Overpopulation - Knowledge

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vast amounts of unintentional sanctuaries filled with food. Urban geese flocks have increased enormously. City ordinances generally prohibit discharging firearms, keeping such flocks safe, and there is abundant food. Geese profit from agricultural grain crops, and seem to be shifting their habitat preferences to such farmlands. Reduction of goose hunting in the US since the 1970s seems to have further had the effect of protecting populations. In Canada hunting has also decreased dramatically, from 43.384% harvest rates in the 1960s to 8% in the 1990s. Nonetheless, when kill rates were compared to populations, hunting alone does not seems to be solely responsible for the increase -weather or a not yet completed shift in habitat preference to agricultural land may also be factors. Although hunting may have formerly been the main factor in maintaining stable populations, ecologists no longer consider it a practical management solution, as public interest in the practice has continued to wane, and the population is now so large that the massive culls needed are unrealistic to ask from the public.

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are killed humanely, but the goal is to greatly lower and eventually completely avoid this. Estimating the overpopulation of pets, especially cats and dogs, is a difficult task, but it has been a continuous problem. It has been hard to determine the number of shelters and animals in each shelter around even just the US. Animals are constantly being moved around or euthanized, so it is difficult to keep track of those numbers across the country. It is becoming universally agreed upon that sterilization is a tool that can help reduce population size so that less offspring are produced in the future With less offspring, pet populations can start to decrease which reduces the amount that get killed each year.

893:, their population has rapidly spread across much of North America as well as parts of Canada and western Europe. This species of swan has caused much concern for wildlife management as they damage aquatic vegetation, and harass other waterfowl, displacing them. The population of the Mute swan has seen an average increase of around 10-18% per year which further threatens to impact the areas they inhabit. Management of the species comes in a variety of ways. Similar to overpopulated or invasive species, hunting is one of the most effective methods of population control. Other methods may involve trapping, relocation, or 410:

traffic. In an experiment where roe deer on a Norwegian island were freed from human harvest and predators, the deer showed a doubling of the population each year or two. In the Netherlands and southern England roe deer were extirpated from the entirety of the country except for a few small areas around 1875. In the 1970s the species was still completely absent from Wales, but as of 2013, it has colonized the entire country. As new forests were planted in the Netherlands in the 20th century, the population began to expand rapidly. As of 2016 there are some 110,000 deer in the country.

150:. Typically, an overpopulation causes the entire population of the species in question to become weaker, as no single individual is able to find enough food or shelter. As such, overpopulation is thus characterized by an increase in the diseases and parasite-load which live upon the species in question, as the entire population is weaker. Other characteristics of overpopulation are lower fecundity, adverse effects on the environment (soil, vegetation or fauna) and lower average body weights. Especially the worldwide increase of deer populations, which usually show 3446: 628:, killing them and distributing the meat to needy families (as opposed to sending it to a landfill), to try to curb the number of geese, following such programs in New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon and Maryland. Complaints about the birds were that they had taken over the golf courses, pooped all over the place, devoured native plants and scared citizens. Such culls have proven socially controversial, with intense backlash by some citizens. Park officials had tried dipping eggs in oil, using noise-makers and planting tall plants, but this was not sufficient. 6913: 604:

hunters, but they are killing less per person. Nonetheless, per household the kills are approximately the same, at 100 birds. This indicates that stimulating an increase in native hunting might be difficult to achieve. The Cree population has increased. Elders say the taste of the birds has gotten worse, and they are thinner, both possibly effects due to the overpopulation. Elders also say that hunting has gotten more difficult, because there are less young and goslings, which are more likely to fall for

6925: 744:, predator population growth lags just behind the prey populations. After the prey population crashes, the overpopulation of predators causes the entire population to be subjected to mass starvation. The population of the predator drops, as less young are able to survive into adulthood. This could be considered a perfect time for wildlife managers to allow hunters or trappers to harvest as much of these animals as necessary, for example 279:

unwilling to accede to the law, requiring government intervention anyway. It has been necessary to contract professional hunters in order to satisfy landowner legislation regarding the annual cull. Millions of pounds of taxpayers' cash is spent on the annual cull. As of 2020, 100,000 deer are shot each year. Compounding the problem, some landowners have used supplemental feeding at certain shooting blinds in order to ease sport hunting.

43: 216:. Among the limitations of injectable immunocontraceptives are a relatively long time between vaccine administration and a reduction in population size (although stabilization of population size occurs faster) and the need to be in close proximity with animals for injection. Oral vaccines do not have the latter limitation, but they are still not as well developed as injectable vaccines. 220:

important, even rising to the level of existence itself. Nevertheless, all people and every society have an interest in preserving a habitable biosphere, which may be compromised or degraded by too may people. In the context of rapid climate change, mass species extinction and other global environmental problems, discussions regarding human overpopulation are inevitable.

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specific locales while more important for others such as the many species of salmon or trout. Monitoring of waterways and isolated bodies of water provide more frequently updated information on the populations in specific areas. This is done using similar methods to the mark-recapture methods of many land animals.

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Similar methods can be used to determine the population of fish however some key differences arise in the extrapolation of data. Unlike many land animals in-land fish populations are divided into smaller population sizes. Factors such as migration may not be relevant when determining population in a

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Humans are blamed as the ultimate cause for the increase, directly and indirectly, due to management legislation limiting hunting introduced specifically in order to protect bird populations, but most importantly due to the increase in agriculture and large parks, which has had the effect of creating

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in ecology, which states that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. Today humanity essentially competes with other species everywhere on Earth. We thus face choices regarding whether to preserve populations of other species and limit our

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Despite the ecological effects of overpopulation, wildlife managers may want such high populations in order to satisfy public enjoyment of seeing wild animals. Others contend that introducing large predators such as lynx and wolves may have similar economic benefits, even if tourists rarely actually

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Lastly the method of mark-recapture is used extensively to determine general population sizes. This method involves the trapping of animals after which some form of tag is placed on the animal and it is released back into the wild. After which, other trappings will determine population size based on

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have grown from near extinction to nuisance levels, in some areas. Average body sizes have decreased and parasite loads are higher. Before the 1980s, Arctic geese populations had boom and bust cycles (see above) thought to be based on food availability, although there are still some bust years, this

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populations. Open aquaculture ponds provide winter or year-round homes and food for cormorants. Cormorants' effect on the aquaculture industry is significant, with a dense flock capable of consuming an entire harvest. Cormorants are estimated to cost the catfish industry in Mississippi alone between

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movement, calling this an 'overpopulation' is more an ethics question than a scientific fact. Animal rights organisations are commonly critics of ecological systems and wildlife management. Animal rights activists and locals earning income from commercial hunts counter that scientists are outsiders

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and other people in the north do much less hunting of geese, with kill rates of 1 to 24 per species per hunter. Per kilogram, hunters save some $ 8.14 to $ 11.40 from buying poultry at stores. Total kill numbers from hunters elsewhere in the US and southern Canada has been falling steadily. This is

