1229:
32:
2524:
2514:
1290:
1280:
2494:
2484:
2504:
639:
applies the closure of poly2 with three arguments frozen, to the argument 3, returning the square of (3 - 1), which is 4. The application of the partially applied function causes the frozen values (in this case 1, -2, 1) to be added to whatever is already on the stack (in this case 3), after which
823:
computers, with integrated graphics. This was used for many commercial projects, and to teach AI programming in several universities. That it was implemented in an early dialect of C, using an idiosyncratic compiler made it very hard to maintain and upgrade to new versions of the Mac operating
795:
computer by Steve Hardy and John Gibson, and soon after that it was replaced by a full incremental compiler (producing machine-code instead of an interpreted intermediate code). The existence of the compiler and all its subroutines at run time made it possible to support far richer language
734:(for WonderPop) was implemented by Robert Rae and Allan Ramsay in Edinburgh, on a research-council funded project. That version introduced caged address spaces, some compile-time syntactic typing (e.g., for integers and reals), and some pattern matching constructs for use with a variety of
767:
which was interpreted. That port was completed around 1976, and as a result, Pop-11 was used in several places for teaching. To support its teaching function, many of the syntactic features of POP-2 were modified, e.g., replacing
727:. This was the first dialect of POP-2 that treated case as significant in identifier names, used lower case for most system identifiers, and supported long identifiers with more than 8 characters.
812:
were added later. This version was later ported to a variety of machines and operating systems and as a result Pop-11 became the dominant dialect of POP-2, still available in the Poplog system.
755:(DEC) PDP-11/40 computer. It was originally designed to run on the DEC operating system RSX-11D, in time-shared mode for teaching, but that caused so many problems that an early version of
535:
There are no special language constructs to create arrays or record structures as they are commonly understood: instead, these are created with the aid of special builtin functions, e.g.,
692:
In 1978 Hamish Dewar implemented a version of POP-2 specifically for use by
Edinburgh University undergraduates in the AI2 (Artificial Intelligence, 2nd year level) class using the
2181:
1111:
663:
The first line declares a new operation +* with precedence (priority) 3. The second line creates a function f(x,y)=x*x+y*y, and assigns it to the newly declared operation +*.
2175:
613:). In partial application, some number of the rightmost arguments of the function (which are the last ones placed on the stack before the function is involved) are
796:
extensions than are possible with Macros, and as a result Pop-11 was used (by Steve Hardy, Chris
Mellish and John Gibson) to produce an implementation of
2558:
1328:
400:, including allowing new function definitions at run time and modification of function definitions while a program runs (both of which are features of
2084:
1092:
An
Introduction to the POP-2 Programming Language, by P. M. Burstall and J. S. Collins. POP-2 Reference Manual, by P. M. Burstall and J. S. Collins.
2568:
815:
Around 1986, a new AI company
Cognitive Applications Ltd., collaborated with members of Sussex university to produce a variant of Pop-11 named
2573:
2508:
1294:
1578:
2553:
2528:
2488:
1811:
1284:
1118:
2498:
1321:
307:
2169:
1355:
776:
and adding a wider variety of looping constructs with closing brackets to match their opening brackets instead of the use of
2518:
2220:
1950:
586:
Variables can hold values of any type, including functions, which are first-class objects. Thus, the following constructs
1458:
1091:
924:
672:
295:
239:
2296:
2276:
2186:
2030:
1360:
1314:
1184:
1847:
884:
Smith, R.; Sloman, A.; Gibson, J. (1992). "POPLOG's two-level virtual machine support for interactive languages". In
75:
53:
46:
2578:
693:
640:
the original function poly2 is invoked. It then uses the top four items on the stack, producing the same result as
2291:
2255:
1594:
364:
developed around 1970 from the earlier language POP-1 (developed by Robin
Popplestone in 1968, originally named
2563:
1615:
1599:
1444:
832:
to signify the type of objects, which was incompatible with the use of memory above 8 Mb on later
Macintoshes.
