8004:"Pre-conditioning" may be recommended for electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte, even those manufactured recently, that have not been in use for an extended period. In pre-conditioning a voltage is applied across the capacitor and a deliberately limited current is passed through the capacitor. Sending a limited current through the capacitor repairs oxide layers damaged during the period of disuse. The applied voltage is lower than or equal to the capacitor's rated voltage. Current may be limited using, for instance, a series resistor. Pre-conditioning is stopped once leakage current is below some acceptable level at the desired voltage. As of 2015 one manufacturer indicates that pre-conditioning may be usefully carried out for capacitors with non-solid electrolytes that have been in storage for more than 1 to 10 years, the maximum storage time depending on capacitor type.
1305:
1337:
2057:
2497:
1236:
1317:
2813:
8486:
4705:
4770:
1940:
4758:
2485:
354:
3032:
659:
2837:
3116:
576:
5802:
2825:
2514:
8522:
2080:
2003:. The materials and construction techniques used for large power film capacitors mostly are similar to those of ordinary film capacitors. However, capacitors with high to very high power ratings for applications in power systems and electrical installations are often classified separately, for historical reasons. The standardization of ordinary film capacitors is oriented on electrical and mechanical parameters. The standardization of power capacitors by contrast emphasizes the safety of personnel and equipment, as given by the local regulating authority.
2538:
4135:
1489:
3092:
2526:
1964:
7922:
2029:
1992:
1523:
7894:
and therefore capacitance over time. The aging follows a logarithmic law. This defines the decrease of capacitance as constant percentage for a time decade after the soldering recovery time at a defined temperature, for example, in the period from 1 to 10 hours at 20 °C. As the law is logarithmic, the percentage loss of capacitance will twice between 1 h and 100 h and 3 times between 1 h and 1,000 h and so on. Aging is fastest near the beginning, and the absolute capacitance value stabilizes over time.
3017:
6953:
1252:
7931:
ceramic, film and electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolytes, "wet" electrolytic capacitors reach a specified "end of life" reaching a specified maximum change of capacitance or ESR. End of life, "load life" or "lifetime" can be estimated either by formula or diagrams or roughly by a so-called "10-degree-law". A typical specification for an electrolytic capacitor states a lifetime of 2,000 hours at 85 °C, doubling for every 10 degrees lower temperature, achieving lifespan of approximately 15 years at room temperature.
3104:
1465:
4814:
2572:
8250:
2860:
8257:
144:
7944:
1501:
2580:
1952:
2045:
7882:
230:
1289:
7288:
8264:
1976:
6980:
1274:
2102:
8506:
5842:), increases the resonance frequency. Parasitic inductance is further lowered by placing the electrodes on the longitudinal side of the chip instead of the lateral side. The "face-down" construction associated with multi-anode technology in tantalum electrolytic capacitors further reduced ESL. Capacitor families such as the so-called MOS capacitor or silicon capacitors offer solutions when capacitors at frequencies up to the GHz range are needed.
8444:
7568:, the capacitor must not recover a residual charge after full discharge, so capacitors with low absorption are specified. The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may in some cases possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit or can be a safety risk to personnel. In order to prevent shocks most very large capacitors are shipped with shorting wires that need to be removed before they are used.
3080:
8610:
1355:
47:
8435:
1477:
4786:
4717:
2550:
8001:
even violently with unprotected aluminum. This leads to a "storage" or "disuse" problem of electrolytic capacitors manufactured before the 1980s. Chemical processes weaken the oxide layer when these capacitors are not used for too long, leading to failure or poor performance such as excessive leakage. New electrolytes with "inhibitors" or "passivators" were developed during the 1980s to lessen this problem.
2591:
5960:
must be set. Since commercially available components offer capacitance values cover 15 orders of magnitude, ranging from pF (10 F) to some 1000 F in supercapacitors, it is not possible to capture the entire range with only one frequency. IEC 60384-1 states that ohmic losses should be measured at the same frequency used to measure capacitance. These are:
197:. Small capacitors are used in electronic devices to couple signals between stages of amplifiers, as components of electric filters and tuned circuits, or as parts of power supply systems to smooth rectified current. Larger capacitors are used for energy storage in such applications as strobe lights, as parts of some types of electric motors, or for
7992:
change contact resistance between terminals and electrodes; in film capacitors, the film may shrink, and in wet electrolytic capacitors the electrolyte may boil. A recovery period enables characteristics to stabilize after soldering; some types may require up to 24 hours. Some properties may change irreversibly by a few per cent from soldering.
7428:). The dielectric may absorb mechanical forces from shock or vibration by changing thickness and changing the electrode separation, affecting the capacitance, which in turn induces an AC current. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording.
7912:
The change of capacitance for P 100 and N 470 Class 1 ceramic capacitors is lower than 1%, for capacitors with N 750 to N 1500 ceramics it is ≤ 2%. Film capacitors may lose capacitance due to self-healing processes or gain it due to humidity influences. Typical changes over 2
7893:
Class 2 ceramic capacitors, capacitance decreases over time. This behavior is called "aging". This aging occurs in ferroelectric dielectrics, where domains of polarization in the dielectric contribute to the total polarization. Degradation of polarized domains in the dielectric decreases permittivity
7724:
This assumes that neither the electrode surfaces nor the permittivity of the dielectric change with the voltage proof. A simple comparison with two existing capacitor series can show whether reality matches theory. The comparison is easy, because the manufacturers use standardized case sizes or boxes
6907:
For metallized film capacitors, so-called pulse tests simulate the pulse load that might occur during an application, according to a standard specification. IEC 60384 part 1, specifies that the test circuit is charged and discharged intermittently. The test voltage corresponds to the rated DC voltage
4740:
Capacitance may also change with applied voltage. This effect is more prevalent in class 2 ceramic capacitors. The permittivity of ferroelectric class 2 material depends on the applied voltage. Higher applied voltage lowers permittivity. The change of capacitance can drop to 80% of the value measured
4731:
occurs. Their movability is limited so that at higher frequencies not all areas of the roughened anode structure are covered with charge-carrying ions. As higher the anode structure is roughened as more the capacitance value decreases with increasing frequency. Low voltage types with highly roughened
3320:
Smaller in size than functionally comparable polypropylene film capacitors. Low moisture absorption. Have almost completely replaced metallized paper and polystyrene film for most DC applications. Mainly used for general purpose applications or semi-critical circuits with operating temperatures up to
3282:
Most popular film capacitor dielectric. Predictable linear and low capacitance change with operating temperature. Suitable for applications in Class-1 frequency-determining circuits and precision analog applications. Very narrow capacitances. Extremely low dissipation factor. Low moisture absorption,
8544:
Discrete capacitors today are industrial products produced in very large quantities for use in electronic and in electrical equipment. Globally, the market for fixed capacitors was estimated at US$ 18 billion in 2008 for 1,400 billion (1.4 × 10) pieces. This market is dominated by ceramic capacitors
8401:
Version 2: coding with year code/month code. The year codes are: "R" = 2003, "S"= 2004, "T" = 2005, "U" = 2006, "V" = 2007, "W" = 2008, "X" = 2009, "A" = 2010, "B" = 2011, "C" = 2012, "D" = 2013, etc. Month codes are: "1" to "9" = Jan. to Sept., "O" = October, "N" = November, "D" = December. "X5" is
8000:
Electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte are "aged" during manufacturing by applying rated voltage at high temperature for a sufficient time to repair all cracks and weaknesses that may have occurred during production. Some electrolytes with a high water content react quite aggressively or
7853:
Comparing the capacitors from the table with a supercapacitor, the highest energy density capacitor family. For this, the capacitor 25 F/2.3 V in dimensions D × H = 16 mm × 26 mm from
Maxwell HC Series, compared with the electrolytic capacitor of approximately equal size in the table.
7624:
Theoretically, given two capacitors with the same mechanical dimensions and dielectric, but one of them have half the thickness of the dielectric. With the same dimensions this one could place twice the parallel-plate area inside. This capacitor has theoretically 4 times the capacitance as the first
7446:
Dielectric absorption occurs when a capacitor that has remained charged for a long time discharges only incompletely when briefly discharged. Although an ideal capacitor would reach zero volts after discharge, real capacitors develop a small voltage from time-delayed dipole discharging, a phenomenon
7388:
The leakage current drops in the first minutes after applying DC voltage. In this period the dielectric oxide layer can self-repair weaknesses by building up new layers. The time required depends generally on the electrolyte. Solid electrolytes drop faster than non-solid electrolytes but remain at a
6617:
The internal generated heat has to be distributed to the ambient. The temperature of the capacitor, which is established on the balance between heat produced and distributed, shall not exceed the capacitors maximum specified temperature. Hence, the ESR or dissipation factor is a mark for the maximum
2464:
filters for decoupling unwanted AC components from DC power connections or as coupling capacitors in audio amplifiers, for passing or bypassing low-frequency signals and storing large amounts of energy. The relatively high capacitance value of an electrolytic capacitor combined with the very low ESR
1537:
Metallized film capacitors offer self-healing properties. Dielectric breakdowns or shorts between the electrodes do not destroy the component. The metallized construction makes it possible to produce wound capacitors with larger capacitance values (up to 100 μF and larger) in smaller cases than
7849:
In reality modern capacitor series do not fit the theory. For electrolytic capacitors the sponge-like rough surface of the anode foil gets smoother with higher voltages, decreasing the surface area of the anode. But because the energy increases squared with the voltage, and the surface of the anode
6987:
The rated AC voltage for film capacitors is generally calculated so that an internal temperature rise of 8 to 10 K is the allowed limit for safe operation. Because dielectric losses increase with increasing frequency, the specified AC voltage has to be derated at higher frequencies. Datasheets
6662:
Ripple current generates heat within the capacitor body due to the ESR of the capacitor. The components of capacitor ESR are: the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength in the dielectric, the resistance of the supply conductor, and the resistance of the electrolyte. For an electric
5959:
The largest share of these losses in larger capacitors is usually the frequency dependent ohmic dielectric losses. For smaller components, especially for wet electrolytic capacitors, conductivity of liquid electrolytes may exceed dielectric losses. To measure these losses, the measurement frequency
4793:
The voltage at which the dielectric becomes conductive is called the breakdown voltage, and is given by the product of the dielectric strength and the separation between the electrodes. The dielectric strength depends on temperature, frequency, shape of the electrodes, etc. Because a breakdown in a
1541:
Film/foil capacitors or metal foil capacitors use two plastic films as the dielectric. Each film is covered with a thin metal foil, mostly aluminium, to form the electrodes. The advantage of this construction is the ease of connecting the metal foil electrodes, along with an excellent current pulse
1184:
The capacitor's plate area can be adapted to the wanted capacitance value. The permittivity and the dielectric thickness are the determining parameter for capacitors. Ease of processing is also crucial. Thin, mechanically flexible sheets can be wrapped or stacked easily, yielding large designs with
474:
The most common group is the fixed capacitors. Many are named based on the type of dielectric. For a systematic classification these characteristics cannot be used, because one of the oldest, the electrolytic capacitor, is named instead by its cathode construction. So the most-used names are simply
7991:
Capacitors may experience changes to electrical parameters due to environmental influences like soldering, mechanical stress factors (vibration, shock) and humidity. The greatest stress factor is soldering. The heat of the solder bath, especially for SMD capacitors, can cause ceramic capacitors to
7384:
The leakage current includes all weak imperfections of the dielectric caused by unwanted chemical processes and mechanical damage. It is also the DC current that can pass through the dielectric after applying a voltage. It depends on the interval without voltage applied (storage time), the thermic
6911:
The pulse load must be calculated for each application. A general rule for calculating the power handling of film capacitors is not available because of vendor-related internal construction details. To prevent the capacitor from overheating the following operating parameters have to be considered:
6034:
The losses of film capacitors and some class 2 ceramic capacitors are mostly specified with the dissipation factor tan δ. These capacitors have smaller losses than electrolytic capacitors and mostly are used at higher frequencies up to some hundred MHz. However the numeric value of the dissipation
4686:
Most discrete capacitor types have more or less capacitance changes with increasing frequencies. The dielectric strength of class 2 ceramic and plastic film diminishes with rising frequency. Therefore, their capacitance value decreases with increasing frequency. This phenomenon for ceramic class 2
3636:
Polarized. Significant leakage. Relatively high ESR and ESL values, limiting high ripple current and high frequency applications. Lifetime calculation required because drying out phenomenon. Vent or burst when overloaded, overheated or connected wrong polarized. Water based electrolyte may vent at
7934:
Supercapacitors also experience electrolyte evaporation over time. Estimation is similar to wet electrolytic capacitors. Additional to temperature the voltage and current load influence the life time. Lower voltage than rated voltage and lower current loads as well as lower temperature extend the
6903:
In the case of metallized film capacitors, pulse load depends on the properties of the dielectric material, the thickness of the metallization and the capacitor's construction, especially the construction of the contact areas between the end spray and metallized electrodes. High peak currents may
4146:
All properties can be defined and specified by a series equivalent circuit composed out of an idealized capacitance and additional electrical components which model all losses and inductive parameters of a capacitor. In this series-equivalent circuit the electrical characteristics are defined by:
3632:
Very large capacitance to volume ratio. Capacitance values up to 2,700,000 μF/6.3 V. Voltage up to 550 V. Lowest cost per capacitance/voltage values. Used where low losses and high capacitance stability are not of major importance, especially for lower frequencies, such as by-pass,
1450:
Some ceramic capacitors of special shapes and styles are used as capacitors for special applications, including RFI/EMI suppression capacitors for connection to supply mains, also known as safety capacitors, X2Y and three-terminal capacitors for bypassing and decoupling applications, feed-through
7271:
Class 1 ceramic capacitors have an insulation resistance of at least 10 GΩ, while class 2 capacitors have at least 4 GΩ or a self-discharge constant of at least 100 s. Plastic film capacitors typically have an insulation resistance of 6 to 12 GΩ. This corresponds to
5919:
current to the chip. Without decouplers, the IC demands current faster than the connection to the power supply can supply it, as parts of the circuit rapidly switch on and off. To counter this potential problem, circuits frequently use multiple bypass capacitors—small (100 nF or less) capacitors
5837:
Many new developments are targeted at reducing parasitic inductance (ESL). This increases the resonance frequency of the capacitor and, for example, can follow the constantly increasing switching speed of digital circuits. Miniaturization, especially in the SMD multilayer ceramic chip capacitors
4801:
The voltage proof of nearly all capacitors decreases with increasing temperature. Some applications require a higher temperature range. Lowering the voltage applied at a higher temperature maintains safety margins. For some capacitor types therefore the IEC standard specify a second "temperature
4142:
Discrete capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor. An ideal capacitor only stores and releases electrical energy, with no dissipation. Capacitor components have losses and parasitic inductive parts. These imperfections in material and construction can have positive implications such as linear
1533:
or plastic film capacitors are non-polarized capacitors with an insulating plastic film as the dielectric. The dielectric films are drawn to a thin layer, provided with metallic electrodes and wound into a cylindrical winding. The electrodes of film capacitors may be metallized aluminum or zinc,
5833:
Ceramic and film capacitors are already out of their smaller capacitance values suitable for higher frequencies up to several 100 MHz. They also have significantly lower parasitic inductance, making them suitable for higher frequency applications, due to their construction with end-surface
2741:. The greater power density results in much shorter charge/discharge cycles than a battery is capable, and a greater tolerance for numerous charge/discharge cycles. This makes them well-suited for parallel connection with batteries, and may improve battery performance in terms of power density.
7930:
Electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte age as the electrolyte evaporates. This evaporation depends on temperature and the current load the capacitors experience. Electrolyte escape influences capacitance and ESR. Capacitance decreases and the ESR increases over time. In contrast to
2010:
Film power capacitors mostly use polypropylene film as the dielectric. Other types include metallized paper capacitors (MP capacitors) and mixed dielectric film capacitors with polypropylene dielectrics. MP capacitors serve for cost applications and as field-free carrier electrodes (soggy foil
7908:
Class 1 ceramic capacitors and film capacitors do not have ferroelectric-related aging. Environmental influences such as higher temperature, high humidity and mechanical stress can, over a longer period, lead to a small irreversible change in the capacitance value sometimes called aging, too.
6635:
Ripple and AC currents mainly warms the capacitor body. By this currents internal generated temperature influences the breakdown voltage of the dielectric. Higher temperature lower the voltage proof of all capacitors. In wet electrolytic capacitors higher temperatures force the evaporation of
1263:
measures the performance of electronic function per unit volume. For capacitors, the volumetric efficiency is measured with the "CV product", calculated by multiplying the capacitance (C) by the maximum voltage rating (V), divided by the volume. From 1970 to 2005, volumetric efficiencies have
7897:
The rate of aging of Class 2 ceramic capacitors depends mainly on its materials. Generally, the higher the temperature dependence of the ceramic, the higher the aging percentage. The typical aging of X7R ceramic capacitors is about 2.5% per decade. The aging rate of Z5U ceramic capacitors is
7392:
The leakage current in non-solid electrolytic capacitors as well as in manganese oxide solid tantalum capacitors decreases with voltage-connected time due to self-healing effects. Although electrolytics leakage current is higher than current flow over insulation resistance in ceramic or film
3357:
Small temperature dependence over the entire temperature range and a narrow frequency dependence in a wide frequency range. Dissipation factor is quite small and stable. Operating temperatures up to 270 °C. Suitable for SMD. Tolerate increased reflow soldering temperatures for lead-free
6670:
ESR is dependent on frequency and temperature. For ceramic and film capacitors in generally ESR decreases with increasing temperatures but heighten with higher frequencies due to increasing dielectric losses. For electrolytic capacitors up to roughly 1 MHz ESR decreases with increasing
1545:
A key advantage of every film capacitor's internal construction is direct contact to the electrodes on both ends of the winding. This contact keeps all current paths very short. The design behaves like a large number of individual capacitors connected in parallel, thus reducing the internal
1434:
The great plasticity of ceramic raw material works well for many special applications and enables an enormous diversity of styles, shapes and great dimensional spread of ceramic capacitors. The smallest discrete capacitor, for instance, is a "01005" chip capacitor with the dimension of only
7431:
In the reverse microphonic effect, varying the electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, turning them into an audio speaker. High current impulse loads or high ripple currents can generate audible sound from the capacitor itself, draining energy and stressing the
3847:
Energy density typically tens to hundreds of times greater than conventional electrolytics. More comparable to batteries than to other capacitors. Large capacitance/volume ratio. Relatively low ESR. Thousands of farads. RAM memory backup. Temporary power during battery replacement. Rapidly
7720:
Therefore, dielectric thickness does not affect energy density within a capacitor of fixed overall dimensions. Using a few thick layers of dielectric can support a high voltage, but low capacitance, while thin layers of dielectric produce a low breakdown voltage, but a higher capacitance.
5815:, the point of resonance, where XC has the same value than XL, the capacitor has the lowest impedance value. Here only the ESR determines the impedance. With frequencies above the resonance the impedance increases again due to the ESL of the capacitor. The capacitor becomes an inductance.
2006:
As modern electronic equipment gained the capacity to handle power levels that were previously the exclusive domain of "electrical power" components, the distinction between the "electronic" and "electrical" power ratings blurred. Historically, the boundary between these two families was
6998:, lighting ballast and for PFC for phase shifting to improve transmission network stability and efficiency, which is one of the most important applications for large power capacitors. These mostly large PP film or metallized paper capacitors are limited by the rated reactive power VAr.
6659:) after rectifying an AC voltage and flows as charge and discharge current through the decoupling or smoothing capacitor. The "rated ripple current" shall not exceed a temperature rise of 3, 5 or 10 °C, depending on the capacitor type, at the specified maximum ambient temperature.
