4981:
5506:
5486:
5457:
5415:
5379:
5350:
5321:
5285:
5243:
5207:
5178:
5149:
5113:
5091:
5055:
5026:
4997:
25:
5538:
4550:
3709:
297:
Palatal consonants can be distinguished from apical palatalized consonants and consonant clusters of a consonant and the palatal approximant . The common laminal "palatalized" alveolars, which also contrast with palatals, have a unique place of articulation and should be called
322:, whereas a sequence of a consonant and is logically two phonemes. However, (post)palatal consonants in general do not contrast with palatalized velars, which in theory have slightly wider place of articulation than postpalatals.
2051:
422:(the Russian palatal approximant never becomes ). However, phonetically speaking, the Spanish one is simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal while the Russian
2087:
2061:
2071:
2056:
359:), nonetheless most modern Irish speakers may either merge the latter two or depalatalize the apical palatalized consonant. So is the difference between the two
433:
is used imprecisely to mean "palatalized". Also, languages that have sequences of consonants and /j/, but no separate palatal or palatalized consonants (e.g.
2041:
252:) has such a palatal component, although its primary articulation involves the tip of the tongue and the upper gum (this type of articulation is called
147:
2018:
2008:
2003:
1165:
4910:
2956:
2702:
1284:
426:
one is alveolopalatal laminal (except for /rʲ/ which is apical with a secondary articulation). Neither are true palatals like the Irish one.
2970:
2963:
2709:
3184:
2942:
2688:
1953:
4699:
2977:
2674:
445:. (On the other hand, Spanish speakers can be careful to pronounce /nj/ as two separate sounds to avoid possible confusion with
89:
4872:
4802:
4738:
4661:
2949:
2695:
1243:
1154:
the orthography did indicate a distinction between 'gy' and 'g.y' initials, the latter is commonly reconstructed as a cluster.
275:
consonants are commonly grouped as palatals, since these categories rarely contrast with true palatals. Sometimes palatalized
61:
5547:
5082:
4867:
4745:
4642:
4559:
3718:
3479:
3386:
1967:
1210:
169:(the middle part of the roof of the mouth). Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called
4822:
4759:
4564:
3569:
3461:
3368:
2681:
1134:
Ian
Maddieson (with a chapter contributed by Sandra Ferrari Disner); Patterns of sounds; Cambridge University Press, 1984.
5098:
4915:
4766:
4712:
4668:
4098:
4053:
3556:
3493:
3400:
2851:
2607:
830:
765:
68:
5120:
4895:
4680:
4649:
4064:
4016:
4002:
3944:
3930:
3578:
3486:
3393:
1998:
948:
874:
42:
5169:
4844:
4829:
4609:
4078:
3596:
3507:
3468:
3414:
3375:
3132:
1277:
1253:
1139:
466:
108:
248:, that is, accompanied by the raising of the tongue surface towards the hard palate. For example, English (spelled
5341:
4595:
4071:
3723:
3650:
3587:
3500:
3407:
2914:
2858:
2823:
2614:
2579:
852:
795:
202:
75:
292:
5406:
5185:
5140:
4705:
4687:
3632:
2900:
2656:
1962:
1534:
1308:
129:
5592:
5357:
5312:
5198:
4615:
4554:
4549:
3981:
3909:
3713:
3708:
3514:
3421:
3067:
3026:
2762:
2429:
1507:
437:), will often pronounce the sequence with /j/ as a single palatal or palatalized consonant. This is due to the
46:
57:
5370:
5156:
5017:
4623:
4505:
4365:
4333:
3657:
2921:
2837:
2830:
2593:
2586:
2415:
1502:
1081:
423:
368:
364:
377:
marginally distinguishes palatal consonants from sequences of a dental and the palatal approximant, e.g. in
5477:
5328:
5214:
4905:
4601:
4496:
4485:
4397:
4009:
3937:
3639:
3097:
2907:
2886:
2809:
2663:
2642:
2565:
2046:
1946:
1514:
1497:
1489:
1270:
1036:
1007:
969:
965:
942:
938:
919:
897:
869:
847:
824:
820:
790:
759:
755:
728:
699:
670:
639:
608:
580:
551:
522:
500:
458:
446:
407:
396:
352:
340:
332:
143:
139:
5597:
5386:
5033:
4988:
4718:
4512:
3995:
3974:
3923:
3666:
3084:
3040:
3033:
2984:
2776:
2769:
2720:
2465:
2436:
2285:
2114:
1529:
1524:
1091:
975:
902:
675:
613:
286:
189:
is also common, occurring in around 35 percent of the world's languages, in most of which its equivalent
207:. Only a few languages in northern Eurasia, the Americas and central Africa contrast palatal stops with
