440:
individual domiciled in
Pakistan automatically became a Pakistani citizen on 13 April 1951 if they were: born in Pakistan, born to at least one parent or grandparent who themself was born in Pakistan, born in India but domiciled in Pakistan, or naturalised as a British subject in Pakistan and had renounced their previous nationalities. Additionally, any other person who migrated to Pakistan from another part of the Indian subcontinent before the Act's commencement with the intention of permanently residing in Pakistan was granted citizenship.
484:
status within
Pakistani nationality law, they are not distinguished from non-Commonwealth foreign nationals for other purposes, including immigration. Following Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1972, Pakistani citizens ceased to be Commonwealth citizens in British law after passage of the Pakistan Act 1973. Pakistanis reacquired this status after the country rejoined the organisation in 1989. As Commonwealth citizens, they are eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK.
28:
4501:
4529:
340:. Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside of the Empire. A person with connections both to directly governed portions of British India and one of the princely states could be a British subject and British protected person simultaneously.
583:
treaties with participating states, which each separately agree with
Pakistan that the nationals of either country are not required to renounce their nationality before naturalising in the other. Despite official sanction of holding alternate nationalities with a limited set of countries, dual nationals are constitutionally prohibited from serving in the
354:. Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether naturalisation rules in the United Kingdom were applicable in other parts of the Empire. Each colony had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for admitting foreigners as subjects. Naturalisation in Britain was achieved through individual
657:. Children born overseas are automatically Pakistani citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent or is employed by the government of Pakistan. Individuals born to parents who are citizens by descent only may alternatively acquire citizenship if their births are registered at a
483:
Under the 1951 Pakistan
Citizenship Act, Commonwealth citizens were technically eligible to obtain Pakistani citizenship by registration in lieu of naturalisation, but no subsidiary legislation or regulations were published that made this pathway available. While Commonwealth citizens have a separate
439:
The partition resulted in large-scale population movements across the new borders separating
Pakistan and India. Provisions in the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951 reflect this and provided a pathway for migrants to automatically acquire a status matching the country of their choice post-partition. Any
362:
formalised a clear distinction between subjects who were naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who were naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalised in colonies
561:
during the partition of India, was particularly affected by
Bangladeshi independence. This group largely did not support the division of Pakistan and refused to acquire Bangladeshi nationality, but did not have the resources to resettle in West Pakistan. The vast majority of this minority group were
475:
or
Ireland. Britain somewhat relaxed these measures in 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens. The UK later updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries
691:, investors receive an immigrant visa. Citizenship is then granted on their arrival in Pakistan. Foreign women married to (and widows formerly married to) Pakistani men are entitled to apply for citizenship, provided that their husbands did not acquire citizenship by naturalisation or registration.
682:
requirement, intend to reside permanently in the country or begin service in the
Pakistani government, and cannot hold citizenship of countries that bar Pakistani citizens from naturalisation. Commonwealth citizens may alternatively acquire citizenship by registration with a financial investment in
515:
after the end of armed conflict, although both
Pakistan and India claim sovereignty over the whole territory. Any person who migrated from the former princely state to permanently reside in Pakistan is a Pakistani citizen, as well as individuals considered to be Kashmiri subjects who hold Pakistani
258:
entered into decline in the 18th century, giving the company opportunity to gain further advantages by intervening in regional politics. The vast financial resources of the firm and its superior military enabled it to defeat rival
European trade companies and become the dominant power in India. The
703:
Naturalised citizens may be involuntarily deprived of the status if they fraudulently acquired it, are sentenced to imprisonment for more than 12 months in any jurisdiction in the world, or they wilfully perform an act that constitutes a breach of loyalty to the state. Any citizen who continuously
435:
was defined in this Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenship of each Commonwealth country. Because Pakistan had not enacted citizenship regulations by the time the 1948 Act took effect, Pakistanis (and citizens of all other Dominions
700:
remained living in Pakistan at the time of their father's renunciation. Former citizens who renounced their status may subsequently apply to resume their Pakistani citizenship. There are no specific requirements for citizenship resumption other than making a written declaration to the government.
631:
issued a contradictory judgement in 2018, ruling that a child of Somali refugees had acquired Pakistani citizenship by virtue of birth in Pakistan and that the 1951 Act should be interpreted as written rather than in the method prescribed by the Peshawar court, along with a further ruling in 2022
458:
after 1949. Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any Commonwealth citizens
506:
was a princely state in British India with a Hindu monarch who ruled the population that was majority Muslim. This state initially remained independent at partition of India in 1947 but chose to join India later that year. The decision was unpopular among the local populace and triggered revolts
582:
Restrictions on holding multiple nationalities were relaxed in 1972. Pakistani nationals who naturalise in the United Kingdom or any other country that the federal government specifies no longer automatically lose their Pakistani nationality. The government negotiates bilateral dual nationality
711:
has ruled that this process is not automatic and does not apply unless acquiring the foreign citizenship is conditional on renouncing Pakistani citizenship. Despite this lack of deprivation, Pakistan has concluded a series of bilateral agreements with other countries that explicitly allow dual
419:
in the post-partition period, using its Dominion status as a deterrent against possible Indian incursion. Pakistanis continued to be British subjects until independent Pakistan enacted its own nationality legislation. Subjects of the princely states were previously considered British protected
699:
Pakistani citizenship may be voluntarily relinquished by any person above age 18, provided that the applicant already holds (or has documentary assurance that they will soon acquire) another citizenship. Minor children of a father who gave up citizenship also cease to be citizens, unless they
626:
ruled that the provisions for citizenship by birthplace and descent in the 1951 Act should be interpreted together in a correct reading of the law. The effect of this reinterpretation limited the application of birthright citizenship only to children born to at least one Pakistani parent. The
546:. The Pakistan Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 1978 addressed the new political situation and removed citizenship from Pakistani citizens who were resident in East Pakistan prior to separation and remained domiciled there after independence and from those who had been domiciled in
270:
Legislation passed in 1852 allowed foreigners residing in territory governed by the East India Company to naturalise as British subjects by application to the government. There was no minimum residence requirement and candidates simply needed approval from a relevant official. The
661:. Children born before 18 April 2000 were entitled to citizenship by descent through their fathers only. However, minor children of Pakistani mothers could apply for registration as citizens in a separate process that was subject to discretionary approval of the government.
