Rewilding - Knowledge

243:'Rewilding is the process of rebuilding, following major human disturbance, a natural ecosystem by restoring natural processes and the complete or near complete food web at all trophic levels as a self-sustaining and resilient ecosystem with biota that would have been present had the disturbance not occurred. This will involve a paradigm shift in the relationship between humans and nature. The ultimate goal of rewilding is the restoration of functioning native ecosystems containing the full range of species at all trophic levels while reducing human control and pressures. Rewilded ecosystems should—where possible—be self-sustaining. That is, they require no or minimal management (i.e., 1291:

countries, rewilding in England remains controversial to the extent that some of its more ambitious aims are being 'domesticated' both in a proactive attempt to make it less controversial and in reactive response to previous controversy. Projects may also refer to their activity using terminology other than 'rewilding', possibly for political and diplomatic reasons, taking account of local sentiment or possible opposition. Examples include 'Sanctuary Nature Recovery Programme' (at Broughton) and 'nature restoration project', the preferred term used by the Cambrian Wildwood project, an area aspiring to encompass 7,000 acres in Wales.

412: 1053: 42: 892:, were reintroduced between years 2010 and 2017. The goal of the reintroductions was to restore seed dispersal interactions between seed dispersing animals and fleshy-fruited trees. The agoutis and howler monkeys interacted with several plant and dung beetle species. Before reintroductions, the national park did not have large or intermediate -sized seed dispersers, meaning that the increased dispersal of tree seeds following the reintroductions can have a large effect on forest regeneration in the national park. The Tijuca National Park is part of heavily fragmented 347: 1225:, a charity founded in 2015, aims to promote rewilding in Britain and is a leading advocate of rewilding. Rewilding Britain has laid down 'five principles of rewilding' which it expects to be followed by affiliated rewilding projects. These are to support people and nature together, to "let nature lead", to create resilient local economies, to "work at nature's scale" and to secure benefits for the long-term. In practice rewilding as effected by private landowners and managers takes many different forms, with emphases placed on varying aspects. 643:'s political animal categories framework, assert that wildness standards imposed on animals are arbitrary and inconsistent with the premise that wild animals should be granted sovereignty over the territories that they inhabit and the right to make decisions about their own lives. To resolve this, von Essen and Allen contend that rewilding needs to shift towards full alignment with mainstream conservation and welcome full sovereignty, or instead take full responsibility for the care of animals who have been reintroduced. 746: 1215: 549:, dig creating soil where new plants can grow. Beavers are another important example of ecosystem engineers. The dams they build create micro-ecosystems that can be used as spawning beds for salmon and collect invertebrates for the salmon fry to feed on. The dams also create wetlands for plant, insect, and bird life. Specific trees, such as alder, birch, cottonwood, and willow, are important to beaver's diets and should be encouraged to grow in areas near beavers. 7313: 799:. This has been done in an effort to restore salmon populations specifically but with other species in mind. As stated in an article on environmental law, 'These dam removals provide perhaps the best example of large-scale environmental remediation in the twenty-first century. This restoration, however, has occurred on a case-by-case basis, without a comprehensive plan. The result has been to put into motion ongoing rehabilitation efforts in four distinct 6211: 1382: 180:. While small-scale efforts are generally well regarded the increased popularity of rewilding has generated controversy, especially regarding large-scale projects. These have sometimes attracted criticism from academics and practicing conservationists, as well as government officials and business people. In a 2021 report for the launch of the 116:, and ecological connectivity based on the theory that large predators play regulatory roles in ecosystems. 3Cs rewilding therefore relied on protecting 'core' areas of wild land, linked together by 'corridors' allowing passage for 'carnivores' to move around the landscape and perform their functional role 3246:

Schmitz, Oswald J.; Sylvén, Magnus; Atwood, Trisha B.; Bakker, Elisabeth S.; Berzaghi, Fabio; Brodie, Jedediah F.; Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; Davies, Andrew B.; Leroux, Shawn J.; Schepers, Frans J.; Smith, Felisa A.; Stark, Sari; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Tilker, Andrew; Ylänne, Henni (27 March 2023).

