540:
255:
621:
560:
579:
108:
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38:
119:. This takes place because meanders tend to grow and become more curved over time. The river then follows a shorter course that bypasses the meander. The entrances to the abandoned meander eventually silt up, forming an oxbow lake. Because oxbow lakes are stillwater lakes, with no current flowing through them, the entire lake gradually silts up, becoming a bog or swamp and then evaporating completely.
214:
that flows along the river floor does not move fast enough to balance the pressure gradient laterally across the river. It responds to this pressure gradient, and its velocity is partly downstream and partly across the river toward the convex bank. As it flows along the floor of the river, it sweeps
45:
in Alaska shows two oxbow lakes – a short one at the bottom of the picture and a longer, more curved one at the middle-right. The picture also shows that a third oxbow lake is probably in the making: the isthmus or bank in the centre of the most prominent meander is very narrow – much narrower
202:
The curved path of a river around a bend makes the water's surface slightly higher on the outside of the bend than on the inside. As a result, at any elevation within the river, water pressure is slightly greater near the outside of the bend than on the inside. A pressure gradient toward the convex
185:
The effect of the secondary flow can be demonstrated using a circular bowl. Partly fill the bowl with water and sprinkle dense particles such as sand or rice into the bowl. Set the water into circular motion with one hand or a spoon. The dense particles quickly sweep into a neat pile in the center
46:
than the width of the river; eventually, the two sections of river on either side of an isthmus like that tend to break through and create a new, straighter course; a new river bank then starts to accumulate, sealing off the meander and leaving another oxbow lake.
317:
in
England. When originally constructed, it had a very meandering course, following the contours of the land, but the northern part of the canal was straightened out between 1829 and 1834, reducing its length from approximately 146 to 125 km (91 to
293:
Oxbow lakes contribute to the health of a river ecosystem by trapping sediments and agricultural runoff, thereby removing them from the main river flow. However, this is destructive of the oxbow lake ecosystem itself. Oxbow lakes are also vulnerable to
246:. This is because rivers with high sinuosity have larger meanders, and greater opportunity for longer lakes to form. Rivers with lower sinuosity are characterized by fewer cutoffs and shorter oxbow lakes due to the shorter distance of their meanders.
198:
across the floor of the bowl is inward toward the center. The primary flow might be expected to fling the dense particles to the perimeter of the bowl, but instead the secondary flow sweeps the particles toward the center.
822:
Kirschner, Alexander K. T.; Riegl, Bernhard; Velimirov, Branko (2001). "Degradation of
Emergent and Submerged Macrophytesin an Oxbow Lake of an Embanked Backwater System: Implications for the Terrestrialization Process".
171:, forms. When deposition finally seals off the cutoff from the river channel, an oxbow lake forms. This process can occur over a time from a few years to several decades, and may sometimes become essentially static.
158:
with two concave banks getting closer. The narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks is finally cut through, either by lateral erosion of the two concave banks or by the strong currents of a
779:
Constantine, José Antonio; Dunne, Thomas; Piégay, Hervé; Mathias
Kondolf, G. (February 2010). "Controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by bed-material load along the Sacramento River, California".
215:
loose material toward the convex bank. This flow of the boundary layer is significantly different from the speed and direction of the primary flow of the river, and is part of the river's
992:
Shankman, D., & Kortright, R. M. (1994). Hydrogeomorphic conditions limiting the distribution of baldcypress in the southeastern United States. Physical
Geography, 15(3), 282–295.
154:
bank (the bank with the greater radius). Continuous deposition on the convex bank and erosion of the concave bank of a meandering river cause the formation of a very pronounced
223:
539:
1074:
Ciazela, Jakub; Siepak, Marcin; Wojtowicz, Piotr (March 2018). "Tracking heavy metal contamination in a complex river-oxbow lake system: Middle Odra Valley, Germany/Poland".
190:
and contributes to the formation of oxbow lakes. The primary flow of water in the bowl is circular and the streamlines are concentric with the side of the bowl. However, the
559:
578:
238:. The bulges in the border reflect changes in the course of the river; when the river shifted its course and cut off the former channel, the border remained unchanged.