5542:
5537:
5448:
5046:
4629:
4526:
4448:
3326:
3219:
3106:
3012:
2928:
2844:
2748:
2600:
2447:
2422:
2401:
1794:
1519:
1076:
311:
244:
5497:
5234:
5004:
4900:
4519:
4439:
4428:
4030:
3988:
3958:
3916:
3290:
2998:
2893:
2816:
2734:
2649:
2572:
2479:
2330:
2301:
1441:
1386:
556:
438:
299:
264:
200:
5464:
5276:
5062:
4577:
4455:
4023:
3951:
3675:
3272:
3246:
3195:
3115:
3047:
2991:
2727:
2507:
2472:
2312:
2292:
2271:
1552:
1371:
1304:
1012:
704:
644:
268:
5513:
5426:
5250:
4469:
3865:
3333:
3166:
3157:
3140:
3019:
2935:
2755:
2493:
2454:
2408:
2344:
1939:
1755:
1750:
1661:
505:
35:
360:
5292:
4462:
4226:
4164:
3856:
3845:
3790:
3312:
3297:
3177:
3005:
2741:
2486:
2372:
2337:
2228:
2213:
2197:
1772:
1582:
1381:
1356:
1300:
585:
318:
involving movement towards the hard palate. Palatal and palatalized consonants are both single
315:
208:
194:
125:
82:
649:
618:
4288:
4215:
4195:
4153:
4133:
3872:
3769:
3279:
3253:
3228:
3202:
2514:
2358:
2319:
2278:
2208:
2169:
2013:
1361:
1338:
1316:
1086:
924:
162:
4751:
4277:
4257:
4235:
4173:
3886:
3825:
3148:
2500:
2351:
2253:
1799:
1762:
1474:
527:
303:
1931:
8:
5552:
4815:
4419:
4306:
4297:
4206:
4144:
3893:
3879:
3797:
3319:
2379:
2233:
2190:
1870:
1740:
1717:
1466:
1419:
1391:
733:
224:
197:
170:
4838:
4268:
3834:
3783:
3762:
2521:
2365:
2223:
2203:
2157:
1735:
1568:
1376:
1333:
1188:
561:
276:
212:
16:
Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the roof of the mouth
287:
Distinction from alveolo-palatal, apical palatalized consonants and consonant clusters
5263:
4794:
4189:
4040:
3731:
3345:
2258:
2180:
2066:
1857:
1814:
1691:
1656:
1479:
1414:
1348:
1249:
1192:
1135:
462:
374:
236:
5073:
4127:
3818:
3776:
2248:
2218:
2185:
2175:
1882:
1875:
1730:
1686:
1681:
1544:
1456:
1433:
1409:
1366:
1325:
1180:
1017:
879:
800:
738:
709:
590:
434:
280:
232:
220:
1051:
5397:
5131:
4588:
4118:
3811:
3240:
2243:
2109:
1847:
1745:
1725:
1666:
1634:
1451:
1235:
857:
835:
680:
325:
253:
228:
186:
5303:
1819:
1045:
980:
953:
929:
907:
770:
532:
442:
348:
216:
1184:
5586:
4962:
4479:
4321:
3735:
1905:
1865:
1842:
1809:
1782:
1239:
510:
329:
185:, which ranks among the ten most common sounds in the world's languages. The
4808:
2530:
1915:
1834:
1824:
1804:
5560:
4974:
4957:
4731:
4251:
3055:
2124:
2102:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1787:
1644:
1151:
307:
272:
182:
166:
5439:
4967:
2265:
2119:
1703:
378:
363:
stops. In both languages alveolo-palatal consonants correspond to the
5225:
4727:
3968:
3901:
2787:
2543:
2147:
1892:
1698:
1649:
1609:
1604:
1591:
260:
190:
159:
24:
5531:
4862:
4784:
4778:
4543:
3702:
2540:
1626:
1614:
1198:
1166:"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants"
319:
135:
181:
The most common type of palatal consonant is the extremely common
4635:
3839:
2395:
2097:
1599:
1111:
999:
389:(/lj/→lɟʝ), and for all Spanish speakers, in the case of nasals:
1217:
314:
consonants have a primary articulation in some other area and a
1262:
4938:
2092:
1639:
1961:
1209:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFValenzuelaGussenhoven2013 (
339:) from both the laminal alveolo-palatal nasal ("fortis")
367:
of alveolars while palatal consonants correspond to the
1204:
3740:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
134:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
242:Consonants with other primary articulations may be
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1234:
1223:
1173:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5584:
148:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
441:and is an example of the general phenomenon of
165:with the body of the tongue raised against the
414:So is the difference between Russian clusters
4911:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1947:
1278:
293:Alveolo-palatal consonant § Palato-velar
467:Palatalization (sound change) § Mouillé
1402:
985:
1954:
1940:
1285:
1271:
2009:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1163:
957:
911:
861:
839:
514:
283:can be analyzed in this manner as well.