1304:
8375:
Smaller capacitors use a shorthand notation. The most commonly used format is: XYZ J/K/M VOLTS V, where XYZ represents the capacitance (calculated as XY × 10 pF), the letters J, K or M indicate the tolerance (±5%, ±10% and ±20% respectively) and VOLTS V represents the working voltage.
7974:(FIT) during the period of constant random failures. FIT is the number of failures that can be expected in one billion (10) component-hours of operation at fixed working conditions (e.g. 1000 devices for 1 million hours, or 1 million devices for 1000 hours each, at 40 °C and 0.5 U
5850:
ESL in industrial capacitors is mainly caused by the leads and internal connections used to connect the capacitor plates to the outside world. Large capacitors tend to have higher ESL than small ones because the distances to the plate are longer and every mm counts as an inductance.
5810:
The impedance specified in the datasheets often show typical curves for the different capacitance values. With increasing frequency as the impedance decreases down to a minimum. The lower the impedance, the more easily alternating currents can be passed through the capacitor. At the
10157:
2018:
They find use as converters to change voltage, current or frequency, to store or deliver abruptly electric energy or to improve the power factor. The rated voltage range of these capacitors is from approximately 120 V AC (capacitive lighting ballasts) to 100 kV.
5908:, is called the self-resonant frequency. The self-resonant frequency is the lowest frequency at which the impedance passes through a minimum. For any AC application the self-resonant frequency is the highest frequency at which capacitors can be used as a capacitive component.
1336:
8763:
7872:
Electrical parameters of capacitors may change over time during storage and application. The reasons for parameter changings are different, it may be a property of the dielectric, environmental influences, chemical processes or drying-out effects for non-solid materials.
7259:
The self-discharge constant is an important parameter for the insulation of the dielectric between the electrodes of ceramic and film capacitors. For example, a capacitor can be used as the time-determining component for time relays or for storing a voltage value as in a
4143:
frequency and temperature behavior in class 1 ceramic capacitors. Conversely, negative implications include the non-linear, voltage-dependent capacitance in class 2 ceramic capacitors or the insufficient dielectric insulation of capacitors leading to leakage currents.
2056:
5944:
line losses including internal supply line resistances, the contact resistance of the electrode contact, line resistance of the electrodes, and in "wet" aluminum electrolytic capacitors and especially supercapacitors, the limited conductivity of liquid electrolytes
10067:
Takaaki
Tsurumi & Motohiro Shono & Hirofumi Kakemoto & Satoshi Wada & Kenji Saito & Hirokazu Chazono, Mechanism of capacitance aging under DC-bias field in X7R-MLCCs Published online: 23 March 2007, # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007
3298:
Maximum operating temperature of 105 °C. Relatively low permittivity of 2.2. PP film capacitors tend to be larger than other film capacitors. More susceptible to damage from transient over-voltages or voltage reversals than oil-impregnated MKV-capacitors for
2683:
The ratio of the storage resulting from each principle can vary greatly, depending on electrode design and electrolyte composition. Pseudocapacitance can increase the capacitance value by as much as an order of magnitude over that of the double-layer by itself.
458:
The ratio of the storage resulting from each principle can vary greatly, depending on electrode design and electrolyte composition. Pseudocapacitance can increase the capacitance value by as much as an order of magnitude over that of the double-layer by itself.
8335:
Capacitors, like most other electronic components and if enough space is available, have imprinted markings to indicate manufacturer, type, electrical and thermal characteristics, and date of manufacture. If they are large enough the capacitor is marked with:
1288:
4797:
In IEC/EN 60384-1 the allowed operating voltage is called "rated voltage" or "nominal voltage". The rated voltage (UR) is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously at any temperature within the rated temperature range.
3820:
Greatly reduced ESR compared with manganese or non-solid (wet) elelectrolytics. Higher ripple current ratings. Extended operational life. Stable electrical parameters. Self-healing. Used for smoothing and buffering in smaller power supplies especially in
4802:
derated voltage" for a higher temperature range, the "category voltage". The category voltage (UC) is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be applied continuously to a capacitor at any temperature within the category temperature range.
4238:
is the value for which the capacitor has been designed. Actual capacitance depends on the measured frequency and ambient temperature. Standard measuring conditions are a low-voltage AC measuring method at a temperature of 20 °C with frequencies of
1388:
is a non-polarized fixed capacitor made out of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and metal in which the ceramic material acts as the dielectric and the metal acts as the electrodes. The ceramic material is a mixture of finely ground granules of
7275:
Insulation resistance respectively the self-discharge constant can be reduced if humidity penetrates into the winding. It is partially strongly temperature dependent and decreases with increasing temperature. Both decrease with increasing temperature.
6684:
For film and ceramic capacitors, normally specified with a loss factor tan δ, the ripple current limit is determined by temperature rise in the body of approximately 10 °C. Exceeding this limit may destroy the internal structure and cause shorts.
2112:
have a metallic anode covered with an oxidized layer used as dielectric. The second electrode is a non-solid (wet) or solid electrolyte. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. Three families are available, categorized according to their dielectric.
4794:
capacitor normally is a short circuit and destroys the component, the operating voltage is lower than the breakdown voltage. The operating voltage is specified such that the voltage may be applied continuously throughout the life of the capacitor.
395:(also known as electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) or ultracapacitors) do not have a conventional dielectric. The capacitance value of an electrochemical capacitor is determined by two high-capacity storage principles. These principles are:
5613:
3559:
Self-healing. Very low losses. High insulation resistance. High inrush current strength. High thermal stability. Heavy duty applications such as commutating with high reactive power, high frequencies and a high peak current load and other AC
6674:
The types of capacitors used for power applications have a specified rated value for maximum ripple current. These are primarily aluminum electrolytic capacitors, and tantalum as well as some film capacitors and Class 2 ceramic capacitors.
10154:
7850:
decreases lesser than the voltage proof, the energy density increases clearly. For film capacitors the permittivity changes with dielectric thickness and other mechanical parameters so that the deviation from the theory has other reasons.
3069:
are not capacitors in the sense of passive components but can change their capacitance as a function of the applied reverse bias voltage and are used like a variable capacitor. They have replaced much of the tuning and trimmer capacitors.
3739:
Polarized. About 125 V. Low voltage and limited, transient, reverse or surge voltage tolerance. Possible combustion upon failure. ESR much higher than conductive polymer electrolytics. Manganese expected to be replaced by polymer.
280:
Nearly all conventional industrial capacitors except some special styles such as "feed-through capacitors", are constructed as "plate capacitors" even if their electrodes and the dielectric between are wound or rolled. The capacitance,
7396:
A particular problem with electrolytic capacitors is storage time. Higher leakage current can be the result of longer storage times. These behaviors are limited to electrolytes with a high percentage of water. Organic solvents such as
5821:
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have relatively good decoupling properties in the lower frequency range up to about 1 MHz due to their large capacitance values. This is the reason for using electrolytic capacitors in standard or
4757:
4741:
with the standardized measuring voltage of 0.5 or 1.0 V. This behavior is a small source of non-linearity in low-distortion filters and other analog applications. In audio applications this can cause distortion (measured using
2496:
8760:
6964:
The rated AC load for an AC capacitor is the maximum sinusoidal effective AC current (rms) which may be applied continuously to a capacitor within the specified temperature range. In the datasheets the AC load may be expressed as
3824:
Polarized. Highest leakage current among electrolytics. Higher prices than non-solid or manganese dioxide. Voltage limited to about 100 V. Explodes when voltage, current, or slew rates are exceeded or under reverse voltage.
2744:
Within electrochemical capacitors, the electrolyte is the conductive connection between the two electrodes, distinguishing them from electrolytic capacitors, in which the electrolyte only forms the cathode, the second electrode.
2152:
The permittivity of tantalum pentoxide is approximately three times higher than aluminium oxide, producing significantly smaller components. However, permittivity determines only the dimensions. Electrical parameters, especially
454:. Unlike batteries, in these reactions, the ions simply cling to the atomic structure of an electrode without making or breaking chemical bonds, and no or negligibly small chemical modifications are involved in charge/discharge.
5805:
Typical impedance curves for different capacitance values over frequency showing the typical form with a decreasing impedance values below resonance and increasing values above resonance. As higher the capacitance as lower the
3340:
Better stability at high temperatures than PET. More suitable for high temperature applications and for SMD packaging. Mainly used for non-critical filtering, coupling and decoupling, because temperature dependencies are not
2148:
The anode is highly roughened to increase the surface area. This and the relatively high permittivity of the oxide layer gives these capacitors very high capacitance per unit volume compared with film- or ceramic capacitors.
3658:
Wet tantalum electrolytic capacitors (wet slug) Lowest leakage among electrolytics. Voltage up to 630 V (tantalum film) or 125 V (tantalum sinter body). Hermetically sealed. Stable and reliable. Military and space
2883:
In principle, any dielectric could be used to build Class X and Class Y capacitors; perhaps by including an internal fuse to improve safety. In practice, capacitors that meet Class X and Class Y specifications are typically
6035:
factor, measured at the same frequency, is independent of the capacitance value and can be specified for a capacitor series with a range of capacitance. The dissipation factor is determined as the tangent of the reactance (
5518:
1225:
with their different plastic film material do have a small spread in the dimensions for a given capacitance/voltage value of a film capacitor because the minimum dielectric film thickness differs between the different film
6161:(Q). Ceramic Class 1 capacitors are especially suitable for LC resonant circuits with frequencies up to the GHz range, and precise high and low pass filters. For an electrically resonant system, Q represents the effect of
6639:
Pulse currents, especially in metallized film capacitors, heat the contact areas between end spray (schoopage) and metallized electrodes. This may reduce the contact to the electrodes, heightening the dissipation factor.
4769:
7925:
The electrical values of electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte changes over the time due to evaporation of electrolyte. Reaching specified limits of the parameters the capacitors will be count as "wear out
4452:
are used for high-quality circuits such as precision oscillators and timers. General applications such as non-critical filtering or coupling circuits employ E12 or E6. Electrolytic capacitors, which are often used for
2748:
Supercapacitors are polarized and must operate with correct polarity. Polarity is controlled by design with asymmetric electrodes, or, for symmetric electrodes, by a potential applied during the manufacturing process.
8390:
Capacitance, tolerance and date of manufacture can be indicated with a short code specified in IEC/EN 60062. Examples of short-marking of the rated capacitance (microfarads): μ47 = 0.47 μF, 4μ7 = 4.7 μF, 47μ = 47 μF
1332:
These individual capacitors can perform their application independent of their affiliation to an above shown capacitor type, so that an overlapping range of applications between the different capacitor types exists.
7105:
2975:
Specialized devices such as built-in capacitors with metal conductive areas in different layers of a multi-layer printed circuit board and kludges such as twisting together two pieces of insulated wire also exist.
2914:, nano-scale capacitors can be formed by appropriate patterns of metallization on an isolating substrate. They may be packaged in multiple capacitor arrays with no other semiconductive parts as discrete components.
2900:
Beneath the above described capacitors covering more or less nearly the total market of discrete capacitors some new developments or very special capacitor types as well as older types can be found in electronics.
1438:
The construction of ceramic multilayer capacitors with mostly alternating layers results in single capacitors connected in parallel. This configuration increases capacitance and decreases all losses and parasitic
3061:
Variable capacitors include capacitors that use a mechanical construction to change the distance between the plates, or the amount of plate surface area which overlaps. They mostly use air as dielectric medium.
5940:" or "insulating resistance" and are negligible for an AC specification. AC losses are non-linear, possibly depending on frequency, temperature, age or humidity. The losses result from two physical conditions:
1316:
9831:
6612:
1446:
Because the thickness of the ceramic dielectric layer can be easily controlled and produced by the desired application voltage, ceramic capacitors are available with rated voltages up to the 30 kV range.
6960:
An AC load only can be applied to a non-polarized capacitor. Capacitors for AC applications are primarily film capacitors, metallized paper capacitors, ceramic capacitors and bipolar electrolytic capacitors.
6400:
A capacitor can act as an AC resistor, coupling AC voltage and AC current between two points. Every AC current flow through a capacitor generates heat inside the capacitor body. These dissipation power loss
6280:
2801:
APowerCap, BestCap, BoostCap, CAP-XX, DLCAP, EneCapTen, EVerCAP, DynaCap, Faradcap, GreenCap, Goldcap, HY-CAP, Kapton capacitor, Super capacitor, SuperCap, PAS Capacitor, PowerStor, PseudoCap, Ultracapacitor
3995:
Better stability and frequency than silver mica. Ultra-reliable. Ultra-stable. Resistant to nuclear radiation. Operating temperature: −75 °C to +200 °C and even short overexposure to +250 °C.
1585:(PTFE). Polypropylene has a market share of about 50% and polyester with about 40% are the most used film materials. The other 10% use all the other materials, including PPS and paper with roughly 3% each.
7194:
2484:
9025:
7620:
The separation of the electrodes and the voltage proof of the dielectric material defines the breakdown voltage of the capacitor. The breakdown voltage is proportional to the thickness of the dielectric.
6908:
and the test comprises 10000 pulses with a repetition frequency of 1 Hz. The pulse stress capacity is the pulse rise time. The rated pulse rise time is specified as 1/10 of the test pulse rise time.
7702:
3735:
Tantalum and niobium with smaller dimensions for a given capacitance/voltage vs aluminum. Stable electrical parameters. Good long-term high temperature performance. Lower ESR lower than non-solid (wet)
583:
In addition to the above shown capacitor types, which derived their name from historical development, there are many individual capacitors that have been named based on their application. They include:
4283:
etc. series. The range of units used to specify capacitor values has expanded to include everything from pico- (pF), nano- (nF) and microfarad (μF) to farad (F). Millifarad and kilofarad are uncommon.
8485:
2964:. It is common industry practice to fill unused areas of one PCB layer with the ground conductor and another layer with the power conductor, forming a large distributed capacitor between the layers.
7021:
in parallel with the capacitor in the series-equivalent circuit of capacitors. Insulation resistance must not be confused with the outer isolation of the component with respect to the environment.
6678:
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the most common type for power supplies, experience shorter life expectancy at higher ripple currents. Exceeding the limit tends to result in explosive failure.
7615:
7576:
The capacitance value depends on the dielectric material (ε), the surface of the electrodes (A) and the distance (d) separating the electrodes and is given by the formula of a plate capacitor:
205:, but adjustable capacitors are frequently used in tuned circuits. Different types are used depending on required capacitance, working voltage, current handling capacity, and other properties.
7978:). For other conditions of applied voltage, current load, temperature, mechanical influences and humidity the FIT can recalculated with terms standardized for industrial or military contexts.
10101:
8243:
8221:
5725:
5373:
6655:
value of a superimposed AC current of any frequency and any waveform of the current curve for continuous operation at a specified temperature. It arises mainly in power supplies (including
6152:
8208:
1939:
8271:
5674:
5318:
4704:
1273:
324:
1558:(ESL). The inherent geometry of film capacitor structure results in low ohmic losses and a low parasitic inductance, which makes them suitable for applications with high surge currents (
1930:
for connection to the supply mains, also known as safety capacitors, snubber capacitors for very high surge currents, motor run capacitors and AC capacitors for motor-run applications.
7864:
of the voltage and has about 66,000 mWs (0.018 Wh) stored electrical energy, approximately 100 times higher energy density (40 to 280 times) than the electrolytic capacitor.
6643:
For safe operation, the maximal temperature generated by any AC current flow through the capacitor is a limiting factor, which in turn limits AC load, ripple current, pulse load, etc.
1243:
Capacitance ranges from picofarads to more than hundreds of farads. Voltage ratings can reach 100 kilovolts. In general, capacitance and voltage correlate with physical size and cost.
9884:
3979:
Very high stability. No aging. Low losses. Used for HF and low VHF RF circuits and as capacitance standard in measuring bridge circuits. Mostly replaced by Class 1 ceramic capacitors
1185:
high capacitance values. Razor-thin metallized sintered ceramic layers covered with metallized electrodes however, offer the best conditions for the miniaturization of circuits with
7227:
2812:
6681:
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with solid manganese dioxide electrolyte are also limited by ripple current. Exceeding their ripple limits tends to shorts and burning components.
3222:
High permittivity, high volumetric efficiency, smaller dimensions than Class 1 capacitors. For buffer, by-pass and coupling applications. Available in voltages up to 50,000 V.
5020:
2472:
Bipolar aluminum electrolytic capacitors (also called Non-Polarized capacitors) contain two anodized aluminium foils, behaving like two capacitors connected in series opposition.
1340:
Comparing the three main capacitor types it shows, that a broad range of overlapping functions for many general-purpose and industrial applications exists in electronic equipment.
8236:
4937:
10082:
6811:
6512:
5124:
4972:
1995:
MKV power capacitor, double-sided metallized paper (field-free mechanical carrier of the electrodes), polypropylene film (dielectric), windings impregnated with insulating oil
9868:
1963:
9338:
5398:
5153:
5096:
4994:
4874:
8368:
Polarized capacitors have polarity markings, usually "−" (minus) sign on the side of the negative electrode for electrolytic capacitors or a stripe or "+" (plus) sign, see
5525:
6693:
The rated pulse load for a certain capacitor is limited by the rated voltage, the pulse repetition frequency, temperature range and pulse rise time. The "pulse rise time"
6541:
4716:
4469:
Capacitance typically varies with temperature. The different dielectrics express great differences in temperature sensitivity. The temperature coefficient is expressed in
2537:
2028:
1310:
Folded wet aluminum electrolytic capacitor, Bell System 1929, view onto the folded anode, which was mounted in a squared housing (not shown) filled with liquid electrolyte
6073:
5768:
2873:
and other sources cause high voltage surges in mains power. Safety capacitors protect humans and devices from high voltage surges by shunting the surge energy to ground.
1951:
1488:
7325:
5067:
2979:
Capacitors made by twisting 2 pieces of insulated wire together are called gimmick capacitors. Gimmick capacitors were used in commercial and amateur radio receivers.
1534:
applied on one or both sides of the plastic film, resulting in metallized film capacitors or a separate metallic foil overlying the film, called film/foil capacitors.
9842:
5266:
2513:
7951:. For electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte and supercapacitors ends this time with the beginning of wear out failures due to evaporation of electrolyte
5246:
5211:
2624:. The capacitance value of an electrochemical capacitor is determined by two storage principles, both of which contribute to the total capacitance of the capacitor:
7254:
7135:
6895:
6841:
6755:
6725:
6213:
6025:
5906:
5879:
5818:
As shown in the graph, the higher capacitance values can fit the lower frequencies better while the lower capacitance values can fit better the higher frequencies.
5796:
3384:
Lowest loss solid dielectric. Operating temperatures up to 250 °C. Extremely high insulation resistance. Good stability. Used in mission-critical applications.
7377:
in parallel with the capacitor in the series-equivalent circuit of electrolytic capacitors. This resistance between the terminals of a capacitor is also finite. R
6636:
electrolytes, shortening the life time of the capacitors. In film capacitors higher temperatures may shrink the plastic film changing the capacitor's properties.
6445:
6102:
2824:
2525:
1235:
575:
467:
Capacitors are divided into two mechanical groups: Fixed-capacitance devices with a constant capacitance and variable capacitors. Variable capacitors are made as
8190:
Fixed electric double-layer capacitors for use in electronic equipment - Part 2: Sectional specification - Electric double-layer capacitors for power application
4052:
Extremely low losses. Used for high voltage, high power RF applications, such as transmitters and induction heating. Self-healing if arc-over current is limited.