386:
and British India to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation, but did not prevent further grants of local naturalisation under local legislation. The continued application of local naturalisation allowed British Indian authorities to avoid adding
204:
and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. In the Pakistani context, these terms are used interchangeably.
704:
resides abroad for more than seven years are also subject to deprivation, unless they are employed by the government while overseas or have submitted a declaration of intent to retain citizenship at a Pakistani diplomatic mission.
2005:
1276:
632:
that any person born in Pakistan was entitled to Pakistani citizenship. There were 1.7 million undocumented Afghan refugees living in Pakistan without citizenship or residency in November 2023, when the government began a
673:
after residing in the country for at least four years within a seven-year period, followed by a further one year of residence immediately before application. Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in at least one of the
550:
but had migrated to Bangladesh after 1971. East Pakistanis who were resident overseas at the time of separation could elect to remain Pakistani citizens by obtaining a certificate of citizenship from the government.
321:, which were areas ruled by local monarchs given limited autonomy in exchange for accepting British suzerainty. Provincial residents were British subjects, while subjects of princely state rulers were considered
1853:
Chaudhry, Ayesha Masood; Bilal, Muhammad (2020). "Migration, Diaspora and Citizenship: A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions of Pakistani Nationals towards the Political Rights of Pakistani Dual Citizens".
1994:
2603:
2570:
1947:
3851:
3756:
363:
were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory. For example, a subject locally naturalised in
379:
3766:
3584:
267:
in India, no comprehensive nationality statute existed to define which persons were subjects, leaving the status of native Indians ambiguous throughout this period.
424:
released those states from British vassalage. The states' subsequent accession to Pakistan meant that former protected persons became British subjects of Pakistan.
3891:
3881:
2493:
2045:
180:. Although Pakistan gained independence in 1947 and Pakistanis no longer hold British nationality, they continue to have favoured status when residing in the
570:
ruled that Biharis born in the country would be granted citizenship. While about 170,000 Biharis have since been repatriated to Pakistan, more than 400,000 "
332:
over both types of holdings, domestic law in the United Kingdom treated the princely states as foreign territory. British protected persons were treated as
3016:
1256:
707:
Although the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951 provides for the deprivation of citizenship from any Pakistani who becomes a citizen of another country, the
2667:
4554:
1644:
1498:
1372:
633:
3220:
1682:
567:
3082:
431:. The Act abandoned the common nationality used across the Empire and redefined British subject to mean any citizen of a Commonwealth country. A
375:. Like protected persons, locally naturalised British subjects were still entitled to imperial protection when travelling outside of the Empire.
649:
Any person born in Pakistan since 13 April 1951 automatically receives Pakistani citizenship by birth except if they are the child of a foreign
3526:
2580:
2129:
Kumarasingham, Harshan (2013). "The 'Tropical Dominions': The Appeal of Dominion Status in the Decolonisation of India, Pakistan and Ceylon".
4270:
2547:
4266:
314:
378:
The Imperial Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the
3571:
3130:
2960:
1936:
1349:
2032:
3580:
814:
1648:
200:
is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a
2426:
658:
4112:
3556:
3458:
3385:
2895:
2710:
2660:
2590:
1252:
611:
in 1979 have been routinely denied citizenship. Although these refugees were to be repatriated following agreement of the 1988
471:
arrangement, but moved to mirror Britain's restriction in 1962 by limiting this ability only to people born on the islands of
4274:
3087:
3011:
2447:
2368:
2246:
2119:
242:
on all English trade with Asia. Over the course of the 17th century, the company secured a strong commercial presence in the
2374:
2252:
2082:
3021:
1467:
1767:
Baldwin, M. Page (October 2001). "Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act".
67:
3425:
508:
275:
administered to successful applicants required them to swear loyal service to the company, as well as allegiance to the
4549:
4142:
3811:
3498:
503:
4318:
4237:
3908:
2885:
2653:
2076:
1856:
571:
529:
157:
as Pakistani citizens after residing in the country for at least five years and showing proficiency in at least one
2287:
Pachauri, S.K. (2010). "India's Decision to Remain in the Commonwealth – 1949 A Major Landmark in Foreign Policy".
464:
359:
87:
35:
618:
Pakistani courts have offered conflicting opinions on the application of birthright citizenship. In the 1999 case
4365:
4247:
4006:
3360:
3200:
3056:
2930:
2474:
2026:
2622:
467:. Ireland had continued to allow all British subjects free movement despite independence in 1922 as part of the
165:
who make a substantial financial investment in the state are eligible for a facilitated naturalisation process.
3395:
3375:
3275:
3123:
2920:
276:
516:
passports and reside overseas in the United Kingdom or any other country specified by the federal government.
259:
company itself ruled as the direct governing body from 1757 to 1858, though sovereignty was often shared with
184:; as Commonwealth citizens, Pakistanis are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there.
4262:
3826:
3711:
3576:
3390:
3235:
3092:
3041:
2935:
2269:
2203:
McKay, James (2008). "The Passage of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act, a Case-Study of Backbench Power".
1818:
Bloom, Tendayi (2011). "Contradictions in Formal Commonwealth Citizenship Rights in Commonwealth Countries".