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pose a similar problem, although the populations were formerly much less, they have swelled in the 20th century so that although two and a half million are shot each year by hunters in Western Europe alone, as of 1998, the population still appears to be increasing, causing problems for forestry and

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plants, eventually causing a species to alter the greater environment. Natural ecosystems are extremely complex. The overpopulation of deer in Britain has been caused by legislation making hunting more difficult, but another reason may be the proliferation of forests, used by different deer species

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In the United States, over half of the households own a dog or a cat. Even with so much pet ownership there is still an issue with pet overpopulation, especially seen in shelters. Because of this problem it is estimated that between 10 and 25 percent of dogs and cats are killed yearly. The animals

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around Hudson Bay, members of the Mushkegowuk Harvesters Association, with an average kill rate of up to 60.75 birds per species per hunter in the 1970s. Kill rates have dropped, with hunters taking only half as much in the 1990s. However, total numbers of kills have increased, i.e. there are more

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It is difficult to know what the numbers of geese were before the 20th century, before human impact presumably altered them. There are a few anecdotal claims from that time of two or three million, but these are likely exaggerations, as that would imply a massive die-off or vast amounts harvested,

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Supplemental feeding of charismatic species or interesting game species is a major problem in causing overpopulation, as is too little hunting or trapping of such species. Management solutions are increasing hunting by making it easier or cheaper for (foreign) hunters to hunt, banning supplemental

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Judgements regarding overpopulation always involve both facts and values. Animals often are judged overpopulated when their numbers cause impacts that people find dangerous, damaging, expensive, or otherwise harmful. Societies may be judged overpopulated when their human numbers cause impacts that

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The third method is "indirect counts"; this is done by looking at the environment for signs of animal presence. Typically done by counting fecal matter or dens/nesting of a particular animal. This method is not as accurate as direct counting, but gives general counts of a population in a specific

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The nutrient subsidy provided by foraging in agricultural land may have made the overall landscape use by geese unsustainable. Where such geese congregate local plant communities have been substantially altered; these chronic effects are cumulative, and have been considered a threat to the Arctic

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Judgements about human or animal overpopulation hinge partly on whether people feel a moral obligation to leave sufficient habitat and resources to preserve viable populations of other species. Recent biodiversity losses show that humanity's success in supporting larger human populations over the

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This is done typically in four ways, the first being "total counting". Researchers will use aerial photography to count large populations in a specific area such as deer, waterfowl, and other "flocking" or "herd" animals. Incomplete counts involve counting a small subsection of a population and

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When determining whether a population is overpopulated a variety of factors must be looked at. Given the complexity of the issue, scientists and wildlife managers often differ in judging such claims. In many cases scientists will look to food sources and living space to gauge the abundance of a

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in the highlands has proved an abject failure. Scotland's deer are stunted, emaciated, and frequently starve in the Spring. As of 2016 the population is now so high, that 100,000 deer would need to be culled each year only to maintain the current population. A number of landowners have proven

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Recent scientific evidence from many sources suggests Earth may be overpopulated currently. Evidence of rapidly declining ecosystem services was presented in detail in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment of 2005, a collaborative effort involving more than 1,360 experts worldwide. More recent

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Judgements about overpopulation of wildlife or domestic animals typically are made in terms of human purposes and interests; since these vary, such judgements may vary, too. Judgements about human overpopulation are even more contentious, since the purposes and interests involved may be very

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In the absence of predators, species are bound by the resources they can find in their environment, but this does not necessarily control overpopulation, at least in the short term. An abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom followed by a population crash. Rodents such as

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in the Arctic would appear to be an obvious cause for the increase, but when subpopulations are correlated with local climatic increases, this does not seem to hold true, and furthermore, breeding regions seem to be shifting southwards anyway, irrespective of climate change.

513:. Because grazing occurs in serial stages, with biodiversity decreasing at each stage, floral composition may be used as an indicator of the degree of goose foraging at a site. Other effects are destruction of the vegetation holding dunes in place, the shift from sedge 824:

species in a particular area. National parks collect extensive data on the activities and quality of the environment they are established in. This data can be used to track whether a specific species is consuming larger amounts of their desired food source over time.

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Crist, Eileen; Kopnina, Helen; Cafaro, Philip; Gray, Joe; Ripple, William J.; Safina, Carl; Davis, John; DellaSala, Dominick A.; Noss, Reed F.; Washington, Haydn; Rolston, Holmes; Taylor, Bron; Orlikowska, Ewa H.; Heister, Anja; Lynn, William S. (18 November 2021).

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for which there is no evidence. More likely estimates from the period of 1500 to 1900 are a few hundred thousand animals, which implies that with the exception of Ross's geese, modern populations of geese are many millions more than in pre-industrial levels.

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The fact that Arctic regions are remote, there is little public understanding for combatting the problem, and ecologists as yet do not have any effective solutions for combatting the problem anyway. In Canada, the most important hunters of geese are the

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blamed on a decline in people interested in hunting, more feeding areas for the birds, and larger flocks with more experienced adult birds which makes decoying difficult. Individual hunters are bagging higher numbers, compensating lower hunter numbers.

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extrapolating the data across the whole area. This method will take into account the behavior of the animals such as how much territory a herd may cover, the density of the population, and other potential factors that may come into question.

1577: 646:, the resurgence of goose populations in North America can be called one of the greatest success story in wildlife management. By 2003 the US goose harvest was approaching 4 million, three times the numbers 30 years previously. 952:

In regards to population size, most of the methods used give estimates that vary in accuracy to the actual size and density of the population. Criticisms of theses methods generally fall onto the efficacy of methods used.

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were preoccupied with conserving or augmenting deer populations only a century ago, the focus has now shifted in the direct opposite, and ecologists are now more concerned with limiting the populations of such animals.

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Hardee, K., Newman, K., Bakamjian, L., Kumar, J., Harris, S., Rodríguez, M., & Willson, K. (2013). Voluntary family planning programs that respect, protect and fulfill human rights: a conceptual framework. Futures

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When an introduced species is so successful that its population begins to increase exponentially and causes deleterious effects to farmers, fisheries, or the natural environment, these introduced species are called

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Wackernagel, Mathis; Schulz, Niels B.; Deumling, Diana; Linares, Alejandro Callejas; Jenkins, Martin; Kapos, Valerie; Monfreda, Chad; Loh, Jonathan; Myers, Norman; Norgaard, Richard; Randers, Jørgen (9 July 2002).

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crop damage insurance for the hay industry began in 1992 and claims increased yearly; actual compensation paid by the government, including administrative costs, amount to some half a million dollars a year.

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in Britain is caused by an overabundance of deer. Besides ecological effects, overpopulation of deer causes economic effects due to browsing on crops, expensive fencing needed to combat this and protect new

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to moss fields, which can eventually give way to bare ground called 'peat barrens', and the erosion of this bare peat until glacial gravel and till is bared. In the High Arctic research is less developed:

375:. High populations cause stripping of the bark of trees, eventually destroying forests. Protecting forests from deer costs on average three times as much as planting the forest in the first place. The NGO 748:

in Canada, although on the other hand this may impact the ability of the predator to rebound when the prey population begins to exponentially increase again. Such mathematical models are also crucial in

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It is also possible that the population growth is completely natural, and that when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached the population will stop growing. For organisations such as

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against the background of high fertility rates. It is possible for very sparsely populated areas to be overpopulated if the area has a meagre or non-existent capability to sustain life (e.g. a

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by geese completely denudes the tundra and marshland, in combination with abiotic processes, this creates large desert expanses of hypersaline, anoxic mud which continue to increase each year.