2737:
is generally 10 to 100 times greater. Power density is defined as the product of energy density, multiplied by the speed at which the energy is delivered to the
7345:
6861:
6465:
6419:
6186:
5418:
5176:
8012:
The tests and requirements to be met by capacitors for use in electronic equipment for approval as standardized types are set out in the generic specification
6991:
If film capacitors or ceramic capacitors only have a DC specification, the peak value of the AC voltage applied has to be lower than the specified DC voltage.
6904:
lead to selective overheating of local contacts between end spray and metallized electrodes which may destroy some of the contacts, leading to increasing ESR.
5834:
contacting of the electrodes. To increase the range of frequencies, often an electrolytic capacitor is connected in parallel with a ceramic or film capacitor.
3542:
Physically large and heavy. Significantly lower energy density than PP dielectric. Not self-healing. Potential catastrophic failure due to high stored energy.
8934:
4290:. The actual capacitance value should be within its tolerance limits, or it is out of specification. IEC/EN 60062 specifies a letter code for each tolerance.
1401:
that are necessary to achieve the capacitor's desired characteristics. The electrical behavior of the ceramic material is divided into two stability classes:
9634:
Includes graph showing impedance as a function of frequency for different capacitor types; electrolytics are the only ones with a large component due to ESR
8658:
3580:, smoothing or filtering, DC links, snubbing or clamping, damping AC, series resonant DC circuits, DC discharge, AC commutation, AC power-factor correction.
3364:
Above 100 °C, the dissipation factor increases, increasing component temperature, but can operate without degradation. Cost is usually higher than PP.
3283:
therefore suitable for "naked" designs with no coating. High insulation resistance. Usable in high power applications such as snubber or IGBT. Used also in
2852:
Many safety regulations mandate that Class X or Class Y capacitors must be used whenever a "fail-to-short-circuit" could put humans in danger, to guarantee
10210:
8406:
For very small capacitors like MLCC chips no marking is possible. Here only the traceability of the manufacturers can ensure the identification of a type.
5025:
In capacitor data sheets, only the impedance magnitude |Z| is specified, and simply written as "Z" so that the formula for the impedance can be written in
269:, The amount of charge stored per unit voltage is essentially a function of the size of the plates, the plate material's properties, the properties of the
9320:
2549:
3959:
High precision. Extremely low losses. Very high stability. Up to 1600 kV rated voltage. Used as capacitance standard in measuring bridge circuits.
2921:
capacitor was made of glass, As of 2012 glass capacitors were in use as SMD version for applications requiring ultra-reliable and ultra-stable service.
5426:
345:. The capacitance is therefore greatest in devices made from materials with a high permittivity, large plate area, and small distance between plates.
8727:
1141:
772:
The most important material parameters of the different dielectrics used and the approximate
Helmholtz-layer thickness are given in the table below.
10155:
pdf
Electrochemical Studies for Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitor Applications: Corrosion Analysis of Aluminium in Ethylene Glycol-Based Electrolytes
10098:
8505:
4829:
In general, a capacitor is seen as a storage component for electric energy. But this is only one capacitor function. A capacitor can also act as an
3225:
Lower stability and higher losses than Class 1. Capacitance changes with change in applied voltage, with frequency and with aging effects. Slightly
1934:
High pulse current load is the most important feature of film capacitors so many of the available styles have special terminations for high currents
9737:
4880:
ratio of the voltage to the current in an AC circuit. Impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits and possesses both magnitude and
4034:
Circular or various logarithmic cuts of the rotor electrode for different capacitance curves. Split rotor or stator cut for symmetric adjustment.
2179:
Internal losses of electrolytic capacitors, prevailing used for decoupling and buffering applications, are determined by the kind of electrolyte.
10302:
4763:
Simplified diagram of the change in capacitance as a function of the applied voltage for 25 V capacitors in different kind of ceramic grades
3556:
Double-sided (field-free) metallized paper as electrode carrier. PP as dielectric, impregnated with insulating oil, epoxy resin or insulating gas
2642:
between the surface of a conductor and an electrolytic solution. The distance of separation of charge in a double-layer is on the order of a few
3031:
2502:
Schematic representation of the structure of a sintered tantalum electrolytic capacitor with solid electrolyte and the cathode contacting layers
9076:
1295:
1209:
have lesser capacitance density than supercapacitors but the highest capacitance density of conventional capacitors due to the thin dielectric.
30:
This article is about commercial discrete capacitors as customary components for use in electronic equipment. For the physical phenomenon, see
8521:
9935:
7030:
7013:
that causes a charged capacitor to lose charge over time. For ceramic and film capacitors, this resistance is called "insulation resistance R
3359:
3016:
2456:
The large capacitance per unit volume of electrolytic capacitors make them valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical
1464:
9891:
9109:
5520:. The impedance is a measure of the capacitor's ability to pass alternating currents. In this sense the impedance can be used like Ohms law
5920:
rated for high frequencies, a large electrolytic capacitor rated for lower frequencies and occasionally, an intermediate value capacitor.
2710:– capacitors with special and asymmetric electrodes that exhibit both significant double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance, such as
8707:
7416:. Because Class 2 ceramic capacitors use ferroelectric ceramics dielectric, these types of capacitors may have electrical effects called
3266:
Film/foil film capacitors have the highest surge ratings/pulse voltage, respectively. Peak currents are higher than for metallized types.
9465:
6549:
2079:
1408:
ceramic capacitors with high stability and low losses compensating the influence of temperature in resonant circuit application. Common
9980:
9478:
9195:
3324:
Usable at low (AC power) frequencies. Limited use in power electronics due to higher losses with increasing temperature and frequency.
3054:
Tuning capacitor – variable capacitor for intentionally and repeatedly tuning an oscillator circuit in a radio or another tuned circuit
2475:
Electrolytic capacitors for special applications include motor start capacitors, flashlight capacitors and audio frequency capacitors.
10176:
10080:
9339:"Across-the-line Capacitors, Antenna-coupling Components, Line-bypass Components and Fixed Capacitors for Use in Electronic Equipment"
6221:
3344:
Lower relative permittivity and lower dielectric strength imply larger dimensions for a given capacitance and rated voltage than PET.
2799:
Exceptional for electronic components like capacitors are the manifold different trade or series names used for supercapacitors like:
471:, that are typically adjusted only during circuit calibration, and as a device tunable during operation of the electronic instrument.
11176:
8013:
7963:, achieving life expectancies of decades under normal conditions. Most capacitors pass a test at the end of production similar to a "
4211:
3917:
Extremely low losses. Used for high voltage, high power RF applications, such as transmitters and induction heating. Self-healing if
3848:
absorbs/delivers much larger currents than batteries. Hundreds of thousands of charge/discharge cycles. Hybrid vehicles. Recuperation
1413:
10004:
7143:
9865:
3115:
10270:
6900:
The permissible pulse current capacity of a metallized film capacitor generally allows an internal temperature rise of 8 to 10 K.
5854:
For any discrete capacitor, there is a frequency above DC at which it ceases to behave as a pure capacitor. This frequency, where
3576:
Highest capacitance per volume power capacitor. Self-healing. Broad range of applications such as general-purpose, AC capacitors,
10817:
10138:
7634:
2062:
One of several energy storage power film capacitor banks, for magnetic field generation at the Hadron-Electron Ring
Accelerator (
273:
material placed between the plates, and the separation distance (i.e. dielectric thickness). The potential between the plates is
9293:
8906:
6031:
ESR. ESR can be shown as an ohmic part in the above vector diagram. ESR values are specified in datasheets per individual type.
8017:
6983:
Typical rms AC voltage curves as a function of frequency, for 4 different capacitance values of a 63 V DC film capacitor series
4817:
Simplified series-equivalent circuit of a capacitor for higher frequencies (above); vector diagram with electrical reactances X
4775:
Simplified diagram of the change in capacitance as a function of applied voltage for X7R ceramics with different rated voltages
3103:
10231:
9416:
4011:
Thin (down to 100 μm). Smaller footprint than most MLCC. Low ESL. Very high stability up to 200 °C. High reliability
2889:
1217:
class 2 have much higher capacitance values in a given case than class 1 capacitors because of their much higher permittivity.
640:
111:
9601:
9360:
9277:
6162:
1430:
for buffer, by-pass and coupling applications Common EIA/IEC code abbreviations are: X7R/2XI, Z5U/E26, Y5V/2F4, X7S/2C1, etc.
7729:
Comparison of energy stored in capacitors with the same dimensions but with different rated voltages and capacitance values
2885:
1500:
83:
10734:
9072:
U. Merker, K. Wussow, W. Lövenich, H. C. Starck GmbH, New
Conducting Polymer Dispersions for Solid Electrolyte Capacitors,
3662:
Polarized. Violent explosion when voltage, ripple current or slew rates are exceeded, or under reverse voltage. Expensive.
2960:—metal conductive areas in different layers of a multi-layer printed circuit board can act as a highly stable capacitor in
1322:
Two 8 μF, 525 V wound wet aluminum electrolytic capacitors in paper housing sealed with tar out of a 1930s radio.
636:
9917:
9538:
8874:
1975:
10515:
10295:
7582:
2044:
154:
are manufactured in many styles, forms, dimensions, and from a large variety of materials. They all contain at least two
2967:
Wire—2 pieces of insulated wire twisted together. Capacitance values usually range from 3 pF to 15 pF. Used in homemade
2490:
Schematic representation of the structure of a wound aluminum electrolytic capacitor with non solid (liquid) electrolyte
10116:
IEC/EN 61709, Electric components. Reliability. Reference conditions for failure rates and stress models for conversion
9682:
9174:
8951:"Capacitor Reports | Resistor Reports | Electronic Analysis | Dennis Zogbi | Paumanok Publications"
8691:
4279:
standards) specified in IEC/EN 60063. According to the number of values per decade, these were called the E3, E6, E12,
3583:
critical for reliable high voltage operation and very high inrush current loads, limited heat resistance (105 °C)
735:
was developed. Supercapacitors do not have a conventional dielectric. They store their electrical charge statically in
387:
capacitor – makes use of two other storage principles to store electric energy. In contrast to ceramic, film, and
90:
9752:
9517:
7001:
Bipolar electrolytic capacitors, to which an AC voltage may be applicable, are specified with a rated ripple current.
4473:(ppm) per degree Celsius for class 1 ceramic capacitors or in % over the total temperature range for all others.
3248:
Metallized film capacitors are significantly smaller in size than film/foil versions and have self-healing properties.
10498:
10394:
9781:
8791:
6727:, represents the steepest voltage gradient of the pulse (rise or fall time) and is expressed in volts per μs (V/μs).
5679:
5327:
130:
8743:
6110:
1294:
Wound metallized paper capacitor from the early 1930s in hardpaper case, capacitance value specified in "cm" in the
10638:
10365:
8931:
8843:
8184:
Fixed electric double-layer capacitors for use in electric and electronic equipment - Part 1: Generic specification
3879:
Polarized. Low operating voltage per cell. (Stacked cells provide higher operating voltage.) Relatively high cost.
3851:
Polarized. Low operating voltage per cell. (Stacked cells provide higher operating voltage.) Relatively high cost.
2733:. While existing supercapacitors have energy densities that are approximately 10% of a conventional battery, their
64:
9963:
9802:
9714:
9448:
7947:
The life time (load life) of capacitors correspondents with the time of constant random failure rate shown in the
7024:
The time curve of self-discharge over insulation resistance with decreasing capacitor voltage follows the formula
5631:
5275:
2836:
291:
10686:
10485:
8665:
8633:
8386:
473M 100 V implies a capacitance of 47 × 10 pF = 47 nF (M = ±20%) with a working voltage of 100 V.
7549:
In many applications of capacitors dielectric absorption is not a problem but in some applications, such as long-
6157:
Capacitors with very low losses, such as ceramic Class 1 and Class 2 capacitors, specify resistive losses with a
3091:
2997:—the first capacitors with stable frequency behavior and low losses, used for military radio applications during
2613:
2117:
1009:
977:
97:
17:
10214:
8723:
Tomáš Kárník, AVX, NIOBIUM OXIDE FOR CAPACITOR MANUFACTURING, METAL 2008, 13. –15. 5. 2008, Hradec nad
Moravicí
8383:
105K 330 V implies a capacitance of 10 × 10 pF = 1 μF (K = ±10%) with a working voltage of 330 V.
3502:
Self-healing properties. Originally impregnated with wax, oil or epoxy. Oil-Kraft paper version used in certain
3457:
Operating temperatures of up to 200 °C. High insulation resistance. Good stability. Low dissipation factor.
2778:
Supercapacitors are rarely interchangeable, especially those with higher energy densities. IEC standard 62391-1
2469:, especially in SMD styles, makes them a competitor to MLC chip capacitors in personal computer power supplies.
10288:
10069:
2764:
2157:, are established by the electrolyte's material and composition. Three general types of electrolytes are used:
1409:
1041:
68:
9317:
9047:
2594:
Classification of supercapacitors into classes regarding to IEC 62391-1, IEC 62567and DIN EN 61881-3 standards
1452:
188:
6166:
5839:
4299:
4276:
2704:– with electrodes out of metal oxides or conducting polymers with a high amount of faradaic pseudocapacitance
1926:
Some film capacitors of special shapes and styles are used as capacitors for special applications, including
7202:
3269:
No self-healing properties: internal short may be disabling. Larger dimensions than metallized alternative.
2698:
electrodes or derivates with much higher static double-layer capacitance than the faradaic pseudocapacitance
79:
10717:
10469:
9212:
6028:
4203:
4190:
2011:
capacitors) for high AC or high current pulse loads. Windings can be filled with an insulating oil or with
1555:
1551:
1476:
632:
209:
9568:
Self-healing
Characteristics of Solid Electrolytic Capacitor with Polypyrrole Electrolyte, Yamamoto Hideo
8724:
7854:
This supercapacitor has roughly 5000 times higher capacitance than the 4700/10 electrolytic capacitor but
7369:
For electrolytic capacitors the insulation resistance of the dielectric is termed "leakage current". This
5003:
10521:
10458:
9492:"Troubleshooting analog circuits, part 2: The right equipment is essential for effective troubleshooting"
7561:
6944:
Examples for calculations of individual pulse loads are given by many manufactures, e.g. WIMA and Kemet.
4890:
4840:
to filter or bypass undesired biased AC frequencies to the ground. Other applications use capacitors for
4732:
anodes display capacitance at 100 kHz approximately 10 to 20% of the value measured at 100 Hz.
2757:
2154:
2063:
10136:
The
Effects of Electrolyte Composition on the Deformation Characteristics of Wet Aluminum ICD Capacitors
9569:
6763:
3057:
Trimmer capacitor – small variable capacitor usually for one-time oscillator circuit internal adjustment
11181:
10728:
9645:
9241:; Béguin, François (2001). "Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors".
8598:
All other capacitor types are negligible in terms of value and quantity compared with the above types.
6656:
5823:
4695:. The graphs below show typical frequency behavior of the capacitance for ceramic and film capacitors.
3539:
Paper covered with metal foils as electrodes. Low cost. Intermittent duty, high discharge applications.
2961:
2752:
Supercapacitors support a broad spectrum of applications for power and energy requirements, including:
2635:
2628:
1083:
876:
736:
608:
406:
9580:
9377:
7967:", so that early failures are found during production, reducing the number of post-shipment failures.
6472:
5608:{\displaystyle Z={\frac {\hat {u}}{\hat {\imath }}}={\frac {U_{\mathrm {eff} }}{I_{\mathrm {eff} }}}.}
5101:
4945:
3079:
10935:
10649:
10492:
10377:
9491:
8591:
4742:
4583:
2665:
2000:
901:
604:
9073:
6625:
ripple current—an effective (RMS) AC current, coming from an AC voltage superimposed of a DC bias, a
5381:
5158:
As shown in a capacitor's series-equivalent circuit, the real component includes an ideal capacitor
5136:
5079:
4977:
4857:
4448:
The required tolerance is determined by the particular application. The narrow tolerances of E24 to
1957:
SMD style for printed circuit board surface mounting, with metallized contacts on two opposite edges
10944:
10802:
10654:
10510:
9238:
7901:
The aging process of Class 2 ceramic capacitors may be reversed by heating the component above the
7385:
stress from soldering, on voltage applied, on temperature of the capacitor, and on measuring time.
5912:
4691:
in which the time constant of the electrical dipoles is the reason for the frequency dependence of
4599:
3422:
3334:
2877:
1578:
921:
744:
9631:
6520:
4710:
Frequency dependence of capacitance for ceramic class 2 capacitors (NP0 class 1 for comparisation)
4461:
capacitors mostly have a tolerance range of ±20% and need to conform to E6 (or E3) series values.
10955:
10675:
10474:
7956:
7707:
thus a capacitor having a dielectric half as thick as another has 4 times higher capacitance but
6038:
5916:
5733:
5131:
4615:
4164:
3522:
3378:
3288:
2853:
2676:
2035:
1969:
Radial style with heavy-duty solder terminals for snubber applications and high surge pulse loads
1582:
1279:
941:
555:
440:
388:
163:
57:
10134:
J. L. Stevens, T. R. Marshall, A. C. Geiculescu M., C. R. Feger, T. F. Strange, Carts USA 2006,
9424:
9116:
7393:
capacitors, the self-discharge of modern non solid electrolytic capacitors takes several weeks.
6730:
The rated pulse rise time is also indirectly the maximum capacity of an applicable peak current
2164:
solid manganese oxide—conductivity approximately 100 mS/cm offer high quality and stability
527:
are aluminum, tantalum or niobium electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer as electrolyte
11124:
10691:
10556:
10532:
9464:
Darren Ashby, Bonnie Baker, Ian
Hickman, Walt Kester, Robert Pease, Tim Williams, Bob Zeidman.
8580:
8558:
8165:
Surface mount fixed aluminium electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer solid electrolyte
3521:
despite plastic enclosures and impregnates. Moisture increases dielectric losses and decreases
2730:
2109:
2096:
1205:
1186:
1078:
748:
658:
9646:"Vishay - Vishay Introduces First Silicon-Based, Surface-Mount RF Capacitor in 0603 Case Size"
8159:
Surface mount fixed tantalum electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer solid electrolyte
7294:
6075:) and the ESR, and can be shown as the angle δ between imaginary and the impedance axis.
5034:
1526:
Three examples of different film capacitor configurations for increasing surge current ratings
11193:
11145:
10966:
10782:
10697:
10628:
10464:
9504:
8759:
P. Bettacchi, D. Montanari, D. Zanarini, D. Orioli, G. Rondelli, A. Sanua, KEMET Electronics
8587:
8415:
7913:
years at 40 °C are, for example, ±3% for PE film capacitors and ±1% PP film capacitors.
7448:
7441:
7265:
5251:
4845:
4688:
4287:
4177:
3974:
3968:
3858:
3201:
3182:
3023:
3004:
2994:
2957:
2711:
2639:
2632:
1574:
1427:
1423:
1405:
1260:
662:
Charge storage principles of different capacitor types and their inherent voltage progression
600:
413:
403:
104:
9933:
9189:
9164:
9140:
8857:
5216:
5181:
4268:
For supercapacitors a voltage drop method is applied for measuring the capacitance value. .
2023:
Power film capacitors for applications in power systems, electrical installations and plants
1192:
A short view to the figures in the table above gives the explanation for some simple facts:
11267:
11011:
10906:
10680:
10573:
10427:
10388:
10319:
10311:
10173:
10043:
9664:
8628:
7232:
7113:
6988:
for film capacitors specify special curves for derating AC voltages at higher frequencies.
