to blacksmith, Hermann Otto Emil Pohl, and his wife Auguste Pohl (née Seifert); he was the fifth of eight children. His parents were financially secure, and he attended a
729:
was completed in a mere two months using camp labor supplied by Pohl. Work on the prestigious wonder-weapon V1 and V2 projects remained bitterly contested between the SS and Speer's ministry.
573:'s Ministry of the Interior). Himmler stated that: "The supervision of the economic matters of these institutions (concentration camps) and their application to work is the responsibility of
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1958:
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767:. Disguised as a farmhand, he was arrested by British troops in May 1946 and sentenced to death on 3 November 1947 by an American military tribunal in the eponymous
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who described Pohl as an "energetic" officer and a "dedicated Nazi". Pohl quickly made himself available to the younger
Himmler after their first meeting at a Kiel
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Pohl oversaw the organization of the concentration camps, deciding on the distribution of detainees to the various camps and the "rental" of detainees for
612:
Expanding his power ever further over the economic realm, Pohl was named chairman of the board of directors for the
Eastern Territories Industries Inc. (
2467:
2083:
1837:
Buchheim, Hans (1968). "The SS â Instrument of
Domination". In Krausnick, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.).
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on 1 June 1935. Two of Pohl's predecessors, Paul
Weickert and Gerhard Schneider, were dismissed from the SS for embezzlement. Pohl founded the "
589:; WVHA). While already a significant figure in the regime, Pohl's appointment as chief of the WVHA strengthened his position greatly. Behind
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358:
317:
114:
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1970:
2114:
Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung: Das Wirtschaftsimperium der SS. Oswald Pohl und das SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt 1933â1945
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Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals: Control Council Law No. 10. Nuernberg October 1946âApril 1949
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1938:(1968). "The Persecution of the Jews". In Krausnick, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.).
521:" ("Society for the preservation and fostering of German cultural monuments"), which was primarily dedicated to restoring
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Over time, Pohl's orbit of responsibility began to include the concentration camp system since he lived near the camp at
712:, who undermined their initial projects. Aside from the moderately successful aircraft parts manufacturing operation at
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597:, he eventually became the third most powerful figure in the SS. Placing Pohl's position into perspective, historian
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After the end of the war, Pohl attended courses at a trade school, and began studying law and state theory at the
369:, the genocide of the European Jews. After the war, Pohl went into hiding; he was apprehended in 1946. Pohl stood
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581:, 19 January 1942, Himmler consolidated all of the offices for which Pohl was responsible into one, creating the
514:
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1074:
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1777:(2010). "The Death Marches and the Final Phase of Nazi Genocide". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.).
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487:. Pohl proclaimed in 1932, "I was a National Socialist before National Socialism came into being." He met
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377:, and sentenced to death. After repeatedly appealing his case, he was executed by hanging in 1951.
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In keeping with Pohl's plan, concentration camps were to be constructed at Auschwitz, Lublin (
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103:
1918:
The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System behind Them
307:
8:
673:
648:". Human material was to be efficiently and fully exploited in the process and as former
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on 22 February 1926 as member #30842. Sometime during 1929, Pohl became a member of the
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1959:"A Perpetrator's Confession: Gender and Religion in Oswald Pohl's Conversion Narrative"
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62:
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Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory
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510:
509:. His career continued to thrive when Himmler made him administrative chief over the
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787:. Pohl's last words were "I have spent more than 30 years as a military man. I have
1935:
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As the head of the economics division of the SS, Pohl was appointed to run the
476:
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58:
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until 1944. The exploitation of the captives rested on the Nazi principle of "
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in March 1938, Pohl, who at this time was already administrative chief of the
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558:, particularly on matters of administration, budget, and building projects.
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1718:
The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps
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Die Inspektion der Konzentrationslager, 1938â1945: Das System des Terrors
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2027:"Madera Tribune 7 June 1951 â California Digital Newspaper Collection"
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The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
775:("Credo. My way to God"), which was published with permission of the
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135:
54:
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German Nazi, head of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
1721:. London and Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
528:
1755:
Bartov, Omer (2018). "The Holocaust". In Robert Gellately (ed.).
