Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)

54: 1423: 1063: 1431: 636: 1269: 1907: 2200: 2294: 382:. Dominated by the leaders of Britain, France, the United States and Italy, the conference resulted in five treaties that rearranged the maps of Europe and parts of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands, and also imposed financial penalties. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the other losing nations were not given a voice in the deliberations; this later gave rise to political resentments that lasted for decades. The arrangements made by this conference are considered one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. 7482: 985: 1152: 2029: 873:, with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies". This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay. Germany paid only a small portion, before reparations ended in 1931. According to British historian AJP Taylor, the treaty seemed to Germans "wicked, unfair" and "dictation, a slave treaty" but one which they would repudiate at some stage if it "did not fall to pieces of its own absurdity." 2192: 2600: 661: 1596: 9092: 7885: 679: 643: 697: 715: 531: 1210: 86: 2435: 1933:, British Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, spoke against a union of East Galicia and Poland. The British cabinet never decided whether to support a united or dismembered Russia. The United States was sympathetic to a strong, united Russia, as a counterpoise to Japan, but Britain feared a threat to India. Petliura appointed Count Tyshkevich as his representative to the Vatican, and Pope 2397:'s international appeal. A zone of small nation-states was to form a sort of quarantine belt against the Red virus.... he establishment of new small nation-states along Wilsonian lines, though far from eliminating national conflicts in the zone of revolutions,... diminished the scope for Bolshevik revolution. That, indeed, had been the intention of the Allied peacemakers. 1193:, and the rejection of the Racial Equality Proposal. He said that he had no objection to the proposal if it was stated in unambiguous terms that it did not confer any right to enter Australia. He was concerned by the increasing power of Japan. Within months of the declaration of war in 1914, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand had seized all of Germany's possessions in the 4986: 1850:, who, if the tsar had not been overthrown, would most likely have attended the conference anyway. The Council maintained the position of an indivisible Russia, but some were prepared to negotiate over the loss of Poland and Finland. The Council suggested all matters relating to territorial claims or demands for autonomy within the former 786:" leaders dominated the conference. The four met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which were then ratified by other attendees. The open meetings of all the delegations approved the decisions made by the Big Four. The conference came to an end on 21 January 1920, with the inaugural General Assembly of the 1014:. Wilson wanted the League to administer all German colonies until they were ready for independence. Lloyd George realized he needed to support his dominions and so he proposed a compromise: there be three types of mandates. Mandates for the Turkish provinces were one category and would be divided up between Britain and France. 1998:

religion." Freedom of religion was guaranteed to everyone. Most residents were given citizenship, but there was considerable ambiguity on who was covered. The treaty guaranteed basic civil, political, and cultural rights and required all citizens to be equal before the law and enjoy identical rights of citizens and workers.

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The IAWC lobbied Wilson and then the other delegates of the Paris Conference to admit women to its committees, and it was successful in achieving a hearing from the conference's Commissions for International Labour Legislation and then the League of Nations Commission. One key and concrete outcome of

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An unprecedented aspect of the conference was concerted pressure brought to bear on delegates by a committee of women, who sought to establish and entrench women's fundamental social, economic, and political rights, such as that of suffrage, within the peace framework. Although they were denied seats

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Wilson's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it to be his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations. High hopes and expectations were

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There was a general disappointment in Italy, which the nationalists and fascists used to build the idea that Italy was betrayed by the Allies and refused what had been promised. That was a cause for the general rise of Italian fascism. Orlando refused to see the war as a mutilated victory and replied

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The second category, of New Guinea, Samoa, and South West Africa, were located so close to responsible supervisors that the mandates could hardly be given to anyone except Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Finally, the African colonies would need the careful supervision as "Class B" mandates,

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attempted to extract Britain from the Anglo-French entente, inserted the war-guilt clause, and maintained a liberal and realist view of the postwar world. By doing so, he managed to consolidate power over the House , secured his power base, expanded the empire, and sought a European balance of power.

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Hobsbawm and other left-wing historians have argued that Wilson's Fourteen Points, particularly the principle of self-determination, were measures that were primarily against the Bolsheviks and designed, by playing the nationalist card, to tame the revolutionary fever that was sweeping across Europe

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to be freely used privately, in commerce, in religion, in the press, at public meetings, and before all courts. Minorities were to be permitted to establish and control at their own expense private charities, churches, social institutions, and schools, without interference from the government, which

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Meanwhile, though Wilson was indifferent to the clause, there was fierce resistance to it from the American public, and he ruled as Conference chairman that a unanimous vote was required for the Japanese proposal to pass. Ultimately, on the day of the vote, only 11 of the 17 delegates voted in favor

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The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of

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demanded that it have a separate seat at the conference. That was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States, which saw any Dominion delegation as an extra British vote. Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60,000 men, a far larger proportion of

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controlled his delegation, and his chief goal was to weaken Germany militarily, strategically, and economically. Having personally witnessed two German attacks on French soil in the last 40 years, he was adamant for Germany not to be permitted to attack France again. Particularly, Clemenceau sought

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o equally systematic attempt has been made before or since, in Europe or anywhere else, to redraw the political map on national lines.... The logical implication of trying to create a continent neatly divided into coherent territorial states each inhabited by separate ethnically and linguistically

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Massigli told the Germans that the French thought of the "Anglo-Saxon powers" (the United States and the British Empire) as the major threat to France in the post-war world. He argued that both France and Germany had a joint interest in opposing "Anglo-Saxon domination" of the world, and he warned

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of that treaty placed the whole guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies". That provision proved very humiliating for German leaders, armies and citizens alike, and set the stage for the expensive reparations that Germany was intended to pay, only a small portion of which had

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in 1701. The Delegates from 27 nations (delegates representing 5 nationalities were for the most part ignored) were assigned to 52 commissions, which held 1,646 sessions to prepare reports, with the help of many experts, on topics ranging from prisoners of war to undersea cables, to international

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he first Western reaction to the Bolsheviks' appeal to the peoples to make peace – and their publication of the secret treaties in which the Allies had carved up Europe among themselves – had been President Wilson's Fourteen Points, which played the nationalist card

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in the new nation. Poland signed under protest and made little effort to enforce the specified rights for Germans, Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities. Similar treaties were signed by Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria and later by Latvia, Estonia, and

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and following the adoption of the mandate system on the Arab provinces of the former Ottoman Empire, the conference heard statements from competing Zionists and Arabs. Wilson then recommended an international commission of inquiry to ascertain the wishes of the local inhabitants. The idea, first

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Unrivaled as a negotiator, he had powerful combative instincts and indomitable determinism, and succeeded through charm, insight, resourcefulness, and simple pugnacity. Although sympathetic to France's desires to keep Germany under control, he did much to prevent the French from gaining power,

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Ultimately, the British delegation did not treat that proposal as a fundamental aim of the conference; they were willing to sacrifice the Racial Equality Proposal to placate the Australian delegation and thus help to satisfy their overarching aim of preserving the unity of the British Empire.

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In Poland, the key provisions were to become fundamental laws, which would override any national legal codes or legislation. The new country pledged to assure "full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals... without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race, or

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In the Middle East, negotiations were complicated by competing aims and claims, and the new mandate system. The United States expressed a hope to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world as stated in the Fourteen Points, in which democracy, sovereignty, liberty and

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and complained: "Mr. Wilson bores me with his fourteen points. Why, God Almighty has only ten!" Wilson gained some favour by signing a mutual defense treaty with France, but he did not present it to his country's government for ratification and so it never took effect.

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during the war made both the government and people feel entitled to all of those territories and even others not mentioned in the Treaty of London, particularly Fiume, which many Italians believed should be annexed to Italy because of the city's Italian population.

1540:. Though both dominions could not vote on the decision individually, they were strongly opposed to the clause and pressured Britain to do likewise. Ultimately, the British delegation succumbed to imperial pressure and abstained from voting for the clause. 2327:: "All positions under or in connection with the League, including the Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women." More generally, the IAWC placed the issue of women's rights at the center of the new world order that was established in Paris. 2162:. However, the Chinese, already locked in a struggle against the Japanese, could do little else for Korea. Other than China, no nation took the Koreans seriously at the conference because it already had the status of a Japanese colony. The failure of 1583:, demanded a reservation be inserted, before he would sign the treaty. After the reservation was denied, the treaty was signed by all the delegations except that of China. Chinese outrage over that provision led to demonstrations known as the 1677:

would be respected. France and Britain, on the other hand, already controlled empires through which they wielded power over their subjects around the world, and aspired to maintain and expand their colonial power rather than relinquish it.

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The maintenance of the unity, territories, and interests of the British Empire was an overarching concern for the British delegates to the conference. Still, they entered the conference with more specific goals with this order of priority:

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which could be provided only by experienced colonial powers: Britain, France, and Belgium although Italy and Portugal received small amounts of territory. Wilson and the others finally went along with the solution. The dominions received "

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its men than the 50,000 American men lost, it had at least the right to the representation of a "minor" power. Lloyd George eventually relented and persuaded the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of delegations from Canada,

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chief. Saionji's role was symbolic and limited because of his history of ill-health. The Japanese delegation became unhappy after it had received only half of the rights of Germany, and it then walked out of the conference.

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on 12 January 1920, followed by Azerbaijan the same day and Armenia on 19 January 1920. The Allied leaders decided to limit their assistance to the Caucasian republics to the supply of arms, munitions, and food.