6866:
6819:
6733:
6696:
6191:
6003:
5952:
5884:
5857:
5801:
5773:
4852:
4837:
4458:
4210:
Using a series equivalent circuit instead of a parallel equivalent circuit is specified by
2718:
2543:
SMD style for surface mounting of aluminum electrolytic capacitors with polymer electrolyte
2175:)—conductivity approximately 100...500 S/cm, offer ESR values as low as <10 mΩ
620:
353:
274:
194:
155:
5964:
100 kHz, 1 MHz (preferred) or 10 MHz for non-electrolytic capacitors with C
4243:
100 kHz, 1 MHz (preferred) or 10 MHz for non-electrolytic capacitors with C
2876:
In particular, safety regulations mandate a particular arrangement of Class X and Class Y
208:
While, in absolute figures, the most commonly manufactured capacitors are integrated into
8:
11340:
10987:
10895:
10787:
10623:
10600:
10038:
Plessner, K W (1956), "Ageing of the Dielectric Properties of Barium Titanate Ceramics",
10001:
8688:
WIMA, Characteristics of Metallized Film Capacitors in Comparison with Other Dielectrics
8130:
Surface mount fixed tantalum electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide solid electro
8105:
Fixed metallized polyethylene-terephthalate film dielectric surface mount d.c. capacitors
7885:
Aging of different Class 2 ceramic capacitors compared with NP0-Class 1 ceramic capacitor
7425:
7398:
6424:
6081:
5929:
4844:
of AC signals; the dielectric is used only for blocking DC. For such applications the AC
4841:
4830:
3943:
3873:
2941:
2911:
2250:
624:
551:
were named for their ability to store electric energy electro-chemically with reversible
233:
A dielectric material is placed between two conducting plates (electrodes), each of area
10047:
8807:
2818:
Double-layer capacitor with 1 F at 5.5 V for data retention when power is off.
2687:
Supercapacitors are divided into three families, based on the design of the electrodes:
2161:
non solid (wet, liquid)—conductivity approximately 10 mS/cm and are the lowest cost
1494:
Ceramic EMI suppression capacitors for connection to the supply mains (safety capacitor)
1443:. Ceramic capacitors are well-suited for high frequencies and high current pulse loads.
11292:
11152:
10860:
10827:
10643:
10527:
10505:
9166:
Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications
8615:
8570:
7330:
6846:
6450:
6404:
6171:
5990:
5403:
5161:
4134:
3047:
2457:
2131:
2127:
1201:
have the highest capacitance density because of their special charge storage principles
1014:
616:
250:
201:
correction in AC power distribution systems. Standard capacitors have a fixed value of
173:
10135:
10055:
9254:
6941:
Higher pulse rise times are permitted for pulse voltage lower than the rated voltage.
6158:
4206:
which is the effective self-inductance of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESL".
3441:
Similar to polycarbonate. Withstand full voltage at comparatively higher temperatures.
2721:. They have the highest available capacitance values per unit volume and the greatest
1945:
Radial style (single ended) for through-hole solder mounting on printed circuit boards
11287:
11208:
11099:
11051:
10880:
10807:
10769:
10260:
9731:
9297:
9273:
9170:
8910:
8787:
8552:
8492:
8394:
The date of manufacture is often printed in accordance with international standards.
7921:
7565:
7420:. Microphonics (microphony) describes how electronic components transform mechanical
7279:
In electrolytic capacitors, the insulation resistance is defined as leakage current.
4722:
Frequency dependence of capacitance for film capacitors with different film materials
4470:
4454:
3754:
3670:
3387:
Large size (due to low dielectric constant). Higher cost than other film capacitors.
3295:. Widely used for safety/EMI suppression, including connection to power supply mains.
3292:
2466:
2271:
2246:
2242:
2141:
2137:
1379:
1213:
1120:
1046:
810:
755:
612:
596:
9404:"Residential, Commercial and Industrial Electrical Systems: Equipment and selection"
8111:
Fixed metallized polyphenylene sulfide film dielectric surface mount d.c. capacitors
6952:
4825:
and resistance ESR and for illustration the impedance Z and dissipation factor tan δ
4748:
Film capacitors and electrolytic capacitors have no significant voltage dependence.
3872:
Higher operating voltage. Higher energy density than common EDLCs, but smaller than
1255:
Capacitor volumetric efficiency increased from 1970 to 2005 (click image to enlarge)
1251:
11003:
10950:
10777:
10416:
10228:
10051:
9250:
8364:
certification marks of safety standards (for safety EMI/RFI suppression capacitors)
7890:
7413:
7272:
capacitors in the uF range of a self-discharge constant of about 2000–4000 s.
6652:
5915:
high-speed logic circuits from the power supply. The decoupling capacitor supplies
5618:
to calculate either the peak or the effective value of the current or the voltage.
4974:
represents the ratio of the voltage difference amplitude to the current amplitude,
4805:
The relation between both voltages and temperatures is given in the picture right.
4520:
4272:
3638:
3252:
3212:
3167:
3050:
may have their capacitance changed by mechanical motion. There are two main types:
2931:
2870:
2673:
2602:
1991:
1522:
1099:
835:
765:
731:
Beneath this conventional capacitors a family of electrochemical capacitors called
552:
434:
384:
10812:
10020:
9608:
9357:
8249:
7404:
Leakage current is normally measured 2 or 5 minutes after applying rated voltage.
5268:
therefore is given by the geometric (complex) addition of a capacitive reactance (
2519:
Axial, radial (single ended) and V-chip styles of aluminum electrolytic capacitors
11213:
11066:
10797:
10707:
10551:
10255:
10235:
10180:
10161:
10142:
10105:
10086:
10008:
9951:
9939:
9921:
9872:
9452:
9403:
9390:
9364:
9324:
9199:
9080:
8938:
8767:
8731:
8695:
8576:
8171:
Fixed aluminium electrolytic capacitors with conductive polymer solid electrolyte
7557:
7261:
5937:
5812:
5026:
4727:
For electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte, mechanical motion of the
4504:
3577:
3291:. Very low dielectric losses. High frequency and high power applications such as
3216:
3163:
2935:
2859:
2657:
2617:
2237:
982:
958:
816:
759:
592:
588:
547:
430:
254:
246:
10438:
8256:
6618:
power (AC load, ripple current, pulse load, etc.) a capacitor is specified for.
6285:
A high Q value is for resonant circuits a mark of the quality of the resonance.
5513:{\displaystyle Z={\sqrt {{ESR}^{2}+(X_{\mathrm {C} }+(-X_{\mathrm {L} }))^{2}}}}
4884:
at a particular frequency. This is unlike resistance, which has only magnitude.
4813:
4193:
which summarizes all ohmic losses of the capacitor, usually abbreviated as "ESR"
3573:
PP as dielectric, impregnated with insulating oil, epoxy resin or insulating gas
2571:
11255:
11036:
11026:
10792:
10595:
10079:
Christopher England, Johanson dielectrics, Ceramic Capacitor Aging Made Simple
9914:
9545:
8881:
8623:
8564:
8398:
Version 1: coding with year/week numeral code, "1208" is "2012, week number 8".
8242:
8220:
7943:
7370:
7010:
5994:
5989:
A capacitor's summarized resistive losses may be specified either as ESR, as a
5933:
5127:
4997:
4877:
4752:
Voltage dependence of capacitance for some different class 2 ceramic capacitors
3901:
Low dielectric loss. Used for resonating HF circuits for high power HF welding.
3591:
Impregnated PP or insulating gas, insulating oil, epoxy resin or insulating gas
2947:
gas filled capacitors—used as capacitance standard in measuring bridge circuits
2722:
2651:
2566:
2121:
1927:
1530:
1517:
1221:
1197:
1162:
1074:
851:
732:
725:
711:
631:
Often, more than one capacitor family is employed for these applications, e.g.
410:
399:
392:
258:
143:
8989:
8117:
Fixed metallized polyethylene naphthalate film dielectric chip d.c. capacitors
11334:
11317:
11140:
11056:
10875:
10702:
10670:
10249:
8443:
8207:
8137:
Aluminium electrolytic capacitors with solid (MnO2) and non-solid electrolyte
7948:
7881:
7550:
4549:
3397:
3277:
2864:
2830:
Radial (single ended) style of lithium ion capacitors for high energy density
2738:
2734:
2327:
1566:
1394:
856:
579:
Overview over the most commonly used fixed capacitors in electronic equipment
341:
of the dielectric material, and decreases with the plate separation distance
10265:
9932:"Understand Capacitor Soakage to Optimize Analog Systems" by Bob Pease 1982
9689:
9007:
8689:
8270:
6663:
double layer capacitor (ELDC) these resistance values can be derived from a
5923:
4087:
Extremely low losses. Used for very high voltage high power RF applications.
2586:
showing power density vs. energy density of various capacitors and batteries
2579:
1562:) and for AC power applications, or for applications at higher frequencies.
11198:
11186:
11074:
11041:
10870:
10855:
10422:
9760:
9715:"Physical Interpretations of Nyquist Plots for ELDC Electrodes and Devices"
9445:
8263:
8081:
Fixed polyethylene-terephthalate film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors
8075:
Fixed metallized polyethylene-terephthalate film dielectric d.c. capacitors
7971:
7960:
7417:
6664:
5948:
4692:
4035:
3918:
3633:
coupling, smoothing and buffer applications in power supplies and DC-links.
3503:
3300:
3226:
3197:
2998:
2583:
2461:
1390:
335:
229:
213:
198:
10002:
Metallized Polypropylene Film Energy Storage Capacitors For Low Pulse Duty
9378:"Design of an Internal Fuse for a High-Frequency Solid Tantalum Capacitor"
8971:
5971:
1 kHz or 10 kHz for non-electrolytic capacitors with 1 nF < C
4250:
1 kHz or 10 kHz for non-electrolytic capacitors with 1 nF < C
3865:
Helmholtz double-layer plus faradaic pseudo-capacitance. Anode doped with
2795:
Class 4, Instantaneous power, discharge current in mA = 40 • C (F) • V (V)
11240:
10982:
10931:
10837:
10822:
10605:
10567:
9866:
Are your military ceramic capacitors subject to the piezoelectric effect?
8548:
Detailed estimated figures in value for the main capacitor families are:
8434:
7902:
7287:
6979:
5269:
4789:
Relation between rated and category temperature range and applied voltage
3533:
3436:
3415:
3178:
2168:
2012:
518:
421:
202:
31:
10280:
8062:
Fixed surface mount multilayer capacitors of ceramic dielectric, Class 2
8056:
Fixed surface mount multilayer capacitors of ceramic dielectric, Class 1
6994:
AC loads can occur in AC motor run capacitors, for voltage doubling, in
4167:
of the dielectric, not to be confused with the insulation of the housing
3421:
Good thermal stability, high insulation, low distortion but unsuited to
2531:
Snap-in style of aluminum electrolytic capacitors for power applications
2101:
11312:
11302:
11235:
11109:
11079:
11046:
11021:
11016:
10993:
10865:
10845:
10723:
10585:
10562:
10448:
10350:
10345:
10340:
9810:
8781:
8511:
Cylindrical polymer capacitors have a polarity marking at the cathode (
7553:
7100:{\displaystyle u(t)=U_{0}\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{-t/\tau _{\mathrm {s} }},}
5981:
50/60 Hz or 100/120 Hz for non-electrolytic capacitors with C
5321:
4449:
4280:
4260:
50/60 Hz or 100/120 Hz for non-electrolytic capacitors with C
3518:
3510:
3190:
2988:
2918:
2621:
1440:
277:
the properties of the dielectric material and the separation distance.
270:
216:, and other device chips, this article covers the discrete components.
168:
9092:
8495:, tantalum as well as aluminum, have a polarity marking at the anode (
8372:. Also, the negative lead for leaded "wet" e-caps is usually shorter.
2789:
Class 2, Energy storage, discharge current in mA = 0.4 • C (F) • V (V)
2780:
Fixed electric double layer capacitors for use in electronic equipment
11275:
11119:
11114:
11104:
11031:
10911:
10745:
10740:
10665:
10590:
9981:"KEMET General Purpose Pulse-and-DC-Transient-Suppression Capacitors"
8858:"Murata, Three-terminal Capacitor Structure, No.TE04EA-1.pdf 98.3.20"
8545:
with estimate of approximately one trillion (1 × 10) items per year.
8149:
Fixed aluminium electrolytic surface mount capacitors with solid (MnO
7421:
7291:
general leakage behavior of electrolytic capacitors: leakage current
7009:
The resistance of the dielectric is finite, leading to some level of
5827:
5622:
5073:
4567:
3470:
3452:
3314:
3255:
carrying capability respectively the maximum possible pulse voltage.
3186:
2768:
2647:
2605:
2300:
2172:
1570:
881:
540:
417:
266:
262:
151:
9210:
9192:
Electrochemical Capacitors — Their Nature, Function and Applications
9026:"Sorry, the requested page could not be found. - TDK Europe - EPCOS"
7004:
1354:
46:
11297:
11245:
11225:
11203:
11089:
11084:
10972:
10961:
10890:
10660:
10153:
Alfonso Berduque, Zongli Dou, Rong Xu, BHC Components Ltd (KEMET),
8609:
8235:
6628:
pulse current—an AC peak current, coming from a voltage peak, or an
4833:
4699:
Frequency dependence of capacitance for ceramic and film capacitors
4286:
The percentage of allowed deviation from the rated value is called
3514:
3284:
2763:
Power electronics that require very short, high current, as in the
2717:
Supercapacitors bridge the gap between conventional capacitors and
2643:
684:
680:
563:
combine double-layer and pseudocapacitors to increase power density
437:
184:
180:
10172:
Vishay BCcomponents, Revision: 10-May-12, Document Number: 28356,
6607:{\displaystyle P={\frac {U^{2}\cdot \tan \delta }{2\pi f\cdot C}}}
6215:. Q is defined as the reciprocal value of the dissipation factor.
2448:
Ripple current at 100 kHz and 85 °C / volumen (nominal dimensions)
1239:
Capacitance ranges vs. voltage ranges of different capacitor types
34:. For the explanation of the units of measure of capacitance, see
11157:
11094:
10916:
10901:
10755:
10712:
10360:
9712:
9602:"AVX, Performance Characteristics of Multilayer Glass Capacitors"
7964:
7749:
W × H × L = 10.5 mm × 20.5 mm × 31.5 mm
6995:
6027: loads, such as electrolytic capacitors, are specified with
4785:
4038:
axis for noise reduced adjustment. For high professional devices.
3866:
3748:
3476:
Highest dielectric strength of any known plastic film dielectric.
3189:
characteristics with low losses. For temperature compensation in
3132:
Features and applications as well as disadvantages of capacitors
3066:
2071:
1565:
The plastic films used as the dielectric for film capacitors are
1559:
688:
514:
486:
8930:
Passive component magazine, Nov./Dec. 2005, F. Jacobs, p. 29 ff
7381:
is lower for electrolytics than for ceramic or film capacitors.
6275:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {1}{\tan \delta }}={\frac {f_{0}}{B}}\ }
4115:
Linear and stable frequency behavior over wide temperature range
2774:
Recovery of braking energy for vehicles such as buses and trains
2575:
Hierarchical classification of supercapacitors and related types
11230:
10921:
10885:
10850:
10410:
10382:
10355:
10330:
10275:
8950:
7995:
7455:
Values of dielectric absorption for some often used capacitors
6922:
relative duration of charge and discharge periods (pulse shape)
6517:
The same power loss can be written with the dissipation factor
6104: is small, the dissipation factor can be approximated as:
5845:
4881:
3912:
3372:
3174:
2695:
2590:
1398:
1104:
724:
All of them store their electrical charge statically within an
718:
9952:"Modeling Dielectric Absorption in Capacitors", by Ken Kundert
8744:"Holystone, Capacitor Dielectric Comparison, Technical Note 3"
8143:
fixed tantalum capacitors with non-solid and solid electrolyte
8093:
Fixed metallized polypropylene film dielectric d.c. capacitors
8087:
Fixed polypropylene film dielectric metal foil d.c. capacitors
7970:
Reliability for capacitors is usually specified in numbers of
7189:{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {s} }=R_{\mathrm {ins} }\cdot C}
2729:/1.2 volt, with capacitance values up to 10,000 times that of
1589:
Characteristics of plastic film materials for film capacitors
11307:
11218:
10977:
10750:
10543:
10405:
10400:
8099:
Fixed metallized polypropylene film dielectric a.c. and pulse
4217:
4101:
Mostly replaced by semiconductive variable capacitance diodes
4006:
3990:
3496:
2756:
Low supply current during longer times for memory backup in (
2726:
2661:
2183:
Benchmarks of the different types of electrolytic capacitors
1146:
703:
699:
676:
510:
448:
35:
10125:
MIL-HDBK-217F Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment
10042:(in German), vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1261–1268,
9110:"Rubycon, Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors for Strobe Flash"
8200:
7628:
Since the energy density stored in a capacitor is given by:
6289:
Comparization of ohmic losses for different capacitor types
3924:
Very high cost. Fragile. Large. Relatively low capacitance.
2803:
making it difficult for users to classify these capacitors.
2668:
on the surface of the electrode or by specifically absorbed
2620:
and hybrid capacitors. They don't have a conventional solid
1470:
Multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC chips) for SMD mounting
1282:
from 1923 for noise decoupling (blocking) in telegraph lines
11250:
10633:
10579:
10480:
10433:
10371:
9539:"Vishay, Wet Electrolyte Tantalum Capacitors, Introduction"
7697:{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {stored} }={\frac {1}{2}}CV^{2},}
7532:
Aluminium electrolytic capacitor with non solid electrolyte
6975:
reduced AC voltage or rated AC current at high frequencies.
2792:
Class 3, Power, discharge current in mA = 4 • C (F) • V (V)
2786:
Class 1, Memory backup, discharge current in mA = 1 • C (F)
2067:
1167:
695:
10192:
7725:
for different capacitance/voltage values within a series.
6956:
Limiting conditions for capacitors operating with AC loads
3597:
Larger than the PP metallized versions. Not self-healing.
2555:
Tantalum electrolytic chip capacitors for surface mounting
2015:
to reduce air bubbles, thereby preventing short circuits.
569:
Silver mica, glass, silicon, air-gap and vacuum capacitors
9915:
AVX, ANALYSIS OF SOLID TANTALUM CAPACITOR LEAKAGE CURRENT
9832:"Capacitors for Reduced Micro phonics and Sound Emission"
7717:
voltage proof, yielding an equal maximum energy density.
5924:
Ohmic losses, ESR, dissipation factor, and quality factor
4728:
3896:
2968:
2669:
1547:
1451:
capacitors for noise suppression by low-pass filters and
1417:
1125:
707:
444:
6447:
and is the squared value of the effective (RMS) current
5022:
gives the phase difference between voltage and current.
1327:
8659:"A Survey of Electrochemical Supercapacitor Technology"
8346:
polarity of the terminations (for polarized capacitors)
7524:
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte
6291:
for resonant circuits (Reference frequency 1 MHz)
5928:
The summarized losses in discrete capacitors are ohmic
3844:
Helmholtz double-layer plus faradaic pseudo-capacitance
3321:
125 °C. Operating voltages up to 60,000 V DC.
2007:
approximately at a reactive power of 200 volt-amperes.
9270:
Recent Trend in Electrochemical Science and Technology
8972:"WIMA Radio Interference Suppression (RFI) Capacitors"
8825:
5400:
the resistance has to be added geometrically and then
5385:
5140:
5105:
5083:
5007:
4981:
4949:
4861:
3193:
application. Available in voltages up to 15,000 V
2508:
Aluminum, tantalum and niobium electrolytic capacitors
10174:
Introduction Aluminum Capacitors, paragraph "Storage"
9683:"AVX, NP0, 1000 pF 100 V, 0805, Q >= 1000 (1 MHz)"
9505:"Instruction Manual Cyclone 40: 40 Meter Transceiver"
8784:
Interlayer dielectrics for semiconductor technologies
7898:
significantly higher and can be up to 7% per decade.