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established the importance of considering the size and fragmentation of wildlife conservation areas, stating that protected areas remained vulnerable to extinctions if small and isolated. In 1987, William D. Newmark's study of extinctions in national parks in North America added weight to the theory.

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networks. The mechanism of rewilding is a process of rebuilding, to restore natural ecosystems by introducing or re-introducing large mammals to promote resilient, self-regulating, and self-sustaining ecosystems. Rewilding projects are usually part of programs for habitat restoration and conservation

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in England, along with calls to rewild as much as 20% of the land in East Anglia, and even return apex predators such as the Eurasian lynx, brown bear, and grey wolf. More recently, academic work on rewilding in England has highlighted that support for rewilding is by no means universal. As in other

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argues that rewilding, as it currently exists, 'seeks to erase human history and involvement with the land and flora and fauna. Such an attempted split between nature and culture may prove unproductive and even harmful.' She calls for rewilding to be more inclusive to combat this. Jonathan Prior and

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and red deer to keep the landscape open by natural grazing. This provided habitat for geese who are key species in the wetlands of the area. The grazing of geese made it possible for reedbeds to remain and therefore conserved many protected birds species. This is a prime example how water and land

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where a top consumer/predator controls the primary consumer population) through species introductions, in order to promote self-regulating biodiverse ecosystems. Restoring trophic complexity, especially if this effort brings back functionally important trophic cascades, is the main goal of trophic

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and species loss. David Nogués-Bravo and Carsten Rahbek assert that the benefits of rewilding lack evidence and that such programs may inadvertently lead to 'de-wilding', through the extinction of local and global species. They also contend that rewilding programs may draw funding away from 'more

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Large mammals can also mitigate climate change through increased albedo effects, the ability to reflect heat from the sunlight. Large herbivores reduce woody cover through browsing and trampling, exposing more ground surface. Initiating a strong net surface cooling effect during spring and autumn

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and restoring natural processes. It differs from other forms of ecological restoration in that rewilding aspires to reduce human influence on ecosystems. It is also distinct from other forms of restoration in that, while it places emphasis on recovering geographically specific sets of ecological

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Large mammals can influence ecosystems by altering biogeochemical pathways as they contribute to unique ecological roles, they are landscape engineers that aid in shaping the structure and composition of natural habitats. Rewilding can mitigate global climate change by restoring ecosystems. An

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published a paper by 33 coauthors from around the world. Titled, 'Guiding Principles for Rewilding'. Researchers and project leaders from North America (Canada, Mexico and the United States) joined with counterparts in Europe (Denmark, France, Hungary, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and the UK),

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Perino, Andrea; Pereira, Henrique M.; Navarro, Laetitia M.; Fernández, Néstor; Bullock, James M.; Ceaușu, Silvia; Cortés-Avizanda, Ainara; van Klink, Roel; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Lomba, Angela; Pe'er, Guy; Plieninger, Tobias; Rey Benayas, José M.; Sandom, Christopher J.; Svenning, Jens-Christian;

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and seed distribution, can influence the amount of carbon soils and plants capture in both marine and terrestrial environments. The carbon cycle is altered through herbivores consuming vegetation and assimilating carbon within their own biomass, releasing additional carbon by respiration and

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Pringle, Robert M.; Abraham, Joel O.; Anderson, T. Michael; Coverdale, Tyler C.; Davies, Andrew B.; Dutton, Christopher L.; Gaylard, Angela; Goheen, Jacob R.; Holdo, Ricardo M.; Hutchinson, Matthew C.; Kimuyu, Duncan M.; Long, Ryan A.; Subalusky, Amanda L.; Veldhuis, Michiel P. (June 2023).

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across terrestrial ecosystems. Rewilding enhances ecosystem functioning and services by long term maintenance of carbon stocks. The most beneficial effects on biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem structure are reported through rewilding large herbivore species.