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public schools in districts that had been German before the war. All education above the primary level was to be conducted exclusively in the national language. Article 12 was the enforcement clause and gave the

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tried to obtain full implementation of the Treaty of London, as agreed by France and Britain before the war. He had popular support because of the loss of 700,000 soldiers and a budget deficit of 12,000,000,000

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series, describes the political machinations and consequences of the Paris Peace Conference through much of the book's second half, with Sinclair's narrative including many historically accurate characters and

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were at the conference. Numerous other nations sent delegations to appeal for various unsuccessful additions to the treaties, and parties lobbied for causes ranging from independence for the countries of the

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The remaking of the world map at the conferences gave birth to a number of critical conflict-prone contradictions internationally that would become some of the causes of World War II. The British historian

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The five major powers, France, Britain, Italy, the U.S., and Japan, controlled the Conference. Amongst the "Big Five", in practice Japan only sent a former prime minister and played a small role; and the

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Ebert persuaded the various councils to set elections for 19 January 1919 (the day following a date symbolic in Prussian history ever since the Kingdom of Prussia was established on 18 January 1701).

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was signed." The entire process is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", although only the signing of the first treaty took place in the historic palace; the negotiations occurred at the

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largely failed since none of the major powers was interested in taking a mandate over the Caucasian territories. After a series of delays, the three South Caucasian countries ultimately gained

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The Racial Equality Proposal put forth by the Japanese did not directly conflict with any core British interest, but as the conference progressed, its full implications on immigration to the

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to nationalists calling for a greater expansion, "Italy today is a great state... on par with the great historic and contemporary states. This is, for me, our main and principal expansion."

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The Germans rejected Massigli's offers because they believed that the intention was to trick them into accepting the Treaty of Versailles unchanged; also, the German Foreign Minister, Count

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faced strong challenges from the Chinese patriotic student group. In 1914, at the outset of the war, Japan seized the territory that had been granted to Germany in 1897 and seized the

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in 1917 commissioned a group of about 150 academics to research topics likely to arise in diplomatic talks on the European stage, and to develop a set of principles to be used for the

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states (which eventually was passed as the Government of Ireland Act 1920). The planned two states would both be within the United Kingdom and so neither would have dominion status.

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and the five peace treaties with the defeated states. Main arrangements agreed upon in the treaties were, among others, the transition of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "

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was also present, representing the Assyrian National Association in America. A delegation from Constantinople represented the Assyro-Chaldean National Council, formed in 1919 after

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Britain had reluctantly consented to the attendance of separate delegations from British dominions, but the British managed to rebuff attempts by the envoys of the newly proclaimed

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The February 1919 statement included the following main points: recognition of Jewish "title" over the land, a declaration of the borders (significantly larger than in the prior

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Proposal of the autonomous or independent region by the Aromanian delegation, known as "Terra Vlachorum", "Vlach" being another term used by the Aromanian to identify themselves

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had its best opportunity to win recognition and support from foreign powers at the conference. At a meeting of the Big Five on 16 January, Lloyd George called Ukrainian leader

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The clause quickly proved problematic to both the American and British delegations. Though the proposal itself was compatible with Britain's stance of nominal equality for all

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of the Treaty of Versailles declared Germany solely responsible for the war. (The United States did not sign peace treaties with the Central Powers until 1921 under President

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which toured all Syria and Palestine during the summer of 1919 taking statements and sampling opinion. Its report, presented to Wilson, was kept secret from the public until

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While Russia was formally excluded from the Conference although it had fought against the Central Powers for three years. However the Russian Provincial Council (chaired by

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document that became the basis for the terms of the German surrender during the conference, as it had earlier been the basis of the German government's negotiations in the

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The dominion governments were not originally given separate invitations to the conference and had been expected to send representatives as part of the British delegation.

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Ukraine map presented by the Ukrainian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in a bid that was ultimately rejected, which led to the incorporation of Ukraine into the

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As the first non-European nation to achieve great-power status, Japan took its place alongside the other Big Five at Versailles, even if it was often a silent partner.

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Lithuania. Estonia had already given cultural autonomy to minorities in its declaration of independence. Finland and Germany were not asked to sign a minority treaty.

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noted, "Although the senior statesmen stopped working personally on the conference in June 1919, the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923, when the

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recognition from the Supreme Council of the Allied powers but only after all European troops had been withdrawn from the Caucasus, except for a British contingent in

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had united and declared their basic political and national unity under the "Assyro-Chaldean" name. There was also one delegation from Caucasia and one from Persia.

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Once Wilson arrived, however, he found "rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged." He worked mostly at trying to influence both the French, led by

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took part in the conference as Greece's chief representative. Wilson was said to have placed Venizelos first for personal ability among all delegates in Paris.

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that the "deepening of opposition" between the French and the Germans "would lead to the ruin of both countries, to the advantage of the Anglo-Saxon powers."

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agreed: "When Woodrow Wilson made the principle of self-determination one of his Fourteen Points his intent had been to undercut the appeal of Bolshevism."

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The Conference formally opened on 18 January 1919 at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. This date was symbolic, as it was the anniversary of the proclamation of

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After the conference's decision to separate the former Arab provinces from the Ottoman Empire and to apply the new mandate-system to them, the

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or joined the League that Wilson had helped to create to further peace by diplomacy, rather than war, and the conditions that can breed peace.

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Despite a generally pro-Chinese view by the American delegation, Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles transferred German concessions in the

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to send a three-man delegation to Paris, a delegation of Koreans from China and Hawaii made it there. It included a representative from the

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Several of the Fourteen Points conflicted with the desires of European powers. The United States did not consider it fair or warranted that

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Pellegrino, Anthony; Dean Lee, Christopher; Alex (2012). "Historical Thinking through Classroom Simulation: 1919 Paris Peace Conference".

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broke the story in December 1922. A pro-Zionist joint resolution on Palestine was passed by the United States Congress in September 1922.

581: 8851: 8581: 8543: 8446: 6985: 5883: 5337: 5271: 5011: 4702: 62: 7965: 5560: 2545:, is named after the Paris Peace Conference, and its title song explores various aspects of early-20th-century culture and history in 1627:

as the war ended, not only in America but all over Europe, including Germany, as well as its allies in and the former subjects of the

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Until Wilson's arrival in Europe in December 1918, no sitting American president had ever visited the continent. Wilson's 1918

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to Italian colonies. Protectorates over Albania and Antalya were also recognized, but nationalists considered the war to be a

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Andrew J. Crozier, "The Establishment of the Mandates System 1919–25: Some Problems Created by the Paris Peace Conference",

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was given to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Fiume remained disputed territory, causing a nationalist outrage.

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Propagande et pressions en politique internationale. La Grèce et ses revendications à la Conférence de la Paix, 1919–1920

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of the church, has often been depicted as a leader of the "Assyro-Chaldean delegation". An Assyrian delegation from the

8509: 8400: 7855: 7252: 6542: 5951: 5709: 4542: 4178: 3963: 3197: 3147: 3120: 2876: 2839: 2809: 2570: 2316: 186: 1201:. The British had given their blessing for Japan to occupy German possessions, but Hughes was alarmed by that policy. 588: 8726: 8689: 8565: 8520: 8276: 8217: 8114: 7727: 7626: 7127: 6821: 6637: 5916: 5387: 5043: 4855: 4186: 3745: 3611:"US Dept of State; International Boundary Study, Jordan – Syria Boundary, No. 94 – 30 December 1969, p. 10" 3516: 3286:

Snelling, R. C. (1975). "Peacemaking, 1919: Australia, New Zealand and the British Empire delegation at Versailles".

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Snelling, R. C. (1975). "Peacemaking, 1919: Australia, New Zealand and the British Empire Delegation at Versailles".

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Five major peace treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference, with, in parentheses, the affected countries:

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Gordon Lauren, Paul (1978). "Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference".

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placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the postwar era. In doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the

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Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918–1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power

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David Lloyd George commented that he did "not do badly" at the peace conference "considering I was seated between

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did not ratify any of the peace treaties and so the United States never joined the League. Instead, the 1921–1923

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The League of Nations proved controversial in the United States since critics said it subverted the powers of the

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Wilson and the Peacemakers: Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal

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Roberts, Priscilla. "Wilson, Europe's Colonial Empires, and the Issue of Imperialism", in Ross A. Kennedy, ed.,

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Yakovenko, Natalya (2002). "Ukraine in British Strategies and Concepts of Foreign Policy, 1917–1922 and after".

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as a principle for maintaining imperial unity, there were significant deviations in the stated interests of its

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attempt two years earlier, but failed to accomplish any recognition for the self-rule desires of their people.

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During the negotiations, the leader of the Japanese delegation, Saionji Kinmochi, proposed the inclusion of a "

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all sent a delegation to the conference. Their attempts to gain protection from threats posed by the ongoing

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As a liberal politician, Venizelos was a strong supporter of the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations.

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At the insistence of Wilson, the Big Four required Poland to sign a treaty on 28 June 1919 that guaranteed

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of British origins who spoke the language. Together, they worked primarily to secure the partition of the

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with Germany, which had 15 chapters and 440 clauses, as well as treaties for the other defeated nations.

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with Germany and Austria-Hungary. In 1915, it joined the Allies to gain the territories promised by the

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of Germany (Austria-Hungary did not have major colonies, and the Ottoman Empire was a separate issue).

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Laurence J. Orzell, "A 'Hotly Disputed' Issue: Eastern Galicia At The Paris Peace Conference, 1919",

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The Japanese delegation at the Conference, with (seated left to right) former Foreign Minister Baron

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Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919

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Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919

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of nationalism in its territorial version, although this was not fully demonstrated until the 1940s.

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participated in order to fulfill autonomist wishes for the Aromanian people in the same vein as the

397:" from the hands of these countries chiefly into the hands of Britain and France; the imposition of 8856: 8716: 8652: 8503: 8411: 8326: 8244: 7580: 7237: 6724: 6714: 6643: 6596: 6584: 6524: 6339: 6334: 6256: 5665: 5638: 5342: 4420: 2460: 2373:

homogeneous population, was the mass expulsion or extermination of minorities. Such was and is the

2267: 1810: 1624: 1508: 1502: 1454: 1176: 1011: 965: 769:– a day itself imbued with significance in Germany, as the anniversary of the establishment of the 465: 4755:

Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter-revolution at Versailles, 1918–1919

4632:

Diplomatic Conferences and Congresses. A Bibliographical Compendium of State Practice 1642 to 1919

1226:

an American and British joint guarantee of French security in the event of another German attack.