1716:
712:
nationality with the participating states. The 22 countries that have such an arrangement with Pakistan are:
4132:
4483:
3836:
3796:
3561:
3195:
3077:
2900:
477:
428:
421:
1490:
4353:
4308:
4227:
4222:
4202:
4147:
4137:
4102:
3831:
3751:
3686:
3483:
3370:
3320:
3190:
3051:
3046:
2925:
2915:
2870:
2750:
2725:
2626:
525:
454:
Commonwealth citizens initially continued to hold an automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom and
346:
during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on past
4519:
4303:
4280:
4217:
4197:
4157:
4041:
4016:
4011:
3841:
3816:
3721:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3566:
3551:
3546:
3521:
3503:
3435:
3365:
3335:
3225:
3031:
2990:
2980:
2940:
2905:
2855:
2820:
2715:
2522:
2238:
1778:
1769:
1749:
1460:"Hearing plea by Afghan refugee, Islamabad court says every Pakistan-born child has citizenship right"
382:. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. This Act allowed
4172:
4056:
4031:
3986:
3981:
3931:
3856:
3781:
3776:
3746:
3701:
3691:
3651:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3516:
3493:
3468:
3405:
3325:
3250:
3215:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3116:
2945:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2795:
2765:
2740:
2730:
1820:
539:
372:
1680:
Ansari, Sarah (2013). "Subjects or Citizens? India, Pakistan and the 1948 British Nationality Act".
4504:
4257:
4127:
4117:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4046:
3956:
3936:
3921:
3771:
3741:
3696:
3681:
3641:
3631:
3606:
3536:
3531:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3210:
3170:
3160:
2965:
2950:
2875:
2860:
2830:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2720:
2360:
2138:
1937:
Nation and Citizenship from the Late Nineteenth Century Onwards: A Comparative European Perspective
1740:
322:
296:
177:
115:
4232:
4212:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4122:
4066:
4061:
4021:
4001:
3996:
3961:
3941:
3926:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3786:
3761:
3736:
3726:
3706:
3616:
3541:
3430:
3420:
3355:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3205:
3165:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2890:
2865:
2845:
2825:
2785:
2760:
2684:
2296:
2041:
1978:
809:
343:
337:
538:, a noncontiguous territory separated from the rest of the country by India. Following the 1971
436:
without citizenship laws) were provisionally classed as "British subjects without citizenship".
4470:
4252:
4242:
4207:
4107:
4051:
4036:
3971:
3966:
3951:
3846:
3821:
3791:
3716:
3676:
3508:
3380:
3315:
3300:
3285:
2955:
2910:
2815:
2805:
2775:
688:
584:
355:
214:
480:, which redefined the term "British subject" to no longer also include Commonwealth citizens.
336:
in the United Kingdom, but both Indian British subjects and protected persons could be issued
4313:
4071:
4026:
3991:
3976:
3946:
3801:
3731:
3488:
3036:
675:
612:
608:
225:
158:
142:. The primary law governing these requirements is the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951, which
4434:
4407:
4298:
3861:
3026:
2692:
2676:
2208:
1715:
Ashesh, Ashna; Thiruvengadam, Arun (July 2017). Report on Citizenship Law: India (Report).
1341:
679:
628:
449:
432:
416:
412:
162:
1012:
8:
4424:
4343:
3886:
2456:
1943:
1829:
1377:
976:
623:
615:, the vast majority have remained in Pakistan due to ongoing instability in Afghanistan.
243:
2312:
Parry, Clive (1954). "Citizenship in the Commonwealth with Special Reference to India".
358:
until 1844, when a more streamlined administrative process was introduced. In 1847, the
4323:
2526:
2480:
2418:
2341:
2333:
2300:
2191:
2158:
2150:
2103:
1902:
1898:
1841:
1806:
1790:
1703:
1640:
468:
404:
272:
231:
2391:
1736:"Missing Links: Data Stories from the Archive of British Settler Colonial Citizenship"
4465:
4417:
2489:
2406:
2364:
2345:
2242:
2228:
2162:
2115:
2072:
1969:(1999). "The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act".
1890:
1845:
1798:
1707:
708:
408:
364:
143:
4348:
3097:
3061:
2460:
2410:
2325:
2273:
2212:
2183:
2142:
2107:
1982:
1923:
1894:
1869:
1833:
1810:
1782:
1753:
1720:
1695:
588:
498:
388:
4533:
4429:
3139:
3006:
2702:
2607:
2574:
2354:
2321:
2232:
2224:
2179:
2066:
1865:
1837:
1699:
684:
604:
512:
460:
292:
264:
173:
1927:
1459:
4460:
4360:
2557:
2329:
1966:
1914:
Farhat, Syed Nadeem (2019). "Citizenship Laws of Pakistan: A Critical Review".
793:
670:
557:, a community of citizens who migrated to East Bengal from the Indian state of
554:
318:
313:
in 1858. Territories were broadly divided between two political groupings: the
310:
300:
181:
154:
2146:
1373:"Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh not Pakistan's responsibility, FO tells SC"
4543:
4490:
4439:
4371:
3913:
2268:
Nazir, Faryal (December 2016). Report on Citizenship Law: Pakistan (Report).
1272:
797:
563:
547:
472:
255:
235:
2414:
1993:
1018:
982:
4386:
2645:
1986:
1802:
1277:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
201:
27:
2111:
1758:
1735:
4444:
4402:
2464:
2170:
Lloyd, Trevor (1998). "Partition, within, Partition: The Irish Example".
2001:
785:
773:
769:
654:
535:
507:
organised by those who wanted the state to join Pakistan, leading to the
333:
329:
306:
288:
197:
193:
169:
135:
2337:
2304:
2195:
2154:
2505:
2422:
2057:
1906:
1873:
1794:
765:
543:
351:
247:
46:
2530:
2278:
1725:
2187:
2068:
Defining British Citizenship: Empire, Commonwealth and Modern Britain
1691:
1463:
880:
713:
347:
260:
2216:
4412:
4378:
3108:
1786:
1494:
1342:"Bangladesh court rules that young Biharis are Bangladesh citizens"
650:
600:
542:, Pakistan lost control of the region, which became independent as
383:
239:
150:
139:
77:
2585:
2552:
1345:
868:
753:
749:
745:
737:
729:
721:
717:
455:
368:
1024:
620:
Ghulam Sanai v. Assistant Director, National Registration Office
892:
781:
777:
761:
741:
725:
669:
Foreigners over the age of 18 may become Pakistani citizens by
587:. Since 2013, they have also been barred from public office in
254:, and Indian textiles. Operations became more lucrative as the
964:
856:
511:. Control of the state was split between the two sides by the
2356:
Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era
789:
757:
733:
558:
476:
of its remaining territory and overseas possessions with the
317:, which were administered by the British government, and the
251:
149:
With few exceptions, all individuals born in the country are
2640:
1072:
487:
2579:
1621:
1280:
1176:
1174:
1159:
2621:
2475:"Restrictive Citizenship Policies within the Commonwealth"
1000:
886:
603:
to virtually all persons born in the country, children of
1234:
1108:
952:
2515:
Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law
1428:
1186:
1171:
1060:
1048:
1585:
1513:
1416:
1210:
928:
916:
208:
2513:
Wade, E.C.S. (1948). "British Nationality Act, 1948".