618:
418:
1020:
2583:
2548:
2364:
1956:
1648:
1569:
752:
621:
of the original function. For instance, consider a function for computing general second-degree polynomials:
426:
970:
2138:
1802:
1625:
1396:
1391:
1086:
448:
602:
2402:
1717:
1663:
1640:
1604:
1424:
1337:
944:
781:
704:
464:
381:
324:
186:
123:
996:
1912:
1892:
1877:
1862:
1782:
1023:, page 217, and An Introduction to the Study of Programming Languages, by David William Barron, page 75
696:
operating system. This implementation was written from scratch in the
Edinburgh programming language,
492:
443:
2333:
1965:
1837:
1559:
1433:
716:
267:
1081:
2250:
2063:
1673:
1406:
1380:
1104:
40:
2425:
785:
377:
153:
2068:
1907:
1553:
1518:
1491:
1064:
896:
113:
109:
105:
57:
1228:
2377:
2079:
2035:
2013:
1535:
1370:
1034:
20:
2493:
2281:
2235:
2003:
1273:
1237:
1145:
742:
397:
393:
361:
287:
157:
101:
96:
675:
computer in the
University of Edinburgh (with only 64 KB RAM, doubled to 128 KB in 1972).
8:
1486:
1414:
719:). Julian Davies, in Edinburgh, implemented an extended version of POP-2, which he named
401:
2387:
2372:
2324:
2230:
1513:
1467:
234:
148:
892:. Vol. 5: Artificial Intelligence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 203–231.
2463:
2382:
2349:
1983:
1867:
1245:
920:
760:
369:
227:
136:
2329:
2301:
2215:
2133:
1942:
885:
825:
282:
262:
2440:
2435:
2210:
2101:
1652:
1524:
1507:
712:
679:
389:
243:
131:
657:
In POP-2, it was possible to define new operations (operators in modern terms).
554:, which is called on the receiving side of an assignment. Thus, if the variable
2430:
2420:
2415:
2354:
2225:
1630:
1365:
820:
800:, using the standard syntax of Prolog, and the combined system became known as
735:
217:
2542:
2392:
2339:
2319:
2271:
2240:
1922:
697:
546:
Thus, array element and record field accessors are simply special cases of a
1306:
2458:
1991:
1401:
1385:
1250:
1213:
916:
759:
was installed and used instead. That version of Pop-11 was written in Unix
578:
is a doublet and can be used to change the updater component of a doublet.
373:
140:
1087:
Computers and
Thought: A practical Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
617:
to given values, to produce a new function of fewer arguments, which is a
2410:
2344:
2311:
2263:
2245:
1996:
1806:
1589:
1476:
1439:
1375:
1203:
809:
805:
212:
595:
vars max; lambda x y; if x > y then x else y close end -> max;
2286:
2143:
2128:
1927:
1828:
1818:
1678:
1502:
969:
Hardy, Steven; Williams, John; Sloman, A. (January 1978 – April 1986).
792:
660:
vars operation 3 +*; lambda x y; x * x + y * y end -> nonop +*
2148:
1842:
1658:
1635:
1610:
1530:
506:
if a > b then c -> e else d -> e close;
1932:
1917:
1902:
1792:
1787:
1735:
1696:
1409:
1136:
764:
609:
441:
The reason for this is that the language has explicit notion of an
385:
328:
1096:
2153:
2074:
1897:
1887:
1872:
1832:
1797:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1620:
724:
271:
2450:
1960:
1857:
1823:
1769:
1758:
1750:
1688:
1584:
1548:
1192:
1173:
1154:
1127:
847:
841:
801:
797:
747:
708:
686:
550:: this is a function that had another function attached as its
365:
345:
332:
255:
251:
247:
479:(commas and semicolons being largely interchangeable) or even
2040:
1882:
1852:
1497:
630:
vars less1squared; poly2(% 1, -2, 1%) -> less1squared;
512:
if a > b then c else d close -> e;
463:
which pops the top value off the stack and assigns it to the
422:
457:
which evaluates the value 3 and leaves it on the stack, and
447:. Thus, the prior assignment can be written as two separate
2176:
MIT Computer
Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
1970:
1668:
1540:
756:
275:
943:
Rubinstein, Mark; Sloman, A. (October 1985 – April 1989).
915:
865:
763:, and code was incrementally compiled to an intermediate
682:
on a 1909 at Lancaster University by John Scott in 1968.