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Gesellschaft zur Förderung und Pflege deutscher KulturdenkmÀler
438:
149:
30:
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2072:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
570:
425:; he dropped out of university soon again though, and became
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on 1 April 1918. On 30 October of the same year, he married.
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Executions by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
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779:. Pohl was hanged shortly after midnight on 7 June 1951 at
668:; ODBS) along with the German Noble Furniture Corporation (
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in 1933, coming to his attention at the behest of Admiral
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were assembled. This enormous subterranean facility near
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Forced labor at Wiener Graben quarry at Mauthausen, 1942
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The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS
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259:
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Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
1779:
Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
1617:
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Buchenwald prisoners forced to work on the Buchenwaldâ
2196:
The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939â1945
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751:
Oswald Pohl receives his sentence of death by hanging
569:("main bureau budget and construction", part of the
475:
One year later, in 1925, Pohl became a member of the
2314:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932â1945
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1209:
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987:
2443:German people convicted of crimes against humanity
2333:Zentner, Christian; BedĂŒrftig, Friedemann (1991).
2311:
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975:
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884:
736:
1757:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Third Reich
449:basin. In 1920, like many others involved in the
2404:
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2318:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2011:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1803:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
927:
2488:Prisoners and detainees of the British military
1992:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
529:Concentration camp administrator and WVHA chief
2493:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
1963:Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality
2458:Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
2274:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
2158:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1984:
1371:
2094:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
2063:Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Vol. 5 (1950).
2433:Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia
2172:
2154:The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp
2082:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1855:
1563:
1383:
1044:
561:In June 1939 Pohl became chief of both the
349:; 30 June 1892 â 7 June 1951) was a German
2116:(in German). Paderborn: Schöningh Verlag.
1956:
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583:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
410:. Pohl attended a navy school, and became
359:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
318:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
115:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
29:
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2006:
1934:
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2200:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
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1179:
866:
823:Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps
797:
746:
694:
627:
532:
380:
2276:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2175:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
2111:
1920:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
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2309:
2214:
2191:
2046:The Hitler Years: Disaster, 1940â1945
1915:
1877:
1822:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1759:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1714:
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479:, then finally joined the re-founded
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172:Membership in a criminal organization
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1861:Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933â1945
1575:
1215:
1143:
1119:
587:Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt
2335:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
13:
2468:Members of the Reichstag 1938â1945
2337:. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
602:of all SS economic enterprises."
563:Verwaltung und Wirtschaft Hauptamt
361:and the head administrator of the
14:
2534:
802:Pohl moments before his execution
2473:Military personnel from Duisburg
2423:20th-century Freikorps personnel
2385:
2368:
2048:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1942:. New York: Walker and Company.
1898:"Holocaust Research Project.org"
1841:. New York: Walker and Company.
1737:"Avalon ProjectâYale University"
1660:Nuremberg Military Tribunal 1950
1081:Avalon ProjectâYale University,
910:Holocaust Research Project.org,
699:Concentration camp prisoners at
680:and prominent figure within the
292:
272:
224:Multiple countries across Europe
2238:(in German). Berlin: Hentrich.
2133:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1988:; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001).
1707:
840:
737:Trial, conviction and execution
666:Ost-Deutsche Baustoffwerke GmbH
419:Christian-Albrechts-UniversitÀt
2483:People from the Rhine Province
2428:Executed German mass murderers
2254:"USHMMâHolocaust Encyclopedia"
2173:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007).
1863:. New York: Harper Perennial.
1820:The Final Solution: A Genocide
1030:USHMMâHolocaust Encyclopedia,
714:FlossenbĂŒrg concentration camp
618:Gross-Rosen concentration camp
126:Nazi concentration camp system
1:
828:
365:, he was a key figure in the
2508:Romani genocide perpetrators
2272:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015).
1715:Allen, Michael Thad (2002).
928:Zentner & BedĂŒrftig 1991
854:
813:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
607:Deutscher Wirtschaftsbetrieb
567:Hauptamt Haushalt und Bauten
470:
7:
1882:. New York: Penguin Press.
806:
759:in 1945, Pohl first hid in
646:extermination through labor
453:, he was accepted into the
10:
2539:
2112:Schulte, Jan Erik (2001).
1990:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
1969:(2): 62â81. Archived from
1957:Krondorfer, Bjorn (2008).