5585:
2179:
4936:
4418:
4117:
3833:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2145:
1980:
1935:
1266:
4947:
4888:
4581:
3791:
3752:
2161:
138:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4916:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3770:
3730:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1245:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1205:Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013)
831:voiceless palatal lateral fricative
766:voiceless palatal lateral affricate
457:For a table of examples of palatal
13:
3826:
1999:International Phonetic Association
949:palatal lateral ejective affricate
875:voiced palatal lateral approximant
176:
14:
5609:
5512:
5496:
5476:
5463:
5447:
5425:
5405:
5385:
5369:
5356:
5340:
5327:
5311:
5291:
5275:
5262:
5249:
5233:
5213:
5197:
5184:
5168:
5155:
5139:
5119:
5097:
5081:
5061:
5045:
5032:
5016:
5003:
4987:
4843:
4828:
4821:
4801:
4777:
4765:
4758:
4744:
4737:
4711:
4698:
4686:
4679:
4667:
4660:
4648:
4641:
4622:
4608:
4594:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4495:
4484:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4427:
4396:
4364:
4332:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4276:
4267:
4256:
4234:
4225:
4214:
4205:
4194:
4172:
4163:
4152:
4143:
4132:
4097:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4052:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3844:
3798:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3649:
3638:
3631:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3555:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3467:
3460:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3374:
3367:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3296:
3289:
3278:
3271:
3252:
3245:
3227:
3218:
3201:
3194:
3183:
3176:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3131:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3083:
3066:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2529:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2446:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2318:
2311:
2300:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2254:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
5536:
5504:
5484:
5455:
5413:
5377:
5348:
5319:
5283:
5241:
5205:
5176:
5147:
5111:
5089:
5053:
5024:
4995:
4979:
4548:
3784:
3763:
3707:
2052:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1292:
1224:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
853:voiced palatal lateral fricative
796:voiced palatal lateral affricate
302:. Palatal consonants have their
23:
3805:
1963:International Phonetic Alphabet
1309:International Phonetic Alphabet
130:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
4896:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3819:
3777:
2146:
2072:IPA chart for English dialects
1981:
1157:
1144:
1128:
1104:
306:toward or in contact with the
1:
3812:
1097:
1082:Palatalization (sound change)
347:) and the apical palatalized
4906:Voiceless bidental fricative
2014:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
662:
631:
7:
2115:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1092:Index of phonetics articles
1070:
1048:(many distinct consonants)
976:voiceless palatal implosive
903:voiced palatal lateral flap
676:voiceless palatal fricative
614:voiceless palatal affricate
452:
10:
5614:
4937:
1112:"PHOIBLE Online -Segments"
1077:Palatalization (phonetics)
300:alveolo-palatal consonants
290:
5438:
5396:
5302:
5224:
5130:
5072:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4945:
4932:
4901:Nasal palatal approximant
4578:Co-articulated consonants
4478:
4423:
4386:
4354:
4319:
4250:
4188:
4126:
4087:
4039:
3967:
3900:
3838:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3611:
3533:
3440:
3344:
3239:
3139:
3054:
2881:
2785:
2637:
2539:
2394:
2264:
2196:
2168:
2154:
2141:
2080:
2034:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1891:
1856:
1833:
1771:
1716:
1677:
1625:
1590:
1581:
1561:
1543:
1488:
1465:
1432:
1347:
1324:
1315:
1298:
1185:10.1017/S0025100312000199
1164:Recasens, Daniel (2013),
933:
557:voiceless palatal plosive
480:
477:
474:
439:principle of least effort
369:palatalization or slender
365:palatalization or slender
328:distinguishes the dorsal
1013:voiced palatal implosive
705:voiced palatal fricative
645:voiced palatal affricate
3750:Non-pulmonic consonants
2882:Non-sibilant fricative
2638:Non-sibilant affricate
2004:History of the alphabet
986:
892:the (masculine plural)
506:voiceless palatal nasal
126:phonetic transcriptions
2062:Sinological extensions
1301:Articulatory phonetics
586:voiced palatal plosive
316:secondary articulation
123:This article contains
5593:Place of articulation
1475:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1248:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1087:Place of articulation
925:palatal ejective stop
381:Spanish the laterals
291:Further information:
3534:Lateral approximant
1800:Labio-palatalization
528:voiced palatal nasal
361:Migueleño Chiquitano
304:primary articulation
43:improve this article
2158:Pulmonic consonants
1490:Double articulation
734:palatal approximant
429:Sometimes the term
58:"Palatal consonant"
5598:Palatal consonants
4088:Lateral fricative
3734:, to the left are
3441:Lateral fricative
2229:Postalveolar
2214:Linguolabial
2057:Naming conventions
2020:Journal of the IPA
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5523:
5522:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4881:
4880:
4706:Uvular–epiglottal
4573:
4572:
4535:
4534:
3746:
3745:
3694:
3693:
3612:Lateral tap/flap
2209:Labiodental
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2067:World Orthography