968:
589:
function max x y; if x > y then x else y close end;
942:
671:
The original version of POP-2 was implemented on an
404:), without the overhead of an interpreted language.
866:Burstall, R.; Collins, J.; Popplestone, R. (1968).
784:for list structures, making it far easier to teach
624:function poly2 x a b c; a * x * x + b * x + c end;
539:(for arrays that can contain any type of item) and
730:Shortly after that, a new implementation known as
495:paradigm, there is no need to distinguish between
2085:Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
883:
780:for all loops in POP-2. Pop-11 also introduced a
574:returning the updater of the doublet. Of course,
380:. It drew roots from many sources: the languages
2540:
1026:
875:Davies, D.J.M. (1976). "POP-10 Users' Manual".
530:
828:clean" due to the use of high address bits as
745:implemented a subset of POP-2, which he named
396:, which gave it some of the flexibility of an
1336:
1322:
1112:
1295:Category:Integrated development environments
2182:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
2559:History of computing in the United Kingdom
2483:
1329:
1315:
1119:
1105:
601:An interesting operation on functions is
429:are in reverse order: instead of writing
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
19:For other topics with similar names, see
1056:
890:Research Directions in Cognitive Science
870:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
39:This article includes a list of general
143:, Steve Hardy; Robert Rae, Allan Ramsay
2541:
994:
874:
741:In parallel with that, Steve Hardy at
685:In the mid-1970s, POP-2 was ported to
652:
2569:Programming languages created in 1970
2170:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1310:
1100:
543:to create restricted types of items.
2503:
1032:
791:Around 1980, Pop-11 was ported to a
703:Later versions were implemented for
25:
2574:Science and technology in Edinburgh
1285:Category:Lisp programming languages
1126:
627:This can be bound, for instance as
13:
2187:University of California, Berkeley
2031:Scheme Requests for Implementation
1185:Integrated development environment
1033:Dunn, Raymond D. (February 1970).
467:'a'. Similarly, the function call
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2595:
1848:Knowledge Engineering Environment
1075:
1062:
1042:School of Artificial Intelligence
2554:Lisp programming language family
2523:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2482:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1227:
824:system. Also, AlphaPop was not "
30:
723:on the PDP-10 computer running
1014:
988:
962:
936:
909:
715:(running the operating system
407:
1:
1957:Common Lisp Interface Manager
854:
753:Digital Equipment Corporation
388:, and theoretical ideas from
1356:Automatic storage management
1082:The Early Development of POP
581:
531:Arrays and doublet functions
7:
1605:Game Oriented Assembly Lisp
835:
705:Computer Technology Limited
503:; thus, the two constructs
194:; 49 years ago
169:; 54 years ago
10:
2600:
1212:Clementine (1994) renamed
1035:"POP-2/4100 Users' Manual"
932:. London: The Round Table.
666:
18:
2480:
2449:
2401:
2363:
2310:
2206:
2199:
2162:
2121:
2114:
2094:
2056:
2049:
2023:
2012:
1982:
1941:
1749:
1716:
1709:
1687:
1568:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1434:Common Lisp Object System
1423:
1351:
1344:
1338:Lisp programming language
1259:
1236:
1225:
1202:
1183:
1144:
1135:
1044:. University of Edinburgh
995:Sloman, A. (April 1985).
777:
773:
769:
633:such that the expression
575:
571:
555:
540:
536:
524:
520:
516:
344:
339:
323:
318:
313:
306:
301:
293:
281:
261:
233:
223:
211:
207:
185:
181:
163:
147:
130:
119:
95:
2134:Bolt, Beranek and Newman
2064:Common Lisp the Language
1065:"EMAS Pop-2 source code"
1001:University of Birmingham
975:University of Birmingham
949:University of Birmingham
678:POP-2 was ported to the
558:contains an array, then
412:
2579:University of Edinburgh
877:Computer Science Report
850:programming environment
786:artificial intelligence
523:hadn't become a common
515:are equivalent (use of
378:University of Edinburgh
224:Implementation language
154:University of Edinburgh
60:more precise citations.
2069:How to Design Programs
1908:Portable Standard Lisp
1554:Steel Bank Common Lisp
1519:Embeddable Common Lisp
1492:Armed Bear Common Lisp
1371:Higher-order functions
1021:POP-2 Reference Manual
888:and N. Bernsen (ed.).