7637:
7585:
7333:
7297:
7235:
7205:
7146:
7116:
7033:
6869:
6849:
6822:
6766:
6736:
6699:
6552:
6523:
6475:
6453:
6427:
6407:
6224:
6194:
6174:
6113:
6084:
6041:
6006:
5887:
5860:
5776:
5736:
5682:
5634:
5528:
5429:
5406:
5384:
5330:
5278:
5254:
5219:
5184:
5164:
5139:
5104:
5082:
5037:
5006:
4980:
4948:
4893:
4860:
4271:
Capacitors are available in geometrically increasing
294:
9518:"Polystyrene capacitor advantages and disadvantages"
8782:
S. P. Murarka; Moshe Eisenberg; A. K. Sinha (2003),
8656:
8605:
8459:) side. Aluminum, tantalum, and niobium e-caps with
8455:
electrolyte have a polarity marking at the cathode (
7401:
do not have high leakage with longer storage times.
10193:"Beuth Verlag - Normen und Fachliteratur seit 1924"
10021:"Maxwell Ultracapacitors: Enabling Energy's Future"
9211:Marin S. Halper, James C. Ellenbogen (March 2006).
7610:{\displaystyle C\approx {\frac {\varepsilon A}{d}}}
7017:". This resistance is represented by the resistor R
4477:Temperature coefficients of some common capacitors
2631:– Storage is achieved by separation of charge in a
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9337:
9190:Brian E. Conway in Electrochemistry Encyclopedia:
8463:electrolyte have a polarity marking at the anode (
7696:
7609:
7435:
7339:
7319:
7248:
7221:
7188:
7129:
7099:
6889:
6855:
6835:
6805:
6749:
6719:
6606:
6535:
6506:
6459:
6439:
6413:
6274:
6207:
6180:
6146:
6096:
6067:
6019:
5900:
5873:
5790:
5762:
5719:
5668:
5607:
5512:
5412:
5392:
5367:
5312:
5260:
5240:
5205:
5170:
5147:
5118:
5090:
5061:
5014:
4988:
4966:
4931:
4868:
318:
147:Some different capacitors for electronic equipment
8761:Power Film Capacitors for Industrial Applications
7005:Insulation resistance and self-discharge constant
6972:rated reactive power at intermediate frequencies,
5770:), then the impedance will only be determined by
3037:Vacuum capacitor with uranium glass encapsulation
2847:
1981:Heavy-duty snubber capacitor with screw terminals
11332:
9406:. 2008. section 21.2.1: "Internal fuse". p. 446.
9237:
9048:"2017 Tendency For Electronic Components Market"
8031:Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment
6631:AC current—an effective (RMS) sinusoidal current
4851:The frequency dependent AC resistance is called
4294:Tolerances of capacitors and their letter codes
1230:
373:Specifically adsorptive ions (Pseudocapacitance)
10229:Historical Introduction to Capacitor Technology
8786:(in German), Academic Press, pp. 338–339,
8420:As of 2013 Capacitors do not use color coding.
8050:Fixed capacitors of ceramic dielectric, Class 2
8044:Fixed capacitors of ceramic dielectric, Class 1
5720:{\displaystyle X_{L}=\omega L_{\mathrm {ESL} }}
5368:{\displaystyle X_{L}=\omega L_{\mathrm {ESL} }}
5248:. The total reactance at the angular frequency
2085:75MVAR substation capacitor bank at 150 kV
646:Other kinds of capacitors are discussed in the
348:
10040:Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B
9358:"A New Low ESR Fused Solid Tantalum Capacitor"
8708:"- TDK Europe – General Technical Information"
7516:Polyethylene naphthalate film capacitors (PEN)
6147:{\displaystyle \tan \delta =ESR\cdot \omega C}
4138:Series-equivalent circuit model of a capacitor
3904:Physically large. Relatively low capacitance.
3499:impregnated with insulating oil or epoxy resin
2679:. The pseudocapacitance is faradaic in origin.
1298:; 5,000 cm corresponds to 0.0056 μF.
739:and faradaically at the surface of electrodes
539:were named for the physical phenomenon of the
10296:
8777:
8775:
8355:rated voltage and nature of supply (AC or DC)
6188:relative to its center or resonant frequency
4780:
4124:
3251:Thin metallized electrodes limit the maximum
2807:Double-layer, Lithium-Ion and supercapacitors
2725:of all capacitors. They support up to 12,000
10261:A different view of all this capacitor stuff
10256:Modeling Dielectric Absorption in Capacitors
9736:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9162:
8844:"Three-terminal Capacitor Structure, Murata"
8808:"Vishay - Capacitors - RFI Safety Rated X/Y"
8567:and Paper capacitors—US$ 2.6 billion, (15%);
7996:Electrolytic behavior from storage or disuse
7867:
5997:(Q), depending on application requirements.
5846:Inductance (ESL) and self-resonant frequency
5669:{\displaystyle X_{C}=-{\frac {1}{\omega C}}}
5313:{\displaystyle X_{C}=-{\frac {1}{\omega C}}}
4129:
3982:Higher cost than class 1 ceramic capacitors
3563:Physically larger than PP power capacitors.
3204:, larger dimensions than Class 2 capacitors
764:or with both storage principles together in
319:{\displaystyle C={\frac {\varepsilon A}{d}}}
224:
27:Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
9503:David Cripe NM0S and Four State QRP Group.
9231:
9220:(Technical report). MITRE Nanosystems Group
8527:Supercapacitors are marked at the cathode (
7508:Polyphenylene sulfide film capacitors (PPS)
5978:100/120 Hz for electrolytic capacitors
4836:. In many cases the capacitor is used as a
4687:and plastic film dielectrics is related to
4257:100/120 Hz for electrolytic capacitors
4055:Very high cost. Fragile. Large dimensions.
3109:Trimmer capacitor for through hole mounting
2895:
2890:plastic film RFI/EMI suppression capacitors
2050:Power film capacitor in rectangular housing
10303:
10289:
10099:Electrolytic Capacitor Lifetime Estimation
10000:Ralph M. Kerrigan, NWL Capacitor Division
9261:
9158:
9156:
9154:
8772:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8467:) side. Supercapacitors are marked at the
7540:Double-layer capacitor or super capacitors
4848:is as important as the capacitance value.
4218:Standard capacitance values and tolerances
4090:Very high cost, fragile, large dimensions
2090:
2038:(PFC), packaged in a cylindrical metal can
265:plates. The charge carriers are typically
219:
172:). Capacitors are widely used as parts of
10310:
9885:"Kemet, Polymer Tantalum Chip Capacitors"
9665:"Chip Mica Capacitors - Simic Electronic"
7981:
7625:capacitor but half of the voltage proof.
7256: drops to 37% of the initial value.
7218:
6395:
5625:, in which the both reactive resistances
4464:
3479:Only development, no series found (2012)
3460:Only development, no series found (2012)
3444:Only development, no series found (2012)
3425:and now almost completely replaced by PET
509:are named after the material used as the
478:The most common kinds of capacitors are:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
10037:
9782:"General Information DC Film Capacitors"
8361:year and month (or week) of manufacture;
7942:
7920:
7880:
7286:
6978:
6951:
5800:
4812:
4784:
4629:Metallized paper capacitor (impregnated)
4133:
2904:
2858:
2589:
2578:
2570:
2100:
1990:
1986:
1521:
1353:
1250:
657:
352:
330:The capacitance increases with the area
228:
142:
10276:Capsite 2015 Introduction to capacitors
10266:Images of different types of capacitors
9713:Mei, Munteshari, Lau, Dunn, and Pilon.
9380:. 1980. doi: 10.1109/TCHMT.1980.1135610
9151:
8645:
8358:climatic category or rated temperature;
4681:
2105:Electrolytic capacitors diversification
1420:/NP0, P2G/N150, R2G/N220, U2J/N750 etc.
647:
14:
11333:
9632:Murata: Basics of capacitors, lesson 2
9204:
9141:"Electrolytic Capacitors - FTCAP GmbH"
9045:
7222:{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {s} }\,}
6667:of the capacitor's complex impedance.
6000:Capacitors with higher ripple current
3126:
3121:Trimmer capacitor for surface mounting
3042:
2982:
2886:ceramic RFI/EMI suppression capacitors
1455:for transmitters and HF applications.
10284:
10271:Overview of different capacitor types
10221:
10211:"Electronic Capacitors market report"
10097:Dr. Arne Albertsen, Jianghai Europe,
9286:
8875:"Vishay, Ceramic RF-Power Capacitors"
8717:
8657:Adam Marcus Namisnyk (23 June 2003).
8369:
7424:into an undesired electrical signal (
6919:Pulse rise or fall time dv/dt in V/μs
4735:
3360:RoHS 2002/95/European Union directive
3003:Air-gap capacitors—used by the first
2951:
2782:identifies four application classes:
1349:
1328:Overlapping range of the applications
357:Schematic of double layer capacitor.
10735:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
9662:
8195:
7412:All ferroelectric materials exhibit
7347:for different kinds of electrolytes
6969:rated AC voltage at low frequencies,
6925:maximum pulse voltage (peak voltage)
5015:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta }
3876:(LIB). No thermal runaway reactions.
3637:end-of-life, showing failures like "
3506:applications. Mostly replaced by PP.
3022:Some 1 nF × 500 VDC rated
1506:High voltage ceramic power capacitor
1459:Diverse styles of ceramic capacitors
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
10516:Programmable unijunction transistor
9742:J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 194−206
9267:
8423:
8020:60384–1 in the following sections.
8007:
7740:Ǿ D × H = 16.5 mm × 25 mm
7352: non solid, high water content
4932:{\displaystyle \ Z=|Z|e^{j\theta }}
3287:applications, such as in motors or
2925:
2608:. Supercapacitor, sometimes called
1618:Relative permittivity at 1 kHz
1344:
728:between two (parallel) electrodes.
176:in many common electrical devices.
24:
10417:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
9643:
8932:Polypropylene Capacitor Film Resin
8904:
8805:
8539:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7492:Polypropylene film capacitors (PP)
7282:
7212:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7153:
7137: and self-discharge constant
7086:
7064:
6806:{\displaystyle I_{p}=C\cdot dv/dt}
6757:. The peak current is defined as:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5489:
5468:
5359:
5356:
5353:
4176:, the resistance representing the
4154:, the capacitance of the capacitor
3274:Polypropylene (PP) film capacitors
2971:circuits for oscillation feedback.
2560:
1739:Application temperature range (°C)
1511:
1335:
1259:As in other areas of electronics,
1246:
1234:
574:
25:
11352:
10395:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
10243:
9479:"Troubleshooting Analog Circuits"
9344:UL Online Certification Directory
9214:Supercapacitors: A Brief Overview
9012:www.motor-runcapacitorsonline.com
8340:manufacturer's name or trademark;
7571:
7451:, "soakage" or "battery action".
6931:Repetition frequency of the pulse
6646:
5911:This is critically important for
3998:Higher cost than class 1 ceramic
3493:Metallized paper power capacitors
1596:Film material, abbreviated codes
1482:Ceramic X2Y decoupling capacitors
666:The most common dielectrics are:
462:
10639:Heterostructure barrier varactor
10366:Chemical field-effect transistor
9356:Douglas Edson and David Wadler.
8608:
8571:Tantalum electrolytic capacitors
8559:Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
8520:
8504:
8484:
8442:
8433:
8409:
8343:manufacturer's type designation;
8269:
8262:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8219:
8206:
7373:is represented by the resistor R
6688:
6507:{\displaystyle P=I^{2}\cdot ESR}
6165:and characterizes a resonator's
5119:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle ESR}
4967:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle |Z|}
4768:
4756:
4715:
4703:
3530:Paper film/foil power capacitors
3402:Almost completely replaced by PP
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3030:
3015:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2614:electric double-layer capacitors
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2495:
2483:
2128:Tantalum electrolytic capacitors
2118:Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
2078:
2055:
2043:
2027:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1315:
1303:
1287:
1272:
1010:Tantalum electrolytic capacitors
978:Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
758:(faradaic charge transfer) in a
499:are named for their dielectrics.
245:A conventional capacitor stores
45:
10687:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
10203:
10185:
10166:
10147:
10128:
10119:
10110:
10091:
10073:
10061:
10031:
10013:
9994:
9973:
9956:
9944:
9926:
9908:
9877:
9859:
9824:
9795:
9774:
9745:
9706:
9675:
9656:
9637:
9625:
9594:
9573:
9562:
9531:
9510:
9497:
9494:. EDN January 19, 1989. p. 163.
9484:
9471:
9458:
9438:
9409:
9396:
9383:
9370:
9350:
9330:
9311:
9268:Sur, Ujjal Kumar (2012-01-27).
9133:
9102:
9085:
9066:
9039:
9018:
9000:
8982:
8964:
8953:. Paumanokgroup.com. 2013-11-08
8943:
8924:
8898:
8867:
8850:
8836:
8634:List of capacitor manufacturers
7938:
7500:Polyester film capacitors (PET)
7484:Class-2 ceramic capacitors, X7R
7476:Class-1 ceramic capacitors, NP0
7436:Dielectric absorption (soakage)
7407:
5076:of impedance is the resistance
4660:Tantalum electrolytic capacitor
4640:Aluminum electrolytic capacitor
3594:Highest inrush current strength
3369:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
2856:even when the capacitor fails.
2138:Niobium electrolytic capacitors
1538:within film/foil construction.
1042:Niobium electrolytic capacitors
571:are named for their dielectric.
507:niobium electrolytic capacitors
56:needs additional citations for
10252:(von Kleist and Musschenbroek)
8818:
8799:
8753:
8736:
8700:
8682:
8352:tolerance on rated capacitance
7043:
7037:
6671:frequencies and temperatures.
5552:
5542:
5499:
5495:
5477:
5459:
5393:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}
5235:
5223:
5200:
5188:
5148:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle X}
5091:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle R}
4989:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle j}
4959:
4951:
4912:
4904:
4869:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}
3570:metallized PP power capacitors
2848:Class X and Class Y capacitors
2465:of the polymer electrolyte of
1928:RFI/EMI suppression capacitors
1908:Specific capacitance (nF•V/mm)
653:
13:
1:
9466:"Circuit Design: Know It All"
9391:"Electrical Power Capacitors"
9255:10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00183-4
9093:"CDE, Motor Start Capacitors"
9046:Chenxi, Rizee (15 May 2014).
9008:"Motor-Run Capacitors online"
8639:
7744:Metallized PP film capacitors
7560:circuits, switched-capacitor
6947:
4041:Large dimensions. High cost.
3588:PP film/foil power capacitors
3200:ceramic, capacitors with low
2672:that results in a reversible
1426:ceramic capacitors with high
1397:materials, modified by mixed
1231:Capacitance and voltage range
10718:Silicon controlled rectifier
10580:Organic light-emitting diode
10470:Diffused junction transistor
10227:J. Ho, T. R. Jow, S. Boggs,
8330:
7986:
7916:
7562:analog-to-digital converters
6657:switched-mode power supplies
6536:{\displaystyle \tan \delta }
6029:equivalent series resistance
5824:switched-mode power supplies
5320:and an inductive reactance (
4808:
4204:equivalent series inductance
4191:equivalent series resistance
3433:Polysulphone film capacitors
3313:Polyethylene terephthalate,
2991:the earliest known capacitor
2863:Two Class Y capacitors on a
2034:Power film capacitor for AC
1760:versus temperature range (%)
1556:equivalent series inductance
1552:equivalent series resistance
513:and the construction of the
349:Electrochemical construction
285:, of a plate capacitors is:
210:dynamic random-access memory
7:
10522:Static induction transistor
10459:Bipolar junction transistor
10411:MOS field-effect transistor
10383:Fin field-effect transistor
10056:10.1088/0370-1301/69/12/309
8601:
8583:)—US$ 0.3 billion (2%); and
8325:
8153:) and non-solid electrolyte
6068:{\displaystyle X_{C}-X_{L}}
5830:for smoothing application.
5763:{\displaystyle X_{C}=X_{L}}
5378:To calculate the impedance
4655:−40 to +85/105/125 °C
4071:gas filled tuning capacitor
3486:Film-based power capacitors
3349:Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)
3067:variable capacitance diodes
2962:Distributed-element filters
1635:Minimum film thickness (μm)
1435:0.4 mm × 0.2 mm.
1268:Miniaturizing of capacitors
832:Ceramic capacitors, Class 2
609:lighting ballast capacitors
416:between the surface of the
334:of the plates and with the
10:
11357:
10729:Static induction thyristor
8413:
7564:, and very low-distortion
7439:
6937:Heat dissipation (cooling)
6651:A "ripple current" is the
4781:Rated and category voltage
4565:Polyethylen terephthalate,
4534:Ceramic capacitor class 2,
4125:Electrical characteristics
4109:Ceramic trimmer capacitors
4095:Air gap trimmer capacitors
3358:soldering mandated by the
3242:Metallized film capacitors
3209:Ceramic Class 2 capacitors
3160:Ceramic Class 1 capacitors
2878:mains filtering capacitors
2564:
2167:solid conductive polymer (
2094:
1669:Dielectric strength (V/μm)
1515:
1377:
877:Polyethylene terephthalate
605:audio crossover capacitors
425:(double-layer capacitance)
179:Capacitors, together with
29:
11266:
11166:
11133:
11065:
11002:
10930:
10898:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
10836:
10768:
10650:Hybrid integrated circuit
10614:
10542:
10493:Light-emitting transistor
10447:
10329:
10318:
8990:"WIMA Snubber Capacitors"
7868:Long time behavior, aging
7742:
7733:
7468:Air and vacuum capacitors
5936:losses are specified as "
4518:Ceramic capacitor class 2
4502:Ceramic capacitor class 1
4415:
4303:
4298:
4130:Series-equivalent circuit
4028:Air gap tuning capacitors
4018:
4007:oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO)
3883:
3829:
3610:
3601:
3483:
3449:Polyamide film capacitors
3329:Polyethylene naphthalate
3260:Film/foil film capacitors
3245:PP, PET, PEN, PPS, (PTFE)
3232:
3150:
2910:Integrated capacitors—in
2760:) in electronic equipment
2660:– Storage is achieved by
2445:
2345:
2228:
1907:
1891:Dielectric absorption (%)
1890:
1849:
1777:Dissipation factor (•10)
1776:
1755:
1738:
1721:
1704:
1685:
1668:
1651:
1634:
1617:
1600:
1595:
1593:
443:by specifically absorbed
364:OHP Outer Helmholtz Layer
361:IHP Inner Helmholtz Layer
237:and with a separation of
225:Conventional construction
187:, belong to the group of
10945:Backward-wave oscillator
10655:Light emitting capacitor
10511:Point-contact transistor
10481:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
9669:www.simicelectronics.com
9588:www.electrico.drilco.net
9444:Harry Lythall - SM0VPO.
8909:. Vishay. Archived from
8826:"X2Y Attenuators - Home"
8476:Polarity marking details
7876:
7358: non solid, organic
7320:{\displaystyle I_{leak}}
5062:{\displaystyle \ Z=R+jX}
4608:−40 to +125/150 °C
4600:Polyethylene naphthalate
4576:−55 to +125/150 °C
4046:Vacuum tuning capacitors
3886:Miscellaneous capacitors
3745:Electrolytic capacitors
3667:Electrolytic capacitors
3354:Polyphenylene (Torelina)
3335:Polyethylene naphthalate
3085:Air gap tuning capacitor
3011:Miscellaneous capacitors
2896:Miscellaneous capacitors
2629:Double-layer capacitance
2479:Schematic representation
1731:100 pF–0.47 μF
1579:polyethylene naphthalate
1453:ceramic power capacitors
922:Polyethylene naphthalate
745:double-layer capacitance
633:interference suppression
533:is the family name for:
383:Another type – the
10956:Crossed-field amplifier
10475:Field-effect transistor
9920:August 6, 2013, at the
9581:"DRILCO, S.L. - INICIO"
9417:"3D Silicon Capacitors"
8907:"Capacitors - RF Power"
8581:Double-layer capacitors
8573:—US$ 2.2 billion (12%);
8561:—US$ 3.9 billion (22%);
8555:—US$ 8.3 billion (46%);
8123:Electrolytic capacitors
7735:Electrolytic capacitors
7389:slightly higher level.