740:
577:Pohl". The day before the
515:Race and Settlement Office
463:. Pohl was transferred to
124:Business administrator of
2293:Who's Who In Nazi Germany
2291:Wistrich, Robert (1995).
2234:Tuchel, Johannes (1994).
2192:Stein, George H. (1984).
2150:Sofsky, Wolfgang (1997).
2044:McDonough, Frank (2021).
2007:Longerich, Peter (2012).
1372:Laqueur & Baumel 2001
789:always carried out orders
323:
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109:
99:
73:
40:
28:
21:
2478:Nazi concentration camps
2463:Kapp Putsch participants
2131:Snyder, Louis L (1976).
1818:Bloxham, Donald (2009).
833:
791:and remained true to my
406:region and the coast of
385:Oswald Pohl was born in
363:Nazi concentration camps
235:Nazi concentration camps
2518:Sturmabteilung officers
2295:. New York: Routledge.
2177:. New York: Routledge.
2135:. London: Robert Hale.
1940:Anatomy of the SS State
1839:Anatomy of the SS State
1781:. New York: Routledge.
773:Credo. Mein Weg zu Gott
670:Deutsche Edelmöbel GmbH
375:crimes against humanity
353:functionary during the
168:Crimes against humanity
2503:Reichsmarine personnel
2453:Holocaust perpetrators
2448:German Roman Catholics
2258:SS and the Camp System
2091:Read, Anthony (2004).
1032:SS and the Camp System
803:
752:
704:
672:) with the aid of Dr.
637:
538:
338:[ËÉsvaltËpoËl]
1916:Kogon, Eugen (2006).
1878:Höhne, Heinz (2001).
801:
750:
698:
631:
536:
381:Early life and career
357:. As the head of the
2513:SS-ObergruppenfĂŒhrer
2310:Yahil, Leni (1990).
2219:. New York: Viking.
2215:Tooze, Adam (2007).
2097:. New York: Norton.
676:, an officer in the
451:LĂŒttwitz-Kapp Putsch
104:Execution by hanging
35:Pohl in U.S. custody
2523:Waffen-SS personnel
1650:, pp. 94, 192.
1590:, pp. 203â222.
1542:, pp. 406â410.
1530:, pp. 196â201.
1506:, pp. 404â405.
1482:, pp. 403â404.
1362:, pp. 295â296.
1122:, pp. 672â673.
1083:USA vs. Pohl et al.
1071:, pp. 404â405.
1059:, pp. 161â162.
402:, he served in the
373:, was convicted of
212:Span of crimes
100:Cause of death
1741:USA vs. Pohl et al
804:
793:oath of allegiance
753:
705:
638:
579:Wannsee Conference
539:
330:Oswald Ludwig Pohl
2302:978-0-41511-888-0
2283:978-0-37411-825-9
2245:978-3-89468-158-6
2226:978-0-67003-826-8
2184:978-0-41530-861-8
2165:978-0-69100-685-7
2142:978-1-56924-917-8
2123:978-3-50678-245-8
2104:978-0-39304-800-1
2055:978-1-25027-512-7
1999:978-0-30008-432-0
1949:978-0-00211-026-6
1936:Krausnick, Helmut
1927:978-0-37452-992-5
1889:978-0-14139-012-3
1870:978-0-06135-027-6
1857:FriedlÀnder, Saul
1848:978-0-00211-026-6
1829:978-0-19955-034-0
1810:978-0-19925-904-5
1788:978-0-41542-651-0
1766:978-0-19872-828-3
1728:978-0-80782-677-5
1674:, pp. 62â81.
1290:, pp. 82â83.
1278:, pp. 19â20.
1206:, pp. 81â82.
881:, pp. 24â25.
785:Landsberg am Lech
755:After the end of
614:Ostindustrie GmbH
595:Reinhard Heydrich
575:SS Gruppenfuehrer
457:'s new navy, the
435:Brigade Löwenfeld
327:
326:
308:ObergruppenfĂŒhrer
89:Landsberg am Lech
2530:
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2009:Heinrich Himmler
2003:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1953:
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1564:Stackelberg 2007
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1384:FriedlÀnder 2009
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1045:FriedlÀnder 2009
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781:Landsberg Prison
591:Heinrich Himmler
565:(VuWHA) and the
489:Heinrich Himmler
348:
347:
346:
340:
335:
296:
288:
282:
278:
276:
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242:Date apprehended
231:
188:Criminal penalty
160:
85:Landsberg Prison
80:
51:
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33:
19:
18:
2538:
2537:
2533:
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2403:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:sister projects
2357:at Knowledge's
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1976:
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1797:Bloxham, Donald
1789:
1775:Blatman, Daniel
1767:
1745:
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1672:Krondorfer 2008
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795:. I am ready."