9095: 9061: 9010: 8992: 8882: 8601: 8302: 8212: 8202: 8138: 8006: 7907: 7592: 7308: 7300: 7242: 7002: 6697: 6460: 6294: 6289: 6221: 6080: 6065: 6060: 6040: 5921: 5798: 5093: 4687:

Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919

4651: 2580: 2105: 1954: 1887: 1457:

in the League's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies:

1407: 1296: 1213:

Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and David Lloyd George confer at the Paris Peace Conference (

1022:" to the colonies that they wanted. Japan obtained mandates over German possessions north of the 905: 809: 541: 486: 398: 154: 6261: 3679: 3658: 3576:

Fifield, Russell. "Japanese Policy toward the Shantung Question at the Paris Peace Conference",

2565:

as Emir Faisal, depicting their struggles to secure an independent Arab state at the conference.

1268: 9161: 9156: 8434: 8351: 7956: 7813: 7075: 6799: 6734: 6590: 6324: 6251: 6201: 6186: 6168: 6141: 6055: 6022: 5687: 5648: 5628: 5439: 5332: 5227: 5135: 4743:

Marks, Sally. "Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the versailles treaty, 1918–1921."

3953: 3737: 3726: 3445:

Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919

3110: 2358: 2263: 2089: 1599:"The Big Four" made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference (from left to right, 1544:

of the proposal. The defeat of the proposal influenced Japan's turn from co-operation with the

1288: 1085: 996: 932: 917: 496:, they met informally 145 times and agreed upon all major decisions before they were ratified. 461: 4722: 4253: 3339:

Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (1972). "Wilson, the Republicans, and French Security after World War I".

3187: 3137: 2533:) are centered around the diplomatic machinations which form the background to the conference. 2211:), and League of Nations sovereignty under British mandate. An offshoot of the conference was 1953:, also participated in the conference, and attempted to gain international recognition of the 1654:, in their treatment of Germany and its allies in Europe and the former Ottoman Empire in the 9016: 9004: 8888: 8822: 8560: 8526: 8485: 8452: 8197: 7750: 7665: 7557: 7471: 7065: 6719: 6608: 6384: 6354: 6284: 6231: 6153: 6121: 6095: 6045: 5976: 5878: 5831: 5615: 5484: 5367: 5098: 4138: 2718: 2629: 2216: 2208: 2179: 2129: 2093: 1978: 1883: 1720: 1537: 441: 375: 4175:

Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

2799: 2587:

is shown working as a translator with the American delegation at the Paris Peace Conference.

1969:. During the conference, Łuckievič had meetings with the exiled foreign minister of Admiral 1906: 1587:. The Pacific Islands north of the equator became a class C mandate, administered by Japan. 1182:

Canada, despite its huge losses in the war, did not ask for either reparations or mandates.

9034: 8838: 8639: 8633: 8611: 8575: 8514: 8257: 8228: 7845: 7604: 7586: 7551: 7415: 7330: 6017: 5991: 5941: 5298: 5080: 4155: 2415:

The British historian Antony Lentin viewed Lloyd George's role in Paris as a major success:

2375: 2336: 1950: 1708: 1355:

Orlando, unable to speak English, conducted negotiations jointly with his Foreign Minister

1308: 870: 798: 775: 762: 650: 432: 142: 31: 5966: 3680:"First World War.com – Primary Documents – U.S. Peace Treaty with Hungary, 29 August 1921" 3659:"First World War.com – Primary Documents – U.S. Peace Treaty with Austria, 24 August 1921" 888:

during the conference, which deliberated over and implemented the sweeping changes to the

8: 9075: 9028: 8606: 8533: 8339: 8307: 7840: 7683: 7397: 6536: 6400: 6359: 6236: 6196: 6191: 6136: 5819: 5813: 5714: 5194: 4371: 4364: 4265:

Antony Lentin, "Several types of ambiguity: Lloyd George at the Paris peace conference."

3721: 2825: 2212: 2175: 2159: 1818: 1803: 1735: 1686:

accepted by Great Britain and France, was later rejected, but became the purely-American

1584: 912:

in Germany is often sometimes considered by historians to be one of the direct causes of

889: 824: 280: 7350: 5176: 1669:, when separate documents were signed with Germany, Austria, and Hungary respectively.) 1166:

Convinced that Canada had become a nation on the battlefields of Europe, Prime Minister

842: 263: 8980: 8921: 8496: 8491: 8394: 8389: 8320: 7782: 7734: 7695: 7621: 7539: 7457: 7357: 7272: 6631: 6495: 6477: 6442: 6406: 6246: 6211: 6163: 6148: 6035: 5986: 5825: 5784: 5464: 5211: 4896: 4888: 4835: 4785: 4610: 3929: 3916:

Fink, Carole (1996). "The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights".

3853: 3706: 3581: 3486: 3482: 3402: 3394: 3356: 3052: 3044: 3027:

Wm Louis, Roger (1966). "Australia and the German Colonies in the Pacific, 1914–1919".

2985: 2619: 2536: 2409: 2385: 2352: 2199: 2133: 2101: 2007: 1962: 1814: 1692: 1674: 1651: 1647: 1608: 1600: 1222: 1117: 1105:

taking particular exception, became a major point of contention within the delegation.

854: 770: 504: 475: 468: 370:

was a set of formal and informal diplomatic meetings in 1919 and 1920 after the end of

297: 4286:

Makers of the Modern World: Antonius Piip, Zigfrĩds Meierovics and Augustus Voldemaras

2108:, first president of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The Georgian delegation included 440:

been delivered when it stopped paying after 1931. The five great powers at that time,

9082: 8646: 8283: 8270: 7865: 7774: 7689: 7671: 7390: 7384: 7345: 7247: 7080: 6663: 6518: 6501: 6309: 6131: 6111: 5946: 5931: 5861: 5849: 5550: 5527: 5474: 5166: 5058: 5035: 4996: 4900: 4868: 4851: 4839: 4789: 4712: 4655: 4635: 4538: 4513: 4445: 4434: 4429: 4311:

Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition: The Treaty Fight in Perspective

4289: 4182: 4112: 3984: 3959: 3741: 3512: 3490: 3406: 3193: 3143: 3116: 3056: 3007: 2948: 2872: 2835: 2805: 2773: 2724: 2639: 2402: 2293: 2287: 2251: 2240: 2232: 2117: 2109: 2057: 2033: 2003: 1970: 1929:(1874–1926) an adventurer and dismissed Ukraine as an anti-Bolshevik stronghold. Sir 1879: 1700: 1699:

France and Britain tried to appease Wilson by consenting to the establishment of his

1403: 1391: 1364: 1190: 1167: 1098: 1003: 862: 831: 820: 787: 704: 413: 390: 245: 117: 95: 67: 7481: 4031:

American Diplomacy and Strategy Toward Korea and Northeast Asia, 1882–1950 and After

1075:

Ensure colonial claims of Germany were redacted (taken or given to victory colonies)

8043: 7850: 6448: 6418: 6412: 6329: 6158: 6126: 6116: 5855: 5779: 5774: 5702: 5522: 5422: 5125: 4880: 4827: 4777: 4571: 4561: 4320:(2007) popular history that stresses multiple long-term disasters caused by Treaty. 4102: 3925: 3478: 3386: 3348: 3295: 3253: 3222: 3036: 2562: 2340: 2113: 2077: 1799: 1643:, a move that has been strongly resisted in some United States circles ever since. 1557: 1478: 1466: 1450: 1439: 1151: 984: 901: 885: 722: 449: 250: 181: 4972: 4963:

Frances Stevenson – Paris Peace Conference ID Card – UK Parliament Living Heritage

4922: 4909:

Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919

4365:

Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

2677:"World War I | History, Summary, Causes, Combatants, Casualties, Map, & Facts" 1242: 1214: 774:

aviation, to responsibility for the war. Key recommendations were folded into the

741: 9051: 8754: 8313: 8294: 8175: 8170: 7790: 7545: 7257: 7097: 6436: 5996: 5971: 5670: 5578: 5417: 4781: 4708: 4698: 4690: 4477: 4379: 4061: 2866: 2829: 2605: 2271: 2244: 2236: 2228: 2081: 2012: 1999: 1990: 1743: 1704: 1620: 1565: 1525: 1474: 1390:

Orlando obtained other results, such as the permanent membership of Italy in the

1320: 1304: 1230: 1129: 969: 948: 802: 758: 508: 500: 453: 421: 4958:

Frances Stevenson – Paris Peace Conference Diary – UK Parliament Living Heritage

3272:

Margaret McMillan, "Canada and the Peace Settlements", in David Mackenzie, ed.,

2191: 2028: 1813:, and foreign leaseholds. Despite American support and the ostensible spirit of 1002:

The British dominions wanted their reward for their sacrifice. Australia wanted

7930: 7562: 7090: 7070: 6741: 6454: 6299: 6090: 5981: 5837: 5741: 5724: 4107: 2676: 2624: 2576: 2546: 2506: 1974: 1958: 1926: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1788: 1739: 1666: 1628: 1612: 1485: 1435: 1356: 1292: 1281: 1273: 1113: 961: 952: 850: 754: 482: 445: 409: 379: 4831: 4818:

Sharp, Alan (2005). "The Enforcement Of The Treaty Of Versailles, 1919–1923".