74:, creating a free-standing body of water. The word "oxbow" can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream, whether or not it is cut off from the main stream.
306:
Oxbow lakes may be formed when a river channel is straightened artificially to improve navigation or for flood alleviation. This occurred notably on the upper
178:
across the floor of the river in the vicinity of a river bend. The process of deposition of silt, sand and gravel on the convex bank is clearly illustrated in
753:
Rutledge, Kim; Ramroop, Tara; Boudreau, Diane; McDaniel, Melissa; Teng, Santani; Sprout, Erin; Costa, Hilary; Hall, Hilary; Hunt, Jeff (10 June 2011).
597:
1164:
Dhingra, Rajani D.; Barnes, Jason W.; Yanites, Brian J.; Kirk, Randolph L. (2018-01-01). "Large catchment area recharges Titan's
Ontario Lacus".
1567:
1243:
522:
836:
923:
Chant, R. J. (2002). "Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge".
695:
242:
River flood plains that contain rivers with a highly sinuous platform are populated by longer oxbow lakes than those with low
1210:
460:
There are many oxbow lakes alongside the
Mississippi River and its tributaries. The largest oxbow lake in North America,
489:
270:
Oxbow lakes serve as important wetland ecosystems. In the United States, oxbow lakes serve as the primary habitat for
1148:
862:
1276:
174:
Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank and transporting them to the convex bank is the work of the
1236:
664:
356:
191:
436:
373:
was created after severe flooding in 1877 led to the
Missouri River shifting approximately two kilometres (
342:
958:
Constantine, J. A.; Dunne, T. (2008). "Meander cutoff and the controls on the production of oxbow lakes".
370:
31:
17:
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332: mi) and creating a number of oxbow-shaped sections isolated from the new course.
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147:
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contains rare and endangered migratory birds and is one of Asia's largest oxbow lakes.
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1045:"Oxbow lakes as biogeochemical filters for nutrient outflow from agricultural areas"
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An oxbow lake forms when a meandering river erodes through the neck of one of its
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993:
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570:
1542:
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853:
Hickin, Edward J (2002). "Meandering
Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V. (ed.).
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352:
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175:
168:
71:
1600:
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has also cut a multitude of oxbow lakes in its upper course near the town of
477:
42:
107:
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1291:
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1022:
626:
530:
504:
496:
314:
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279:
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1007:"Ecology of Baskandi anua, an oxbow lake of South Assam, North East India"
1496:
1447:
1414:
1404:
1296:
944:
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461:
349:
are a good example of previous lakes in a close proximity to one another.
287:
235:
122:
When a river reaches a low-lying plain, often in its final course to the
78:
59:
151:
139:
1537:
1501:
1442:
1349:
837:
10.1002/1522-2632(200107)86:4/5<555::AID-IROH555>3.0.CO;2-9
364:
82:
979:
1374:
1364:
1319:
778:
659:
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243:
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96:
92:
1114:
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is formed from a "cutoff" of the
Chalakudy River which flows nearby.
1470:
1344:
1221:
231:
142:
bank (the bank with the smaller radius). In contrast, both lateral
1457:
1419:
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402:
398:
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313:
An example of an entirely artificial waterway with oxbows is the
155:
143:
116:
63:
37:
1437:
1384:
1379:
1217:
Ox Bow Lake
Formation, As Seen By the Google Earth Time Machine
1211:
NASA Remote Sensing Tutorial: Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms
752:
500:
394:
207:
necessary for each parcel of water to follow its curved path.
1115:"The New Management of Rivers and Wetlands in Central Europe"
654:
589:
584:
Early stages of formation of coastal plain oxbow lake in the
514:
430:
405:
307:
222:
160:
131:
67:
1049:
Dynamics and Biogeochemistry of River Corridors and Wetlands
1475:
127:
55:
1465:
123:
1163:
521:
There has also been a possible oxbow lake postulated in
821:
1073:
565:
The swirls and curves of the previous courses of the
484:
is another notable oxbow lake; it was formed when the
472:, as was Horseshoe Lake, the namesake for the town of
774:
772:
603:
The proposed oxbow lake on Saturn's moon Titan, from
186:
of the bowl. This is the mechanism that leads to the
616:
769:
286:. Oxbow lakes may also be suitable locations for
167:develops—and an abandoned meander loop, called a
1598:
957:
1042:
855:Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
419:was formed due to a shift in the course of the
994:https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1994.10642517
1237:
363:altered its course due to the effects of the
503:. Some of this area has been converted into
408:with many oxbow lakes, often referred to in
163:. When this happens a new, straighter river
1568:List of rivers that have reversed direction
423:, which now flows immediately to the south.