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appear to be escaping destruction. There does not appear to be the damage found at lower latitudes in the Arctic. There is little proper research in effects on other birds. The yellow rail (

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is a non-lethal method of regulating wild-animal population growth. Immunocontraception has been successfully used or tested in a variety of wild-animal populations including those of

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for food, space, and resources. The animals in an overpopulated area may then be forced to migrate to areas not typically inhabited, or die off without access to necessary resources.

690:, including 2.7 million considered healthy and adoptable. Euthanasia numbers have declined since the 1970s, when U.S. shelters euthanized an estimated 12 to 20 million animals. Most 3403:

Jost, C.; Devulder, G.; Vucetich, J.A.; Peterson, R.; Arditi, R. (2005). "The wolves of Isle Royale display scale-invariant satiation and density dependent predation on moose".

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have been increasing significantly over the past decades. Lesser snow geese populations have increased to over three million, and continue to increase by some 5% per year.

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Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Galetti, Mauro; Alamgir, Mohammed; Crist, Eileen; Mahmoud, Mahmoud I.; Laurance, William F. (13 November 2017).

1373: 569:) are still an important component of the diet, but there are indications the bulrush is being impacted, with soft mudflats gradually replacing areas where it grows. 3685:

Decker, Daniel J.; Shanks, Roland E.; Nielsen, Larry A.; Parsons, Gary R. (1991). "Ethical and Scientific Judgements in Management: Beware of Blurred Distinctions".

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K. G. Poole. (1994). Characteristics of an Unharvested Lynx Population during a Snowshoe Hare Decline The Journal of Wildlife Management, 58(4), 608-618

383:. After winter snowdrifts in 2014/2015 flattened the deer fences, more than a decade's growth was lost in a matter of weeks. In 2009 – 2010 the cost of 287:

to breed and shelter. Forests and parks have caused Britain to be much more forested than it was in recent history, and may thus perversely be causing

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Côté, Steeve D.; Rooney, Thomas P.; Tremblay, Jean-Pierre; Dussault, Christian; Waller, Donald M. (2004). "Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance".

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drops, this has caused animal rights activists to advocate supplemental feeding, which has the effect of exacerbating the ecological effects, causing

2759: 6758: 3474: 2204:, 2019; Lucia Tamburino and Giangiacomo Bravo, "Reconciling a Positive Ecological Balance with Human Development: A Quantitative Assessment," 2021. 1401: 2824: 620:, trapping and relocation, and egg and nest destruction, managing habitat to make it less attractive to geese, harassment and direct culling. In 174:

A useful tool in wildlife culling is the use of mobile freezer trailers in which to store carcasses. The harvest of meat from wild animals is a

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Arctic Ecosystems in Peril: Report of the Arctic Goose Habitat Working Group. Part II High Goose Populations: causes, impacts and implications

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Gortázar, Christian; Acevedo, Pelayo; Ruiz-Fons, Francisco; Vicente, Joaquin (June 2006). "Disease risk and overabundance of game species".

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in some areas. The state of Wisconsin has an estimated population of 1.9 million White tail deer, measured in 2020. In continental Europe

5709: 4822: 1216: 3876:"Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species" 2216:"Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species" 5812: 4892: 2196:

Examples include Theodore Lianos and Anastasia Pseiridis, "Sustainable Welfare and Optimum Population Size," 2016; Christopher Tucker,

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In the wintering grounds in continental USA, effects are much less pronounced. Experimentally excluding geese by means of fencing in

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In Russia, the problem does not seem to exist, likely due to human harvest and local long-term cooling climate trends in the

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A Planet of 3 Billion: Mapping Humanity's Long History of Ecological Destruction and Finding Our Way to a Resilient Future

925:, as the cattle consume native plants. Because such cattle populations begin to starve and die in the winter as available 6387: 5827: 5726: 5095: 2662: 1739:

Massei, G.; Cowan, D.; Eckery, D.; Mauldin, R.; Gomm, M.; Rochaix, P.; Hill, F.; Pinkham, R.; Miller, L.A. (April 2020).

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past century has depended on reducing the populations of many of Earth's other species. This is a special example of the

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Explosive Population Growth in Tropical Africa: Crucial Omission in Development Forecasts (Emerging Risks and Way Out).

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of prey species in favour of genetic characteristics that render it less vulnerable to predation (and the predator may

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own, or not. These essentially ethical choices will make a difference in future judgements about overpopulation.

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Oli, Madan K. (10 May 2019). "Population cycles in voles and lemmings: state of the science and future directions".

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of the environment; if the resources on which they depend are exhausted, they naturally collapse. According to the

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English Nature Research Reports Number 548 Proceedings of the Future for Deer Conference 28 & 29 March 2003

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may alleviate losses in hay operations. Geese also feed on agricultural land without causing economic loss,

6820: 6217: 6117: 4790: 3610: 2689:"Evolution of population genetic structure of the British roe deer by natural and anthropogenic processes ( 2598: 734: 724: 229: 6979: 6974: 6951: 6700: 5899: 5849: 5147: 4038: 454: 3014: 6360: 6212: 6187: 5597: 5212: 4932: 4419: 4136: 4033: 616:

Management strategies in the USA include increasing the bag limit and the number of open hunting days,

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scientific accounts are provided by ecological footprint accounting and interdisciplinary research on

6830: 6763: 6606: 6338: 6333: 6207: 6037: 5879: 5666: 5393: 5005: 4897: 4755: 4740: 4735: 4414: 4126: 1215:(Report). Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Mule Deer Working Group. pp. 25–26. 797: 758: 624:, during moulting season biologists rounded up 300Canada geese (of 5,000 in the city), ironically on 565: 376: 3909: 3445: 1528: 1335: 764:

Predator population growth has the effect of controlling the prey population, and can result in the

6936: 6825: 6720: 6646: 6473: 6102: 5802: 5504: 5383: 5378: 5348: 5152: 4615: 4497: 3063:"A Humane Nation: Wayne Pacelle's Blog: Setting Aside Semantics: Not Killing Pets Must Be Our Goal" 3062: 663: 529: 4656: 4287: 3111: 2987: 534:

fens appear to be affected, and are being replaced by carpets of moss, whereas meadows covered in

394:, are too small and boring for most hunters to shoot, which poses additional management problems. 6931: 6500: 6355: 5651: 5227: 5090: 5000: 4868: 4750: 4720: 4577: 4542: 4262: 4229: 4204: 3153: 2772: 1699:"Achieving population goals in a long-lived wildlife species (Equus caballus) with contraception" 1282: 733:. Such predator-prey relationships can form cycles, which are usually mathematically modelled as 729:

In the wild, rampant population growth of prey species often causes growth in the populations of

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to prevent the births of unwanted and accidental litters that could contribute to this dynamic.