1392:
1310:
1149:
1147:
988:
940:
844:
639:
4517:
2546:
1491:"Pakistan begins mass deportation of Afghan refugees"
1260:
1084:
2392:"The Common Travel Area between Britain and Ireland"
1609:
1597:
1537:
1525:
1440:
1298:
1286:
1222:
1120:
1096:
1036:
407:
into two independent nations on 15 August 1947, the
3017:
British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland
1714:
1573:
1322:
1198:
1144:
1030:
904:
898:
874:
832:
2641:Directorate General of Immigration & Passports
2473:
2025:
1645:Directorate General of Immigration & Passports
1561:
1549:
1404:
644:
2445:Titshaw, Scott (2022). "Inheriting Citizenship".
1132:
694:
380:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914
192:The distinction between the meaning of the terms
4541:
1995:Historical background information on nationality
1683:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1019:Historical background information on nationality
983:Historical background information on nationality
636:to expel all illegal migrants from the country.
594:
3083:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983
1733:
970:
263:. Although legislation was enacted referencing
2223:
862:
427:British subject status was reformed under the
134:details the conditions by which a person is a
3124:
2661:
2128:
1881:Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971".
1852:
1627:
1078:
394:
4271:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
2675:
2131:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
607:who fled to Pakistan after the start of the
534:At the time of partition, Pakistan included
519:
391:requirements to the naturalisation process.
443:
399:
55:An Act to provide for Pakistan citizenship
3131:
3117:
2668:
2654:
2289:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1934:
934:
683:the country. After transferring 5,000,000
26:
2277:
2033:The British Yearbook of International Law
1757:
1724:
488:Territorial change and subsequent reforms
219:
4555:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations
2539:
2286:
2064:
1066:
994:
958:
946:
815:Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens
664:
367:was a British subject there, but not in
2444:
1766:
1488:
1434:
1006:
577:
415:. Pakistan transitionally retained the
282:
4542:
2471:
2205:Observatoire de la Société Britannique
1965:
1913:
1679:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1446:
1422:
1240:
1165:
1090:
850:
420:persons but lost that status when the
417:British sovereign as its head of state
3112:
3088:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
3012:British nationality law and Hong Kong
2649:
2448:Stanford Journal of International Law
2377:from the original on 26 December 2019
2311:
2267:
2255:from the original on 25 February 2021
2202:
2169:
2097:
2085:from the original on 25 December 2019
2023:
2011:from the original on 29 December 2018
1880:
1817:
1734:Bagnall, Kate; Sherratt, Tim (2021).
1651:from the original on 14 November 2023
1579:
1567:
1555:
1501:from the original on 16 November 2023
1470:from the original on 14 November 2023
1410:
1398:
1370:
1352:from the original on 14 November 2023
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1228:
1192:
1180:
1138:
1126:
1102:
1054:
1042:
922:
910:
838:
3138:
3022:British Overseas Territories citizen
2512:
2496:from the original on 23 October 2021
2389:
2352:
2048:from the original on 23 October 2021
1935:Gosewinkel, Dieter (15 April 2008).
1216:
1204:
1153:
1114:
599:Contrary to the 1951 Act's grant of
492:
209:National status within British India
2027:"Who are British Protected Persons"
640:Acquisition and loss of citizenship
13:
2432:from the original on 20 March 2023
1899:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x
1489:Mukhtar, Ahmad (3 November 2023).
1257:Minister of State for Home Affairs
21:The Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951
14:
4566:
2634:
2589:. Vol. 172. United Kingdom:
2556:. Vol. 353. United Kingdom:
2234:A Concise History of Modern India
1971:Twentieth Century British History
574:" remain resident in Bangladesh.
530:Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh
4527:
4500:
4499:
3221:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2906:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2623:"Indian Naturalisation Act 1852"
1953:from the original on 27 May 2019
1371:Malik, Haanaat (30 March 2015).
465:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
88:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
36:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
4366:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
2586:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2553:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2000:(Report). 1.0. United Kingdom:
1672:
1633:
1482:
1452:
1364:
1334:
1266:
1246:
1031:Ashesh & Thiruvengadam 2017
899:Ashesh & Thiruvengadam 2017
875:Ashesh & Thiruvengadam 2017
645:Entitlement by birth or descent
509:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
159:vernacular language of Pakistan
151:automatically citizens at birth
4203:Federated States of Micronesia
3567:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3042:Permanent resident (Australia)
2614:
887:Indian Naturalisation Act 1852
695:Relinquishment and deprivation
187:
1:
3093:Canadian Citizenship Act 1946
2270:European University Institute
2100:Citizenship in a Global World
1717:European University Institute
820:
595:Refugee access to citizenship
459:originating from outside the
405:British India was partitioned
4484:British Overseas Territories
3078:British Nationality Act 1981
2098:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. (2001).
1922:(2). Pluto Journals: 59–85.
1838:10.1080/00358533.2011.633381
1700:10.1080/03086534.2013.768094
825:
659:Pakistani diplomatic mission
478:British Nationality Act 1981
429:British Nationality Act 1948
422:Indian Independence Act 1947
7:
4354:Renunciation of citizenship
3052:UK Ancestry Entry Clearance
3047:Permanent resident (Canada)
2627:National Informatics Centre
1928:10.13169/polipers.16.2.0059
971:Bagnall & Sherratt 2021
803:
634:mass deportation initiative
526:Bangladeshi nationality law
170:ruled by the British Empire
10:
4571:
3032:Indefinite leave to remain
2523:Cambridge University Press
2472:Toxley, Walter W. (1967).