4748: 4626:. Chronos : Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand. pp. 63–73. 3299: 3226: 9110: 8953: 8876: 8594: 8251: 7598: 7201: 6489: 6483: 5926: 5843: 5754: 4682: 4501: 4441: 4415: 4116: 2777: 2558: 2494: 2490: 2365: 2259: 1784: 1769: 1580: 1545: 1443: 1406:, and Orlando was ultimately forced to abandon the conference and to resign. 1238: 1198: 1030: 457: 57: 1449:

Japan sent a large delegation, headed by the former Prime Minister, Marquis

499:

The conference began on 18 January 1919. With respect to its end, Professor

8986: 8616: 8103: 6651: 6085: 5130: 4812:

The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923

4423:, The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East 3242:"Hughes, Borden, and Dominion Representation at the Paris Peace Conference" 2969:

The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking After the First World War, 1919–1923

2928:

The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923

1911: 1846:

attended the conference and was represented by the former tsarist minister

1576: 1462: 1348: 1186: 1156: 1136: 1046: 1007: 973: 951:

was not invited to attend the conference at Versailles. Representatives of

877: 7830: 4953:

Seating Plan of the Paris Peace Conference – UK Parliament Living Heritage

4671:

Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War

4135:

In the Drawing Rooms of Paris: The Inter-Allied Women's Conference of 1919

3258: 3241: 3189:

To Begin the World Over Again: Lawrence of Arabia from Damascus to Baghdad

2920:

Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War

2166:

to gain support from the conference ended their hopes of foreign support.

8711: 8458: 8180: 8144: 6862: 6767: 6465: 5900: 5321: 5242: 4770:

The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas

4389: 2634: 2155: 2151: 1934: 1835: 1756: 1662: 1655: 1399: 1380: 1209: 1172: 924: 436: 417: 402: 371: 325: 85: 4864:(Oxford History of Modern Europe) (2007), pp 15–79; major scholarly work 4487: 3857: 2834:. Accessible Publishing Systems PTY, Ltd (published 2011). p. 231. 2599: 1937:

recognized Ukrainian independence, but Ukraine was effectively ignored.

1595: 8621: 8378: 5113: 5103: 4892: 3955:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F

3585: 3398: 3377:

Trachtenberg, Marc (1979). "Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference".

3360: 3048: 2510: 2283: 2158:, told US diplomats that the conference should take up the question of 2085: 1930: 1875: 1765: 1731: 1360: 1078:

Germany was ensued with 30 billion dollars of debt, concerning interest

1029:

Wilson wanted no mandates for the United States, but his main advisor,

913: 909: 897: 555: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 169: 159: 3942:

Fink, "The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights"

2989: 740:

The location of the signing of the five principal treaties within the

8333: 7825: 7426: 6657: 6424: 4604:

Lloyd George and the Lost Peace: From Versailles to Hitler, 1919–1940

2542: 2188:

submitted its draft resolutions for consideration by the conference.

1871: 1792: 1533: 1102: 928: 35: 4921:; 904pp; full scale scholarly biography; winner of Pulitzer Prize; 4597:

Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement

3983:(2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 154. 3352: 2319:(IAWC) to be convened, which met from 10 February to 10 April 1919. 530: 6917: 4973:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

4884: 4583:

To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order

3530: 3528: 3390: 3040: 2147: 1807: 1796: 1529: 1458: 1395: 1384: 1376: 1300: 1229:

Clemenceau also expressed skepticism and frustration with Wilson's

1194: 1140: 4738:

The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918–1933

2947:(Penguin ed.). Harmondsworth (London): Penguin. p. 270. 2699: 2697: 2675:

Showalter, Dennis E.; Royde-Smith, John Graham (30 October 2023).

2645:

Congress of Oppressed Nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

1328: 401:; and the drawing of new national boundaries, sometimes involving 60:

of Germany is shown signing the peace treaties on 28 June 1919 in

7899: 4624:

Why did the Assyrian lobbying at the Paris Peace Conference fail?

4088:"The Fight for Balkan Latinity. The Aromanians until World War I" 3728:

Israel and the American National Interest: A Critical Examination

3372: 3370: 3139:

The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933

2868:

The Dominion and the Rising Sun: Canada Encounters Japan, 1929–41

1922: 1863: 1751: 1569: 1372: 1336: 1312: 1023: 4862:

The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933

4044:

The March First Movement: Korean Challenge and Japanese Response

3572: 3570: 3525: 1802:. He also called for an end to imperialist institutions such as 1548:, into more nationalist and militarist policies and approaches. 420:. The results of this research were summarized in the so called 7758: 4204: – Willmott, H. P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, pp. 292–307. 3112:

The Good, the Bad and the Unlikely: Australia's Prime Ministers

2694: 2412:'s famous remark: "Paris cannot be understood without Moscow." 2065: 1966: 1957:. On the way to the conference, the delegation was received by 1867: 1747: 1727: 1368: 1316: 1246: 1189:

fought greatly for its demands: reparations, the annexation of

893: 493: 5290: 3794:

Anglo-American Relations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

3367: 896:. Most famously, the Treaty of Versailles itself weakened the 8962: 7085: 4318:

A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today

3567: 2394: 2248: 1915: 1324: 995:

A central issue of the conference was the disposition of the

881: 4506:

Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality

2831:

Modes of Faith: Secular Surrogates for Lost Religious Belief

1185:

The Australian delegation, led by Australian Prime Minister

46:

Paris meetings, agreements and declarations (disambiguation)

4530:

The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991

2766:"The Paris peace conference begins – archive, January 1919" 2235:

in the years before the conference. Several delegations of

4345:(1998). A major collection of important papers by scholars 2243:. The delegations came from different parts of the world. 1155:

The Australian delegation, with Australian Prime Minister

521:

List of participants to Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)

8847:

Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs

4067: 4055:

Statement of the Zionist Organization regarding Palestine

4005:

Korea: Division, Reunification, & U.S. Foreign Policy

2705:

Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

2036:

and three South Caucasian republics in the summer of 1918

4497:(2nd ed. 1995), 100 pages; brief introduction by scholar 4396:

The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: Peace Without Victory?

3439: 3437: 3002:

Rowland, Peter (1975). "The Man at the Top, 1918-1922".

2020:

the responsibility to monitor and enforce the treaties.

4590:

The Versailles Settlement—Was It Foredoomed to Failure?

4460:

The Inquiry: American Preparations for Peace, 1917–1919

4343:

The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years

1854:

be referred to a new All-Russian Constituent Assembly.

660: 5026: 4767: 4566:

Le rôle des experts à la Conférence de la Paix de 1919

4048: 3891:"Чатыры ўрады БНР на міжнароднай арэне ў 1918–1920 г." 2408:

That view has a long history and can be summarised by

1042:

But after all, you speak for only five million people.

4871:(1979). "Reparations at the Paris Peace Conference". 3434: 2203:

British memorandum on Palestine before the conference

1426:

The Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference

8947:

Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century

3951: 3455: 3453: 2742: 2740: 2674: 2595: 1465:) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator, the 1442:, and Japanese Ambassador to Great Britain Viscount 4648:

Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917–1920

2865:Meehan, John David (2005). "4: Failure at Geneva". 678: 4568:, Ottawa, éditions de l'université d'Ottawa, 1972. 4433: 4410:The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 3830: 3725: 2938: 2936: 1829: 1562:German islands in the Pacific north of the equator 1394:and the promise by the Allies to transfer British 861:The major decisions were the establishment of the 4762:British Policy and the Weimar Republic, 1918–1919 4362:Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. 3450: 3006:. London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd. p. 481. 2737: 2541:(1973), the third studio album by Welsh musician 9108: 8833:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4578:, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1963. 4162:. Yale Law School – Lillian Goldman Law Library. 2801:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 44:For other uses of "Paris Peace Conference", see 6267:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4969:The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences 3502: 3500: 3185: 3135: 3108: 2933: 2764:Nelsson, compiled by Richard (9 January 2019). 916:'s electoral successes and one of the indirect 389:. Its major decisions were the creation of the 8904:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill 4630:Macalister-Smith, Peter, Schwietzke, Joachim: 4615:The Truth About the Peace Treaties (2 volumes) 4482:Henderson, W. O. "The Peace Settlement, 1919" 4476:(1949) short excerpts from scholarly studies. 4467:Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations 3605: 3603: 3173:"Documents on Irish Foreign Policy – Volume 1" 1772:, he proposed a common Pontic-Armenian state. 1515:on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21: 1339:(in Turkey), and possibly colonies in Africa. 845:, 10 August 1920; subsequently revised by the 514: 27:Meeting of the Allied Powers after World War I 8894:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation 7915: 7442: 5306: 5012: 4676:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 4555:(1920) famous criticism by leading economist 4139:American Historical Association 133rd Meeting 3468: 3418: 3416: 3192:. St. Martin's Publishing. pp. 119–120. 2926:(2003); a good short overview is Alan Sharp, 2924:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 2557:(1992) is a British television film starring 2282:During the Peace Conference, a delegation of 2054:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 1237:Another possible French policy was to seek a 405:, to reflect ethnic boundaries more closely. 347: 4867: 4609: 4405:(1999), economics issues at Paris pp 395–432 3824:Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles peace 3809:Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles peace 3497: 3376: 3288:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3239: 3215:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 1287:In 1914, Italy remained neutral despite the 1276:, Clemenceau, Lloyd George and the Italians 642: 8582:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education 8447:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 6750: 5272:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors 4989:used by the American delegates held by the 3797:, p. 136, Princeton University Press (1961) 3600: 2720:The Treaty of Versailles: A Concise History 2307:at the Paris Conference, the leadership of 2195:The Zionist state claimed at the conference 1496: 876:As the conference's decisions were enacted 63:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors 7922: 7908: 7449: 7435: 5313: 5299: 5019: 5005: 4368:(2020); full coverage for major countries. 3413: 2901:Antony Lentin, "Germany: a New Carthage?" 2824: 2710: 1824: 1146: 1116:to put a case to the conference for Irish 880:and largely on the whims of the Big Four, 431:The main result of the conference was the 354: 340: 8556:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916 4936:Asia and the Great War – A Shared History 4403:The Pity of War: Explaining World War One 4150: 4148: 4106: 3869: 3812:, p. 76 Princeton University Press (1967) 3720: 3338: 3257: 2797: 2346: 2239:participated to fulfill wishes of a free 1795:. Koo demanded Germany's concessions on 1066:The British Air Section at the conference 696: 615:Learn how and when to remove this message 8863:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial 7743:The Life and Times of David Lloyd George 6549:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5279:To the Unknown British Soldier in France 4929:George Clemenceau: A Political Biography 4914: 4697: 4645: 4621: 4526: 4500: 4386:The Inside Story of the Peace Conference 4378:(2009), scholarly biography; pp 439–532 4249: 4225: 4213: 4195: 4095:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 4073: 3285: 3212: 3026: 2871:. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 76–77. 2292: 2219:, which was to come into force in 1923. 2215:in 1920, leading to the creation of the 2198: 2190: 2088:. The Azerbaijani mission was headed by 2027: 1905: 1764:with the Italians on the cession of the 1594: 1429: 1421: 1410:took his place and signed the treaties. 1267: 1208: 1150: 1061: 983: 714: 52: 9057:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society 8022:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination 6926:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 4634:, W. Neugebauer, Graz, Feldkirch 2017, 4156:"The Covenant of the League of Nations" 3888: 3827:p. 78 Princeton University Press (1967) 3506: 3001: 2763: 2723:. Oxford University Press. p. ix. 2716: 2568:"Paris, May 1919" is a 1993 episode of 2330: 2040:The three South Caucasian republics of 1768:(apart from Rhodes) to Greece. For the 1707:, the United States never ratified the 1245:was sent on several secret missions to 1241:with Germany. In May 1919 the diplomat 1128:which would partition Ireland into two 564:"Paris Peace Conference" 1919–1920 492:. Together with teams of diplomats and 385:The conference involved diplomats from 14: 9109: 8776:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election 8186:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 7767:A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia 7456: 5265:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay 5233:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 5136:Possible cause of the Second World War 4729:Paxton, Robert O., and Julie Hessler. 4553:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 4428: 4237: 4145: 4132: 4128: 4126: 2942: 2864: 2752:World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 2554:A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia 2424: 1862:Delegations from the Baltic states of 1734:, which had been part of the defeated 1726:Venizelos proposed Greek expansion in 908:on Germany's shoulders, and the later 316:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 8589:United States Railroad Administration 7903: 7430: 6879:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6222:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5294: 5000: 4991:American Geographical Society Library 4817: 4681: 4352:(University of Nebraska Press, 2013). 4283: 4085: 3836: 3699: 2323:the IAWC's work was Article 7 of the 1842:and the political arm of the Russian 1551: 1124:and instead to replace it with a new 378:set the peace terms for the defeated 8407:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 8121:Occupation of the Dominican Republic 7720:The Life Story of David Lloyd George 7535:1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election 7283:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 4394:Dockrill, Michael, and John Fisher. 4166: 3978: 3915: 3099:(University of Nebraska Press, 2013) 2428: 1590: 1417: 553:adding citations to reliable sources 524: 9167:20th-century diplomatic conferences 8791:1916 Democratic National Convention 8781:1912 Democratic National Convention 8685:Birthplace and Presidential Library 8480:Federal Employees' Compensation Act 8327:Board of Mediation and Conciliation 7212:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 6013:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4917:Woodrow Wilson, Volume I, Volume II 4592:(1960) short excerpts from scholars 4508:. Canto (2nd ed.). Cambridge: 4304:Italy at the Paris Peace Conference 4172: 4123: 3588:, reprint primary Japanese sources. 2301: 1778: 1637:foreign policy of the United States 1263: 1057: 24: 9117:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 8510:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916 8401:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act 7929: 7480: 5952:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 5028:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 4979:Excerpts from the NFB documentary 4334:(1941) well balanced older account 4276: 4179:University of North Carolina Press 4133:Siegel, Mona L. (6 January 2019). 3930:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1996.tb00272.x 3700:Ellis, William (3 December 1922). 3536:"Racial Equality Amendment, Japan" 3483:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x 2828:(2007). "6: The God That Failed". 2571:The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles 2459:by removing the content or adding 1984: 1783:The Chinese delegation was led by 1681:In light of the previously-secret 1484:The former Foreign Minister Baron 1367:. At the conference, Italy gained 1204: 460:, controlled the Conference. The " 25: 9193: 8566:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916 8521:National Park Service Organic Act 8419:Glacier National Park Act of 1914 8218:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 7966:President of Princeton University 7569:Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement 5044:Covenant of the League of Nations 4946: 3981:The making of the Georgian nation 2325:Covenant of the League of Nations 2313:French Union for Women's Suffrage 2076:The Armenian delegation included 1714: 1513:Covenant of the League of Nations 103:Covenant of the League of Nations 40:Diplomatic history of World War I 9172:Diplomatic conferences in France 9091: 9090: 8612:Acadia National Park Act of 1919 7884: 7883: 6315:Second Battle of the Piave River 5937:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2598: 2517:The first two books of novelist 2433: 2018:Council of the League of Nations 1857: 1438:, former Prime Minister Marquis 1093:Supporting the League of Nations 1090:Settling territorial contentions 1052:I represent sixty thousand dead. 884:was effectively the center of a 765:, shortly before the end of the 713: 695: 677: 659: 641: 634: 529: 84: 9127:1920 in international relations 9122:1919 in international relations 8796:1916 U.S. presidential election 8786:1912 U.S. presidential election 8712:Summer White House (Harlakenden 8166:Committee on Public Information 8127:Army Appropriations Act of 1916 8056:State of the Union Address 1913 7379:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6579:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5320: 5185:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 5157:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 5109:Hague conference on reparations 4731:Europe in the Twentieth Century 4495:Versailles and After: 1919–1933 4357:Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman 4288:. London, UK: Haus Publishing. 