777:Catholic Church
745:
739:
690:ReichsfĂŒhrer-SS
636:rail line, 1943
622:ReichsfĂŒhrer-SS
531:
506:ReichsfĂŒhrer-SS
493:Wilhelm Canaris
473:
455:Weimar Republic
383:
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132:Criminal status
95:
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24:
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2399:
2397:from Wikiquote
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2018:978-0199592326
2017:
2004:
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1982:
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1703:
1697:Madura Tribune
1688:
1676:
1664:
1662:, p. 934.
1652:
1640:
1638:, p. 271.
1628:
1626:, p. 253.
1616:
1614:, p. 181.
1604:
1602:, p. 173.
1592:
1580:
1578:, p. 818.
1568:
1566:, p. 231.
1556:
1554:, p. 634.
1552:Longerich 2012
1544:
1540:Wachsmann 2015
1532:
1520:
1518:, p. 405.
1516:Wachsmann 2015
1508:
1504:Wachsmann 2015
1496:
1494:, p. 404.
1492:Wachsmann 2015
1484:
1480:Wachsmann 2015
1472:
1470:, p. 195.
1460:
1458:, p. 108.
1448:
1446:, p. 261.
1436:
1434:, p. 102.
1424:
1422:, p. 162.
1420:Wachsmann 2015
1412:
1410:, p. 531.
1400:
1398:, p. 100.
1388:
1386:, p. 354.
1376:
1374:, p. 476.
1364:
1352:
1350:, p. 295.
1340:
1338:, p. 233.
1328:
1326:, p. 425.
1324:Wachsmann 2015
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1242:, p. 209.
1240:McDonough 2021
1232:
1230:, p. 120.
1228:Krausnick 1968
1220:
1218:, p. 799.
1208:
1196:
1184:
1182:, p. 273.
1172:
1170:, p. 560.
1168:Longerich 2012
1160:
1158:, p. 485.
1156:Longerich 2012
1148:
1146:, p. 672.
1136:
1134:, p. 405.
1124:
1112:
1110:, p. 316.
1100:
1098:, p. 559.
1096:Longerich 2012
1088:
1073:
1061:
1057:Wachsmann 2015
1049:
1037:
1022:
1020:, p. 169.
1018:Longerich 2012
1010:
1008:, p. 182.
1006:Longerich 2012
998:
986:
974:
972:, p. 161.
970:Wachsmann 2015
959:
944:
932:
930:, p. 711.
917:
895:
883:
871:
869:, p. 192.
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741:Main article:
738:
735:
727:Harz Mountains
530:
527:
511:SD Main Office
472:
469:
437:", working in
382:
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367:Final Solution
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81:(aged 58)
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59:Rhine Province
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2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
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1987:
1983:
1973:on 2020-08-06
1972:
1968:
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1699:(7 June 1951)
1698:
1692:
1686:, p. 45.
1685:
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1380:
1373:
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1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1314:, p. 94.
1313:
1308:
1302:, p. 83.
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1266:, p. 20.
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
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1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1194:, p. 88.
1193:
1188:
1181:
1180:Buchheim 1968
1176:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1070:
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1053:
1047:, p. 91.
1046:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 29.
995:
990:
984:, p. 27.
983:
978:
971:
966:
964:
957:, p. 24.
956:
951:
949:
942:, p. 26.
941:
936:
929:
924:
922:
914:
913:
906:
904:
902:
900:
893:, p. 25.