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feeding, awarding bounties, forcing landowners to hunt or contract professional hunters, using

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Pacific Reef Fisheries Guthalungra Farm, Draft property management plan - Predator management

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The introduction of a foreign species has often caused ecological disturbance, such as when

355:. Grouse populations suffer due to smashing into the fencing needed to protect against deer. 123: 6715: 6512: 6414: 6279: 6241: 5991: 5795: 5689: 5403: 5368: 5363: 5287: 5282: 5237: 5135: 5105: 5100: 4952: 4815: 4805: 4350: 4189: 3978: 3622: 3493: 3232: 2704: 2440: 2286: 2099: 1752: 1455:"Immunocontraception as a Tool for Management of Free-ranging American Bison (bison Bison)" 962: 918: 872: 348: 225: 31: 3051:"Why You Should Spay/Neuter Your Pet: Curb pet overpopulation and make your pet healthier" 2637: 1185:"'People think the deer are lovely. Then they learn more about it': the deer cull dilemma" 556:) appears to be taking advantage of the large areas of dead willows as a breeding ground. 30:

This article is about overpopulation in biology in general. For human overpopulation, see

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Summary for policymakers. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services

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seeds from corn, soya or other grains and feeding on wheat, potato and corn stubble. In

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Mule Deer: Changing Landscapes, Changing Perspectives: Supplemental Feeding—Just Say No

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populations similarly cycle dramatically, as did those of one of their predators, the

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has found heavily affected areas can regenerate after only two years. Bulrush stands (

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Geese numbers have also been called overpopulated. In the Canadian Arctic region,

274:

In Scotland the program of having landowners privately cull the overpopulation of

6770: 6611: 6182: 6042: 5958: 5946: 5926: 5822: 5612: 5592: 5515: 5443: 5302: 5272: 5267: 5257: 5190: 5175: 5055: 5035: 4917: 4785: 4691: 4582: 4492: 4434: 4018: 3944: 3431: 2641: 2452: 1953: 1949: 976: 643: 450: 134:, decrease human health and well-being, or crowd other species out of existence. 6912: 3169: 1555: 483:

ecosystems, due to knock-on effects on native ducks, shorebirds and passerines.

6748: 6688: 6673: 6626: 6522: 6468: 6328: 5963: 5936: 5854: 5844: 5746: 5741: 5607: 5558: 5423: 5247: 5200: 5130: 5125: 5020: 4887: 4567: 4557: 4537: 4340: 4305: 4244: 4121: 4076: 3968: 3891: 3127: 2533: 2488:"There'll be a deer price to pay if we don't grasp the issue of overpopulation" 2231: 1454: 968: 934: 695: 683: 636: 560: 475: 332: 108: 27:

When a population of a species exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment

3535:"Dealing with Non-native Species: what makes the Difference in South America?" 3440: 3087: 3056: 2373: 2356: 1056: 796:. Another example is the cycles among populations of grey wolves and moose in 438:

is commonly achieved by sharp-shooting, nest destruction, roost dispersal and

6968: 6891: 6775: 6732: 6678: 6666: 6651: 6641: 6564: 6478: 6454: 6449: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6229: 5817: 5758: 5721: 5673: 5448: 4424: 4398: 4355: 4345: 4300: 4267: 4159: 3993: 3948: 3642: 3177: 3135: 2541: 2460: 2382: 2306: 2239: 2187:. Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Secretariat. 2121: 2071: 1925: 1823: 1722: 1683: 1240: 1023: 938: 930: 910: 789: 679: 581: 379:

spent weeks planting native trees in Scotland, aiming to rebuild the ancient

364: 304: 201: 5473: 2152:

Higgs, K. (2017). Limits to growth: Human economy and planetary boundaries.

2052: 2035: 1916: 1899: 1499: 983:

as a basis to argue against continuing high human population growth and for

914:

who do not know wildlife issues, and that any slaughter of animals is evil.

6917: 6851: 6583: 6569: 6424: 6234: 6202: 6192: 6095: 5941: 5839: 5785: 5694: 5553: 5433: 5418: 5075: 5045: 4990: 4873: 4838: 4715: 4214: 3804: 3786: 3714:"Dutch rewilding experiment sparks backlash as thousands of animals starve" 3542: 3185: 2736: 2314: 2167:

Summary for policymakers. Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change

2139: 2112: 1986: 1841: 1784: 1636: 922: 769: 699: 675: 671: 573: 547: 492: 458: 359: 316: 1698: 1659: 295:

habitat to grassland, extirpation of grassland and woodland plants due to

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In natural ecosystems, populations naturally expand until they reach the

875:

and predators were introduced in turn to attempt to control the rabbits.

600: 488: 418: 328: 324: 296: 175: 6578: 3302:

Mathematical bioeconomics: the optimal management of renewable resources

2277:

Hardin, Garrett (29 April 1960). "The Competitive Exclusion Principle".

1402:"THE lynx effect could be the answer to deer overpopulation in Scotland" 1104: 686:

each year, of which an estimated three to four million are subsequently

550:

caused by the geese, whereas on the other hand the semipalmated plover (

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Speziale, Karina; Sergio, Lambertucci; Jose´, Tella; Martina, Carrete.

3252: 2796:"Cormorants in Japan: Population development, conflicts and management" 2062: 1146: 894: 625: 495:

drops to only one or two species which are inedible for geese, such as

446: 422: 340: 213: 205: 96: 3369: 3201:

On the Volterra and Other Non-Linear Models of Interacting Populations

1660:"Deer overabundance in the USA: recent advances in population control" 1578:"Grey squirrel fertility control research. Frequently asked questions" 811:

experience large natural cyclic variations, experienced by farmers as

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Kirkpatrick, Jay F.; Lyda, Robin O.; Frank, Kimberly M. (July 2011).

887: 765: 754: 741: 430: 344: 336: 155: 120: 112: 3857: 3244: 2202:

Time and the Generations: Population Ethics for a Diminishing Planet

1714: 1675: 1138: 682:. In the United States, six to eight million animals are brought to 591: 6881: 6866: 6397: 6382: 6284: 6122: 5570: 5398: 5327: 4858: 4686: 4365: 4277: 4224: 4179: 1180: 967:

Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in

730: 587: 484: 406: 372: 275: 197: 3082:, Princeton University Press, pp. 433–438, 31 December 1966, 2599:

The management of wild deer in Scotland: Deer Working Group report

2410:

A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River

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Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022).

1241:"The cormorant invasion. No assistance from fisheries department" 804:

are more prevalent in ecosystems found at more arctic latitudes.

777: 426: 391: 368: 352: 320: 312: 308: 300: 143: 92: 2988:"Denver culling Canada geese, donating meat to 'needy families'" 2084: 1798:

Oliviero, Claudio; Lindh, Lena; Peltoniemi, Olli (30 May 2019).