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led to an increase in ungrazed grass, leading to more frequent and intense fires, and causing the grassland to turn from a carbon sink into a carbon source. When disease management practices restored the population, the Serengeti returned to a carbon sink state.

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A key feature of rewilding is its focus on replacing human interventions with natural processes. Rewilding enables the return of intact large mammal assemblages. This implies the natural groupings of large mammal species in an area to promote the restoration of

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ecosystems are connected and how reintroducing keystone species can conserve other protected species. However, management of the Oostvaardersplassen is to be regarded as one that has to contend with conflicting ideas as to nature and remains a debated area.

570:. However, although it is generally undebated that predators occupy an important role in ecosystems, there is no general agreement about whether wild predators keep herbivore populations in check, or whether their influence is of more subtle nature (see 372:

By restoring large herbivores, greenhouse gas levels may be lowered. Grazers may also reduce fire frequency by eating flammable brush, which would, in turn, lower greenhouse gas emissions, lower aerosol levels in the atmosphere, and alter the planet's

474:, or the close ecological equivalents of extinct megafauna, to restore ecosystem function. Advocates of the approach maintain that communities where species evolved in response to Pleistocene megafauna (but now lack large mammals) may be in danger of 1405:. Though not explicitly referred to as rewilding many of the goals and intentions of the project were in line with those of rewilding. The reserve is considered somewhat controversial due to the lack of predators and other native megafauna such as 1160:, which seeks to create a breed of cattle that resembles the aurochs, the wild ancestors of domestic cattle, by selectively breeding existing breeds of cattle. Many projects also employ domestic water buffalo as a grazing analogue for the extinct 3505:

Malhi, Yadvinder; Lander, Tonya; le Roux, Elizabeth; Stevens, Nicola; Macias-Fauria, Marc; Wedding, Lisa; Girardin, Cécile; Kristensen, Jeppe Ågård; Sandom, Christopher J.; Evans, Tom D.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Canney, Susan (February 2022).

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One example of ecosystem engineers are powerful ground-disrupting animals that push over trees, trample shrubs and dig holes. These ensure that trees in grasslands do not become dominant. Some of these species used in rewilding efforts include

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The long-term shifts in weather pattern and temperature reflect a range of changes from threatening biodiversity to ecosystem functioning. Large herbivores and carnivores contribute to key processes to influence climate change mediation and

5670:"Looking at rewilding at Knepp. Alastair Driver of Rewilding Britain discusses the process of rewilding, and talks about trees, timber and tree planting. Filmed at Knepp in the summer of 2021", video by woodforthetrees.uk, 2021 4976:

Marjakangas, Emma-Liina; Genes, Luísa; Pires, Mathias M.; Fernandez, Fernando A. S.; de Lima, Renato A. F.; de Oliveira, Alexandre A.; Ovaskainen, Otso; Pires, Alexandra S.; Prado, Paulo I.; Galetti, Mauro (5 December 2018).

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Svenning, Jens-Christian; Pedersen, Pil B. M.; Donlan, C. Josh; Ejrnæs, Rasmus; Faurby, Søren; Galetti, Mauro; Hansen, Dennis M.; Sandel, Brody; Sandom, Christopher J.; Terborgh, John W.; Vera, Frans W. M. (26 January 2016).

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Kim J. Ward challenge Jørgensen's criticism and provide existing examples of rewilding programs which 'have been developed and governed within the understanding that human and non-human world are inextricably entangled'.

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Fernandez, Fernando A. S.; Rheingantz, Marcelo L.; Genes, Luísa; Kenup, Caio F.; Galliez, Maron; Cezimbra, Tomaz; Cid, Bruno; Macedo, Leandro; Araujo, Bernardo B. A.; Moraes, Bruno S.; Monjeau, Adrian (1 October 2017).

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found that an increase in mammal species from 5 to 35 increased tree and soil carbon storage by four to five times, compared to an increase of 3.5 to four times with an increase of tree species from 10 to 70.