1929:
1928:
1815:Pharyngealization
1712:
1711:
1577:
1576:
1535:Uvular–epiglottal
1428:
1427:
1068:
1067:
463:Romance languages
211:affricates—as in
119:
118:
111:
93:
5605:
5564:
5540:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5430:
5429:
5417:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5390:
5389:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5124:
5123:
5115:
5114:
5102:
5101:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5066:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5037:
5036:
5028:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5008:
5007:
4999:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4982:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4934:
4933:
4886:
4885:
4847:
4832:
4825:
4805:
4781:
4769:
4762:
4748:
4741:
4715:
4702:
4690:
4683:
4674:Labial–retroflex
4671:
4664:
4652:
4645:
4626:
4616:Labial–retroflex
4612:
4598:
4582:
4552:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4488:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4442:
4431:
4402:
4370:
4338:
4309:
4302:
4293:
4282:
4273:
4262:
4240:
4231:
4220:
4211:
4200:
4178:
4169:
4158:
4149:
4138:
4124:bottom: uvular)
4101:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4056:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3859:
3848:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3741:
3711:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3653:
3642:
3635:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3559:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3471:
3464:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3378:
3371:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3300:
3293:
3282:
3275:
3256:
3249:
3231:
3222:
3205:
3198:
3187:
3180:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3135:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3087:
3070:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2457:
2450:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2322:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2143:
2142:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1883:Voice onset time
1588:
1587:
1508:Labial–retroflex
1400:
1399:
1322:
1321:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1236:Ladefoged, Peter
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1108:
1042:
1009:
993:
971:
967:
944:
940:
921:
899:
871:
849:
826:
822:
792:
761:
757:
730:
701:
672:
641:
610:
582:
553:
524:
502:
472:
471:
460:
448:
409:
398:
354:
342:
334:
206:
193:is not the stop
145:
141:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5572:
5562:
5561:unrounded
5557:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5446:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5404:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5310:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5232:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5138:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5080:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4986:
4980:
4941:
4920:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:Labial–alveolar
4848:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4782:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4708:
4703:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4655:Labial–alveolar
4653:
4646:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4602:Labial–alveolar
4599:
4591:
4574:
4569:
4399:
4367:
4355:Voiced lateral
4335:
4310:
4299:
4290:
4279:
4270:
4259:
4237:
4228:
4217:
4208:
4197:
4175:
4166:
4155:
4146:
4135:
4123:
4121:
3739:
3728:
2234:Retroflex
2150:
2129:
2088:ASCII encodings
2076:
2030:
1983:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1930:
1925:
1887:
1852:
1829:
1774:
1767:
1708:
1673:
1621:
1573:
1557:
1539:
1503:Labial–alveolar
1484:
1461:
1442:Alveolo-palatal
1424:
1398:
1387:Palato-alveolar
1343:
1311:
1305:Co-articulation
1294:
1291:
1256:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1073:
1040:
1038:
723:lightning bolt
455:
295:
289:
265:alveolo-palatal
179:
177:Characteristics
153:
152:
151:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5611:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5483:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5461:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5383:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5354:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5325:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5247:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5182:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5095:
5088:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5030:
5023:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5001:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4783:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4756:
4752:Labial–palatal
4750:
4743:
4736:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4607:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4387:Nasal lateral
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Bilabial
2201:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2035:Special topics
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:Glottalization
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Palatalization
1792:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1553:Velopharyngeal
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Labial–palatal
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1498:Labial–coronal
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1372:Denti-alveolar
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1240:Maddieson, Ian
1229:
1228:
1226:, p. 209.