7110:With stored DC voltage
6374:ceramic capacitor (NP0)
5953:dielectric polarization
5621:In the special case of
5261:{\displaystyle \omega }
4616:Polytetrafluoroethylene
4558:−55 to +85/105 °C
4510:± 30 ppm/K (±0.5%)
4487:Temperature coefficient
3611:Electrolytic capacitors
3604:Electrolytic capacitors
3568:Single- or double-sided
3379:Polytetrafluoroethylene
3289:power-factor correction
3097:Vacuum tuning capacitor
2995:Clamped mica capacitors
2917:Glass capacitors—First
2731:electrolytic capacitors
2692:Double-layer capacitors
2664:, electroabsorption or
2601:, comprise a family of
2110:Electrolytic capacitors
2091:Electrolytic capacitors
2036:power-factor correction
1734:100 pF–10 μF
1652:Moisture absorption (%)
1583:polytetrafluoroethylene
1416:code abbreviations are
1280:Stacked paper capacitor
1264:improved dramatically.
1206:Electrolytic capacitors
1079:Double-layer capacitors
942:Polytetrafluoroethylene
737:Helmholtz double-layers
694:Natural materials like
537:Double-layer capacitors
389:electrolytic capacitors
220:General characteristics
11125:Voltage-regulator tube
10692:MOS integrated circuit
10557:Constant-current diode
10533:Unijunction transistor
9871:June 19, 2012, at the
9318:"AC Safety Capacitors"
8594:—US$ 0.7 billion (3%).
7982:Additional information
7952:
7927:
7886:
7747:KEMET; PHE 450 series
7698:
7611:
7463:Dielectric Absorption
7414:a piezoelectric effect
7366:
7341:
7327:as a function of time
7321:
7266:operational amplifiers
7250:
7223:
7190:
7131:
7101:
6984:
6957:
6891:
6857:
6837:
6807:
6751:
6721:
6621:AC currents may be a:
6608:
6537:
6508:
6461:
6441:
6415:
6396:Limiting current loads
6276:
6209:
6182:
6148:
6098:
6069:
6021:
5902:
5875:
5807:
5792:
5764:
5721:
5670:
5609:
5514:
5414:
5394:
5369:
5314:
5262:
5242:
5241:{\displaystyle R(ESR)}
5207:
5206:{\displaystyle L(ESL)}
5172:
5149:
5120:
5092:
5063:
5016:
4990:
4968:
4933:
4870:
4826:
4790:
4465:Temperature dependence
4139:
4014:Customized production
3940:-gas filled capacitors
3859:Lithium ion capacitors
3553:(MKV power capacitors)
3428:Limited manufacturers
3405:Limited manufacturers
3219:and suitable additives
3024:silver mica capacitors
3005:spark-gap transmitters
2958:Printed circuit boards
2867:
2719:rechargeable batteries
2712:lithium-ion capacitors
2612:is a generic term for
2595:
2587:
2576:
2106:
2097:Electrolytic capacitor
1999:A related type is the
1996:
1725:100 pF–22 μF
1527:
1375:
1341:
1256:
1240:
1084:Helmholtz double-layer
749:double-layer capacitor
663:
601:suppression capacitors
580:
433:storage achieved by a
380:
320:
242:
148:
11194:Electrolytic detector
10967:Inductive output tube
10783:Low-dropout regulator
10698:Organic semiconductor
10629:Printed circuit board
10465:Darlington transistor
10312:Electronic components
9163:B. E. Conway (1999).
8451:Aluminum e-caps with
8416:Electronic color code
8024:Generic specification
7946:
7924:
7884:
7699:
7612:
7449:dielectric relaxation
7442:Dielectric absorption
7342:
7322:
7290:
7251:
7249:{\displaystyle U_{0}}
7224:
7191:
7132:
7130:{\displaystyle U_{0}}
7102:
6982:
6955:
6928:peak reverse voltage;
6892:
6890:{\displaystyle dv/dt}
6858:
6838:
6836:{\displaystyle I_{p}}
6808:
6752:
6750:{\displaystyle I_{p}}
6722:
6720:{\displaystyle dv/dt}
6609:
6538:
6509:
6462:
6442:
6416:
6277:
6210:
6208:{\displaystyle f_{0}}
6183:
6163:electrical resistance
6149:
6099:
6070:
6022:
6020:{\displaystyle I_{R}}
5903:
5901:{\displaystyle X_{L}}
5876:
5874:{\displaystyle X_{C}}
5804:
5793:
5791:{\displaystyle {ESR}}
5765:
5730:have the same value (
5722:
5671:
5610:
5515:
5415:
5395:
5370:
5315:
5263:
5243:
5208:
5173:
5150:
5121:
5093:
5064:
5017:
5000:, while the argument
4991:
4969:
4934:
4871:
4816:
4788:
4689:dielectric relaxation
4584:Polyphenylene sulfide
4165:insulation resistance
4137:
4003:Integrated capacitors
3874:lithium ion batteries
3331:(PEN) film capacitors
3308:Polyester (PET) film
3202:volumetric efficiency
3183:operating temperature
3170:modified by additives
3143:Features/applications
2905:Integrated capacitors
2862:
2593:
2582:
2574:
2104:
1994:
1987:Power film capacitors
1728:100 pF–1 μF
1601:Film characteristics
1575:polyphenylene sulfide
1525:
1428:volumetric efficiency
1357:
1339:
1261:volumetric efficiency
1254:
1238:
902:Polyphenylene sulfide
661:
578:
356:
321:
232:
156:electrical conductors
146:
11012:Beam deflection tube
10681:Metal-oxide varistor
10574:Light-emitting diode
10428:Thin-film transistor
10389:Floating-gate MOSFET
10025:Maxwell Technologies
9446:"Gimmick Capacitors"
9239:Frackowiak, Elzbieta
9169:. Berlin: Springer.
8629:Decoupling capacitor
7959:components with low
7635:
7583:
7447:that is also called
7364: solid, polymer
7331:
7295:
7233:
7203:
7144:
7114:
7031:
7011:DC "leakage current"
6867:
6847:
6820:
6764:
6734:
6697:
6550:
6521:
6473:
6451:
6425:
6405:
6222:
6192:
6172:
6111:
6082:
6039:
6004:
5885:
5858:
5774:
5734:
5680:
5632:
5526:
5427:
5404:
5382:
5328:
5276:
5252:
5217:
5182:
5162:
5137:
5102:
5080:
5035:
5004:
4978:
4946:
4891:
4858:
4838:decoupling capacitor
4682:Frequency dependence
4675:−40 to +125 °C
4624:−40 to +130 °C
4592:−55 to +150 °C
4529:−55 to +125 °C
4513:−55 to +125 °C
3536:impregnated with oil
2934:—used in high power
2599:Supercapacitors (SC)
2001:power film capacitor
1705:DC voltage range (V)
1688:voltage proof (V/μm)
625:bypassing capacitors
292:
195:electronic equipment
65:improve this article
10988:Traveling-wave tube
10788:Switching regulator
10624:Printed electronics
10601:Step recovery diode
10378:Depletion-load NMOS
10048:1956PPSB...69.1261P
8671:on 22 December 2014
7765:Capacitance/Voltage
7755:Capacitance/Voltage
7730:
7543:data not available
7456:
6934:Ambient temperature
6916:peak current per μF
6440:{\displaystyle ESR}
6292:
6097:{\displaystyle ESL}
5993:(DF, tan δ), or as
4842:capacitive coupling
4635:−25 to +85 °C
4542:−30 to +85 °C
4484:dielectric material
4478:
4295:
4232:nominal capacitance
4021:Variable capacitors
3921:current is limited.
3784:Tantalum pentoxide
3699:Tantalum pentoxide
3509:Large size. Highly
3467:(Kapton) capacitors
3215:ceramic mixture of
3166:ceramic mixture of
3133:
3127:Comparison of types
3074:Variable capacitors
3048:Variable capacitors
3043:Variable capacitors
2983:Obsolete capacitors
2912:integrated circuits
2650:). This storage is
2396:conductive polymer
2297:conductive polymer
2184:
1686:Commercial realized
1590:
1094:< 0.001 (2.7 V)
796:dielectric strength
777:
648:#Special capacitors
452:(pseudocapacitance)
174:electrical circuits
11293:Crystal oscillator
11153:Variable capacitor
10828:Switched capacitor
10770:Voltage regulators
10644:Integrated circuit
10528:Tetrode transistor
10506:Pentode transistor
10499:Organic LET (OLET)
10486:Organic FET (OFET)
10234:2016-12-05 at the
10179:2016-01-26 at the
10160:2014-02-20 at the
10141:2014-11-26 at the
10104:2013-01-08 at the
10085:2012-12-26 at the
10007:2013-09-29 at the
9938:2007-10-12 at the
9663:Infotech, Aditya.
9451:2011-06-13 at the
9363:2013-08-06 at the
9323:2015-10-04 at the
9198:2012-08-13 at the
9079:2016-03-04 at the
8937:2016-03-04 at the
8766:2014-03-02 at the
8730:2016-03-05 at the
8694:2012-11-05 at the
8616:Electronics portal
8553:Ceramic capacitors
8493:polymer capacitors
8349:rated capacitance;
8037:Ceramic capacitors
7953:
7928:
7887:
7728:
7694:
7607:
7460:Type of capacitor
7454:
7367:
7337:
7317:
7246:
7219:
7186:
7127:
7097:
6985:
6958:
6887:
6853:
6833:
6803:
6747:
6717:
6604:
6533:
6504:
6457:
6437:
6411:
6288:
6272:
6205:
6178:
6144:
6094:
6078:If the inductance
6065:
6017:
5991:dissipation factor
5898:
5871:
5808:
5788:
5760:
5717:
5666:
5605:
5510:
5410:
5390:
5389:
5365:
5310:
5258:
5238:
5203:
5168:
5145:
5144:
5116:
5115:
5088:
5087:
5059:
5012:
5011:
4986:
4985:
4964:
4963:
4929:
4866:
4865:
4827:
4791:
4736:Voltage dependence
4497:temperature range
4482:Type of capacitor,
4476:
4293:
4140:
3893:Air gap capacitors
3856:Hybrid capacitors
3796:Niobium pentoxide
3755:Polymer capacitors
3711:Niobium pentoxide
3646:Tantalum pentoxide
3392:Polycarbonate (PC)
3317:(Hostaphan, Mylar)
3310:(Mylar) capacitors
3153:Ceramic capacitors
3131:
2952:Special capacitors
2868:
2854:galvanic isolation
2596:
2588:
2577:
2467:polymer capacitors
2424:Manganese dioxide
2372:Manganese dioxide
2182:
2132:tantalum pentoxide
2107:
2066:), located on the
1997:
1588:
1528:
1376:
1358:Construction of a
1350:Ceramic capacitors
1342:
1257:
1241:
1214:Ceramic capacitors
1121:Air gap capacitors
1015:Tantalum pentoxide
811:Ceramic capacitors
775:
664:
637:ceramic capacitors
613:snubber capacitors
597:DC-link capacitors
581:
525:Polymer capacitors
503:Aluminum, tantalum
483:Ceramic capacitors
381:
316:
251:static electricity
243:
190:passive components
162:, separated by an
149:
11328:
11327:
11288:Ceramic resonator
11100:Mercury-arc valve
11052:Video camera tube
11004:Cathode-ray tubes
10764:
10763:
10372:Complementary MOS
9964:"NCC, KME series"
9490:Robert A. Pease.
9477:Robert A. Pease.
9279:978-953-307-830-4
8592:vacuum capacitors
8370:#Polarity marking
8319:Capacitor symbols
8315:
8314:
8196:Capacitor symbols
8029:IEC/EN 60384-1 -
7847:
7846:
7676:
7605:
7547:
7546:
7340:{\displaystyle t}
6856:{\displaystyle C}
6602:
6460:{\displaystyle I}
6414:{\displaystyle P}
6393:
6392:
6332:Silicon capacitor
6271:
6267:
6247:
6181:{\displaystyle B}
5949:dielectric losses
5664:
5600:
5557:
5555:
5545:
5508:
5413:{\displaystyle Z}
5308:
5171:{\displaystyle C}
5040:
4896:
4679:
4678:
4539:+22% / −82 %
4536:ferroelectric Y5V
4471:parts per million
4446:
4445:
4224:rated capacitance
4122:
4121:
3967:Metallized mica (
3909:Vacuum capacitors
3671:Manganese dioxide
3551:power capacitors
3293:induction heating
3185:. Excellent high
2932:Vacuum capacitors
2871:Lightning strikes
2708:Hybrid capacitors
2658:Pseudocapacitance
2454:
2453:
2272:Manganese dioxide
2142:niobium pentoxide
1924:
1923:
1742:−55 to +125 /+150
1722:Capacitance range
1386:ceramic capacitor
1380:Ceramic capacitor
1182:
1181:
1100:Vacuum capacitors
1069:< 0.10 (40 V)
1067:< 0.01 (6.3 V)
1047:Niobium pentoxide
1036:< 0.08 (40 V)
1034:< 0.01 (6.3 V)
1004:< 0.8 (450 V)
1002:< 0.01 (6.3 V)
803:of the dielectric
801:Minimum thickness
766:hybrid capacitors
756:pseudocapacitance
561:Hybrid capacitors
314:
257:separation in an
141:
140:
133:
115:
80:"Capacitor types"
16:(Redirected from
11348:
11182:electrical power
11067:Gas-filled tubes
10951:Cavity magnetron
10778:Linear regulator
10327:
10326:
10305:
10298:
10291:
10282:
10281:
10238:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10213:. Archived from
10207:
10201:
10200:
10189:
10183:
10170:
10164:
10151:
10145:
10132:
10126:
10123:
10117:
10114:
10108:
10095:
10089:
10077:
10071:
10065:
10059:
10058:
10035:
10029:
10028:
10017:
10011:
9998:
9992:
9991:
9985:
9977:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9960:
9954:
9948:
9942:
9930:
9924:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9896:
9890:. Archived from
9889:
9881:
9875:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9853:
9847:
9841:. Archived from
9836:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9818:
9809:. Archived from
9799:
9793:
9792:
9786:
9778:
9772:
9771:
9769:
9768:
9759:. Archived from
9749:
9743:
9741:
9735:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9710:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9700:
9694:
9688:. Archived from
9687:
9679:
9673:
9672:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9641:
9635:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9619:
9613:
9607:. Archived from
9606:
9598:
9592:
9591:
9585:
9577:
9571:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9550:
9544:. Archived from
9543:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9514:
9508:
9501:
9495:
9488:
9482:
9475:
9469:
9462:
9456:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9423:. Archived from
9413:
9407:
9400:
9394:
9387:
9381:
9374:
9368:
9354:
9348:
9347:
9341:
9334:
9328:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9296:. Archived from
9290:
9284:
9283:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9219:
9208:
9202:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9160:
9149:
9148:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9121:
9115:. Archived from
9114:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9089:
9083:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9030:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8986:
8980:
8979:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8947:
8941:
8928:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8918:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8886:
8880:. Archived from
8879:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8779:
8770:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8740:
8734:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8704:
8698:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8670:
8664:. Archived from
8663:
8654:
8618:
8613:
8612:
8577:Super capacitors
8524:
8508:
8488:
8446:
8437:
8429:Polarity marking
8424:Polarity marking
8402:then "2009, May"
8273:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8223:
8210:
8201:
8169:IEC/EN 60384-26-
8163:IEC/EN 60384-25—
8157:IEC/EN 60384-24—
8147:IEC/EN 60384-18—
8141:IEC/EN 60384-15—
8115:IEC/EN 60384-23—
8109:IEC/EN 60384-20—
8103:IEC/EN 60384-19—
8097:IEC/EN 60384-17—
8091:IEC/EN 60384-16—
8085:IEC/EN 60384-13—
8079:IEC/EN 60384-11—
8060:IEC/EN 60384-22—
8054:IEC/EN 60384-21—
8008:IEC/EN standards
7972:Failures In Time
7863:
7862:
7858:
7738:NCC, KME series
7731:
7727:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7677:
7669:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7606:
7601:
7593:
7457:
7453:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7079:
7067:
7058:
7057:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6880:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6796:
6776:
6775:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6710:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6584:
6571:
6570:
6560:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6491:
6490:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6306:at 100 kHz
6293:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6253:
6248:
6246:
6232:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6051:
6050:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6016:
6015:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5746:
5745:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5692:
5691:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5563:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5546:
5538:
5536:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5437:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5340:
5339:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5296:
5288:
5287:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5178:, an inductance
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5098:(for capacitors
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5038:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4954:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4907:
4894:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4772:
4760:
4719:
4707:
4479:
4475:
4323:< 10 pF
4313:> 10 pF
4296:
4292:
4273:preferred values
4180:of the capacitor
4084:
4083:
4082:
4070:
4069:
4068:
3987:Glass capacitors
3954:
3953:
3952:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3841:Pseudocapacitors
3839:Supercapacitors
3817:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3721:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3639:capacitor plague
3578:motor capacitors
3549:field-free paper
3410:Polystyrene (PS)
3375:film) capacitors
3191:resonant circuit
3168:Titanium dioxide
3134:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3034:
3019:
2926:Power capacitors
2839:
2827:
2815:
2702:Pseudocapacitors
2618:pseudocapacitors
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2499:
2487:
2398:(e.g. PEDOT:PSS)
2322:(roughened foil)
2231:(roughened foil)
2185:
2181:
2082:
2059:
2047:
2031:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1591:
1587:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1345:Types and styles
1319:
1307:
1291:
1276:
1142:Glass capacitors
959:Paper capacitors
794:Maximum/realized
781:Capacitor style
778:
774:
679:layer on metal (
593:motor capacitors
589:Power capacitors
548:Pseudocapacitors
497:paper capacitors
409:achieved on the
376:Solvent molecule
325:
323:
322:
317:
315:
310:
302:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
11356:
11355:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11331:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11262:
11177:audio and video
11162:
11129:
11061:
10998:
10926:
10907:Photomultiplier
10832:
10760:
10708:Quantum circuit
10616:
10610:
10552:Avalanche diode
10538:
10450:
10443:
10332:
10321:
10314:
10309:
10246:
10241:
10236:Wayback Machine
10226:
10222:
10209:
10208:
10204:
10191:
10190:
10186:
10181:Wayback Machine
10171:
10167:
10162:Wayback Machine
10152:
10148:
10143:Wayback Machine
10133:
10129:
10124:
10120:
10115:
10111:
10106:Wayback Machine
10096:
10092:
10087:Wayback Machine
10078:
10074:
10066:
10062:
10036:
10032:
10019:
10018:
10014:
10009:Wayback Machine
9999:
9995:
9983:
9979:
9978:
9974:
9966:
9962:
9961:
9957:
9949:
9945:
9940:Wayback Machine
9931:
9927:
9922:Wayback Machine
9913:
9909:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9887:
9883:
9882:
9878:
9873:Wayback Machine
9864:
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9796:
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9751:
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9746:
9729:
9728:
9722:
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9711:
9707:
9698:
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9692:
9685:
9681:
9680:
9676:
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9642:
9638:
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9611:
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9595:
9583:
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9548:
9541:
9537:
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9532:
9522:
9520:
9516:
9515:
9511:
9502:
9498:
9489:
9485:
9476:
9472:
9468:. 2011. p. 201.