42: 6871: 6797: 3740:"Oostvaardersplassen: should animals be saved from starvation?" 1042: 972: 926: 808: 514: 283: 3459:

Clark, Douglas, Choi, Mary Ann, Mathew, Jung (28 March 2018).

3275:

Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology

238:

First Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

119:, leading to an overabundant species and other animals in the 6542: 6301: 3154:"Pet Overpopulation: Data and Measurement issues in Shelters" 868: 800:. For some still unexplained reason, such patterns in mammal 609: 292: 241: 189: 3402: 154:, is proving to be of ecological concern. Ironically, where 6886: 3112:"Shelters and Pet Overpopulation: A Statistical Black Hole" 2882:"Cormorant debate: Which part of the ecosystem to protect?" 864: 793: 781: 745: 233: 193: 3819:"Dhirubhai Ambani International Model United Nations 2013" 3684: 3429:

Simpson, Stephen J.; Sword, Gregory A. (2008). "Locusts".

2825:"Anglers urge cull of cormorants for eating too many fish" 1900:"Limits to growth: human economy and planetary boundaries" 1082: 315:

and certain birds which nest near the ground, such as the

667: 397:

In the United States the exact same problem is seen with

209: 2663:"Wisconsin Department of Transportation Car-Killed Deer" 2088:"Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy" 2036:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" 2033: 1738: 1697:

Kirkpatrick, Jay F.; Turner, Allison (22 October 2008).

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Man swarm: How overpopulation is killing the wild world

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Gutierrez, Jara; de Miguel, Javier (17 November 2020).

975:). Advocates of population moderation cite issues like 107:. This may be caused by increased birth rates, lowered 3532: 2760:

Algemeen Dagblad; Hoera, daar ligt weer een dode otter

2353: 1943: 1336:"Venison producer Highland Game wins £13m supply deal" 818: 546:) appears to be extirpated from areas of Manitoba due 5705:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

917:

Various case studies indicate that use of cattle as '

5631:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

3458: 3041: 2896: 2587: 2421: 1608: 1085:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