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Predators may be required to ensure that browsing and grazing animals are kept from over-breeding/over-feeding, destroying vegetation complexity, as may be concluded from mass-starvations which happened in

5818:"In this first episode of Rewilding Mapperton, Luke describes his plans to allow nature to take over at Coltleigh Farm, and how Mapperton has been inspired by the pioneering Knepp Estate in Sussex", 2021 920:

has become an important location for rewilding efforts because, as an island, it is easier to remove feral cat populations and manage other invasive species. The reintroduction and management of the

5542: 5205: 4195: 896:, where there is potential to restore many more seed dispersal interactions if seed dispersing mammals and birds are reintroduced to forest patches where the tree species diversity remains high. 603:

where no extraction activities are allowed, can be too restrictive on people's ability to earn sustainable livelihoods. The alternative view is that increasing ecotourism can provide employment.

112:. Soulé and Noss envisaged rewilding as a conservation method based on the concept of 'cores, corridors, and carnivores'. The key components of rewilding incorporate large core protected areas, 1305:

estate in West Sussex was the first major pioneer of rewilding in England, and started that land-management policy there in 2001 on land formerly used as dairy farmland. Rare species including

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Some conservationists have expressed concern that rewilding 'could replace the traditional protection of rare species on small nature reserves', which could potentially lead to an increase in

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interactions and functions that would have maintained ecosystems prior to human influence, rewilding is open to novel or emerging ecosystems which encompass new species and new interactions.

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Sandom, Christopher J.; Dempsey, Benedict; Bullock, David; Ely, Adrian; Jepson, Paul; Jimenez-Wisler, Stefan; Newton, Adrian; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Senior, Rebecca A. (16 October 2018).

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Passive rewilding (also referred to as ecological rewilding) aims to restore natural ecosystem processes via minimal or the total withdrawal of direct human management of the landscape.

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to produce a document on rewilding that reflected a global scale inventory of underlying goals as well as practices, the group sought a 'unifying definition', producing the following:

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reported a significant increase in attitudes supportive of rewilding among the British public, with plans recently approved for the release of European bison, Eurasian elk, and

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has a program called 'Rewilding Australia' which aims to 'test strategies to increase resilience and adaptability to these current and future threats'. Its projects include the

5619:"The project is not promoted as rewilding due to local sensitivities around the term, but as a nature restoration project it has similarities to other projects in the Network" 5506: 4528: 1345:, Dorset, largely inspired by the work at Knepp. At Mapperton one of the five farms comprising the estate entered the process of re-wilding in 2021, accounting for 200 acres. 5329: 84:

has listed rewilding as one of several methods needed to achieve massive scale restoration of natural ecosystems, which they say must be accomplished by 2030 as part of the

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Bath, Alistair; Olszanska, Agnieszka; Okarma, Henryk (2008). "From a human dimensions perspective, the large carnivore: public attitudes towards European lynx in Poland".

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Gillson L, Ladle RJ, Araújo MB. 2011. Baselines, patterns and process. In: Ladle RJ, Whittaker RJ, Eds. Conservation biogeography. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p 31–44.

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by 2020, mostly abandoned farmland among other identified candidate sites. The present project considers only species that are still present in Europe, such as the

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into it, a species that had been extinct in the region for seven decades. They also introduced anteaters and giant otters. A spin-off of the Tompkins Foundation,

2364: 5863: 5226:"At Rewilding Britain, we believe in these five principles for rewilding. We ask network members to confirm that their project is in line with these principles" 611:

Some farmers have been critical of rewilding for 'abandoning productive farmland when the world's population is growing'. Farmers have also attacked plans to

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populations in the Serengeti are primarily controlled by food constraints despite the presence of many predators. The consequence is natural mass-starvation.