1216:
1207:, p. 101.
1197:
1156:
1143:
1127:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1046:palatal clicks
1043:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1003:
996:
994:
983:
978:
973:
962:
961:
958:
956:
951:
946:
935:
934:
932:
927:
922:
916:
915:
912:
910:
905:
900:
894:
893:
890:
888:
882:
877:
872:
866:
865:
862:
860:
855:
850:
844:
843:
840:
838:
833:
828:
817:
816:
813:
811:
803:
798:
793:
787:
786:
783:
781:
773:
768:
763:
752:
751:
749:
747:
741:
736:
731:
725:
724:
721:
719:
712:
707:
702:
696:
695:
692:
690:
683:
678:
673:
667:
666:
663:
661:
652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
632:
630:
621:
616:
611:
605:
604:
601:
599:
593:
588:
583:
577:
576:
573:
571:
564:
559:
554:
548:
547:
544:
542:
535:
530:
525:
519:
518:
517:'to dedicate'
515:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
476:
454:
451:
443:coarticulation
412:
411:
401:
400:
385:(/l̠ʲ/→ʎ) and
349:alveolar nasal
288:
285:
269:palatoalveolar
254:palatoalveolar
178:
175:
146:⟩, see
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5610:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5567:
5566:
5565: rounded
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5515:
5499:
5492:
5479:
5472:
5466:
5450:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5408:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5372:
5365:
5359:
5343:
5336:
5330:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5278:
5271:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5200:
5193:
5187:
5171:
5164:
5158:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5108:
5106:
5100:
5084:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5048:
5041:
5035:
5019:
5012:
5006:
4990:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4796:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4719:Labial–uvular
4714:
4707:
4701:
4689:
4682:
4670:
4663:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Case variants
2045:
2043:
2042:Cursive forms
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Uvularization
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:Labialization
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Coronal–velar
1528:
1526:
1525:Labial–uvular
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1255:0-631-19815-6
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1140:0-521-26536-3
1137:
1131:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
990:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
964:
963:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
937:
936:
931:
928:
926:
923:
918:
917:
913:
909:
906:
904:
901:
896:
895:
891:
889:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
868:
867:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
846:
845:
841:
837:
834:
832:
829:
819:
818:
814:
812:
810:
808:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
789:
788:
785:'rhinoceros'
784:
782:
780:
778:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
754:
753:
750:
748:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
727:
726:
722:
720:
717:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
669:
668:
664:
660:
658:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
638:
637:
634:'Skolt Sami'
633:
629:
627:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
607:
606:
602:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
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331:
330:palatal nasal
327:
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70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5558:
4835:Labial–velar
4785:
4772:Labial–velar
4693:Labial–velar
4630:Labial–velar
4576:
4122:(top: velar;
3804:
3749:
3729:
2238:
2156:
2023:
2019:
1835:Tongue shape
1825:Nasalization
1805:Velarization
1775:articulation
1545:Pathological
1520:Labial–velar
1446:
1403:Active place
1382:Postalveolar
1357:Linguolabial
1293:Articulation
1244:
1219:
1200:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1150:Although in
1146:
1130:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:
1106:
1056:
1023:
988:
884:
806:
805:
776:
775:
743:
715:
686:
656:
654:
625:
623:
595:
567:
538:
489:Orthography
478:Description
456:
430:
428:
419:
415:
413:
404:
399:"large nail"
393:
386:
382:
373:
356:
344:
336:
324:
296:
258:
249:
243:
241:
209:postalveolar
180:
155:
154:
142:and ⟨
124:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4797:approximant
4732:approximant
3056:Approximant
2125:IPA Braille
2103:Kirshenbaum
1645:Approximant
1362:Interdental
1339:Labiodental
1152:Old Tibetan
1116:phoible.org
371:of velars.