3216:"The Origins and Evolution of Predator-Prey Theory" 3329:"Predators and their prey - why we need them both" 3299: 3080:Fertility and Family Planning in the United States 2992:Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc 2596: 1552:Botstiber Institute for Wildlife Fertility Control 1489: 421:operations, recreation angling and populations of 3151: 2755: 2753: 2687:Baker, Karis H.; Hoelzel, A. Rus (January 2013). 2638:"Roe deer numbers 'changing woodland ecosystems'" 1696: 572:Damage to agriculture is primarily to seedlings, 6966: 6759:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 2922:Kenneth F. Abraham; Robert L. 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Populations of the nightingale and the 252:run between two and four billion people. 230:Sixth Assessment Report on Climate Change 6816:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 6754:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 4791:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 4430:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 3564: 3516:"Methods for assessing fish populations" 3213: 3192: 2959: 2879: 2770: 1428:"Red deer will be frozen out after cull" 1399: 1302: 1097:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725 1009: 871:were introduced into Argentina, or when 434:$ 10 million and $ 25 million annually. 67:of all important aspects of the article. 4823:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model 3711: 3665:United States Department of Agriculture 3346: 2985: 2962:"Canada Goose Overpopulation in Cities" 2849: 2847: 2845: 2566: 2342:Half Earth: Our planet's fight for life 2263:Foreman, D., & Carroll, L. (2014). 1272: 1160: 1071: 979:and risk of starvation and disease and 956: 264: 171:), poisonings or introducing diseases. 14: 6967: 4631:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 3873: 3775:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 2635: 2597:Deer Working Group (5 February 2020). 2276: 2213: 1864: 1657: 1459:CSU Fullerton Theses and Dissertations 1330: 1328: 1326: 1305:"Deer Culling and Immunocontraception" 1245:Queanbeyan Age and Queanbeyan Observer 753:which may be sustainably harvested in 63:Please consider expanding the lead to 5477: 4660: 3913: 3655: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3297: 3147: 3145: 3109: 3073: 3071: 2822: 2573:Finding Nature - The Wildlife Gateway 2259: 2257: 2179: 2177: 2175: 1897: 1734: 1732: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1425: 1363: 1045:European Journal of Wildlife Research 848: 228:for safe human use of biosphere. 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Archived from 1323: 1224:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 839: 819:Determining population size/density 282:Overpopulation can have effects on 250:sustainable global human population 24: 6788:List of fictional doomsday devices 4849:Ecological effects of biodiversity 3712:Barkham, Patrick (27 April 2018). 3585:"Mute Swan - Encyclopedia of Life" 3481: 3142: 3068: 3012: 2960:Erickson, Laura (16 August 1999). 2873: 2567:Soriano, Fran (15 December 2017). 2254: 2172: 1875:10.1093/oso/9780195078114.001.0001 1729: 1535: 1452: 1400:Connelly, Tony (10 October 2014). 1303:Davidson, Colin (30 August 2011). 1127:The Journal of Wildlife Management 981:human pressures on the environment 949:catch glimpses of such creatures. 371:growth, and increasing numbers of 25: 6996: 5808:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 4185:Generalist and specialist species 3326: 3199:Goel, N. S.; et al. (1971). 2361:Frontiers in Conservation Science 1865:Hardin, Garrett (22 April 1993). 576:and hay production. Changing the 6924: 6923: 6911: 6069:Decline in amphibian populations 4908:Occupancy–abundance relationship 3635:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01265.x 3513: 3444: 3417:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00977.x 2986:Elliott, Josh K. (4 July 2019). 2880:Oosthoek, Sharon (26 May 2009). 2853: 2214:Cafaro, Philip (11 March 2022). 1966:Science of the Total Environment 1898:Higgs, Kerryn (1 October 2017). 1628:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01003.x 1426:Smith, Kenny (10 January 2019). 655:This section is an excerpt from 41: 6420:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 5917:Land surface effects on climate 5890:Human impact on the environment 5521:Future of an expanding universe 4928:Relative abundance distribution 4641:Plant defense against herbivory 4508:Competitive exclusion principle 4220:Mesopredator release hypothesis 3867: 3847: 3811: 3762: 3732: 3705: 3678: 3649: 3602: 3577: 3558: 3526: 3507: 3452: 3396: 3384: 3320: 3291: 3277:. University of Chicago Press. 3266: 3207: 2979: 2816: 2764: 2680: 2655: 2601:(Report). 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Columbia University Press. 2327:Rolston III, Holmes (1994). 1956:; Wolf, Christopher (2022). 1548:"Frequently Asked Questions" 1275:"Reduce wild deer densities" 941:as trees are destroyed, and 900: 358:A significant amount of the 7: 6701:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 5850:Global terrestrial stilling 5313:Liebig's law of the minimum 5148:Resource selection function 4039:Metabolic theory of ecology 3170:10.1207/s15327604jaws0204_5 3015:"Geese in the 21st Century" 2966:For the Birds Radio Program 1432:Wildlife & Conservation 990: 455:greater white-fronted geese 387:in Scotland ran to £10.5m. 91:is a phenomenon in which a 10: 7001: 6213:Asteroid impact prediction 6188:Heat death of the universe 5598:Mutual assured destruction 5213:Niche apportionment models 4933:Relative species abundance 4137:Primary nutritional groups 4034:List of feeding behaviours 3892:10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w 3615:Journal of Applied Ecology 3128:10.2752/089279392787011430 2399:. Oxford University Press. 2344:. 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(2019). 2007:Shragg, K. (2015). 1757:2020Heliy...603781M 1370:National Geographic 1309:uk.rec.birdwatching 886:In the case of the 802:population dynamics 578:species composition 504:Salicornia borealis 186:Immunocontraception 165:immunocontraception 148:wildlife management 6980:Population ecology 6975:Population density 6952:Doomsday scenarios 6518:Beast of the Earth 6410:Book of Revelation 6198:Virtual black hole 6178:False vacuum decay 6128:Pollinator decline 6091:Biological warfare 6081:Biotechnology risk 5932:Resource depletion 5465:Outline of ecology 5414:Industrial ecology 5409:Functional ecology 5273:Ecological deficit 5218:Niche construction 5181:Ecosystem engineer 4958:Species–area curve 4879:Introduced species 4694:: Other components 4626:Deimatic behaviour 4528:Ecological network 4460:North Pacific Gyre 4445:hydrothermal vents 4384:Ecological pyramid 4331:Microbial food web 4142:Primary production 4087:Foundation species 3750:. 18 November 2010 2994:. Denver, Colorado 2536:. pp. 1–104. 2494:. 14 December 2016 2267:. Live True Books. 1946:Ripple, William J. 1816:10.1093/jas/skz066 1590:on 1 February 2022 1376:on 9 December 2019 985:population decline 855:Introduced species 849:Introduced species 704:spayed or neutered 463:Giant Canada geese 132:ecosystem services 6962: 6961: 6793:Zombie apocalypse 6694:Postmillennialism 6489:Great Tribulation 6262:Stellar collision 6223:Near-Earth object 6173:Geomagnetic storm 6141: 6140: 6064:Biodiversity loss 6048:Genetic pollution 6002: 6001: 5791:Biodiversity loss 5754:Societal collapse 5732:Nuclear holocaust 5717:Economic collapse 5700:Doomsday argument 5618:Antimatter weapon 5471: 5470: 5354:Balance of nature 5111:Landscape ecology 4996:Community ecology 4938:Species diversity 4874:Indicator species 4869:Gradient analysis 4746:Logistic function 4654: 4653: 4611:Animal coloration 4588:Trophic mutualism 4326:Microbial ecology 4117:Photoheterotrophs 4102:Myco-heterotrophy 4014:Ecosystem ecology 3999:Carrying capacity 3964:Abiotic component 3391:The Lemming Cycle 3370:10.1111/mam.12156 3313:978-0-471-50883-0 3284:978-0-226-43728-6 3203:. Academic Press. 3097:978-1-4008-7744-7 3017:. Ducks Unlimited 2854:King, Richard J. 2608:978-1-83960-525-3 2098:(14): 9266–9271. 2046:(12): 1026–1028. 1884:978-0-19-507811-4 1703:Wildlife Research 1476:978-1-369-83652-3 1279:50 for the Future 943:biodiversity loss 907:carrying capacity 786:population cycles 715:Population cycles 618:goose egg addling 519:herbaceous plants 498:Senecio congestus 436:Cormorant culling 425:fish such as the 399:white-tailed deer 385:forest protection 381:Caledonian Forest 289:biodiversity loss 246:biodiversity loss 101:carrying capacity 82: 81: 16:(Redirected from 6992: 6927: 6926: 6918:World portal 6916: 6915: 6877:Financial crisis 6706:Nibiru cataclysm 6684:Premillennialism 6528:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 6496:Son of perdition 6484:Olivet Discourse 6460:Whore of Babylon 6086:Biological agent 6033:Human extinction 6023:Extinction event 6011: 6010: 5982:Overexploitation 5912:Land consumption 5907:Land degradation 5774: 5773: 5636:Micro black hole 5544:Chemical warfare 5498: 5491: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5171:Ecological niche 5143:selection theory 4963:Umbrella species 4948:Species richness 4884:Invasive species 4864:Flagship species 4771:Population cycle 4766:Overexploitation 4731:Ecological yield 4681: 4674: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4563:Mesotrophic soil 4503:Climax community 4435:Marine food webs 4374:Biomagnification 4175:Chemoorganotroph 4029:Keystone species 3989:Biotic component 3934: 3927: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3886:(5): 2263–2282. 3871: 3865: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3834: 3828:. Archived from 3823: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3798: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3539: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3490: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3305: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3255:. Archived from 3231:(5): 1530–1535. 