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Active rewilding is an umbrella term used to describe a range of rewilding approaches all of which involve human intervention. These might include species

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built a nest in an oak tree at Knepp, part of a group imported from Poland, the result of a programme to re-introduce that species to England run by the

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The group wrote, 'Commonalities in the concept of rewilding lie in its aims, whereas differences lie in the methods used, which include land protection,

5767: 5197: 5117: 4187: 2204: 184:, the United Nations listed rewilding as one of several restoration methods which they state should be used for ecosystem restoration of over 1 billion 236: 1393:

nature reserve, an area covering over 56 square kilometres (22 sq mi), in order to recreate a grassland ecology. This happened in line with

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Rewilding and Biodiversity: Complementary Goals for Continental Conservation, Michael Soulé & Reed Noss, Wild Earth, Wildlands Project Fall 1998

5460: 6736: 5733: 5030: 4295:"Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber) Winter Foraging Preferences in Northern Poland—The Role of Woody Vegetation Composition and Anthropopression Level" 2562: 761:, Canada. Wildlife-friendly overpasses and underpasses have helped restore connectivity in the landscape for wolves, bears, elk, and other species. 17: 6731: 2976: 2946: 104:, first appearing in print in 1990. It was refined and grounded in a scientific context in a paper published in 1998 by conservation biologists 5982: 5390: 3570:

Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; te Beest, Mariska; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Landman, Marietjie; le Roux, Elizabeth; Smith, Felisa A. (5 December 2018).

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Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; te Beest, Mariska; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Landman, Marietjie; le Roux, Elizabeth; Smith, Felisa A. (5 December 2018).

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Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; te Beest, Mariska; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Landman, Marietjie; le Roux, Elizabeth; Smith, Felisa A. (5 December 2018).

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Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; te Beest, Mariska; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Landman, Marietjie; le Roux, Elizabeth; Smith, Felisa A. (5 December 2018).

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Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; te Beest, Mariska; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Landman, Marietjie; le Roux, Elizabeth; Smith, Felisa A. (5 December 2018).

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Sandom, Chris; Donlan, C. Josh; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Hansen, Dennis (15 April 2013), Macdonald, David W.; Willis, Katherine J. (eds.),

7133: 1443: 710: 3859: 2151: 6965: 478:, while critics argue that it is unrealistic to assume that communities today are functionally similar to their state 10,000 years ago. 216:

or taxon replacement.' Referring to the span of project types they stated, 'Rewilding now incorporates a variety of concepts, including

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Fløjgaard, Camilla; Pedersen, Pil Birkefeldt Møller; Sandom, Christopher J.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Ejrnæs, Rasmus (January 2022).

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Rewilding is newer in Australia than in Europe and North America, but there are many projects underway across the country as of 2023.

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seasons by reducing local surface temperatures. Therefore, large-bodied mammals contribute to the Earth's overall atmospheric albedo.

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Newmark, William D. (29 January 1987), "A Land-Bridge Island Perspective on Mammalian Extinctions in Western North American Parks",

7235: 2679:"Reconstructing Historical Distribution of Large Mammals and their Habitat to Inform Rewilding and Restoration in Central Tanzania" 362: 295:

example of this would be rewilding pasture land, thereby reducing the number of cows and sheep and increasing the number of trees.

6278: 5797: 4639: 844:. Thanks to the team and a donation of 195,094 ha (482,090 acres) of land made by Kris, in 2018 an area was converted into a 7163: 4550: 5914: 3302: 3008:"Using species distribution modelling to determine opportunities for trophic rewilding under future scenarios of climate change" 1218:

Stork nest at Knepp Wildland. In 2020, white stork were observed raising chicks here for the first time in Britain in 600 years.

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created 'The Conservation Land Trust Argentina', a team of conservationists and scientists with the goal of transforming the

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China, and South America (Chile and Colombia) to produce a unifying description, along with a set of ten guiding principles.

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Estate, Yorkshire. In 2021 about 1,100 acres (a third of the estate) have been devoted to rewilding, with advice from Prof.