312:palatalized
308:hard palate
273:palatovelar
245:palatalized
183:approximant
167:hard palate
163:articulated
99:August 2018
5587:Categories
5548:full chart
5074:Near-close
4868:full chart
4790:(variable)
4560:full chart
4043:affricate
3719:full chart
3348:affricate
2148:Consonants
2120:IPA number
1982:IPA topics
1773:Secondary
1763:Percussive
1731:Ingressive
1704:Continuant
1121:2018-10-22
1098:References
1064:man, male
914:Mildyagru
864:'shotgun'
665:'I leave'
650:Skolt Sámi
619:Skolt Sámi
351:("lenis")
310:, whereas
225:Macedonian
196:, but the
160:consonants
69:newspapers
5398:Near-open
5132:Close-mid
4816:Implosive
4809:Velarized
4728:Fricative
4480:Voiceless
4420:Implosive
3969:Fricative
3902:Affricate
3736:voiceless
2788:fricative
2786:Sibilant
2544:affricate
2191:Laryngeal
2081:Encodings
1893:Phonation
1871:Aspirated
1866:Voiceless
1741:Implosive
1726:Egressive
1718:Airstream
1699:Occlusive
1650:Semivowel
1610:Fricative
1605:Affricate
1592:Obstruent
1467:Laryngeal
1420:Subapical
1392:Retroflex
1193:145463946
1179:(1): 11,
562:Hungarian
486:Language
355:(slender
343:(slender
335:(slender
277:alveolars
261:phonology
213:Hungarian
198:affricate
191:obstruent
171:retroflex
5559:Legend:
5553:template
5532:IPA help
5304:Open-mid
4873:template
4863:IPA help
4839:Ejective
4811:alveolar
4565:template
4544:IPA help
3835:Ejective
3724:template
3703:IPA help
3141:Tap/flap
2541:Sibilant
2224:Alveolar
1788:Rounding
1756:Ejective
1751:Pulmonic
1736:Ejective
1662:Tap/flap
1627:Sonorant
1615:Sibilant
1569:Bidental
1377:Alveolar
1334:Bilabial
1242:(1996).
1071:See also
815:'arrow'
495:Meaning
481:Example
453:Examples
408:/unjon/→
320:phonemes
237:Albanian
156:Palatals
140:/ /
136:Help:IPA
5563:•
4963:Central
4795:Lateral
4636:Plosive
4424:Voiced
4322:lateral
4320:Tenuis
4311:
4041:Lateral
3346:Lateral
2396:Plosive
2259:Glottal
2239:Palatal
2181:Coronal
2098:X-SAMPA
1906:Breathy
1692:Lateral
1657:Vibrant
1600:Plosive
1480:Glottal
1447:Palatal
1415:Laminal
1349:Coronal
1018:Swahili
1000:sorghum
960:'bone'
880:Italian
842:'leaf'
801:Sandawe
739:English
710:Spanish
603:family
591:Latvian
461:in the
435:English
431:palatal
410:"union"
397:/uȵon/→
379:lleísmo
375:Spanish
281:dentals
233:Turkish
221:Latvian
128:in the
83:scholar
5541:
4939:Vowels
4788:-sound
4553:
4190:Voiced
4128:Tenuis
3732:voiced
3712:
2703:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2249:Uvular