130:, it meanders widely. In the vicinity of a
1244:
1230:
1004:
665:Fallacy regarding formation of point bars
301:
848:
846:
748:
746:
744:
253:
221:
106:
36:
1134:
880:"Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers"
298:contamination from industrial sources.
14:
1599:
1113:Zinke, Alexander (December 17, 2000).
877:
852:
310:in Germany in the nineteenth century.
1225:
1112:
922:
843:
741:
249:
234:, on the border between Arkansas and
111:A meander develops into an oxbow lake
1251:
825:International Review of Hydrobiology
1043:Glińska-Lewczuk, Katarzyna (2005).
857:. New York: Springer. p. 432.
495:The upper reaches of New Zealand's
335:
24:
904:10.17704/eshi.7.1.yk72n55q84qxu5n6
357:Natchitoches Parish, United States
278:. The numerous oxbow lakes of the
25:
1633:
1204:
675:Secondary flow around river bends
488:took a new channel following the
1581:
1580:
1117:. Zinke Environmental Consulting
1076:Science of the Total Environment
1011:Journal of Environmental Biology
801:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01084.x
633:
619:
596:
577:
558:
538:
282:are a favorable habitat for the
1277:Drainage system (geomorphology)
1157:
1128:
1106:
1092:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.219
1067:
1036:
998:
986:
925:Journal of Geophysical Research
226:A Horseshoe or oxbow lake near
1287:Strahler number (stream order)
1005:Gupta, S.; Devi, S.S. (2014).
951:
916:
871:
815:
717:
688:
490:1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes
468:), was originally part of the
146:and undercutting occur on the
13:
1:
681:
474:Horseshoe Lake, United States
457:, is disconnected at one end.
258:Oxbow lakes on New Zealand's
1186:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.009
550:, on the Connecticut River,
343:West Burton, Nottinghamshire
7:
612:
466:Lake Village, United States
32:Oxbow lake (disambiguation)
10:
1638:
427:Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary
415:Halfmoon Lake in downtown
371:Carter Lake, United States
102:
29:
1576:
1525:
1489:
1456:
1428:
1310:
1259:
1137:Hadfield's British Canals
700:Oxford English Dictionary
417:Eau Claire, United States
341:Bole and Burton Round in
262:have been converted into
95:, oxbow lakes are called
1213:(archived 12 March 2007)
1135:Boughey, Joseph (1994).
878:Bowker, Kent A. (1988).
511:Vynthala Lake, Chalakudy
387:miles) to the southeast.
1400:River channel migration
188:formation of point bars
62:that forms when a wide
1330:Bar (river morphology)
361:Red River of the South
359:was created after the
302:Artificial oxbow lakes
267:
239:
112:
47:
1512:Erosion and tectonics
1507:Degradation (geology)
1078:. 616–617: 996–1006.
884:Earth Science History
757:. National Geographic
706:on September 30, 2007
257:
225:
110:
81:, oxbows left by the
40:
27:U-shaped lake or pool
1533:Deposition (geology)
1260:Large-scale features
945:10.1029/2001JC001082
439:, a four-kilometre (
41:This picture of the
30:For other uses, see
1178:2018Icar..299..331D
1084:2018ScTEn.616..996C
972:2008Geo....36...23C
937:2002JGRC..107.3131C
896:1988ESHis...7...45B
793:2010Sedim..57..389C
453:-mile) bend in the
1563:Sediment transport
1517:River rejuvenation
1490:Regional processes
931:(C9): 14-1–14-11.