5139: 4884:"La ciencia detrás del rewilding, la estrategia de restauración biológica que revoluciona la conservación de la naturaleza" 4188:"European Bison bonasus Through grazing, foraging, wallowing and trampling, the hefty bison boosts habitat diversification" 2360: 689:

groups and major international conservation organizations have incorporated rewilding into projects to protect and restore

389:. The loss of megafauna that eat fruits may be responsible for up to a 10% reduction in carbon storage in tropical forests. 3430:

Sobral, Mar; Silvius, Kirsten M.; Overman, Han; Oliveira, Luiz F. B.; Raab, Ted K.; Fragoso, José M. V. (9 October 2017).

1982: 1351:, Sutherland, Scotland. This 23,000 acre estate hosts many species of wildlife, and engages in rewilding projects such as 6416: 5620: 7218: 6955: 3677: 1064:' initiative was established with the aim of rewilding one million hectares of land in ten areas including the western 181: 5174: 4246: 2493: 2356: 261:

Rewilding focuses on the recovery of ecological processes, interactions, and conditions based on reference ecosystems.

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on the mainland, is being trialled in an effort to contain introduced predators, as well as over-populations of

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projects (or advocacy thereof) that have ranged widely in scope and geographic application. In 2021 the journal

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Blumm, Michael C.; Erickson, Andrew B. (2012). "Dam Removal in the Pacific Northwest: Lessons for the Nation".

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butterflies are now breeding at Knepp and populations of more common species are increasing. In 2019 a pair of

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Rewilding should anticipate the effects of climate change and where possible act as a tool to mitigate impacts.

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Sweeney, Oisín F.; Turnbull, John; Jones, Menna; Letnic, Mike; Newsome, Thomas M.; Sharp, Andy (August 2019).

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A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its

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of the moor frog. A reintroduction trial of the European pond turtle to its historic, Holocene range in the

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Rewilding the tropics, and other conservation translocations strategies in the tropical Asia-Pacific region

5391:"Frog turns blue for first time in 700 years amid calls for rare amphibians to be reintroduced to Britain" 7296: 7203: 7188: 6987: 6872: 6801: 6704: 6598: 1397:

proposal that grazing animals played a significant role in the shaping of European landscapes before the

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Galetti, M. (2004). "Parks of the Pleistocene: Recreating the cerrado and the Pantanal with megafauna".

3326:"Effects of large herbivores on tundra vegetation in a changing climate, and implications for rewilding" 3188:"Effects of large herbivores on tundra vegetation in a changing climate, and implications for rewilding" 2551: 7138: 6746: 6538: 2427: 386: 308: 35: 6108: 5711: 5272:"Pleistocene occurrences of the European pond tortoise (Emys orbicularis L.) in Britain | Request PDF" 4018: 286:

A paper was published in 2024 that offered a "broad study of rewilding guidelines and interventions."

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A view expressed by some national governments and officials within multilateral agencies such as the

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Rewilding employs landscape-scale planning that considers core areas, connectivity, and co-existence.

5979: 4919:"Rewilding the Atlantic Forest: Restoring the fauna and ecological interactions of a protected area" 7306: 7223: 7193: 7173: 6781: 6699: 6684: 6674: 6649: 6644: 6241: 6237: 6221: 5841: 4521:"'It is strange to see the British struggling with the beaver': why is rewilding so controversial?" 3952:"Science for a wilder Anthropocene: Synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research" 1184: 1030: 616: 381:, which may increase local plant productivity, and maintain ecosystem productivity specifically in 5976:

Debating the ‘wild’: What the Oostvaardersplassen can tell us about Dutch constructions of nature.

5945: 5641: 4219:"Rooting for rewilding: quantifying wild boar's Sus scrofa rooting rate in the Scottish Highlands" 7148: 7050: 6997: 6756: 6679: 6181: 6112: 2840:

Nogués-Bravo, David; Simberloff, Daniel; Rahbek, Carsten; Sanders, Nathan James (February 2016).