2219:Dental
2198:Manner
2186:Dorsal
2176:Labial
1916:Creaky
1876:Tenuis
1843:Sulcal
1687:Rhotic
1682:Liquid
1583:Manner
1457:Uvular
1434:Dorsal
1410:Apical
1367:Dental
1326:Labial
1252:
1191:
1138:
1041:ŋ͡ǂɴ͡ǂ
1039:ɡ͡ǂɢ͡ǂ
1037:k͡ǂq͡ǂ
1031:hello
943:c͜ʎ̥˔ʼ
858:Jebero
836:Dahalo
681:German
598:imene
465:, see
229:Slovak
144:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5543:audio
4975:Close
4958:Front
4889:Other
4823:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4589:Nasal
4555:audio
4252:Nasal
4119:Click
3714:audio
3241:Trill
2710:d̠ɹ̠˔
2266:Nasal
2244:Velar
2170:Place
2093:SAMPA
1968:chart
1921:Stiff
1911:Slack
1901:Modal
1858:Voice
1848:Domed
1746:Click
1667:Trill
1640:Vowel
1635:Nasal
1562:Other
1452:Velar
1317:Place
1189:S2CID
1169:(PDF)
1026:ambo
991:ɛ̀kɛ̀
981:Ngiti
954:Hadza
939:c͜𝼆ʼ
930:Haida
908:Ilgar
779:akate
771:Hadza
760:c͜ʎ̥˔
655:vuõˊl
624:sääˊm
575:swan
546:many
533:Malay
405:unión
326:Irish
217:Czech
205:]
201:[
187:nasal
132:(IPA)
90:JSTOR
76:books
5440:Open
4968:Back
4845:t͡pʼ
4079:q𝼄ʼ
4072:k𝼄ʼ
4065:c𝼆ʼ
3931:t̠ʃʼ
3917:t̪θʼ
3910:p̪fʼ
3840:Stop
3291:ɽ̊r̥
2957:ɹ̠̊˔
2689:tɹ̝̊
2110:TIPA
2024:JIPA
1250:ISBN
1211:help
1136:ISBN
1052:Nǁng
791:ɟ͡ʎ̝
756:c͜𝼆
694:not
628:iõll
511:Iaai
492:IPA
475:IPA
459:/ɲʎ/
424:soft
418:and
394:uñón
353:/nʲ/
271:and
235:and
158:are
62:news
5226:Mid
4830:ɠ͡ɓ
4713:q͡p
4700:q͡ʡ
4688:ɡ͡b
4681:k͡p
4669:ɖ͡b
4662:ʈ͡p
4650:d͡b
4643:t͡p
4624:ŋ͡m
4610:ɳ͡m
4596:n͡m
4291:ɴ𝼊
4289:ŋ𝼊
4229:ɢ𝼊
4227:ɡ𝼊
4167:q𝼊
4165:k𝼊
4054:tɬʼ
3959:qχʼ
3952:kxʼ
3945:tɕʼ
3938:tʂʼ
3924:tsʼ
3651:𝼈̥
3422:ɡʟ̝
3415:k𝼄
3408:ɟʎ̝
3401:c𝼆
3394:d𝼅
2971:ɻ̊˔
2964:ɹ̠˔
2696:dɹ̝
2682:d̪ð
2675:t̪θ
2664:b̪v
2657:p̪f
2587:d̠ʒ
2580:t̠ʃ
1992:IPA
1181:doi
1059:oo
989:tdy
825:ʎ̥˔
809:ani
777:tlh
746:es
640:ɟ͡ʝ
609:c͡ç
568:tty
541:ak
449:.)
447:/ɲ/
420:нъя
341:/ȵ/
333:/ɲ/
279:or
259:In
256:).
203:t͡ʃ
45:by
5589::
5293:o̞
5277:ɤ̞
5251:ø̞
5235:e̞
4786:Sj
4739:ɥ̊
4527:ʛ̥
4520:ɠ̊
4513:ʄ̊
4506:ᶑ̊
4497:ɗ̥
4486:ɓ̥
4400:ɴǁ
4398:ŋǁ
4368:ɢǁ
4366:ɡǁ
4336:qǁ
4334:kǁ
4300:ɴǂ
4298:ŋǂ
4280:ɴǃ
4278:ŋǃ
4271:ɴǀ
4269:ŋǀ
4260:ɴʘ
4258:ŋʘ
4238:ɢǂ
4236:ɡǂ
4218:ɢǃ
4216:ɡǃ
4209:ɢǀ
4207:ɡǀ
4198:ɢʘ
4196:ɡʘ
4176:qǂ
4174:kǂ
4156:qǃ
4154:kǃ
4147:qǀ
4145:kǀ
4136:qʘ
4134:kʘ
4099:ɬʼ
4031:χʼ
4024:xʼ
4017:ɕʼ
4010:ʂʼ
4003:ʃʼ
3996:sʼ
3989:θʼ
3982:fʼ
3975:ɸʼ
3894:ʡʼ
3887:qʼ
3880:kʼ
3873:cʼ
3866:ʈʼ
3857:tʼ
3846:pʼ
3827:EG
3799:RF
3792:PA
3771:LD
3764:BL
3738:.