2330:10.1177/097492845401000201
2239:Cambridge University Press
1779:Cambridge University Press
1770:Journal of British Studies
1750:University of Hawaii Press
1667:
863:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
523:
496:
447:
395:Post-independence policies
315:provinces of British India
286:
223:
212:
4550:Pakistani nationality law
4479:
4453:
4395:
4336:
4289:
4190:
4080:
3907:
3900:
3669:
3594:
3451:
3444:
3153:
3146:
3070:
3000:Rights, issues, and visas
2999:
2701:
2683:
2147:10.1017/S0080440113000108
2071:. Frank Cass Publishers.
2024:Jones, J. Mervyn (1945).
1628:Chaudhry & Bilal 2020
540:Bangladesh Liberation War
520:Loss of eastern territory
323:British protected persons
178:British protected persons
172:and local residents were
132:Pakistani nationality law
121:
114:
109:
101:
93:
83:
73:
63:
41:
34:
25:
20:
3201:Central African Republic
2677:Commonwealth citizenship
2606:13 November 2023 at the
2573:13 November 2023 at the
2361:Cornell University Press
2139:Royal Historical Society
2065:Karatani, Rieko (2003).
1741:Journal of World History
1253:Lord Harris of Greenwich
444:Commonwealth citizenship
400:Partition and transition
338:British Indian passports
305:India was brought under
297:British protected person
168:Pakistan was previously
153:. Foreign nationals may
116:The Foreigners Act, 1946
4299:Commonwealth of Nations
2685:Commonwealth of Nations
2415:10.1111/1468-2230.00356
2353:Paul, Kathleen (1997).
2297:Indian History Congress
2042:Oxford University Press
1979:Oxford University Press
1857:International Migration
810:Visa policy of Pakistan
344:British nationality law
4113:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2390:Ryan, Bernard (2001).
601:birthright citizenship
585:Parliament of Pakistan
238:in 1600 and granted a
220:Company administration
215:Indian nationality law
4496:Partially recognized.
3361:São Tomé and Príncipe
3037:Irish nationality law
2896:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2711:Antigua & Barbuda
2581:"Pakistan Bill Lords"
2540:Parliamentary debates
2399:The Modern Law Review
2172:International Journal
2112:10.1057/9780333993880
1883:The Modern Law Review
1759:10.1353/jwh.2021.0025
1281:"Pakistan Bill Lords"
1168:, pp. 90, 94–95.
1117:, pp. 69–70, 73.
676:languages of Pakistan
665:Voluntary acquisition
568:Bangladesh High Court
566:until 2008, when the
226:Company rule in India
163:Commonwealth citizens
4435:Second-class citizen
4408:Multiple citizenship
3877:United Arab Emirates
3511:(Kingdom of Denmark)
3027:Commonwealth citizen
2693:Commonwealth citizen
2465:10.2139/ssrn.3958442
2209:University of Toulon
1987:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67
1830:Taylor & Francis
629:Islamabad High Court
578:Multiple citizenship
450:Commonwealth citizen
433:Commonwealth citizen
413:Dominion of Pakistan
283:Direct imperial rule
4425:Permanent residency
4344:Loss of citizenship
4319:Caribbean Community
3572:Trinidad and Tobago
3557:St. Kitts and Nevis
3459:Antigua and Barbuda
2961:Trinidad and Tobago
2457:Stanford Law School
1944:European Parliament
1916:Policy Perspectives
1466:. 20 October 2022.
1378:The Express Tribune
1243:, pp. 498–499.
1219:, pp. 182–183.
1195:, pp. 515–516.
1183:, pp. 508–509.
1057:, pp. 106–107.
1009:, pp. 527–528.
925:, pp. 127–128.
624:Peshawar High Court
572:stranded Pakistanis
360:Imperial Parliament
244:Indian subcontinent
110:Related legislation
3499:Dominican Republic
3071:Acts of Parliament
2481:McGill Law Journal
2229:Metcalf, Thomas R.
2104:Palgrave Macmillan
1874:10.1111/imig.12717
1641:"Dual Nationality"
1079:Kumarasingham 2013
469:Common Travel Area
356:Acts of Parliament
328:Despite Britain's
273:oath of allegiance
232:East India Company
146:on 13 April 1951.
74:Territorial extent
68:Act No. II of 1951
4515:
4514:
4489:Open border with
4332:
4331:
4186:
4185:
3665:
3664:
3585:US Virgin Islands
3512:
3236:Equatorial Guinea
3106:
3105:
3057:UK right of abode
2490:McGill University
2370:978-0-8014-8440-7
2248:978-0-521-68225-1
2121:978-0-333-80266-3
1594:, pp. 76–78.
1522:, pp. 65–67.
1437:, pp. 25–26.
1425:, pp. 65–66.
1401:, pp. 15–17.
1319:, pp. 10–11.
961:, pp. 55–56.
865:, pp. 44–55.
853:, pp. 60–61.
709:Lahore High Court
609:Soviet–Afghan War
504:Jammu and Kashmir
493:Jammu and Kashmir
246:through trade in
129:
128:
4562:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4503:
4502:
4349:Denaturalization
4238:Papua New Guinea
4223:Marshall Islands
3905:
3904:
3510:
3449:
3448:
3151:
3150:
3140:Nationality laws
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3098:Ireland Act 1949
3062:Windrush scandal
2886:Papua New Guinea
2703:Nationality laws
2670:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2629:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2591:House of Commons
2569:
2567:
2565:
2534:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2477:
2468:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2349:
2308:
2283:
2281:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2237:(2nd ed.).
2225:Metcalf, Barbara
2220:
2199:
2188:10.2307/40203326
2166:
2125:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2029:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2004:. 21 July 2017.