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Where the Wild Things Were: Life, Death, and Ecological Wreckage in a Land of Vanishing Predators

1522: 1402: 1276: 913: 701:, carnivores, or keystone species (species which interact strongly with the environment, such as 2096: 411: 41: 7213: 7208: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7090: 7075: 6929: 6588: 4019:"Review: Trophic rewilding as a restoration approach under emerging novel biosphere conditions" 3383:"Animating the Carbon Cycle: How Wildlife Conservation Can Be a Key to Mitigate Climate Change" 1486: 955: 909: 853: 722: 647:

argues that rewilding projects should be brought to an end because they unnecessarily increase

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is one example of species reintroduced as part of Pleistocene rewilding in Europe and Britain.

432: 312: 221: 213: 209: 60: 5888: 5330:"'Who doesn't love a turtle?' The teenage boys on a mission – to rewild Britain with reptiles" 4868: 4388: 845: 273:

Rewilding is informed by science, traditional ecological knowledge, and other local knowledge.

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is a limited company established in 2020, with the aim of reintroducing extinct species of

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region of north-central Montana, with the goal of creating a prairie preserve larger than

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strategy focussed on restoring trophic interactions (specifically top-down and associated

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The publications intensified debates on conservation approaches. With the creation of the

8: 7070: 7045: 7038: 6960: 6882: 6603: 6593: 6563: 5734:"Storks are back in Britain – and they're a beacon of hope for all of us | Isabella Tree" 5227: 4818:, New York: Metropolitan Books, pp. 32–35, 79–84, 119–128, 203–240, 326–330, 303–312 3432:"Mammal diversity influences the carbon cycle through trophic interactions in the Amazon" 2621: 1501: 1496: 1390: 1129: 1056:

Urban green space at Trinity College Dublin that has been left to overgrow intentionally.

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Since its origin, the term rewilding has been used as a signifier of particular forms of

153: 141: 137: 6528: 4934: 4459: 4404: 3967: 3909: 3818: 3644: 3523: 3447: 3398: 3264: 3138: 2914: 2857: 2735: 2637: 2589:"Developing guidelines and a theory of change framework to inform rewilding application" 2280: 2112: 2047: 1867: 1647: 1590: 105: 7342: 7026: 6900: 6831: 6623: 6432: 5789: 5595: 5031:"Tasmania 'vital location' in 'rewilding' efforts to rebuild native animal populations" 5003: 4978: 4856: 4608: 4600: 4424: 4369: 4329: 4294: 4238: 4099: 3994: 3951: 3931: 3840: 3771: 3658: 3604: 3571: 3475: 3358: 3325: 3294: 3220: 3187: 3097: 3064: 3040: 3007: 2928: 2879: 2817: 2784: 2760: 2719: 2552:"Becoming #GenerationRestoration: Ecosystem Restoration for People, Nature and Climate" 2449: 2310: 2072: 2031: 1827: 1794: 1770: 1737: 1713: 1680: 1612: 1306: 1259:) to Britain, as part of rewilding schemes. Success has already been achieved with the 1252: 1003: 999: 808: 176:, to national governments and international non-governmental organizations such as the 6385:

Book on experimental methods to rewild forests with grazers and dead and decaying wood

5566:"Domesticating Rewilding: Interpreting Rewilding in England's Green and Pleasant Land" 4627: 660: 7283: 6992: 6950: 6836: 6719: 6171: 6157: 6143: 6122: 6088: 6074: 6058: 6030: 6016: 5599: 5581: 5497:"From rewilding to forest schools, our attitude to nature is changing for the better" 5398: 5297: 5271: 5008: 4958: 4864: 4612: 4496: 4473: 4468: 4443: 4428: 4416: 4373: 4334: 4316: 4273: 4234: 4166: 4091: 3999: 3981: 3935: 3923: 3844: 3832: 3763: 3662: 3609: 3591: 3545: 3537: 3479: 3467: 3459: 3412: 3363: 3345: 3298: 3286: 3248: 3225: 3207: 3168: 3160: 3102: 3084: 3045: 3027: 2932: 2871: 2822: 2804: 2765: 2747: 2700: 2659: 2620:

Lundgren, Erick J.; Ramp, Daniel; Ripple, William J.; Wallach, Arian D. (June 2018).