2564:Programming languages
2378:Shriram Krishnamurthi
2080:Practical Common Lisp
2036:Common Lisp HyperSpec
1560:Symbolics Common Lisp
1536:Macintosh Common Lisp
1146:Programming languages
570:the builtin function
2584:University of Sussex
2549:Functional languages
2282:Robert Tappan Morris
2236:Robert Bruce Findler
2004:Space-cadet keyboard
1415:Tree data structures
1392:Read–eval–print loop
1274:Open-source software
868:Programming in Pop-2
844:programming language
774:define ... enddefine
743:University of Sussex
607:, (sometimes termed
398:interpreted language
394:incremental compiler
362:programming language
158:University of Sussex
16:Programming language
2024:Technical standards
1487:Allegro Common Lisp
707:(CTL) Modular One,
653:Operator definition
649:1*3*3 + (-2)*3 + 1
643:poly2(3, 1, -2, 1)
604:partial application
425:-like, except that
402:dynamic compilation
164:First appeared
92:
2388:Gerald Jay Sussman
2373:Matthias Felleisen
2325:Richard P. Gabriel
2256:Richard Greenblatt
2231:Matthias Felleisen
1514:Corman Common Lisp
971:"Help Newanyarray"
788:(AI) programming.
567:updater(a)(3, 4);
473:can be written as
90:
2536:
2535:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2464:Robin Popplestone
2383:Guy L. Steele Jr.
2350:Guy L. Steele Jr.
2195:
2194:
2110:
2109:
1978:
1977:
1868:Lisp Machine Lisp
1778:
1777:
1705:
1704:
1453:
1452:
1304:
1303:
1246:Robin Popplestone
1223:
1222:
921:Popplestone, R.J.
919:; Collins, J.S.;
819:running on Apple
761:assembly language
689:(POPLAN System).
564:is equivalent to
370:Robin Popplestone
351:
350:
213:Typing discipline
137:Robin Popplestone
86:
85:
78:
2591:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2330:Philip Greenspun
2302:Richard Stallman
2216:Daniel G. Bobrow
2204:
2203:
2119:
2118:
2054:
2053:
2021:
2020:
1943:Operating system
1714:
1713:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1349:
1348:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1231:
1142:
1141:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
940:
934:
933:
931:
913:
893:
880:
871:
779:
775:
771:
770:function ... end
636:less1squared(3)
598:are equivalent.
577:
573:
557:
548:doublet function
542:
538:
526:
525:end-of-if-clause
522:
518:
202:
200:
195:
177:
175:
170:
132:Designed by
93:
89:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2468:
2445:
2441:Cynthia Solomon
2436:Mitchel Resnick
2397:
2359:
2306:
2260:Timothy P. Hart
2221:William Clinger
2211:Edmund Berkeley
2191:
2158:
2106:
2102:ProgramByDesign
2090:
2045:
2015:
2008:
1974:
1937:
1774:
1745:
1701:
1683:
1564:
1525:GNU Common Lisp
1508:CMU Common Lisp
1478:
1459:Implementations
1449:
1419:
1340:
1335:
1305:
1300:
1277:
1255:
1232:
1219:
1198:
1179:
1158:(1964) renamed
1131:
1125:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1063:Dewar, Hamish.
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
993:
989:
979:
977:
967:
963:
953:
951:
945:"Help Newarray"
941:
937:
929:
914:
910:
857:
838:
782:pattern matcher
751:which ran on a
736:data structures
713:ICL 1900 series
680:ICT 1900 series
669:
661:
655:
650:
644:
637:
631:
625:
596:
590:
584:
568:
562:
533:
527:notation yet).
513:
507:
491:Because of the
489:
483:
477:
471:
461:
455:
439:
433:
415:
410:
390:Peter J. Landin
335:(renamed POP-1)
296:implementations
203:
198:
196:
193:
173:
171:
168:
156:
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2534:
2533:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Seymour Papert
2428:
2423:
2421:Wally Feurzeig
2418:
2416:Denison Bollay
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2355:Daniel Weinreb
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:R. Kent Dybvig
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:Apple Computer
2125:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:Unstandardized
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:MIT/GNU Scheme
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:Dynamic typing
1363:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1269:
1267:= discontinued
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1076:External links
1074:
1071:
1070:
1055:
1025:
1013:
997:"Help Updater"
987:
961:
935:
917:Burstall, R.M.