4259: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4079: 4036: 4023: 4010: 4003:Hart-Landsberg, Martin (1998). 3997: 3972: 3945: 3936: 3909: 3882: 3863: 3842: 3815: 3800: 3785: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3714: 3693: 3672: 3651: 3640: 3627: 3591: 3554: 3462: 3425: 3332: 3319: 3306: 3279: 3266: 3233: 3206: 3179: 3165: 3162:Shimazu (1998), pp. 14–15, 117. 3156: 3129: 3102: 3089: 3076: 3063: 3020: 2995: 2982:Journal of Contemporary History 2974: 2961: 2908: 2497:were present at the Conference. 2317:Inter-Allied Women's Conference 2309:Marguerite de Witt-Schlumberger 1830:All-Russian Government (Whites) 1081:Ensuring the security of France 669:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 540:needs additional citations for 271:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 210:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 204:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 165:Hague conference on reparations 8707:Princeton University president 8702:Boyhood home in South Carolina 7946:President of the United States 7202:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 7061:Deportations from East Prussia 6858:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5238:Commission of Responsibilities 5141:International Opium Convention 4617:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 3274:Canada and the First World War 3142:. Oxford UP. pp. 481–82. 2895: 2858: 2818: 2791: 2757: 2668: 2615:Commission of Responsibilities 2138:After a failed attempt by the 2006:, but the treaty provided for 1947:Belarusian Democratic Republic 1122:Government of Ireland Act 1914 387:32 countries and nationalities 321:Commission of Responsibilities 192:International Opium Convention 187:Possible cause of World War II 13: 1: 8995:(daughter, acting first lady) 8939:Backstairs at the White House 8857:Woodrow Wilson Junior College 8617:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919 8424:Legislative Reference Service 8385:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 8208:Selective Service Act of 1917 8191:Armistice of 11 November 1918 7113:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4873:The Journal of Modern History 4798:A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 4332:Versailles twenty years after 3952:Edmund Jan Osmańczyk (2003). 3071:Versailles Twenty Years After 2916:Versailles Twenty Years After 2661: 2277: 2144:Korean Provisional Government 1258:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau 966:Japan's unsuccessful proposal 426:Armistice of 11 November 1918 9147:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 8539:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916 8475:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 7268:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6567:Estonian War of Independence 6242:Southern Palestine offensive 4782:10.1080/00098655.2012.659774 4007:Monthly Review Press. p. 30. 3979:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). 3734:University of Illinois Press 3240:Fitzhardinge, L. F. (1968). 2905:(2012) 62#1 pp. 22–27 online 2717:Neiberg, Michael S. (2017). 2655:Armenian National Delegation 2222: 2169: 1977:, and Polish Prime Minister 1840:Russian Constituent Assembly 1272:From left to right: Marshal 935:concluded new treaties with 18:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 7: 8749:When a Man Comes to Himself 8665:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 8660:Merchant Marine Act of 1920 8550:Stock-Raising Homestead Act 8234:Wartime Measure Act of 1918 8132:Council of National Defense 7871:Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor 7856:Lloyd George Knew My Father 7836:Grave of David Lloyd George 7820:Britain's Industrial Future 7222:USA against Austria-Hungary 6621:Turkish War of Independence 6573:Latvian War of Independence 6305:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5896:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 5207:Turkish War of Independence 5190:Conference of London (1920) 5162:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 5064:Little Treaty of Versailles 4646:McFadden, David W. (1993). 4465:Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. 4458:Gelfand, Lawrence Emerson. 4376:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography 3958:. Routledge. p. 1812. 3422:Trachtenberg (1979), p. 43. 3341:Journal of American History 2591: 2505:(1940), the first novel in 2140:Korean National Association 2023: 1762:Venizelos-Tittoni agreement 1754:for the realization of the 1084:Removing the threat of the 979: 687:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 515:Overview and direct results 293:Turkish War of Independence 276:Conference of London (1920) 228:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 222:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 123:Little Treaty of Versailles 10: 9198: 8470:Cotton Futures Act of 1916 8465:Brush Disposal Act of 1916 8390:Cotton Futures Act of 1914 8303:Federal racial segregation 7305:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6853:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6320:Second Battle of the Marne 6207:Second battle of the Aisne 6076:Second Battle of Champagne 5917:German invasion of Belgium 4678:(2003); influential survey 4674:(2001), also published as 4510:Cambridge University Press 4108:10.5901/mjss.2011.v2n3p252 3246:Canadian Historical Review 2922:(2002), also published as 2509:'s Pulitzer Prize-winning 2356: 2350: 2186:World Zionist Organization 2173: 2127: 2098:Akbar agha Sheykhulislamov 1940: 1918:was then mostly Ukrainian. 1901: 1650:, and the British, led by 1520:their race or nationality. 1500: 1126:Government of Ireland Bill 1010:, and South Africa wanted 910:humiliation and resentment 518: 374:, in which the victorious 43: 29: 9070: 9044: 8973: 8912: 8828:Woodrow Wilson Foundation 8804: 8766: 8735: 8677: 8628:Wheat Price Guarantee Act 8571:Flood Control Act of 1917 8441:Locomotive Inspection Act 8293: 8094: 8049:Woman Suffrage Procession 7976: 7937: 7879: 7806: 7711: 7658: 7642: 7614: 7527: 7491: 7478: 7464: 7411: 7370: 7291: 7230: 7192: 7136: 7125: 7086:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 7029: 7001: 6949: 6871: 6845: 6797: 6690: 6683: 6615:Irish War of Independence 6511: 6393: 6365:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6350:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6275: 6177: 6104: 6005: 5962:First Battle of the Marne 5909: 5871: 5806: 5797: 5740: 5614: 5603: 5569: 5541: 5503: 5455: 5408: 5401: 5328: 5256: 5220: 5202:Turkish National Movement 5175: 5149: 5079: 5034: 4923:online free; 2nd ed. 1965 4915:Walworth, Arthur (1958). 4832:10.1080/09592290500207677 4745:Journal of Modern History 4622:Lundgren, Svante (2020). 4284:Aston, Charlotte (2010). 4029:Kim, Seung-Young (2009). 3580:(1951) 23:3 pp. 265–272. 3578:Journal of Modern History 3379:Journal of Modern History 3300:10.1080/03086537508582446 3227:10.1080/03086537508582446 3115:. Black Inc. p. 38. 3029:Journal of Modern History 2489:British official artists 2455:Please help Knowledge to 2401:The right-wing historian 2068:. Georgia was recognized 1787:, who was accompanied by 1605:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1344:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1333:protectorate over Albania 1278:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 490:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 288:Turkish National Movement 8983:(wife, 1885–1914, death) 8743:Congressional Government 8653:Federal Power Commission 8412:Federal Trade Commission 8245:Racial Equality Proposal 8223:National War Labor Board 7861:Lloyd George's Beer Song 7798:Parliament Square statue 7581:Fontainebleau Memorandum 7238:Constantinople Agreement 6531:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6394:Co-belligerent conflicts 6370:Second Romanian campaign 6340:Third Transjordan attack 6051:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5957:Battle of Grand Couronné 4848:Japan, Race and Equality 4820:Diplomacy and Statecraft 4421:A Peace to End All Peace 4408:Doumanis, Nicholas, ed. 4267:Diplomacy and Statecraft 4086:Motta, Giuseppe (2011). 4060:24 December 2014 at the 3760:MacMillan (2001), p. 83. 3509:Japan, Race and Equality 3186:John C. Hulsman (2009). 3136:Zara S. Steiner (2007). 3109:Mungo MacCallum (2013). 2984:(1979) 14#3 pp 483–513, 2798:Goldstein, Erik (2013). 2531:The Corners of the Globe 2388:and the end of the war: 2123: 2032:European Theatre of the 1838:), the successor to the 1503:Racial Equality Proposal 1497:Racial equality proposal 1455:Racial Equality Proposal 991:of the League of Nations 399:reparations upon Germany 9062:Woodrow Wilson and race 8883:Woodrow Wilson Monument 8697:Boyhood home in Georgia 8602:War Revenue Act of 1917 8497:Federal Farm Loan Board 8430:Smith–Lever Act of 1914 8352:Rivers and Harbors Acts 8213:Immigration Act of 1918 8203:Immigration Act of 1917 8139:Philippine Autonomy Act 7301:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7253:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6561:Greater Poland Uprising 6461:National Protection War 6345:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6295:German spring offensive 6290:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6066:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 6041:Second Battle of Artois 5922:Battle of the Frontiers 4652:Oxford University Press 4527:Hobsbawm, E.J. (1994). 4380:excerpt and text search 4355:Clements, Kendrick, A. 4302:Albrecht-Carrie, Rene. 4042:Baldwin, Frank (1972). 3872:East European Quarterly 3597:MacMillan (2001), p. 3. 3507:Shimazu, Naoko (1998). 2311:, the president of the 2106:Mahammad Amin Rasulzade 2011:was required to set up 1973:'s Russian government, 1955:independence of Belarus 1949:, under Prime Minister 1825:Other nations' approach 1408:Francesco Saverio Nitti 1342:Italian Prime Minister 1147:Dominion representation 810:Treaty of Saint-Germain 8690:papers and manuscripts 8435:War Risk Insurance Act 8239:Paris Peace Conference 8034:1919 Nobel Peace Prize 8017:Supreme Court nominees 7957:Governor of New Jersey 7627:National Liberal Party 7575:Paris Peace Conference 7485: 7326:Paris Peace Conference 7314:Ukraine–Central Powers 7108:Massacres of Albanians 7076:Late Ottoman genocides 6883:Bulgarian occupations 6591:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6555:Hungarian–Romanian War 6380:Naval Victory Bulletin 6375:Armistice with Germany 6325:Hundred Days Offensive 6252:Battle of La Malmaison 6202:Second battle of Arras 6169:Battle of Transylvania 6023:Second Battle of Ypres 5891:Sarajevo assassination 5780:South African Republic 4846:Naoko Shimazu (1998), 4747:85.3 (2013): 632–659. 