9463:
9459:
9453:Wayback Machine
9443:
9439:
9430:
9428:
9415:
9414:
9410:
9401:
9397:
9388:
9384:
9375:
9371:
9365:Wayback Machine
9355:
9351:
9336:
9335:
9331:
9325:Wayback Machine
9316:
9312:
9303:
9301:
9292:
9291:
9287:
9280:
9266:
9262:
9236:
9232:
9223:
9221:
9217:
9209:
9205:
9200:Wayback Machine
9181:
9179:
9177:
9161:
9152:
9139:
9138:
9134:
9125:
9123:
9119:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9103:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9086:
9081:Wayback Machine
9071:
9067:
9057:
9055:
9052:www.wellpcb.com
9044:
9040:
9028:
9024:
9023:
9019:
9006:
9005:
9001:
8988:
8987:
8983:
8970:
8969:
8965:
8956:
8954:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8939:Wayback Machine
8929:
8925:
8916:
8914:
8903:
8899:
8890:
8888:
8884:
8877:
8873:
8872:
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8860:
8856:
8855:
8851:
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8837:
8824:
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8819:
8804:
8800:
8794:
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8773:
8768:Wayback Machine
8758:
8754:
8746:
8742:
8741:
8737:
8732:Wayback Machine
8722:
8718:
8710:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8696:Wayback Machine
8687:
8683:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8661:
8655:
8646:
8642:
8614:
8607:
8604:
8565:Film capacitors
8542:
8540:Market segments
8537:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8525:
8516:
8509:
8500:
8489:
8478:
8477:
8447:
8438:
8426:
8418:
8412:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8298:
8293:
8291:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8198:
8188:IEC/EN 62391-2—
8182:IEC/EN 62391-1—
8177:Supercapacitors
8152:
8135:IEC/EN 60384-4—
8128:IEC/EN 60384-3—
8073:IEC/EN 60384-2—
8068:Film capacitors
8048:IEC/EN 60384-9—
8042:IEC/EN 60384-8—
8010:
7998:
7989:
7984:
7977:
7955:Capacitors are
7941:
7919:
7879:
7870:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7748:
7746:
7739:
7737:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7685:
7681:
7668:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7594:
7592:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7574:
7558:sample-and-hold
7471:Not measurable
7444:
7438:
7410:
7380:
7376:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7302:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7285:
7283:Leakage current
7262:sample and hold
7240:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7121:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7053:
7049:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7007:
6950:
6876:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6827:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6792:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6706:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6649:
6585:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6373:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6307:
6305:
6300:
6290:
6258:
6254:
6252:
6236:
6231:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6199:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6059:
6055:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5984:
5974:
5967:
5938:leakage current
5926:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5754:
5750:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5656:
5651:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5450:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5300:
5295:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:and a resistor
5183:
5180:
5179:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4958:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4903:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4824:
4820:
4811:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4764:
4761:
4738:
4723:
4720:
4711:
4708:
4684:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4614:
4598:
4582:
4566:
4564:
4548:
4535:
4519:
4503:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4467:
4322:
4312:
4263:
4253:
4246:
4237:
4229:
4220:
4201:
4188:
4178:leakage current
4175:
4162:
4132:
4127:
4112:Class 1 ceramic
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4060:
3962:Very high cost
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3861:
3857:
3840:
3832:Supercapacitors
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:Aluminum oxide
3752:
3746:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:Aluminum oxide
3668:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3620:Aluminum oxide
3616:
3614:
3612:
3569:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3466:
3465:Polyimide film
3412:film capacitors
3411:
3394:film capacitors
3393:
3370:
3351:film capacitors
3350:
3330:
3309:
3235:Film capacitors
3217:barium titanate
3129:
3122:
3119:
3110:
3107:
3098:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3065:Semiconductive
3045:
3038:
3035:
3026:
3020:
2985:
2954:
2945:
2928:
2907:
2898:
2850:
2843:
2842:Supercapacitors
2840:
2831:
2828:
2819:
2816:
2677:charge-transfer
2662:redox reactions
2603:electrochemical
2569:
2563:
2561:Supercapacitors
2556:
2553:
2544:
2541:
2532:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2503:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2397:
2395:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2347:
2326:
2321:
2298:
2296:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2241:
2238:Ethylene glycol
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2221:ripple current
2220:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2188:Anode material
2099:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2074:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2039:
2032:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1958:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1853:
1850:Time constant R
1816:at 100 kHz
1759:
1687:
1531:Film capacitors
1520:
1514:
1512:Film capacitors
1507:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1468:
1382:
1374:apacitor (MLCC)
1352:
1347:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1249:
1247:Miniaturization
1233:
1222:Film capacitors
1198:Supercapacitors
1163:Mica capacitors
1077:
1075:Supercapacitors
1068:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1003:
993:
989:
985:
983:Aluminium oxide
938:Film capacitors
918:Film capacitors
898:Film capacitors
880:
873:Film capacitors
852:Film capacitors
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
776:Key parameters
760:pseudocapacitor
733:supercapacitors
715:
656:
641:film capacitors
556:charge-transfer
465:
449:redox reactions
441:charge-transfer
431:electrochemical
402:storage within
393:supercapacitors
385:electrochemical
379:
351:
303:
301:
293:
290:
289:
247:electric energy
227:
222:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Paper capacitor
15:
12:
11:
5:
11354:
11344:
11343:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11320:
11315:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11284:
11283:
11272:
11270:
11264:
11263:
11261:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11256:Wollaston wire
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11222:
11221:
11216:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11170:
11168:
11164:
11163:
11161:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11149:
11148:
11137:
11135:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11071:
11069:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11037:Selectron tube
11034:
11029:
11027:Magic eye tube
11024:
11019:
11014:
11008:
11006:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10991:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10964:
10959:
10953:
10948:
10941:
10939:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10842:
10840:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10774:
10772:
10766:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10759:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10732:
10726:
10721:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10689:
10684:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10652:
10647:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10620:
10618:
10612:
10611:
10609:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10596:Schottky diode
10593:
10588:
10583:
10577:
10571:
10565:
10560:
10554:
10548:
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10536:
10530:
10525:
10519:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10483:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10455:
10453:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10425:
10420:
10414:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10392:
10386:
10380:
10375:
10369:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10337:
10335:
10324:
10316:
10315:
10308:
10307:
10300:
10293:
10285:
10279:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10245:
10244:External links
10242:
10240:
10239:
10220:
10217:on 2010-02-12.
10202:
10184:
10165:
10146:
10127:
10118:
10109:
10090:
10072:
10060:
10030:
10012:
9993:
9972:
9955:
9943:
9925:
9907:
9876:
9858:
9823:
9794:
9773:
9744:
9705:
9674:
9655:
9650:www.vishay.com
9636:
9624:
9593:
9572:
9561:
9530:
9509:
9507:. 2013. p. 17.
9496:
9483:
9481:. 1991. p. 20.
9470:
9457:
9437:
9408:
9402:Hemant Joshi.
9395:
9382:
9369:
9349:
9329:
9310:
9285:
9278:
9260:
9249:(6): 937–950.
9230:
9203:
9176:978-0306457364
9175:
9150:
9132:
9101:
9084:
9065:
9038:
9017:
8999:
8981:
8963:
8942:
8923:
8897:
8866:
8849:
8835:
8817:
8812:www.vishay.com
8798:
8792:
8771:
8752:
8735:
8716:
8699:
8681:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8624:Circuit design
8620:
8619:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8595:
8584:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8501:
8490:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8449:
8448:
8441:
8439:
8432:
8430:
8425:
8422:
8414:Main article:
8411:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8279:
8275:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8204:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8186:
8174:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8120:
8119:
8113:
8107:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8065:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8046:
8034:
8033:
8009:
8006:
7997:
7994:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7975:
7940:
7937:
7918:
7915:
7878:
7875:
7869:
7866:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7838:0.27 μF/1000 V
7836:
7834:1760 mW·s
7831:
7827:
7826:
7824:77.4 mW·s
7821:
7818:
7816:1100 mW·s
7813:
7809:
7808:
7806:54.4 mW·s
7803:
7800:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7788:37.5 mW·s
7785:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7741:
7705:
7704:
7693:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7675:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7618:
7617:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7591:
7588:
7573:
7572:Energy density
7570:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7440:Main article:
7437:
7434:
7409:
7406:
7378:
7374:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7336:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7284:
7281:
7243:
7239:
7229: voltage
7214:
7209:
7197:
7196:
7185:
7182:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7150:
7124:
7120:
7108:
7107:
7096:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7018:
7014:
7006:
7003:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6949:
6946:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6852:
6830:
6826:
6814:
6813:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6744:
6740:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6690:
6687:
6648:
6647:Ripple current
6645:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6615:
6614:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6555:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6515:
6514:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6456:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6410:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6352:Mica capacitor
6349:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6320:at 1 MHz
6316:
6313:at 1 MHz
6309:
6302:
6297:
6296:Capacitor type
6283:
6282:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6227:
6202:
6198:
6177:
6159:quality factor
6155:
6154:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6045:
6014:
6010:
5995:quality factor
5987:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5925:
5922:
5895:
5891:
5881:is as high as
5868:
5864:
5847:
5844:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5728:
5727:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5616:
5615:
5604:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5554:
5551:
5544:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5521:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5435:
5432:
5409:
5388:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5257:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5167:
5143:
5128:imaginary part
5114:
5111:
5108:
5086:
5070:
5069:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5027:Cartesian form
5010:
4998:imaginary unit
4984:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4942:The magnitude
4940:
4939:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4864:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4807:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4755:
4753:
4737:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4702:
4700:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4613:Film capacitor
4610:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4597:Film capacitor
4594:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4581:Film capacitor
4578:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4563:Film capacitor
4560:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4547:Film capacitor
4544:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4466:
4463:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3791:
3787:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3736:electrolytics.
3733:
3727:
3718:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:(wet, liquid)
3613:with non solid
3608:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3547:PP dielectric,
3544:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3303:applications.
3296:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3171:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3146:Disadvantages
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:Capacitor type
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2723:energy density
2715:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2681:
2680:
2655:
2646:(0.3–0.8
2610:ultracapacitor
2567:Supercapacitor
2565:Main article:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2205:at 85 °C
2199:
2192:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2146:
2145:
2144:as dielectric.
2135:
2125:
2122:aluminum oxide
2095:Main article:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2024:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:at 10 kHz
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1518:Film capacitor
1516:Main article:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1378:Main article:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
980:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
939:
935:
934:
931:
928:
925:
919:
915:
914:
911:
908:
905:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
854:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
833:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
814:
807:
806:
799:
792:
791:at 1 kHz
785:
782:
770:
769:
762:
752:
726:electric field
722:
721:
713:
692:
674:
671:
655:
652:
629:
628:
573:
572:
566:
565:
564:
558:
544:
531:Supercapacitor
528:
522:
500:
490:
464:
463:Classification
461:
456:
455:
428:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
350:
347:
328:
327:
313:
309:
306:
300:
297:
259:electric field
226:
223:
221:
218:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11353:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11319:
11318:mercury relay
11316:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11269:
11265:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11165:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11147:
11144:
11143:
11142:
11141:Potentiometer
11139:
11138:
11136:
11132:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11064:
11058:
11057:Williams tube
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11005:
11001:
10995:
10992:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10876:Fleming valve
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10767:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10736:
10733:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10703:Photodetector
10701:
10699:
10696:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10671:Memtransistor
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10613:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10581:
10578:
10575:
10572:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10541:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10446:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10418:
10415:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10396:
10393:
10390:
10387:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10373:
10370:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10336:
10334:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:Semiconductor
10317:
10313:
10306:
10301:
10299:
10294:
10292:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10237:
10233:
10230:
10224:
10216:
10212:
10206:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10182:
10178:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10159:
10156:
10150:
10144:
10140:
10137:
10131:
10122:
10113:
10107:
10103:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10034:
10026:
10022:
10016:
10010:
10006:
10003:
9997:
9989:
9988:www.kemet.com
9982:
9976:
9965:
9959:
9953:
9947:
9941:
9937:
9934:
9929:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9911:
9897:on 2014-11-23
9893:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9862:
9848:on 2019-04-02
9844:
9840:
9839:www.kemet.com
9833:
9827:
9813:on 2012-11-04
9812:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9790:
9789:www.kemet.com
9783:
9777:
9763:on 2012-11-05
9762:
9758:
9754:
9748:
9739:
9733:
9716:
9709:
9695:on 2012-12-24
9691:
9684:
9678:
9670:
9666:
9659:
9651:
9647:
9640:
9633:
9628:
9614:on 2015-09-23
9610:
9603:
9597:
9589:
9582:
9576:
9570:
9565:
9551:on 2015-05-13
9547:
9540:
9534:
9519:
9513:
9506:
9500:
9493:
9487:
9480:
9474:
9467:
9461:
9454:
9450:
9447:
9441:
9427:on 2019-07-01
9426:
9422:
9421:www.ipdia.com
9418:
9412:
9405:
9399:
9392:
9386:
9379:
9373:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9353:
9345:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9314:
9300:on 2013-06-23
9299:
9295:
9289:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9264:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9234:
9216:
9215:
9207:
9201:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9178:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9122:on 2020-12-02
9118:
9111:
9105:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9069:
9053:
9049:
9042:
9034:
9033:www.epcos.com
9027:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8985:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8952:
8946:
8940:
8936:
8933:
8927:
8913:on 2012-08-14
8912:
8908:
8901:
8887:on 2019-07-13
8883:
8876:
8870:
8859:
8853:
8845:
8839:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8813:
8809:
8802:
8795:
8793:9780125112215
8789:
8785:
8778:
8776:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8756:
8745:
8739:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8720:
8709:
8703:
8697:
8693:
8690:
8685:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8644:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8606:
8599:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8530:
8523:
8518:
8514:
8507:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8487:
8482:
8481:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8445:
8440:
8436:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8421:
8417:
8410:Colour coding
8407:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8371:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8308:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8258:
8254:
8251:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8191:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8172:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8154:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8063:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8032:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8005:
8002:
7993:
7979:
7973:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7961:failure rates
7958:
7950:
7949:bathtub curve
7945:
7936:
7932:
7923:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7904:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7891:ferroelectric
7883:
7874:
7865:
7851:
7843:
7842:135 mW·s
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7822:
7820:0.39 μF/630 V
7819:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7802:0.68 μF/400 V
7801:
7799:
7798:688 mW·s
7796:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7780:235 mW·s
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:Stored Energy
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7760:Stored Energy
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7745:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7673:
7670:
7665:
7639:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7589:
7586:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7551:time-constant
7542:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7527:2 to 3%, 10%
7526:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7511:0.05 to 0.1%
7510:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7495:0.05 to 0.1%
7494:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7443:
7433:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7372:
7334:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7289:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7241:
7237:
7207:
7183:
7180:
7163:
7159:
7148:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7122:
7118:
7094:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7059:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7012:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6992:
6989:
6981:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6954:
6945:
6942:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6850:
6828:
6824:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6689:Pulse current
6686:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6553:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6454:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6421:is caused by
6408:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6286:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6225:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6200:
6196:
6175:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6076:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6032:
6030:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5980:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5893:
5889:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5803:
5799:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5602:
5583:
5565:
5559:
5549:
5539:
5532:
5529:
5522:
5503:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5463:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5433:
5430:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5407:
5386:
5376:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5323:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5271:
5255:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5220:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5165:
5156:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5084:
5075:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5008:
4999:
4982:
4955:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4908:
4900:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4815:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4733:
4730:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4674:
4671:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:Polypropylene
4546:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4521:ferroelectric
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4315:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4215:
4214:/EN 60384–1.
4213:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4073:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3942:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:applications.
3657:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3619:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:applications.
3558:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Polycarbonate
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3278:Polypropylene
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:PP, PET, PTFE
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:ferroelectric
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:circuit board
2861:
2857:
2855:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:power density
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:intercalation
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:electrostatic
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2421:
2417:niobium oxide
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:sulfuric acid
2350:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Sulfuric acid
2324:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:0.1–2,700,000
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:as dielectric
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:as dielectric
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:at 85 °C
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:at 25 °C
1856:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:at 1 MHz
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1782:at 1 kHz
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:polypropylene
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:ferroelectric
1392:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1338:
1334:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
995:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:Polypropylene
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
840:200 to 14,000
839:
837:
836:ferroelectric
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
800:
793:
786:
783:
780:
779:
773:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
741:
740:
738:
734:
729:
727:
720:
716:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:
673:Plastic films
672:
669:
668:
667:
660:
651:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
586:
585:
577:
570:
567:
562:
559:
557:
554:
550:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
494:
491:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
476:
472:
470:
460:
453:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
407:double layers
405:
401:
400:electrostatic
398:
397:
396:
394:
390:
386:
375:
372:
370:Solvated ions
369:
367:Diffuse layer
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
346:
344:
340:
337:
333:
311:
307:
304:
298:
295:
288:
287:
286:
284:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
236:
231:
217:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
135:
132:
124:
121:February 2023
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
11280:
11075:Cold cathode
11042:Storage tube
10932:Vacuum tubes
10881:Neutron tube
10856:Beam tetrode
10838:Vacuum tubes
10423:Power MOSFET
10250:Spark Museum
10223:
10215:the original
10205:
10197:www.beuth.de
10196:
10187:
10168:
10149:
10130:
10121:
10112:
10093:
10075:
10063:
10039:
10033:
10024:
10015:
9996:
9987:
9975:
9958:
9946:
9928:
9910:
9899:. Retrieved
9892:the original
9879:
9861:
9850:. Retrieved
9843:the original
9838:
9826:
9815:. Retrieved
9811:the original
9806:
9797:
9788:
9776:
9765:. Retrieved
9761:the original
9756:
9747:
9721:. Retrieved
9708:
9697:. Retrieved
9690:the original
9677:
9668:
9658:
9649:
9639:
9627:
9616:. Retrieved
9609:the original
9596:
9587:
9575:
9564:
9553:. Retrieved
9546:the original
9533:
9521:. Retrieved
9512:
9499:
9486:
9473:
9460:
9440:
9429:. Retrieved
9425:the original
9420:
9411:
9398:
9385:
9376:DeMatos, H.
9372:
9352:
9343:
9332:
9313:
9302:. Retrieved
9298:the original
9288:
9269:
9263:
9246:
9242:
9233:
9222:. Retrieved
9213:
9206:
9191:
9182:November 21,
9180:. Retrieved
9165:
9145:www.ftcap.de
9144:
9135:
9124:. Retrieved
9117:the original
9104:
9087:
9068:
9056:. Retrieved
9051:
9041:
9032:
9020:
9011:
9002:
8994:www.wima.com
8993:
8984:
8976:www.wima.com
8975:
8966:
8955:. Retrieved
8945:
8926:
8915:. Retrieved
8911:the original
8900:
8889:. Retrieved
8882:the original
8869:
8852:
8838:
8829:
8820:
8811:
8801:
8783:
8755:
8738:
8719:
8702:
8684:
8673:. Retrieved
8666:the original
8597:
8586:Others like
8547:
8543:
8528:
8512:
8496:
8491:Rectangular
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8450:
8419:
8405:
8393:
8389:
8378:
8374:
8367:
8334:
8292:electrolytic
8285:Electrolytic
8189:
8183:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8129:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8074:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8022:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7990:
7969:
7954:
7939:Failure rate
7933:
7929:
7911:
7907:
7900:
7896:
7888:
7871:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7833:
7823:
7815:
7812:220 μF/100 V
7805:
7797:
7794:2200 μF/25 V
7787:
7784:1.2 μF/250 V
7779:
7776:4700 μF/10 V
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7743:
7734:
7723:
7719:
7706:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7575:
7548:
7519:1.0 to 1.2%
7503:0.2 to 0.5%
7445:
7432:dielectric.