1999:
1990:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1931:
1910:
1877:
1849:
1814:
1763:
1761:
1730:
1728:
1711:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1270:
1264:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
685:Pakistani rupees
499:Kashmir conflict
389:English language
265:British subjects
174:British subjects
30:
18:
17:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4475:
4449:
4430:Right of return
4391:
4328:
4291:
4285:
4248:Solomon Islands
4182:
4148:Northern Cyprus
4143:North Macedonia
4076:
3911:
3896:
3661:
3590:
3440:
3142:
3137:
3107:
3102:
3066:
3007:Belonger status
2995:
2931:Solomon Islands
2697:
2679:
2674:
2637:
2632:
2617:
2612:
2608:Wayback Machine
2596:
2594:
2575:Wayback Machine
2563:
2561:
2548:"Pakistan Bill"
2542:
2537:
2499:
2497:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2394:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2322:SAGE Publishing
2314:India Quarterly
2258:
2256:
2249:
2217:10.4000/osb.433
2180:SAGE Publishing
2122:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2051:
2049:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1967:Hansen, Randall
1956:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1866:Wiley-Blackwell
1821:The Round Table
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1348:. 18 May 2008.
1340:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:, pp. 8–9.
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1261:"Pakistan Bill"
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:, pp. 2–3.
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:, p. 1135.
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
935:Gosewinkel 2008
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
877:, pp. 3–4.
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
841:, pp. 2–3.
837:
833:
828:
823:
806:
697:
667:
647:
642:
605:Afghan refugees
597:
580:
532:
522:
513:Line of Control
501:
495:
490:
461:British Islands
452:
446:
402:
397:
373:New South Wales
319:princely states
303:
293:British subject
285:
277:British monarch
234:was founded by
228:
222:
217:
211:
190:
144:came into force
84:Enacted by
59:
56:
51:
50:
12:
11:
5:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4537:
4536:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4497:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:Naturalization
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Nordic Council
4311:
4306:
4304:European Union
4301:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4267:American Samoa
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4178:United Kingdom
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4081:Rest of Europe
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:Czech Republic
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3909:European Union
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Western Sahara
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Congo Republic
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:United Kingdom
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2635:External links
2633:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2577:
2558:House of Lords
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2510:
2469:
2442:
2387:
2369:
2350:
2309:
2284:
2265:
2247:
2221:
2200:
2167:
2126:
2120:
2095:
2077:
2062:
2021:
1991:
1963:
1932:
1911:
1878:
1850:
1815:
1787:10.1086/386266
1764:
1731:
1712:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1481:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1363:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1295:, p. 654.
1285:
1265:
1245:
1233:
1231:, p. 640.
1221:
1209:
1207:, p. 181.
1197:
1185:
1170:
1158:
1156:, p. 862.
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1105:, p. 107.
1095:
1093:, p. 287.
1083:
1081:, p. 224.
1071:
1059:
1047:
1045:, p. 102.
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
973:, p. 286.
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
913:, p. 124.
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
830:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
812:
805:
802:
794:United Kingdom
696:
693:
680:good character
671:naturalisation
666:
663:
646:
643:
641:
638:
613:Geneva Accords
596:
593:
579:
576:
555:Bihari Muslims
521:
518:
494:
491:
489:
486:
445:
442:
409:Union of India
401:
398:
396:
393:
311:British Empire
301:Princely state
284:
281:
221:
218:
210:
207:
189:
186:
182:United Kingdom
127:
126:
119:
118:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
58:
57:
54:
44:
43:
42:
39:
38:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4567:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4535:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:Schengen Area
4488:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Statelessness
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4372:Ius sanguinis
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4324:African Union
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:organizations
4290:International
4288:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4263:United States
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Liechtenstein
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3914:Schengen Area
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3577:United States
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Guinea-Bissau
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2605:
2593:. 14 May 1990
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2560:. 9 July 1974
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:: 1134–1143.
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2078:0-7146-8298-5
2074:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1630:, p. 60.
1629:
1624:
1618:, p. 74.
1617:
1612:
1606:, p. 75.
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1582:, p. 10.
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1546:, p. 68.
1545:
1540:
1534:, p. 67.
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:, p. 66.
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1331:, p. 11.
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Tim Sainsbury
1269:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1067:Pachauri 2010
1063:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1021:, p. 10.
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
997:, p. 55.
996:
995:Karatani 2003
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
960:
959:Karatani 2003
955:
949:, p. 41.
948:
947:Karatani 2003
943:
937:, p. 13.
936:
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
864:
859:
852:
847:
840:
835:
831:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
801:
799:
798:United States
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
705:
701:
692:
690:
686:
681:
677:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
637:
635:
630:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
592:
590:
586:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
549:
548:West Pakistan
545:
541:
537:
531:
527:
517:
514:
510:
505:
500:
485:
481:
479:
474:
473:Great Britain
470:
466:
462:
457:
451:
441:
437:
434:
430:
425:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
392:
390:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
278:
274:
268:
266:
262:
257:
256:Mughal Empire
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:royal charter
233:
227:
216:
206:
203:
199:
195:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
124:
120:
117:
113:
108:
105:13 April 1951
104:
100:
97:13 April 1951
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
37:
33:
29:
24:
19:
16:
4505:
4471:Soviet Union
4466:Ancient Rome
4461:Nazi Germany
4387:Repatriation
4377:
4370:
4337:By procedure
3872:Turkmenistan
3827:Saudi Arabia
3806:
3391:South Africa
3376:Sierra Leone
3181:Burkina Faso
3147:By continent
2936:South Africa
2921:Sierra Leone
2880:
2595:. Retrieved
2584:
2562:. Retrieved
2551:
2518:
2514:
2504:– via
2498:. Retrieved
2485:
2479:
2452:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2402:
2398:
2379:. Retrieved
2355:
2317:
2313:
2292:
2288:
2257:. Retrieved
2233:
2204:
2175:
2171:
2134:
2130:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2067:
2056:– via
2050:. Retrieved
2037:
2031:
2013:. Retrieved
1974:
1970:
1955:. Retrieved
1919:
1915:
1886:
1882:
1861:
1855:
1825:
1819:
1774:
1768:
1745:
1739:
1687:
1681:
1673:Publications
1653:. Retrieved
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1570:, p. 8.
1563:
1558:, p. 7.
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1454:
1442:
1435:Titshaw 2022
1430:
1418:
1413:, p. 5.