3220: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2919: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2851: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2730: 2720: 2718:10.1002/ece3.430 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2667:wisconsindot.gov 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2564: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2525: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2484: 2473: 2472: 2428: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2226:(5): 2263–2282. 2211: 2205: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2170: 2163: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2133: 2115: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2055: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1962: 1954:Rees, William E. 1950:Ehrlich, Paul R. 1941: 1930: 1929: 1919: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1835: 1810:(6): 2283–2290. 1795: 1789: 1788: 1778: 1768: 1736: 1727: 1726: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1630: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1582: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1544: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1511: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1453:Duncan, Calvin. 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1434:. Scottish Field 1423: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1397: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1372:. Archived from 1361: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1332: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1270: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1214: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1177: 1158: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1080: 1069: 1068: 1040: 1025: 1020: 881:invasive species 859:Invasive species 840:Fish populations 772:, in response). 721:Population cycle 692:humane societies 633:Russian Far East 622:Denver, Colorado 537:Dupontia fisheri 531:E. angustifolium 510:Atriplex hastata 429:are impacted by 403:invasive species 291:, conversion of 180:circular economy 152:irruptive growth 77: 74: 68: 45: 37: 21: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6937:Future problems 6910: 6901: 6835: 6804: 6771:Climate fiction 6737: 6612:2012 phenomenon 6595: 6501:Sheep and Goats 6388:2 Thessalonians 6266: 6183:Gamma-ray burst 6137: 6052: 6043:Genetic erosion 5998: 5968: 5959:Water pollution 5927:Ozone depletion 5823:Desertification 5763: 5678: 5613:Doomsday device 5593:Nuclear warfare 5532: 5507: 5502: 5472: 5467: 5458: 5444:Systems ecology 5332: 5303:Extinction debt 5268:Ecological debt 5258:Bioluminescence 5239: 5232: 5201:marine habitats 5176:Ecological trap 5157: 5037: 5030: 4973: 4967: 4923:Rapoport's rule 4918:Priority effect 4859:Endemic species 4827: 4786:Population size 4702: 4695: 4685: 4655: 4650: 4603: 4597: 4583:Trophic cascade 4493:Bioaccumulation 4476: 4403: 4360: 4282: 4249: 4146: 4058: 4019:Ecosystem model 3952: 3938: 3908: 3907: 3872: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3781:(68): 420–435. 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3710: 3706: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3432:Current Biology 3428: 3424: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3354: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3271: 3267: 3262:on 31 May 2010. 3259: 3245:10.2307/1940005 3218: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3150: 3143: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2926: 2920: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2860:Natural History 2852: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2829:The Independent 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2642:BBC News Online 2634: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2595: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2565: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2526: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2476: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2255: 2212: 2208: 2195: 2191: 2183:IPBES. (2019). 2182: 2173: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2083: 2079: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1960: 1944:Crist, Eileen; 1942: 1933: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1796: 1792: 1737: 1730: 1715:10.1071/WR07106 1695: 1691: 1676:10.1071/AN10214 1656: 1652: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1558:on 25 July 2021 1546: 1545: 1536: 1524: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1398: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1362: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1271: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1178: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1139:10.2307/3802739 1119: 1112: 1081: 1072: 1041: 1028: 1021: 1010: 1005: 993: 977:quality of life 969:mortality rates 965: 959: 919:natural grazers 903: 861: 853:Main articles: 851: 842: 821: 727: 719:Main articles: 717: 708: 707: 696:animal shelters 660: 652: 644:Ducks Unlimited 440:oiling the eggs 416: 272: 267: 140: 115:or large scale 109:mortality rates 78: 72: 69: 62: 50:This article's 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6998: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6932:Apocalypticism 6921: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6776:Disaster films 6773: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6749:Alien invasion 6745: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6689:Amillennialism 6686: 6676: 6674:Millenarianism 6671: 6670: 6669: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6627:Apocalypticism 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6523:Dhu al-Qarnayn 6520: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6469:Great Apostasy 6466: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6358: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6326: 6316: 6314:Last Judgement 6311: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6276: 6274: 6272:Eschatological 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5987:Overpopulation 5984: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5964:Water scarcity 5961: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5939: 5937:Sea level rise 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5900:on marine life 5897: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855:Global warming 5852: 5847: 5845:Global dimming 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:Cascade effect 5800: 5799: 5798: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5778:Climate change 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5608:Doomsday Clock 5605: 5600: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5559:Cyberterrorism 5556: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424:Microecosystem 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5323:Thorson's rule 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5248:Assembly rules 5244: 5242: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5133: 5131:Patch dynamics 5128: 5126:Metapopulation 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5021:Storage effect 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4903:Neutral theory 4900: 4895: 4890: 4888:Native species 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4761:Overpopulation 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4696: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4568:Nutrient cycle 4565: 4560: 4558:Feeding frenzy 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4538:Energy quality 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4498:Cascade effect 4495: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4341:Microbial loop 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4306:Lithoautotroph 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4288:Microorganisms 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4245:Prey switching 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4122:Photosynthesis 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4077:Chemosynthesis 4074: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3969:Abiotic stress 3966: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3937: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3866: 3846: 3810: 3761: 3731: 3704: 3693:(4): 523–527. 3677: 3648: 3621:(2): 312–322. 3601: 3576: 3557: 3525: 3506: 3480: 3451: 3422: 3411:(5): 809–816. 3395: 3383: 3364:(3): 226–239. 3345: 3319: 3312: 3290: 3283: 3265: 3206: 3191: 3164:(4): 303–319. 3141: 3122:(3): 140–143. 3102: 3096: 3067: 3055: 3040: 3028: 3013:Petrie, Mark. 3005: 2978: 2949: 2935: 2895: 2872: 2841: 2815: 2783: 2763: 2749: 2679: 2654: 2621: 2607: 2586: 2554: 2534:English Nature 2505: 2474: 2414: 2401: 2388: 2346: 2333: 2320: 2269: 2253: 2206: 2189: 2171: 2165:IPCC. (2014). 2158: 2145: 2077: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1931: 1890: 1883: 1857: 1847: 1790: 1728: 1709:(6): 513–519. 1689: 1670:(4): 259–266. 1650: 1601: 1569: 1534: 1525:|journal= 1482: 1475: 1445: 1418: 1387: 1353: 1342:. 3 March 2020 1322: 1295: 1258: 1247:. 4 April 1919 1229: 1201: 1159: 1133:(3): 698–706. 