7430:
7418:microphonics
7411:
7408:Microphonics
7403:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7368:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7264:circuits or
7258:
7199:Thus, after
7198:
7109:
7023:
7008:
7000:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6963:
6959:
6943:
6940:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6815:
6729:
6692:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:Nyquist plot
6661:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6620:
6616:
6516:
6399:
6299:Capacitance
6284:
6156:
6077:
6033:
5999:
5988:
5958:
5927:
5910:
5853:
5849:
5836:
5832:
5820:
5817:
5809:
5729:
5620:
5617:
5420:is given by
5377:
5157:
5071:
5024:
4941:
4850:
4828:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4747:
4739:
4726:
4693:permittivity
4685:
4505:paraelectric
4495:Application
4468:
4447:
4357:0.25 pF
4326:Letter code
4316:Letter code
4285:
4270:
4267:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4209:
4196:
4183:
4170:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4036:Ball bearing
4020:
4019:
3971:) capacitors
3885:
3884:
3831:
3830:
3751:electrolyte
3603:
3602:
3525:resistance.
3513:, absorbing
3504:high voltage
3485:
3484:
3341:significant.
3301:pulsed power
3234:
3233:
3198:permittivity
3181:change with
3173:Predictable
3164:paraelectric
3152:
3151:
3064:
3060:
3046:
2999:World War II
2978:
2974:
2938:transmitters
2899:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2851:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2777:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2636:double layer
2609:
2598:
2597:
2584:Ragone chart
2474:
2471:
2462:power supply
2455:
2194:Capacitance
2191:Electrolyte
2178:
2155:conductivity
2151:
2147:
2108:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1925:
1751:−55 to +105
1564:
1554:or ESR) and
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1391:paraelectric
1385:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1331:
1258:
1242:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1183:
950:450(?) / 250
817:paraelectric
789:Permittivity
771:
743:with static
730:
723:
665:
645:
630:
582:
568:
560:
546:
543:double-layer
536:
530:
524:
506:
502:
496:
492:
482:
477:
475:historical.
473:
468:
466:
457:
451:
424:
382:
342:
338:
336:permittivity
331:
329:
282:
279:
261:between two
244:
238:
234:
214:flash memory
207:
199:power factor
189:
178:
167:
159:
150:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
11241:Transformer
10983:Sutton tube
10823:Charge pump
10676:Memory cell
10606:Zener diode
10568:Laser diode
10451:transistors
10333:transistors
9807:www.wima.de
9757:www.wima.de
9523:14 February
8830:www.x2y.com
8588:silver mica
7935:life time.
7903:Curie point
7830:22 μF/400 V
7554:integrators
6318:tan δ
5826:behind the
5270:Capacitance
4876:and is the
4374:0.5 pF
4340:0.1 pF
3969:silver mica
3747:with solid
3673:electrolyte
3669:with solid
3617:electrolyte
3534:Kraft paper
3511:hygroscopic
3437:Polysulfone
3418:(Styroflex)
3416:Polystyrene
3227:microphonic
3179:capacitance
2989:Leyden jars
2234:non solid,
2214:temperature
2201:Max. rated
2169:Polypyrrole
2013:epoxy resin
1748:−55 to +150
1745:−55 to +150
1581:(PEN), and
1441:inductances
933:0.9 to 1.4
893:0.7 to 0.9
868:1.9 to 3.0
824:< 100(?)
784:Dielectric
654:Dielectrics
519:electrolyte
489:dielectric.
422:electrolyte
203:capacitance
32:Capacitance
11341:Capacitors
11313:reed relay
11303:Parametron
11236:Thermistor
11214:resettable
11173:Connector
11134:Adjustable
11110:Nixie tube
11080:Crossatron
11047:Trochotron
11022:Iconoscope
11017:Charactron
10994:X-ray tube
10866:Compactron
10846:Acorn tube
10803:Buck–boost
10724:Solaristor
10586:Photodiode
10563:Gunn diode
10559:(CLD, CRD)
10341:Transistor
9901:2012-12-14
9852:2017-06-02
9817:2012-12-14
9767:2012-12-14
9723:2021-02-04
9699:2012-12-14
9618:2012-12-14
9555:2012-12-14
9431:2012-12-14
9304:2013-08-15
9224:2013-04-02
9126:2012-12-14
8957:2014-03-02
8917:2013-03-09
8891:2012-12-14
8675:2011-06-24
8640:References
8379:Examples:
8311:capacitor
8306:capacitor
8301:capacitor
8294:capacitor
8287:capacitor
8278:Capacitor
7535:10 to 15%
7422:vibrations
7371:DC current
6948:AC current
5985:> 10 μF
5913:decoupling
5806:resonance.
5322:Inductance
5126:) and the
5072:where the
4846:resistance
4304:Tolerance
4264:> 10 μF
4118:High cost
4104:High cost
3523:insulation
3519:atmosphere
3140:Dielectric
2919:Leyden jar
2767:system in
2654:in origin.
2622:dielectric
2606:capacitors
2460:, e.g. in
2419:(sintered)
2415:Niobium or
2356:0.1–15,000
2351:non solid
2348:(sintered)
2325:non solid
1542:strength.
1296:cgs system
1226:materials.
966:3.5 to 5.5
798:(Volt/μm)
621:decoupling
418:electrodes
275:limited by
271:dielectric
169:dielectric
164:insulating
152:Capacitors
91:newspapers
11276:Capacitor
11120:Trigatron
11115:Thyratron
11105:Neon lamp
11032:Monoscope
10912:Phototube
10896:Pentagrid
10861:Barretter
10746:Trancitor
10741:Thyristor
10666:Memristor
10591:PIN diode
10368:(ChemFET)
9188:see also
9054:. WellPCB
8453:non-solid
8331:Imprinted
8283:capacitor
8281:Polarized
7987:Soldering
7926:failure".
7917:Life time
7596:ε
7590:≈
7208:τ
7181:⋅
7149:τ
7082:τ
7070:−
7060:⋅
6843:is in A;
6784:⋅
6596:⋅
6590:π
6582:δ
6579:
6573:⋅
6531:δ
6528:
6493:⋅
6244:δ
6241:
6167:bandwidth
6139:ω
6136:⋅
6121:δ
6118:
6053:−
5917:transient
5828:rectifier
5697:ω
5658:ω
5649:−
5623:resonance
5553:^
5550:ı
5543:^
5481:−
5345:ω
5302:ω
5293:−
5256:ω
5132:reactance
5074:real part
5009:θ
4925:θ
4853:impedance
4809:Impedance
4568:Polyester
4459:bypassing
4455:filtering
4408:2 pF
4391:1 pF
4288:tolerance
3517:from the
3471:Polyimide
3453:Polyamide
3337:(Kaladex)
3315:Polyester
3187:frequency
2769:Formula 1
2644:Angstroms
2640:interface
2633:Helmholtz
2380:0.1–3,300
2346:Tantalum
2332:0.1–1,000
2320:Tantalum
2301:PEDOT:PSS
2281:0.1–1,500
2264:0.05–2.0
2229:Aluminum
2212:categorie
2173:PEDOT:PSS
1903:0.01–0.1
1869:≥100,000
1717:40–2,000
1571:polyester
930:500 / 300
910:470 / 220
890:580 / 280
882:Polyester
865:650 / 450
813:, Class 1
650:section.
541:Helmholtz
414:interface
404:Helmholtz
305:ε
267:electrons
263:electrode
185:inductors
181:resistors
158:, called
11335:Category
11298:Inductor
11268:Reactive
11246:Varistor
11226:Resistor
11204:Antifuse
11090:Ignitron
11085:Dekatron
10973:Klystron
10962:Gyrotron
10891:Nuvistor
10808:Split-pi
10694:(MOS IC)
10661:Memistor
10419:(MuGFET)
10413:(MOSFET)
10385:(FinFET)
10232:Archived
10177:Archived
10158:Archived
10139:Archived
10102:Archived
10083:Archived
10005:Archived
9936:Archived
9918:Archived
9869:Archived
9732:cite web
9644:Vishay.
9449:Archived
9389:Tagare.
9361:Archived
9321:Archived
9196:Archived
9077:Archived
8935:Archived
8905:Vishay.
8806:Vishay.
8764:Archived
8728:Archived
8692:Archived
8602:See also
8326:Markings
8309:Variable
7957:reliable
6996:snubbers
6897:in V/μs
6372:Class 1
6325:Quality
5932:losses.
4834:resistor
4433:−20/+80%
4419:−20/+50%
4300:E series
4277:E series
3919:arc-over
3515:moisture
3473:(Kapton)
3381:(Teflon)
3285:AC power
3177:and low
2674:faradaic
2616:(EDLC),
2458:circuits
2401:10–1,500
2306:10–1,500
2290:0.5–2.5
2219:Specific
2070:site in
1900:0.05–0.1
1708:50–1,000
1664:<0.1
1647:2.4–3.0
1560:snubbers
1550:losses (
1189:styles.
1178:4 to 50
972:5 to 10
821:12 to 40
787:Relative
685:tantalum
681:aluminum
670:Ceramics
635:can use
617:coupling
553:faradaic
469:trimmers
438:electron
435:faradaic
420:and the
11199:Ferrite
11167:Passive
11158:Varicap
11146:digital
11095:Krytron
10917:Tetrode
10902:Pentode
10756:Varicap
10737:(3D IC)
10713:RF CMOS
10617:devices
10391:(FGMOS)
10322:devices
10044:Bibcode
9393:. 2001.
9294:"Elton"
8304:Trimmer
8299:through
8290:Bipolar
7965:burn in
7859:⁄
7712:⁄
7566:filters
6863:in μF;
6816:where:
6327:factor
5975:≤ 10 μF
5968:≤ 1 nF:
5130:is the
4996:is the
4878:complex
4254:≤ 10 μF
4247:≤ 1 nF:
3867:lithium
3749:Polymer
3253:current
2694:– with
2638:at the
2432:1–1,500
2389:1.5–15
2269:solid,
2223:(mA/mm)
2203:voltage
2072:Hamburg
1894:0.2–0.5
1886:10,000
1866:≥10,000
1863:≥10,000
1860:≥10,000
1836:200–350
1822:120–300
1819:170–300
1802:110–150
1641:0.9–1.4
1638:0.7–0.9
1577:(PPS),
1573:(PET),
1424:Class 2
1406:Class 1
1370:eramic
1151:5 to 10
843:< 35
689:niobium
515:cathode
487:ceramic
485:have a
166:layer (
105:scholar
11231:Switch
10922:Triode
10886:Nonode
10851:Audion
10731:(SITh)
10615:Other
10582:(OLED)
10544:Diodes
10495:(LET)
10477:(FET)
10449:Other
10397:(IGBT)
10374:(CMOS)
10361:BioFET
10356:BiCMOS
9803:"WIMA"
9753:"WIMA"
9276:
9243:Carbon
9173:
9058:29 May
8790:
8531:) side
8515:) side
8499:) side
8471:side.
7362:
7356:
7350:
6270:
5039:
4895:
4618:(PTFE)
4202:, the
4189:, the
4163:, the
4049:Vacuum
3913:Vacuum
3373:Teflon
3175:linear
2727:farads
2696:carbon
2422:solid
2410:10–30
2394:solid
2370:solid
2315:10–30
2299:(e.g.
2295:solid
2196:range
1854:•C (s)
1808:2.5–25
1805:54–150
1794:0.5–5
1785:50–200
1714:16–100
1711:16–250
1569:(PP),
1399:oxides
1172:5 to 8
1105:Vacuum
944:(PTFE)
719:vacuum
255:charge
160:plates
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
11308:Relay
11281:types
11219:eFUSE
10990:(TWT)
10978:Maser
10969:(IOT)
10958:(CFA)
10947:(BWO)
10871:Diode
10818:SEPIC
10798:Boost
10751:TRIAC
10720:(SCR)
10683:(MOV)
10657:(LEC)
10576:(LED)
10535:(UJT)
10524:(SIT)
10518:(PUT)
10461:(BJT)
10430:(TFT)
10406:LDMOS
10401:ISFET
9984:(PDF)
9967:(PDF)
9895:(PDF)
9888:(PDF)
9846:(PDF)
9835:(PDF)
9785:(PDF)
9718:(PDF)
9693:(PDF)
9686:(PDF)
9612:(PDF)
9605:(PDF)
9584:(PDF)
9549:(PDF)
9542:(PDF)
9218:(PDF)
9120:(PDF)
9113:(PDF)
9096:(PDF)
9029:(PDF)
8885:(PDF)
8878:(PDF)
8861:(PDF)
8747:(PDF)
8711:(PDF)
8669:(PDF)
8662:(PDF)
8529:minus
8513:minus
8469:minus
8461:solid
8457:minus
7877:Aging
7487:2.5%
7479:0.6%
7426:noise
6389:1000
6367:2500
6347:4000
5951:from
4882:phase
4821:and X
4602:(PEN)
4589:±1.5%
4586:(PPS)
4570:(PET)
4555:±2.5%
4552:( PP)
4161:insul
3991:Glass
3869:ions.
3862:(LIC)
3497:Paper
2758:SRAMs
2441:5–20
2236:e.g.
2216:(°C)
2210:Upper
2198:(μF)
2140:with
2130:with
2120:with
1897:1–1.2
1883:1,000
1880:1,000
1877:1,000
1852:Insul
1845:4–40
1842:18–70
1828:2–25
1825:12–60
1788:42–80
1772:±2.5
1548:ohmic
1366:ayer
1362:ulti-
1147:Glass
963:Paper
924:(PEN)
904:(PPS)
884:(PET)
859:( PP)
805:(μm)
754:with
747:in a
704:paper
700:glass
677:Oxide
511:anode
447:with
427:; and
411:phase
112:JSTOR
98:books
36:Farad
11251:Wire
11209:Fuse
10793:Buck
10646:(IC)
10634:DIAC
10570:(LD)
10439:UMOS
10434:VMOS
10351:PMOS
10346:NMOS
10331:MOS
9738:link
9525:2016
9274:ISBN
9184:2014
9171:ISBN
9060:2017
8788:ISBN
8590:and
8497:plus
8465:plus
8297:Feed
8132:lyte
7379:leak
7375:leak
6380:1600
6377:1000
6355:1000
6322:(10)
6315:(mΩ)
6311:ESR
6308:(mΩ)
6304:ESR
6301:(pF)
5840:MLCC
5813:apex
5676:and
4729:ions
4672:±20%
4652:±20%
4632:±10%
4526:±15%
4457:and
4382:E 12
4365:E 24
4348:E 48
4331:E 96
4222:The
4174:leak
3975:Mica
3821:SMD.
3196:Low
2771:cars
2765:KERS
2739:load
2670:ions
2426:(MnO
2374:(MnO
2275:(MnO
2207:(V)
2068:DESY
2064:HERA
1811:2–8
1791:2–15
1769:±1.5
1700:400
1681:650
1661:0.05
1630:2.2
1610:PPS
1607:PEN
1604:PET
1168:Mica
1091:5000
953:5.5
913:1.2
846:0.5
696:mica
505:and
495:and
493:Film
445:ions
183:and
84:news
10813:Ćuk
10052:doi
9251:doi
9074:PDF
8725:PDF
8014:IEC
7889:In
7399:GBL
7019:ins
7015:ins
6653:RMS
6576:tan
6543:as
6525:tan
6383:160
6358:650
6344:2,5
6338:400
6335:560
6238:tan
6115:tan
5945:and
5324:):
4819:ESL
4745:).
4743:THD
4605:±5%
4573:+5%
4523:X7R
4507:NP0
4489:C/C
4450:E96
4402:20%
4399:E 6
4385:10%
4281:E24
4230:or
4212:IEC
4200:ESL
4187:ESR
4098:Air
4031:Air
3956:gas
3897:Air
3423:SMT
2969:VHF
2888:or
2438:125
2407:125
2386:150
2383:125
2362:200
2359:150
2338:125
2335:630
2312:125
2309:250
2287:175
2261:150
2258:600
2251:GBL
2247:DMA
2243:DMF
2171:or
1920:50
1917:140
1914:250
1911:400
1756:C/C
1697:220
1694:300
1691:280
1678:470
1675:500
1672:580
1658:0.4
1655:low
1644:1.2
1627:3.0
1624:3.0
1621:3.3
1613:PP
1418:C0G
1414:IEC
1410:EIA
1393:or
1187:SMD
1175:118
1154:450
1133:3.3
1126:Air
1064:455
1031:625
999:710
996:9.6
947:2.0
927:3.0
907:3.0
887:3.3
862:2.2
751:and
708:air
639:or
623:or
253:by
249:as
193:in
67:by
11337::
11187:RF
10936:RF
10195:.
10050:,
10023:.
9986:.
9950:*
9837:.
9805:.
9787:.
9755:.
9734:}}
9730:{{
9667:.
9648:.
9586:.
9419:.
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9245:.
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9143:.
9050:.
9031:.
9010:.
8992:.
8974:.
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8810:.
8774:^
8647:^
8018:EN
7905:.
7556:,
7268:.
6386:10
6361:65
5934:DC
5930:AC
5798:.
5375:.
5272:)
5155:.
4831:AC
4662:Ta
4642:Al
4442:-
4428:-
4416:E3
4411:G
4394:F
4377:D
4368:5%
4360:C
4351:2%
4343:B
4334:1%
4075:SF
4061:SF
3945:SF
3930:SF
3799:Nb
3794:,
3786:Ta
3763:Al
3714:Nb
3709:,
3701:Ta
3679:Al
3648:Ta
3641:"
3622:Al
2942:SF
2936:RF
2892:.
2880:.
2648:nm
2435:10
2404:35
2365:–
2341:–
2284:40
2249:,
2245:,
2240:,
1766:±5
1763:±5
1384:A
1157:-
1136:-
1115:-
1112:40
1061:42
1051:Nb
1028:26
1018:Ta
986:Al
969:60
827:1
717:,
712:SF
710:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
687:,
683:,
643:.
619:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
595:,
591:,
391:,
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10938:)
10934:(
10304:e
10297:t
10290:v
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10027:.
9990:.
9969:.
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9820:.
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8863:.
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8713:.
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7679:C
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7660:d
7657:e
7654:r
7651:o
7648:t
7645:s
7640:E
7603:d
7599:A
7587:C
7335:t
7313:k
7310:a
7307:e
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7300:I
7242:0
7238:U
7213:s
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7175:s
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7164:R
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7154:s
7123:0
7119:U
7095:,
7087:s
7077:/
7073:t
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7047:=
7044:)
7041:t
7038:(
7035:u
6885:t
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6874:v
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6778:=
6773:p
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6701:d
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6593:f
6587:2
6568:2
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6557:=
6554:P
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6499:S
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6480:=
6477:P
6455:I
6435:R
6432:S
6429:E
6409:P
6364:4
6341:—
6265:B
6260:0
6256:f
6250:=
6234:1
6229:=
6226:Q
6201:0
6197:f
6176:B
6142:C
6133:R
6130:S
6127:E
6124:=
6092:L
6089:S
6086:E
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6048:C
6044:X
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5983:R
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5743:C
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5694:=
5689:L
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5641:C
5637:X
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5595:f
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5533:=
5530:Z
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5475:+
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5431:Z
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5290:=
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5198:L
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4066:6
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