1406:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1376:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1268:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1161:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1033:, p. 5.
1026:
1014:
1007:Baldwin 2001
1002:
990:
985:, p. 8.
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
901:, p. 4.
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
834:
706:
702:
698:
678:, satisfy a
668:
648:
619:
617:
598:
581:
553:
533:
502:
482:
453:
438:
426:
403:
377:
342:
327:
304:
269:
229:
202:nation state
191:
167:
148:
131:
130:
122:
45:
15:
4445:Travel visa
4403:Citizenship
4228:New Zealand
4072:Switzerland
4027:Netherlands
3837:South Korea
3817:Philippines
3797:North Korea
3677:Afghanistan
3581:Puerto Rico
3504:El Salvador
3396:South Sudan
3281:Ivory Coast
2901:Saint Lucia
2871:New Zealand
2721:The Bahamas
2615:Legislation
2597:13 November
2564:13 November
2492:: 494–502.
2436:13 November
2409:: 855–874.
2324:: 101–125.
2182:: 505–521.
2141:: 223–245.
2044:: 122–145.
2002:Home Office
1893:: 508–524.
1832:: 639–654.
1781:: 522–556.
1752:: 281–300.
1694:: 285–312.
1655:13 November
1616:Farhat 2019
1604:Farhat 2019
1592:Farhat 2019
1544:Farhat 2019
1532:Farhat 2019
1520:Farhat 2019
1505:21 November
1474:14 November
1447:Farhat 2019
1423:Farhat 2019
1384:13 November
1356:13 November
1241:Toxley 1967
1166:Hansen 1999
1091:Ansari 2013
851:Farhat 2019
786:Switzerland
774:New Zealand
770:Netherlands
536:East Bengal
330:sovereignty
307:direct rule
289:British Raj
198:nationality
194:citizenship
188:Terminology
4544:Categories
4158:San Marino
4138:Montenegro
4103:Azerbaijan
4017:Luxembourg
3882:Uzbekistan
3852:Tajikistan
3757:Kyrgyzstan
3752:Kazakhstan
3712:East Timor
3687:Bangladesh
3509:Greenland
3484:Costa Rica
3386:Somaliland
3371:Seychelles
3336:Mozambique
3321:Mauritania
3306:Madagascar
3261:The Gambia
3196:Cape Verde
2916:Seychelles
2856:Mozambique
2786:The Gambia
2726:Bangladesh
2506:HeinOnline
2500:21 October
2381:21 October
2279:1814/44544
2259:20 October
2211:: 89–108.
2089:21 October
2058:HeinOnline
2052:20 October
1942:(Report).
1726:1814/47124
1580:Nazir 2016
1568:Nazir 2016
1556:Nazir 2016
1411:Nazir 2016
1399:Nazir 2016
1329:Nazir 2016
1317:Nazir 2016
1305:Nazir 2016
1293:Bloom 2011
1229:Bloom 2011
1193:Lloyd 1998
1181:Evans 1972
1139:McKay 2008
1127:Nazir 2016
1103:Parry 1954
1055:Parry 1954
1043:Parry 1954
923:Jones 1945
911:Jones 1945
839:Kondo 2001
821:References
796:, and the
766:Luxembourg
689:State Bank
544:Bangladesh
524:See also:
497:See also:
448:See also:
352:common law
287:See also:
248:indigo dye
224:See also:
213:See also:
155:naturalise
47:Long title
4396:By result
4198:Australia
4012:Lithuania
3842:Sri Lanka
3832:Singapore
3812:Palestine
3722:Indonesia
3657:Venezuela
3602:Argentina
3562:St. Lucia
3547:Nicaragua
3522:Guatemala
3326:Mauritius
2941:Sri Lanka
2926:Singapore
2851:Mauritius
2716:Australia
2525:: 67–75.
2346:155297198
2163:162954437
1981:: 67–95.
1868:: 58–73.
1846:154726067
1708:143661406
1692:Routledge
1464:Arab News
1217:Paul 1997
1205:Paul 1997
1154:Ryan 2001
1115:Wade 1948
826:Citations
714:Australia
653:or enemy
564:stateless
463:with the
384:Dominions
348:precedent
325:instead.
261:the Crown
252:saltpeter
102:Commenced
4534:Pakistan
4506:Category
4418:Internal
4413:Passport
4379:Ius soli
4309:Mercosur
4218:Kiribati
4057:Slovenia
4052:Slovakia
4042:Portugal
3932:Bulgaria
3862:Thailand
3807:Pakistan
3782:Mongolia
3777:Malaysia
3702:Cambodia
3647:Suriname
3637:Paraguay
3622:Colombia
3532:Honduras
3494:Dominica
3469:Barbados
3445:Americas
3436:Zimbabwe
3406:Tanzania
3251:Ethiopia
3246:Eswatini
3226:Djibouti
3191:Cameroon
3176:Botswana
2991:Zimbabwe
2946:Tanzania
2881:Pakistan
2841:Maldives
2836:Malaysia
2821:Kiribati
2771:Eswatini
2766:Dominica
2751:Cameroon
2741:Botswana
2731:Barbados
2604:Archived
2571:Archived
2494:Archived
2459:: 1–62.
2427:Archived
2375:Archived
2338:45068608
2305:44147757
2253:Archived
2231:(2006).
2196:40203326
2155:23726109
2083:Archived
2046:Archived
2006:Archived
1957:7 August
1948:Archived
1803:18161209
1649:Archived
1499:Archived
1495:CBS News
1468:Archived
1350:Archived
804:See also
651:diplomat
240:monopoly
140:Pakistan
136:national
78:Pakistan
64:Citation
4454:Defunct
4281:Vanuatu
4191:Oceania
4173:Ukraine
4128:Moldova
4118:Georgia
4108:Belarus
4098:Andorra
4093:Armenia
4088:Albania
4047:Romania
3992:Ireland
3987:Iceland
3982:Hungary
3972:Germany
3962:Finland
3957:Estonia
3952:Denmark
3937:Croatia
3927:Belgium
3922:Austria
3887:Vietnam
3787:Myanmar
3772:Lebanon
3682:Bahrain
3652:Uruguay
3627:Ecuador
3607:Bolivia
3537:Jamaica
3517:Grenada
3464:Bahamas
3416:Tunisia
3381:Somalia
3366:Senegal
3351:Nigeria
3341:Namibia
3331:Morocco
3296:Liberia
3291:Lesotho
3241:Eritrea
3211:Comoros
3186:Burundi
3161:Algeria
2981:Vanuatu
2876:Nigeria
2861:Namibia
2826:Lesotho
2811:Jamaica
2796:Grenada
2521:(3/4).