1110: 1070: 1026: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 992: 989: 961:Main article: 958: 955: 935:eutrophication 902: 899: 850: 847: 841: 838: 820: 817: 790:Snowshoe hares 716: 713: 680:exotic animals 664:overpopulation 661: 653: 651: 648: 637:Wrangel Island 561:North Carolina 476:Climate change 415: 412: 377:Trees for Life 333:willow warbler 271: 268: 266: 263: 202:gray squirrels 139: 136: 85:Overpopulation 80: 79: 59:the key points 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6997: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6947:Risk analysis 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892:Social crisis 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809:Organizations 6807: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6733:World to come 6731: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6679:Millennialism 6677: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6667:Messianic Age 6665: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652:Gog and Magog 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:Earth Changes 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:New Jerusalem 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:War in Heaven 6453: 6451: 6450:Two witnesses 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6319:Second Coming 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:Deforestation 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5759:World War III 5757: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5674:Transhumanism 5672: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537:Technological 5535: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449:Urban ecology 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308:Kleiber's law 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Foster's rule 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4399:Trophic level 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4356:Phage ecology 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346:Microbial mat 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Bacteriophage 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4268:Decomposition 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215:Mesopredators 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160:Apex predator 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994:Biotic stress 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3861: 3860:World Futures 3856: 3850: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3514:Pope, Kevin. 3510: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3435:18:r364-366. 3434: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405:J. Anim. Ecol 3399: 3392: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:Mammal Review 3352: 3350: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3016: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2938: 2936:0-9617279-3-4 2932: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2883: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703:(1): 89–102. 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751:(4): e03781. 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1530: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1478: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1205: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1008: 998: 995: 994: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 964: 954: 950: 946: 944: 940: 939:deforestation 936: 932: 931:nitrification 928: 924: 920: 915: 912: 911:animal rights 908: 898: 896: 892: 891: 884: 882: 876: 874: 870: 866: 860: 856: 846: 837: 833: 829: 825: 816: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 726: 722: 712: 705: 701: 700:rescue groups 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 658: 647: 645: 640: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 619: 614: 611: 607: 602: 596: 593: 589: 585: 584: 579: 575: 570: 568: 567: 562: 557: 555: 554: 549: 545: 544: 539: 538: 533: 532: 527: 526: 520: 516: 512: 511: 506: 505: 500: 499: 494: 490: 486: 480: 477: 471: 467: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 432: 428: 424: 420: 411: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 367:planting and 366: 365:afforestation 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 280: 277: 262: 259: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 221: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 135: 133: 127: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:overabundance 86: 76: 66: 60: 58: 53: 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6909: 6852:Cyberwarfare 6570:Third Temple 6425:Lake of fire 6235:Rogue planet 6203:Impact event 6193:Proton decay 6146:Astronomical 6096:Bioterrorism 5986: 5942:Supervolcano 5840:Flood basalt 5786:Anoxic event 5695:Collapsology 5683:Sociological 5554:Cyberwarfare 5434:Regime shift 5419:Macroecology 5140: 5136: 5076:Edge effects 5046:Biogeography 4991:Commensalism 4839:Biodiversity 4760: 4716:Allee effect 4455:kelp forests 4408:Example webs 4273:Detritivores 4112:Organotrophs 4092:Kinetotrophs 4044:Productivity 3883: 3879: 3869: 3859: 3855:Korotayev A. 3853:Zinkina J., 3849: 3839:29 September 3837:. Retrieved 3830:the original 3825: 3813: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3752:. Retrieved 3743: 3734: 3722:. Retrieved 3718:The Guardian 3717: 3707: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3668:. Retrieved 3664: 3658:"Mute Swans" 3651: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3592:. Retrieved 3588: 3579: 3570: 3560: 3548:. Retrieved 3545:Open Science 3543:Digital.CSIC 3541: 3528: 3520:ResearchGate 3519: 3509: 3497:. Retrieved 3460: 3454: 3430: 3425: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3386: 3361: 3357: 3338:30 September 3336:. Retrieved 3332: 3327:Scott, Joe. 3322: 3301: 3293: 3274: 3268: 3257:the original 3228: 3222: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3161: 3157: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3079: 3058: 3031: 3019:. Retrieved 3008: 2996:. Retrieved 2991: 2981: 2969:. Retrieved 2965: 2940:. Retrieved 2886:. Retrieved 2875: 2863:. Retrieved 2859: 2832:. Retrieved 2828: 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2802: 2773: 2766: 2740:. Retrieved 2700: 2696: 2690: 2682: 2670:. Retrieved 2666: 2657: 2645:. Retrieved 2612:. Retrieved 2577:. Retrieved 2572: 2545:. Retrieved 2496:. Retrieved 2492:The Scotsman 2491: 2436: 2430: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2364: 2360: 2349: 2341: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2264: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2184: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2148: 2095: 2091: 2080: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2021: 2016: 2008: 2003: 1970: 1964: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1866: 1860: 1850: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1748: 1744: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1621:(1): 40–50. 1618: 1614: 1604: 1592:. Retrieved 1585:the original 1572: 1560:. Retrieved 1556:the original 1551: 1516:cite journal 1485: 1458: 1448: 1436:. Retrieved 1431: 1421: 1409:. Retrieved 1405: 1378:. Retrieved 1374:the original 1369: 1344:. Retrieved 1339: 1313:. Retrieved 1308: 1298: 1286:. Retrieved 1278: 1249:. Retrieved 1244: 1204: 1192:. Retrieved 1189:The Guardian 1188: 1150:. Retrieved 1130: 1126: 1088: 1084: 1051:(2): 81–87. 1048: 1044: 966: 951: 947: 923:biodiversity 916: 904: 889: 885: 877: 862: 843: 834: 830: 826: 822: 806: 774: 763: 739: 728: 709: 641: 630: 615: 597: 582: 574:winter wheat 571: 564: 558: 551: 548:habitat loss 541: 535: 530: 523: 508: 502: 496: 493:Biodiversity 481: 472: 468: 459:Canada geese 451:Ross's geese 444: 417: 396: 389: 357: 317:capercaillie 281: 273: 254: 222: 218: 184: 173: 161: 141: 128: 88: 84: 83: 73:January 2021 70: 54: 52:lead section 6928:Categories 6897:Survivalism 6584:Zoroastrian 6440:Seven seals 6435:Seven bowls 6361:Historicism 6257:Solar flare 6133:Overfishing 6108:Defaunation 5895:coral reefs 5657:AI takeover 5576:Nanoweapons 5564:Cybergeddon 5549:Cyberattack 5071:Disturbance 4974:interaction 4796:Recruitment 4726:Depensation 4518:Copiotrophs 4389:Energy flow 4311:Lithotrophy 4255:Decomposers 4235:Planktivore 4210:Insectivore 4200:Heterotroph 4165:Bacterivore 4132:Phototrophs 4082:Chemotrophs 4054:Restoration 4004:Competition 3880:Philosophia 3754:14 November 3724:14 November 3571:ABC Science 3499:21 November 3021:16 November 2998:16 November 2971:16 November 2942:14 November 2888:30 December 2865:31 December 2834:30 December 2808:30 December 2742:18 November 2614:14 November 2579:14 November 2547:14 November 2498:14 November 2220:Philosophia 2063:11336/71342 1562:13 February 1438:14 November 1411:14 November 1380:14 November 1346:14 November 1315:14 November 1288:14 November 1194:14 November 1152:17 November 1091:: 113–147. 890:Cygnus olor 888:Mute swan, 740:In natural 601:Cree people 489:overgrazing 419:Aquaculture 329:song thrush 325:nightingale 297:overgrazing 214:wild horses 176:sustainable 105:environment 6969:Categories 6857:Depression 6847:Ransomware 6662:Messianism 6632:Armageddon 6617:Apocalypse 6405:Antichrist 6393:Man of sin 6290:Three Ages 6153:Big Crunch 6015:Extinction 6007:Biological 5769:Ecological 5641:Strangelet 5439:Sexecology 5016:Parasitism 4981:Antibiosis 4816:Resistance 4811:Resilience 4701:Population 4621:Camouflage 4573:Oligotroph 4488:Ascendency 4450:intertidal 4440:cold seeps 4394:Food chain 4195:Herbivores 4170:Carnivores 4097:Mixotrophs 4072:Autotrophs 3951:components 3670:28 October 3594:28 October 3461:Biology 2e 3116:Anthrozoös 2884:. CBC News 2532:(Report). 2439:. 109646. 2367:: 761292. 2040:BioScience 1973:: 157166. 1594:7 February 1311:. SB Poley 1003:References 895:euthanasia 784:have such 742:ecosystems 688:euthanized 626:Canada Day 447:snow geese 423:endangered 341:willow tit 156:ecologists 138:Background 111:, reduced 97:population 6742:Fictional 6589:Saoshyant 6474:New Earth 6445:The Beast 6378:Preterism 6351:Christian 6307:Kali Yuga 6252:Micronova 6247:Hypernova 6113:Dysgenics 5954:Verneshot 5860:Hypercane 5603:Dead Hand 5344:Allometry 5298:Emergence 5026:Symbiosis 5011:Mutualism 4806:Stability 4711:Abundance 4523:Dominance 4481:Processes 4470:tide pool 4366:Food webs 4240:Predation 4225:Omnivores 4152:Consumers 4107:Mycotroph 4064:Producers 4009:Ecosystem 3974:Behaviour 3900:247433264 3643:1365-2664 3550:2 October 3469:cite book 3378:164360836 3178:1088-8705 3136:0892-7936 2647:2 January 2542:0967-876X 2469:250185617 2461:0006-3207 2383:2673-611X 2307:0036-8075 2248:247433264 2240:0048-3893 2122:0027-8424 2072:0006-3568 1995:250387801 1926:2398-5496 1824:0021-8812 1723:1448-5494 1684:1836-5787 1508:233207628 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