410:physical geography
401:contains a widely
268:
250:Oxbow lake ecology
240:
203:bank provides the
113:
48:
1612:Fluvial landforms
1594:
1593:
1395:River bifurcation
1141:Sutton Publishing
980:10.1130/G24130A.1
529:on Saturn's moon
486:Mississippi River
470:Mississippi River
455:Connecticut River
284:giant river otter
205:centripetal force
16:(Redirected from
1629:
1584:
1583:
1325:Avulsion (river)
1253:River morphology
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1029:
1017:(6): 1101–1105.
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996:
990:
984:
983:
955:
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948:
920:
914:
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875:
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841:
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831:(4–5): 555–571.
819:
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776:
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766:
764:
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750:
739:
738:
736:
735:
721:
715:
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712:
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702:. Archived from
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670:Resaca (channel)
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638:
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523:Saraswati Flumen
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336:Notable examples
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1553:Helicoidal flow
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1340:Channel pattern
1312:Alluvial rivers
1306:
1302:River sinuosity
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729:Merriam–Webster
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641:Wetlands portal
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608:
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586:Gower Peninsula
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571:northeast China
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1558:Playfair's law
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1543:Exner equation
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1481:Current ripple
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217:secondary flow
212:boundary layer
196:boundary layer
192:secondary flow
176:secondary flow
138:occurs on the
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54:is a U-shaped
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1390:Riparian zone
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1292:River valley
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1119:. Retrieved
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1059:26 September
1057:. Retrieved
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1028:26 September
1026:. Retrieved
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761:26 September
759:. Retrieved
755:"Oxbow lake"
732:. Retrieved
719:
708:. Retrieved
704:the original
690:
627:Lakes portal
607:RADAR images
545:
520:
497:Taieri River
315:Oxford Canal
312:
305:
292:
280:Amazon River
276:bald cypress
272:water tupelo
269:
260:Taieri River
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1607:Oxbow lakes
1497:Aggradation
1448:Plunge pool
1415:Stream pool
1405:River mouth
1297:River delta
1172:: 331–338.
552:Thomas Cole
462:Lake Chicot
296:heavy metal
288:aquaculture
236:Mississippi
85:are called
79:South Texas
18:Oxbow lakes
1601:Categories
1548:Hack's law
1502:Base level
1443:Knickpoint
1370:Oxbow lake
1350:Floodplain
1121:2009-10-27
909:2016-07-01
734:2009-10-27
710:2009-10-27
682:References
412:textbooks.
403:meandering
365:Great Raft
180:point bars
136:deposition
97:billabongs
83:Rio Grande
52:oxbow lake
1526:Mechanics
1375:Point bar
1365:Mouth bar
1320:Anabranch
1194:0019-1035
890:(1): 45.
809:129166672
660:Billabong
650:Anabranch
547:The Oxbow
482:Tennessee
437:The Oxbow
244:sinuosity
93:Australia
1586:Category
1471:Antidune
1458:Bedforms
1345:Cut bank
1100:29103644
1023:25522512
613:See also
480:in west
232:Arkansas
148:cut bank
117:meanders
1420:Thalweg
1355:Meander
1282:Estuary
1174:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
1055:: 55–69
968:Bibcode
960:Geology
933:Bibcode
892:Bibcode
789:Bibcode
725:"Oxbow"
696:"Oxbow"
605:Cassini
448:⁄
399:England
382:⁄
347:England
327:⁄
194:of the
165:channel
156:meander
152:concave
144:erosion
103:Geology
88:resacas
72:cut off
64:meander
1622:Rivers
1438:Canyon
1385:Rapids
1380:Riffle
1192:
1166:Icarus
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501:Paerau
395:Sussex
228:Hughes
169:cutoff
140:convex
134:bend,
91:. In
805:S2CID
655:Bayou
590:Wales
531:Titan
525:near
515:India
431:India
406:river
308:Rhine
161:flood
132:river
126:or a
68:river
66:of a
1476:Dune
1190:ISSN
1145:ISBN
1096:PMID
1061:2021
1030:2021
1019:PMID
859:ISBN
763:2021
210:The
128:lake
60:pool
56:lake
1466:Ait
1182:doi
1170:299
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