907:
906:
905:
904:
900:
899:
897:POP references
894:
881:
872:
862:
861:
856:
853:
852:
851:
845:
837:
834:
668:
665:
659:
654:
651:
648:
642:
635:
629:
623:
594:
588:
583:
580:
566:
561:3 -> a(4);
560:
532:
529:
511:
505:
487:
481:
476:x, y, z; f();
475:
469:
459:
453:
437:
432:a := 3;
431:
414:
411:
409:
406:
349:
348:
342:
341:
337:
336:
321:
320:
316:
315:
311:
310:
304:
303:
299:
298:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
265:
259:
258:
237:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
205:
204:
192:1975 / 1975
191:
189:
187:Stable release
183:
182:
179:
178:
165:
161:
160:
151:
145:
144:
134:
128:
127:
121:
117:
116:
102:Multi-paradigm
99:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2596:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2393:Julie Sussman
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:David A. Moon
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Scott Fahlman
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Steve Russell
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:John McCarthy
2275:
2273:
2272:David Luckham
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Matthew Flatt
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:Organizations
2113:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:Pocket Scheme
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:S-expressions
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:M-expressions
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1059:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1002:
998:
991:
976:
972:
965:
950:
946:
939:
928:
927:
922:
918:
912:
908:
902:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
863:
859:
858:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
833:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
787:
783:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
744:
739:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
664:
658:
647:
641:
634:
628:
622:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
605:
599:
593:
587:
579:
565:
559:
553:
549:
544:
528:
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
488:(x, y, z).f;
486:
480:
474:
468:
466:
458:
452:
450:
446:
445:
444:operand stack
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
405:
403:
399:
395:
392:. It used an
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:(also called
355:
347:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:Influenced by
317:
312:
309:
305:
300:
297:
292:
289:
286:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
266:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
190:
188:
184:
180:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
98:
94:
88:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2459:Rod Burstall
2426:Brian Harvey
1992:Lisp machine
1949:
1810:
1764:
1577:
1468:Standardized
1407:Self-hosting
1388:(deprecated)
1376:Linked lists
1361:Conditionals
1293:
1283:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1251:Rod Burstall
1214:SPSS Modeler
1166:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1041:
1028:
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
990:
978:. Retrieved
974:
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:
938:
926:POP-2 Papers
925:
911:
889:
876:
867:
829:
816:
814:
790:
746:
740:
731:
729:
720:
702:
691:
684:
677:
673:Elliott 4130
670:
662:
656:
645:
638:
632:
626:
614:
608:
603:
600:
597:
591:
585:
569:
563:
551:
547:
545:
534:
514:
508:
500:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
470:f(x, y, z);
462:
456:
442:
440:
434:
416:
374:Rod Burstall
357:
353:
352:
240:Elliott 4130
141:Rod Burstall
87:
72:
63:
44:
2411:Hal Abelson
2345:Kent Pitman
2312:Common Lisp
2264:Louis Hodes
2251:Paul Graham
2246:Phyllis Fox
2016:of practice
1997:TI Explorer
1590:Chez Scheme
1440:CommonLoops
1204:Data mining
1130:programming
810:Standard ML
806:Common Lisp
804:, to which
541:newanyarray
501:expressions
493:stack-based
482:x, y, z.f;
438:3 -> a;
435:one writes
427:assignments
408:Description
288:Proprietary
58:introducing
2543:Categories
2292:David Park
2287:Joel Moses
2268:Mike Levin
2144:Lucid Inc.
2095:Curriculum
1928:Spice Lisp
1829:Franz Lisp
1819:Emacs Lisp
1679:TinyScheme
1503:Clozure CL
886:D. Sleeman
855:References
793:VAX-11/780
497:statements
449:statements
340:Influenced
149:Developers
114:procedural
110:reflective
106:structured
66:April 2010
41:references
2334:10th rule
2163:Education
2149:Symbolics
2139:Harlequin
2050:Education
2014:Community
1843:Interlisp
1659:Scheme 48
1636:MultiLisp
1611:GNU Guile
1531:LispWorks
1397:Recursion
1238:Designers
582:Functions
460:-> a;
2529:Category
2519:Category
2122:Business
1984:Hardware
1933:Zetalisp
1918:S-1 Lisp
1903:Picolisp
1793:BBN LISP
1788:AutoLISP
1736:StarLogo
1697:OpenLisp
1653:features
1410:compiler
1345:Features
1195:° (1982)
1176:° (1975)
1137:Software
1006:21 March
980:22 March
954:22 March
923:(1968).