3676:ʟ̆
3667:ʎ̆
3658:𝼈
3633:ɺ̥
3597:ʟ̠
3515:ʟ̝
3508:𝼄
3501:ʎ̝
3494:𝼆
3487:𝼅
3387:tꞎ
3376:dɮ
3369:tɬ
3313:ʀ̥
3298:ɽr
3273:r̥
3247:ʙ̥
3229:ʡ̆
3220:ɢ̆
3196:ɽ̊
3178:ɾ̥
3167:ɾ̼
3149:ⱱ̟
3133:ʔ̞
2978:ɻ˔
2950:ð̠
2943:θ̠
2922:ð̼
2915:θ̼
2777:ʔh
2770:ʡʢ
2763:ʡʜ
2756:ɢʁ
2749:qχ
2742:ɡɣ
2735:kx
2728:ɟʝ
2721:cç
2650:bβ
2643:pɸ
2615:dʑ
2608:tɕ
2601:dʐ
2594:tʂ
2573:dz
2566:ts
2437:d̼
2430:t̼
2423:b̪
2416:p̪
2373:ɴ̥
2359:ŋ̊
2345:ɲ̊
2331:ɳ̊
2313:n̥
2302:n̼
2286:ɱ̊
2272:m̥
2200:↓
2172:→
1307:–
1303:–
1238:;
1187:,
1177:43
1175:,
1171:,
1114:.
1022:hu
1002:'
987:ká
972:)
966:ʄ̥
945:)
920:cʼ
898:ʎ̮
887:i
885:gl
848:ʎ̝
827:)
821:𝼆
807:dl
762:)
718:o
714:ra
689:t
687:ch
685:ni
659:em
657:ǧǧ
570:ú
566:ha
539:ny
537:ba
501:ɲ̊
469:.
416:ня
387:ly
383:ll
345:nn
337:ng
267:,
263:,
250:sh
239:.
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
173:.
5514:ɒ
5498:ɑ
5478:ä
5465:ɶ
5449:a
5427:ɐ
5407:æ
5387:ɔ
5371:ʌ
5358:ɞ
5342:ɜ
5329:œ
5313:ɛ
5264:ə
5215:o
5199:ɤ
5186:ɵ
5170:ɘ
5157:ø
5141:e
5121:ʊ
5099:ʏ
5083:ɪ
5063:u
5047:ɯ
5034:ʉ
5018:ɨ
5005:y
4989:i
4803:ɫ
4779:ɧ
4767:w
4760:ʍ
4746:ɥ
4730:/
4470:ʛ
4463:ɠ
4456:ʄ
4449:ᶑ
4440:ɗ
4429:ɓ
4307:ʞ
3820:U
3813:V
3806:P
3785:A
3778:D
3640:ɺ
3588:ʟ
3579:ʎ
3570:ɭ
3557:l
3480:ꞎ
3469:ɮ
3462:ɬ
3334:ʢ
3327:ʜ
3320:ʀ
3280:r
3254:ʙ
3203:ɽ
3185:ɾ
3158:ⱱ
3116:ɰ
3107:j
3098:ɻ
3085:ɹ
3068:ʋ
3048:ɦ
3041:h
3034:ʕ
3027:ħ
3020:ʁ
3013:χ
3006:ɣ
2999:x
2992:ʝ
2985:ç
2936:ð
2929:θ
2908:v
2901:f
2894:β
2887:ɸ
2859:ʑ
2852:ɕ
2845:ʐ
2838:ʂ
2831:ʒ
2824:ʃ
2817:z
2810:s
2531:ʔ
2522:ʡ
2515:ɢ
2508:q
2501:ɡ
2494:k
2487:ɟ
2480:c
2473:ɖ
2466:ʈ
2455:d
2448:t
2409:b
2402:p
2380:ɴ
2366:ŋ
2352:ɲ
2338:ɳ
2320:n
2293:ɱ
2279:m
2026:)
2022:(
1970:)
1966:(
1955:e
1948:t
1941:v
1286:e
1279:t
1272:v
1258:.
1213:)
1183::
1124:.
1057:ǂ
1024:j
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998:'
970:ƈ
968:(
941:(
870:ʎ
823:(
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744:y
729:j
716:y
700:ʝ
671:ç
626:ǩ
596:ģ
581:ɟ
552:c
523:ɲ
357:n
150:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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