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
867:Wistrich 1995
863:
859:
843:
839:
824:
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761:Upper Bavaria
758:
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734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
702:
701:Messerschmitt
697:
693:
691:
685:
683:
682:Dresdner Bank
679:
678:Allgemeine-SS
675:
671:
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396:Imperial Navy
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391:Realgymnasium
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371:trial in 1947
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158:Conviction(s)
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67:German Empire
64:
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43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2392:
2380:from Commons
2375:
2354:
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2313:
2292:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2235:
2216:
2195:
2174:
2153:
2132:
2113:
2093:
2065:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2031:cdnc.ucr.edu
2030:
2008:
1989:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1966:
1962:
1939:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1879:
1860:
1838:
1819:
1800:
1778:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1717:
1708:Bibliography
1696:
1691:
1684:Schulte 2001
1679:
1667:
1655:
1648:Bloxham 2003
1643:
1631:
1624:Bloxham 2009
1619:
1607:
1600:Blatman 2010
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1254:, p. 9.
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
935:
911:
886:
874:
862:
842:
772:
763:, then near
757:World War II
754:
731:
710:Albert Speer
706:
689:
686:
677:
669:
665:
662:Albert Speer
655:
642:slave labour
639:
621:
613:
611:
606:
604:
586:
574:
566:
562:
560:
551:
540:
518:
504:
501:
474:
460:Reichsmarine
458:
434:
416:
390:
384:
329:
328:
113:Head of the
93:West Germany
79:(1951-06-07)
44:30 June 1892
2418:1951 deaths
2413:1892 births
2355:Oswald Pohl
1902:Oswald Pohl
1636:Snyder 1976
1612:Sofsky 1997
1336:Bartov 2018
1192:Tuchel 1994
912:Oswald Pohl
818:Ernst Lerch
599:Heinz Höhne
552:SS-Hauptamt
400:World War I
246:27 May 1946
230:Location(s)
77:7 June 1951
23:Oswald Pohl
2407:Categories
2394:Quotations
2036:2022-07-31
1977:2017-09-07
1588:Allen 2002
1528:Allen 2002
1468:Allen 2002
1456:Allen 2002
1444:Stein 1984
1432:Allen 2002
1408:Tooze 2007
1396:Allen 2002
1360:Kogon 2006
1348:Kogon 2006
1312:Allen 2002
1300:Allen 2002
1288:Allen 2002
1276:Allen 2002
1264:Allen 2002
1252:Allen 2002
1204:Allen 2002
1132:Höhne 2001
1108:Yahil 1990
1069:Höhne 2001
994:Allen 2002
982:Allen 2002
955:Allen 2002
940:Allen 2002
891:Allen 2002
879:Allen 2002
829:References
769:Pohl Trial
743:Pohl Trial
723:Nordhausen
719:V2 rockets
674:Emil Meyer
650:Buchenwald
523:Wewelsburg
497:Biergarten
481:Nazi Party
465:SwinemĂŒnde
404:Baltic Sea
398:. During
267:Allegiance
182:Pohl Trial
164:War crimes
110:Occupation
57:-Ruhrort,
48:1892-06-30
2078:cite book
1576:Read 2004
1216:Read 2004
1144:Read 2004
1120:Read 2004
855:Citations
548:Anschluss
471:SS career
467:in 1924.
431:Freikorps
427:paymaster
412:paymaster
298:Waffen-SS
216:1939â1945
2263:July 14,
1907:July 14,
1859:(2009).
1799:(2003).
1746:July 12,
807:See also
658:Majdanek
513:and the
445:and the
429:for the
408:Flanders
387:Duisburg
355:Nazi era
314:Commands
287:Service/
206:Millions
136:Executed
55:Duisburg
725:in the
703:factory
688:by the
334:German:
280:Germany
221:Country
203:Victims
198:Details
63:Prussia
46: (
2341:
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1826:
1807:
1785:
1763:
1725:
765:Bremen
634:Weimar
543:Dachau
439:Berlin
289:branch
277:
262:career
150:Nazism
146:Motive
2377:Media
2070:(PDF)
834:Notes
571:Reich
192:Death
178:Trial
2339:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2265:2016
2240:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2084:link
2050:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1909:2016
1884:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1748:2016
1723:ISBN
593:and
447:Ruhr
423:Kiel
304:Rank
74:Died
41:Born
783:in
421:in
2409::
2256:.
2080:}}
2076:{{
2029:.
1965:.
1961:.
1900:.
1739:.
962:^
947:^
920:^
898:^
684:.
485:SS
477:SA
441:,
351:SS
260:SS
91:,
87:,
65:,
61:,
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