2423:1097196
2015:3 April
1907:1094478
1828:(417).
1811:5762190
1795:3070746
1668:Sources
1346:Reuters
754:Ireland
750:Iceland
746:Germany
738:Finland
730:Denmark
722:Belgium
718:Bahrain
687:to the
456:Ireland
369:England
309:of the
125:Amended
123:Status:
94:Enacted
4520:Portal
4258:Tuvalu
4168:Turkey
4163:Serbia
4153:Russia
4133:Monaco
4123:Kosovo
4067:Sweden
4037:Poland
4032:Norway
4002:Latvia
3977:Greece
3967:France
3942:Cyprus
3901:Europe
3867:Turkey
3857:Taiwan
3762:Kuwait
3747:Jordan
3737:Israel
3697:Brunei
3692:Bhutan
3632:Guyana
3612:Brazil
3552:Panama
3542:Mexico
3479:Canada
3474:Belize
3431:Zambia
3421:Uganda
3356:Rwanda
3311:Malawi
3271:Guinea
3166:Angola
3154:Africa
2986:Zambia
2971:Uganda
2966:Tuvalu
2891:Rwanda
2831:Malawi
2801:Guyana
2761:Cyprus
2756:Canada
2746:Brunei
2736:Belize
2531:754289
2529:
2421:
2367:
2344:
2336:
2303:
2245:
2194:
2161:
2153:
2118:
2075:
1905:
1844:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1706:
792:, the
782:Sweden
778:Norway
768:, the
762:Jordan
742:France
726:Canada
622:, the
589:Punjab
365:Bengal
334:aliens
299:, and
4253:Tonga
4243:Samoa
4233:Palau
4213:Nauru
4062:Spain
4022:Malta
3997:Italy
3892:Yemen
3847:Syria
3822:Qatar
3792:Nepal
3742:Japan
3717:India
3707:China
3617:Chile
3595:South
3527:Haiti
3452:North
3401:Sudan
3346:Niger
3301:Libya
3286:Kenya
3266:Ghana
3256:Gabon
3231:Egypt
3171:Benin
2956:Tonga
2911:Samoa
2866:Nauru
2846:Malta
2816:Kenya
2806:India
2791:Ghana
2781:Gabon
2527:JSTOR
2455:(1).
2430:(PDF)
2419:JSTOR
2407:Wiley
2405:(6).
2395:(PDF)
2342:S2CID
2334:JSTOR
2320:(2).
2301:JSTOR
2207:(6).
2192:JSTOR
2178:(3).
2159:S2CID
2151:JSTOR
2009:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1977:(1).
1951:(PDF)
1940:(PDF)
1903:JSTOR
1891:Wiley
1889:(5).
1864:(1).
1842:S2CID
1807:S2CID
1791:JSTOR
1777:(4).
1748:(2).
1704:S2CID
1690:(2).
790:Syria
758:Italy
734:Egypt
655:alien
559:Bihar
4275:Guam
4208:Fiji
3912:and
3802:Oman
3767:Laos
3732:Iraq
3727:Iran
3670:Asia
3642:Peru
3489:Cuba
3411:Togo
3316:Mali
3206:Chad
2951:Togo
2776:Fiji
2599:2023
2566:2023
2502:2021
2438:2023
2383:2021
2365:ISBN
2261:2021
2243:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2091:2021
2073:ISBN
2054:2021
2017:2019
1959:2021
1799:PMID
1657:2023
1507:2023
1476:2023
1386:2023
1358:2023
528:and
411:and
371:nor
350:and
230:The
196:and
176:and
2461:doi
2411:doi
2326:doi
2274:hdl
2213:doi
2184:doi
2143:doi
2108:doi
1983:doi
1924:doi
1895:doi
1870:doi
1834:doi
1826:100
1783:doi
1754:doi
1721:hdl
1696:doi
138:of
4546::
4273:,
4269:,
3583:,
2625:,
2583:.
2550:.
2519:30
2517:.
2488:.
2486:13
2484:.
2478:.
2453:58
2451:.
2425:.
2417:.
2403:64
2401:.
2397:.
2373:.
2363:.
2359:.
2340:.
2332:.
2318:10
2316:.
2295:.
2293:70
2291:.
2272:.
2251:.
2241:.
2227:;
2190:.
2176:53
2174:.
2157:.
2149:.
2137:.
2135:23
2133:.
2114:.
2106:.
2102:.
2081:.
2040:.
2038:22
2036:.
2030:.
1975:10
1973:.
1946:.
1920:16
1918:.
1901:.
1887:35
1885:.
1862:59
1860:.
1840:.
1824:.
1805:.
1797:.
1789:.
1775:40
1773:.
1746:32
1744:.
1738:.
1719:.
1702:.
1688:41
1686:.
1647:.
1643:.
1497:.
1493:.
1462:.
1375:.
1344:.
1279:,
1275:,
1259:,
1255:,
1173:^
1146:^
800:.
788:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
764:,
760:,
756:,
752:,
748:,
744:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
716:,
591:.
295:,
291:,
279:.
250:,
161:.
4522::
4493:.
4486:.
4277:)
4265:(
3587:)
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3118:v
2669:e
2662:t
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2568:.
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2467:.
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2440:.
2413::
2385:.
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2328::
2307:.
2282:.
2276::
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2215::
2198:.
2186::
2165:.
2145::
2124:.
2110::
2093:.
2060:.
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1989:.
1985::
1961:.
1930:.
1926::
1909:.
1897::
1876:.
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1729:.
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1698::
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1141:.
889:.
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