836:See also
830:tag bits
817:AlphaPop
765:bytecode
610:currying
537:newarray
465:variable
417:POP-2's
386:ALGOL 60
329:ALGOL 60
308:Dialects
244:ICT 1909
235:Platform
228:assembly
97:Paradigm
2509:Commons
2178:(CSAIL)
2154:Xanalys
2075:On Lisp
1898:PC-LISP
1888:newLISP
1873:Maclisp
1833:PC-LISP
1812:history
1798:Clojure
1761:(POP-1)
1741:UCBLogo
1731:NetLogo
1726:MSWLogo
1621:JScheme
1595:Chicken
1579:History
1510:(CMUCL)
1445:Flavors
1427:systems
1264:Italics
860:General
725:TOPS-10
667:History
619:closure
576:updater
572:updater
552:updater
376:at the
360:) is a
283:License
272:TOPS-10
218:dynamic
197: (
172: (
54:improve
2365:Scheme
2200:People
2087:(SICP)
2071:(HTDP)
1966:Genera
1961:McCLIM
1858:LeLisp
1824:EuLisp
1770:POP-11
1759:COWSEL
1689:ISLISP
1649:Racket
1616:Ikarus
1607:(GOAL)
1600:Gambit
1585:Bigloo
1570:Scheme
1556:(SBCL)
1549:Poplog
1545:Movitz
1494:(ABCL)
1477:Common
1436:(CLOS)
1425:Object
1381:Macros
1216:(2010)
1193:Poplog
1174:POP-11
1170:(1970)
1162:(1966)
1155:COWSEL
1048:3 June
903:Inline
848:Poplog
842:POP-11
826:32-bit
802:Poplog
798:Prolog
748:POP-11
721:POP-10
717:George
709:PDP-10
687:BESM-6
615:frozen
419:syntax
366:COWSEL
346:POP-11
333:COWSEL
314:POP-10
294:Major
268:George
256:PDP-11
252:PDP-10
248:BESM-6
120:Family
43:, but
2499:Books
2172:(MIT)
2057:Books
2041:X3J13
1923:SKILL
1883:MLisp
1853:*Lisp
1807:Apple
1803:Dylan
1765:POP-2
1527:(GCL)
1521:(ECL)
1498:CLISP
1167:POP-2
1160:POP-1
1038:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
879:(25).
778:close
772:with
646:i.e.
521:endif
519:, as
517:close
423:ALGOL
413:Stack
368:) by
354:POP-2
126:: POP
91:POP-2
2489:List
2403:Logo
1971:Scsh
1951:List
1718:Logo
1669:SIOD
1641:Pico
1626:Kawa
1541:Mocl
1479:Lisp
1272:° =
1206:tool
1050:2022
1008:2024
982:2024
956:2024
808:and
757:Unix
732:WPOP
694:EMAS
592:and
509:and
499:and
384:and
382:Lisp
372:and
358:POP2
325:Lisp
302:WPOP
276:Unix
199:1975
174:1970
167:1970
124:Lisp
21:POP2
2451:POP
1913:RPL
1893:NIL
1878:MDL
1863:LFE
1783:Arc
1751:POP
1664:SCM
1128:POP
821:Mac
698:IMP
485:or
454:3;
421:is
2545::
1959:,
1838:Hy
1831:,
1809:,
1040:.
999:.
973:.
947:.
738:.
711:,
700:.
451::
331:,
327:,
274:,
270:,
263:OS
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
139:;
112:,
108:,
104::
2336:)
2332:(
1815:)
1805:(
1674:T
1655:)
1651:(
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1120:e
1113:t
1106:v
1067:.
1052:.
1010:.
984:.
958:.
556:a
201:)
176:)
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.