4551:Keynes, John Maynard, 4472:Greene, Theodore, ed. 4384:Dillon, Emile Joseph. 4173:Gao, Yunxiang (2021). 2943:Taylor, A.J.P (1966). 2754:p. 49 Routledge (2013) 2703:Rene Albrecht-Carrie, 2561:as T. E. Lawrence and 2422: 2399: 2381: 2359:Causes of World War II 2347:Historical assessments 2298: 2204: 2196: 2090:Alimardan Topchubashev 2037: 1919: 1874:, led respectively by 1760:. He also reached the 1616: 1615:of the United States). 1522: 1509:racial equality clause 1446: 1427: 1284: 1221:French Prime Minister 1218: 1160: 1086:German High Seas Fleet 1067: 992: 933:Harding administration 918:causes of World War II 902:full blame for the war 487:Italian Prime Minister 473:British Prime Minister 368:Paris Peace Conference 78:Paris Peace Conference 71: 9182:Eleftherios Venizelos 9076:← William Howard Taft 9017:Joseph Ruggles Wilson 9005:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo 8889:Woodrow Wilson Bridge 8823:Woodrow Wilson Awards 8561:Warehouse Act of 1916 8527:National Park Service 8486:Federal Farm Loan Act 8453:Occupancy Permits Act 8198:Espionage Act of 1917 8109:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty 8012:Judicial appointments 7666:Margaret Lloyd George 7558:Minister of Munitions 7484: 7336:Treaty of St. Germain 7309:Russia–Central Powers 7263:Sykes–Picot Agreement 7091:Pontic Greek genocide 7066:Destruction of Kalisz 7042:Eastern Mediterranean 6603:Polish–Lithuanian War 6385:Armistice of Belgrade 6355:Armistice of Salonica 6285:Operation Faustschlag 6232:Third Battle of Oituz 6154:Baranovichi offensive 6122:Lake Naroch offensive 6096:Battle of Robat Karim 6071:Vistula–Bug offensive 6046:Battles of the Isonzo 5977:First Battle of Ypres 5099:Reparation Commission 4927:Watson, David Robin. 4668:MacMillan, Margaret. 4588:Lederer, Ivo J., ed. 4486:26.101 (1941): 60–69. 4337:Boemeke, Manfred F., 4020:pp. 119–135, 197–213. 3259:10.3138/chr-049-02-03 2630:Reparation Commission 2527:The Ways of the World 2417: 2390: 2370: 2351:Further information: 2296: 2217:Mandate for Palestine 2209:Sykes-Picot agreement 2202: 2194: 2180:Mandate for Palestine 2130:First Korean Congress 2128:Further information: 2094:Mammad Hasan Hajinski 2031: 1979:Ignacy Jan Paderewski 1909: 1884:Augustinas Voldemaras 1721:Eleftherios Venizelos 1719:Greek Prime Minister 1688:King–Crane Commission 1683:Sykes–Picot Agreement 1598: 1517: 1433: 1425: 1271: 1212: 1154: 1065: 1006:, New Zealand wanted 987: 812:, 10 September 1919 ( 519:Further information: 466:French Prime Minister 56: 9152:Conferences in Paris 8987:Edith Bolling Wilson 8839:The Wilson Quarterly 8722:Woodrow Wilson House 8640:Railroad Labor Board 8258:Treaty of Versailles 8229:Sedition Act of 1918 7846:Lloyd George Society 7678:Richard Lloyd George 7633:Independent Liberals 7605:Carlton Club meeting 7587:Treaty of Versailles 7331:Treaty of Versailles 7047:Mount Lebanon famine 6962:in the United States 6930:Russian occupations 6644:Turkish–Armenian War 6585:Polish–Ukrainian War 6525:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6472:Central Asian Revolt 6262:Armistice of Focșani 5992:Battle of Sarikamish 5942:Battle of Tannenberg 5338:Military engagements 5248:List of participants 5081:Treaty of Versailles 4474:Wilson At Versailles 4309:Ambrosius, Lloyd E. 4269:6.1 (1995): 223–251. 4018:The Wilsonian Moment 4016:Manela, Erez (2007) 3325:David Robin Watson, 2971:(2nd ed. 2008) ch 7 2826:Ziolkowski, Theodore 2457:improve this article 2376:reductio ad absurdum 2337:Pan-African Congress 2331:Pan-African Congress 2213:convened at San Remo 1945:A delegation of the 1800:be returned to China 1709:Treaty of Versailles 1623:had helped win many 927:to declare war. The 871:Treaty of Versailles 823:, 27 November 1919 ( 799:Treaty of Versailles 776:Treaty of Versailles 763:Palace of Versailles 651:Treaty of Versailles 549:improve this article 433:Treaty of Versailles 143:Treaty of Versailles 32:Treaty of Versailles 9083:Warren G. Harding → 9031:(cousin, secretary) 9029:Helen Woodrow Bones 8999:Jessie Wilson Sayre 8931:Profiles in Courage 8899:U.S. Postage stamps 8607:Revenue Act of 1918 8534:Revenue Act of 1916 8340:Revenue Act of 1913 8308:Federal Reserve Act 8115:Occupation of Haiti 7841:Lloyd George Museum 7712:Cultural depictions 7684:Gwilym Lloyd George 7398:They shall not pass 7321:Treaty of Bucharest 7278:Treaty of Bucharest 7217:USA against Germany 7194:Declarations of war 6898:German occupations 6811:British casualties 6670:Soviet–Georgian War 6597:Egyptian Revolution 6537:Armeno-Georgian War 6401:Somaliland campaign 6360:Armistice of Mudros 6237:Battle of Caporetto 6227:Battle of Mărășești 6197:Zimmermann telegram 6192:February Revolution 6137:Battle of the Somme 6061:Bug-Narew Offensive 6036:Battle of Gallipoli 6028:Sinking of the RMS 5820:Scramble for Africa 5814:Franco-Prussian War 5470:Sinai and Palestine 5195:San Remo conference 5150:Subsequent treaties 5119:Lausanne Conference 4800:(2013) pp: 492–517. 4611:Lloyd George, David 4372:Cooper, John Milton 4348:Bruce, Scot David, 4316:Andelman, David A. 4177:. Chapel Hill, NC: 3769:Chester, 1921, p. 6 2945:The First World War 2469:independent sources 2425:Cultural references 2384:in the wake of the 2176:San Remo conference 2164:Korean nationalists 2160:Korean independence 1819:May Fourth Movement 1804:extraterritoriality 1736:Kingdom of Bulgaria 1585:May Fourth Movement 890:political geography 281:San Remo conference 175:Lausanne Conference 9177:David Lloyd George 9142:Georges Clemenceau 8981:Ellen Axson Wilson 8950:(2002 documentary) 8492:Farm Credit System 8395:Cutter Service Act 8345:Federal income tax 8321:Newlands Labor Act 7735:Edward the Seventh 7696:Megan Lloyd George 7650:Carnarvon Boroughs 7486: 7458:David Lloyd George 7358:Treaty of Lausanne 7273:Paris Economy Pact 7207:UK against Germany 7137:Entry into the war 7103:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6822:Ottoman casualties 6632:Franco-Turkish War 6512:Post-War conflicts 6496:Russian Revolution 6478:Invasion of Darfur 6443:Kelantan rebellion 6431:Kurdish rebellions 6407:Mexican Revolution 6247:October Revolution 6212:Kerensky offensive 6187:Capture of Baghdad 6164:Monastir offensive 6149:Brusilov offensive 5987:Battle of Kolubara 5826:Russo-Japanese War 5212:Treaty of Lausanne 5089:"War guilt" clause 4938:(Oxford UP, 2016) 4919:. Longmans, Green. 4907:Walworth, Arthur. 4869:Trachtenberg, Marc 4430:Gaddis, John Lewis 4323:Bailey; Thomas A. 3918:Peace & Change 3707:The New York Times 3471:Diplomatic History 3443:H. James Burgwyn, 3329:(1974) pp. 338–365 3327:Georges Clemenceau 3276:(2005) pp. 379–408 3095:Scot David Bruce, 2650:The Heavenly Twins 2620:Congress of Vienna 2410:Ray Stannard Baker 2386:October Revolution 2353:War guilt question 2299: 2268:Chaldean Catholics 2205: 2197: 2134:March 1st Movement 2038: 2008:minority languages 1920: 1815:self-determination 1693:The New York Times 1675:self-determination 1652:David Lloyd George 1648:Georges Clemenceau 1617: 1609:Georges Clemenceau 1601:David Lloyd George 1552:Territorial claims 1447: 1428: 1285: 1223:Georges Clemenceau 1219: 1161: 1118:self-determination 1068: 993: 906:costly reparations 855:Republic of Turkey 847:Treaty of Lausanne 771:Kingdom of Prussia 505:Treaty of Lausanne 476:David Lloyd George 469:Georges Clemenceau 414:peace negotiations 298:Treaty of Lausanne 150:"War Guilt" clause 72: 9104: 9103: 9011:Francis Sayre Jr. 8989:(wife, 1915–1924) 8942:(1979 miniseries) 8673: 8672: 8647:Federal Power Act 8284:Wilsonian Armenia 8271:League of Nations 8002:1917 inauguration 7997:1913 inauguration 7897: 7896: 7866:The Garden Suburb 7690:Olwen Carey Evans 7672:Frances Stevenson 7492:General elections 7424: 7423: 7407: 7406: 7391:The Golden Virgin 7385:Mutilated victory 7366: 7365: 7346:Treaty of Trianon 7341:Treaty of Neuilly 7248:Damascus Protocol 7121: 7120: 7081:Armenian genocide 7038:Allied blockades 7010:Belgian refugees 6793: 6792: 6703:Strategic bombing 6679: 6678: 6664:Franco-Syrian War 6638:Greco-Turkish War 6626:Anglo-Turkish War 6609:Polish–Soviet War 6543:German Revolution 6519:Russian Civil War 6502:Finnish Civil War 6335:Battle of Megiddo 6310:Battle of Goychay 6257:Battle of Cambrai 6217:Battle of Mărăști 6132:Battle of Jutland 6112:Erzurum offensive 5967:Siege of Przemyśl 5947:Siege of Tsingtao 5932:Battle of Galicia 5862:Second Balkan War 5850:Italo-Turkish War 5807:Pre-War conflicts 5793: 5792: 5683:Portuguese Empire 5599: 5598: 5561:German New Guinea 5543:Asian and Pacific 5288: 5287: 5167:Treaty of Trianon 5059:Minority Treaties 5036:League of Nations 4760:Newton, Douglas. 4725:on 30 March 2012. 4718:978-0-571-25604-4 4704:Peacemaking, 1919 4661:978-0-195-36115-5 4640:978-3-85376-325-4 4581:Knock, Thomas J. 4519:978-0-521-43961-9 4451:978-0-713-99912-9 4425:, Macmillan 1989. 4401:Ferguson, Niall. 4398:(Springer, 2016). 4076:, pp. 63–73. 4064:, 3 February 1919 3821:John M. Thompson 3806:John M. Thompson 3791:Seth P. Tillman, 3722:Rubenberg, Cheryl 3623:on 27 March 2009. 3459:Macmillan, ch. 23 2730:978-0-19-065918-9 2640:Minority Treaties 2486: 2485: 2403:John Lewis Gaddis 2288:Samarina Republic 2254:(b. 1887), later 2233:Assyrian genocide 2118:Zurab Avalishvili 2110:Nikolay Chkheidze 2058:Russian Civil War 2034:Russian Civil War 2004:national language 1971:Alexander Kolchak 1701:League of Nations 1591:American approach 1558:claim to Shantung 1418:Japanese approach 1404:mutilated victory 1392:League of Nations 1365:Habsburg monarchy 1191:German New Guinea 1168:Sir Robert Borden 1099:British dominions 1012:South West Africa 997:overseas colonies 863:League of Nations 832:Treaty of Trianon 821:Treaty of Neuilly 788:League of Nations 705:Treaty of Trianon 625: 624: 617: 599: 391:League of Nations 364: 363: 246:Treaty of Trianon 240:Treaty of Trianon 118:Minority Treaties 96:League of Nations 68:Sir William Orpen 16:(Redirected from 9189: 9137:1920 conferences 9132:1919 conferences 9094: 9093: 8634:Esch–Cummins Act 8576:Smith–Hughes Act 8515:Keating–Owen Act 8092: 8091: 8044:Silent Sentinels 7969: 7960: 7949: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7887: 7886: 7851:Coalition Coupon 7807:Related articles 7593:Genoa Conference 7451: 7444: 7437: 7428: 7427: 7351:Treaty of Sèvres 7243:Treaty of London 7134: 7133: 6912:Northeast France 6843: 6842: 6815:Parliamentarians 6748: 6747: 6710:Chemical weapons 6688: 6687: 6449:Senussi campaign 6419:Muscat rebellion 6413:Maritz rebellion 6330:Vardar offensive 6159:Battle of Romani 6127:Battle of Asiago 6117:Battle of Verdun 6081:Kosovo offensive 5856:First Balkan War 5804: 5803: 5703:Russian Republic 5612: 5611: 5406: 5405: 5348:Economic history 5315: 5308: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5177:Treaty of Sèvres 5021: 5014: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4987:Sampling of maps 4920: 4904: 4843: 4803:Schwabe, Klaus. 