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Pettorelli, Nathalie; Durant, Sarah M; du Toit, Johan T., eds. (2019). "Chapt. 1-3".

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Supporters of rewilding initiatives range from individuals, small land owners, local

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in 1985, conservationists began to focus on reducing habitat loss and fragmentation.

5430:"Blue Moor Frog Once Again Seen in the UK After 700 Years in Time for Mating Season" 4389:"Exploring a natural baseline for large-herbivore biomass in ecological restoration" 4242: 4103: 3894:"The differences between rewilding and restoring an ecologically degraded landscape" 3775: 3431: 2387: 841: 7014: 6709: 6533: 6455: 6428: 6229: 6185: 6048:

Rewilding: The Radical New Science of Ecological Recovery (The Illustrated Edition)

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biology, and ideally they should be based on sound ecological theory and evidence.

45: 3407: 3382: 2883: 6741: 5986: 5825: 5677: 5626: 5465: 5233: 3653: 3628: 2923: 2898: 1876: 1851: 1656: 1631: 1332: 1117: 1093: 1037: 979: 975: 921: 893: 869: 745: 644: 575: 452: 124:, subsequently wrote a full-length book on rewilding as a conservation strategy. 4943: 4918: 916:

has devastated many of the smaller ground-dwelling mammals. The island state of

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Svenning, Jens-Christian; Buitenwerf, Robert; Le Roux, Elizabeth (6 May 2024).

3272: 2605: 2588: 1534: 1298: 1214: 1137: 1109: 971: 600: 592: 479: 81: 49: 5819: 5671: 5088:"The Foundation » Rewilding Europe A new beginning. For wildlife. For us" 4628:"Wild-But-Not-Too-Wild Animals: Challenging Goldilocks Standards in Rewilding" 4365: 4034: 3827: 3802: 3532: 3507: 3455: 3146: 2866: 2841: 2695: 2678: 1983:"Rewilding and Biodiversity: Complementary Goals for Continental Conservation" 1939: 7331: 7268: 7258: 7031: 6922: 6910: 6905: 6436: 6189: 6102: 5402: 4962: 4596: 4580: 4495:(2020 ed.). Exeter, U.K.: Pelagic. pp. 153, 155–156, 180–188, 204. 4477: 4420: 4320: 3985: 3927: 3836: 3767: 3595: 3541: 3463: 3416: 3349: 3290: 3211: 3164: 3088: 3031: 2808: 2751: 2704: 2677:

Athumani, Paulo C.; Munishi, Linus K.; Ngondya, Issakwisa B. (January 2023).

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In the 1980s, the Dutch government began introducing analogue species in the

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has had a huge impact on the native flora and fauna, and the introduction of

837: 726: 698: 636: 632: 628: 563: 491: 225: 121: 73: 5314: 5062: 4412: 4151: 4134: 3976: 3918: 3893: 3789: 3758: 3741: 3508:"The role of large wild animals in climate change mitigation and adaptation" 3122: 2947:"England must reduce meat intake to avoid climate breakdown, says food tsar" 545:). These species also disperse seeds in their dung. Pig species, originally 282:

Rewilding requires a paradigm shift in the coexistence of humans and nature.

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Rewilding recognizes that ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing.

6303: 5590: 4860: 4604: 4311: 3155: 2654: 2520:"World must rewild on massive scale to heal nature and climate, says UN" 2055: 1893:"World must rewild on massive scale to heal nature and climate, says UN" 5533:"Missing lynx: how rewilding Britain could restore its natural balance" 4953: 4293:

Jackowiak, Mateusz; Busher, Peter; Krauze-Gryz, Dagny (8 August 2020).

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Rewilding recognizes the intrinsic value of all species and ecosystems.

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Rewilding North America: A Vision for Conservation in the 21st Century

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