4793: 4764:(1997). 484 pgs. 4753:Mayer, Arno J., 4733:(2011) pp 141–78 4726: 4721:. 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2550: 2547:Western Europe 2534: 2523:The Wide World 2519:Robert Goddard 2515: 2507:Upton Sinclair 2498: 2484: 2483: 2448:references to 2441: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2348: 2345: 2341:W.E.B. Du Bois 2332: 2329: 2303: 2300: 2279: 2276: 2252:Aphrem Barsoum 2227:Up to 300 000 2224: 2221: 2171: 2168: 2125: 2122: 2025: 2022: 2002:was to be the 1986: 1983: 1975:Sergey Sazonov 1942: 1939: 1927:Symon Petliura 1903: 1900: 1859: 1856: 1852:Russian Empire 1848:Sergey Sazonov 1844:White movement 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1789:Wellington Koo 1780: 1777: 1740:Ottoman Empire 1716: 1715:Greek approach 1713: 1667:Warren Harding 1629:Ottoman Empire 1613:Woodrow Wilson 1592: 1589: 1553: 1550: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1486:Makino Nobuaki 1436:Makino Nobuaki 1419: 1416: 1357:Sidney Sonnino 1319:, most of the 1295:in the secret 1293:Triple Entente 1282:Sidney Sonnino 1274:Ferdinand Foch 1265: 1262: 1206: 1203: 1148: 1145: 1114:Irish Republic 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 981: 978: 962:South Caucasus 859: 858: 851:Ottoman Empire 839: 828: 817: 806: 767:Siege of Paris 755:German Emperor 736: 735: 720: 719: 712: 711: 702: 701: 694: 693: 684: 683: 676: 675: 666: 665: 658: 657: 648: 647: 640: 639: 633: 632: 631: 630: 629: 628: 627: 626: 623: 622: 537: 535: 528: 516: 513: 483:Woodrow Wilson 435:with Germany; 410:Woodrow Wilson 380:Central Powers 362: 361: 359: 358: 351: 344: 336: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 284: 283: 278: 267: 262: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 152: 146: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 127: 126: 125: 115: 110: 105: 99: 94: 93: 90: 89: 81: 80: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9194: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9162:1920 in Paris 9160: 9158: 9157:1919 in Paris 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9097: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9025:(grandfather) 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8934:(1965 series) 8933: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8877:Wilson Square 8875: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8595:USRA standard 8592: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8252:Pueblo speech 8250: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7890: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7674:(second wife) 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7622:Liberal Party 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7599:Chanak Crisis 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7445: 7440: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7184:United States 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7124: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6801: 6796: 6786: 6785:United States 6783: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6735:Convoy system 6733: 6732: 6731: 6730:Naval warfare 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6490:Kaocen revolt 6488: 6485: 6484:Easter Rising 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Great Retreat 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927:Battle of Cer 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844:Agadir Crisis 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5732:United States 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5649:French Empire 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5602: 5592: 5591:Mediterranean 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5571:Naval warfare 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5447:Italian Front 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5435:Eastern Front 5433: 5431: 5430:Western Front 5428: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5388:Puppet states 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967:Sharp, Alan: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4856:0-415-17207-1 4853: 4850:, Routledge, 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4813: 4810:Sharp, Alan. 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4493:Henig, Ruth. 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4250:McFadden 1993 4246: 4240:, p. 121 4239: 4234: 4227: 4226:Hobsbawm 1992 4222: 4215: 4214:Hobsbawm 1992 4210: 4203: 4198: 4190: 4188:9781469664606 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4074:Lundgren 2020 4070: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3948: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3896: 3892: 3889:Моладзь БНФ. 3885: 3878:(4): 465–479. 3877: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850:Polish Review 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3780:Paris of 1919 3775: 3766: 3757: 3749: 3747:0-252-06074-1 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3637:(2001), p. 6. 3636: 3630: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3518:0-415-17207-1 3514: 3511:. Routledge. 3510: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385:(1): 24–55 . 3384: 3380: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2956: 2954:0-14-002481-6 2950: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2903:History Today 2898: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2813: 2807: 2804:. Routledge. 2803: 2802: 2794: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2707:(1958) p. 363 2706: 2700: 2698: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2667: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2596: 2586: 2585:Indiana Jones 2582: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2559:Ralph Fiennes 2556: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2495:Augustus John 2492: 2491:William Orpen 2488: 2487: 2480: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2442:This article 2440: 2431: 2430: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2366:Eric Hobsbawm 2360: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:United States 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:Ahmet Ağaoğlu 2099: 2095: 2092:and included 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963:Tomáš Masaryk 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1858:Baltic states 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:Lu Zhengxiang 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770:Pontic Greeks 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1581:Lu Zhengxiang 1578: 1573: 1571: 1568:south of the 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556:The Japanese 1549: 1547: 1546:Western world 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1444:Chinda Sutemi 1441: 1437: 1432: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243:René Massigli 1240: 1239:rapprochement 1235: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1216: 1215:Noël Dorville 1211: 1202: 1200: 1199:Pacific Ocean 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175:, Australia, 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159:in the center 1158: 1153: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1064: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1031:Colonel House 1027: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 990: 986: 977: 975: 972:to the other 971: 967: 963: 958: 954: 950: 947:. 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London: 4533:. London: 4442:Allen Lane 4440:. London: 4252:, p. 4033:pp. 64–65. 3990:0253209153 3837:Aston 2010 3782:pp 322–345 3647:Wikisource 3635:Paris 1919 3562:Paris 1919 3546:12 January 3314:Paris 1919 3084:Paris 1919 3013:0214200493 2686:31 October 2681:Britannica 2662:References 2581:David Hare 2538:Paris 1919 2511:Lanny Budd 2446:irrelevant 2357:See also: 2335:The first 2284:Aromanians 2278:Aromanians 2247:Bishop of 2174:See also: 2086:Armen Garo 2046:Azerbaijan 1961:President 1931:Eyre Crowe 1876:Jaan Poska 1766:Dodecanese 1732:Asia Minor 1607:of Italy, 1532:, notably 1477:, and the 1471:Micronesia 1383:. Most of 1361:Protestant 1307:as far as 1004:New Guinea 914:Nazi Party 867:"mandates" 575:newspapers 511:in Paris. 170:Young Plan 160:Dawes Plan 30:See also: 8809:memorials 8768:Elections 8727:Gravesite 8544:Smith Act 8334:Raker Act 8156:campaigns 7831:Tŷ Newydd 7826:Bron-y-de 7751:Number 10 7704:(brother) 7472:1916–1922 7128:Diplomacy 6835:Olympians 6758:Australia 6725:Logistics 6658:Vlora War 6587:(1918–19) 6563:(1918–19) 6557:(1918–19) 6545:(1918–19) 6492:(1916–17) 6474:(1916–17) 6425:Zaian War 6415:(1914–15) 6142:first day 6030:Lusitania 5858:(1912–13) 5852:(1911–12) 5840:(1908–09) 5834:(1905–06) 5816:(1870–71) 5605:Principal 5465:Gallipoli 5368:Memorials 5353:Geography 5343:Aftermath 5257:Paintings 4901:145777701 4840:154493814 4790:142814294 4701:(2009) . 4388:, (1920) 4117:2039-2117 3491:154765654 3407:145777701 3316:pp. 26–35 3057:143884972 2778:0261-3077 2543:John Cale 2525:trilogy ( 2477:June 2020 2461:citations 2368:claimed: 2256:Patriarch 2237:Assyrians 2229:Assyrians 2223:Assyrians 2170:Palestine 1896:Lithuania 1872:Lithuania 1793:Cao Rulin 1534:Australia 1530:dominions 1511:" in the 1479:Carolines 1103:Australia 929:US Senate 751:William I 36:Rue Nitot 9096:Category 9019:(father) 8885:(Prague) 8879:(Warsaw) 8504:Flag Day 8264:Big Four 7983:timeline 7889:Category 7814:Big Four 7416:Category 7003:Refugees 6969:Italians 6958:Germans 6918:Ober Ost 6698:Aviation 5799:Timeline 5770:Bulgaria 5551:Tsingtao 5528:Togoland 5475:Caucasus 5410:European 5402:Theatres 5228:Big Four 5071:Mandates 4685:(1967). 4613:(1938). 4504:(1992). 4432:(2005). 4058:Archived 3858:25777728 3724:(1986). 2783:27 April 2592:See also 2465:reliable 2393:against 2148:Shanghai 2070:de facto 2062:de facto 2052:and the 2024:Caucasus 1808:legation 1797:Shandong 1738:and the 1639:towards 1490:de facto 1463:Kiaochow 1459:Shantung 1396:Jubaland 1385:Dalmatia 1377:Trentino 1323:(except 1301:Trentino 1197:and the 1195:Far East 1141:Napoleon 989:Mandates 980:Mandates 955:but not 825:Bulgaria 784:Big Four 462:Big Four 456:and the 395:mandates 130:Mandates 9045:Related 8915:culture 8913:Popular 8277:charter 8029:Cabinet 7615:Parties 7154:Germany 7054:Germany 6982:Germany 6902:Belgium 6887:Albania 6846:Disease 6826:Sports 6778:Ireland 6691:Warfare 6684:Aspects 5879:Origins 5872:Prelude 5775:Senussi 5755:Germany 5750:Leaders 5688:Romania 5629:Belgium 5624:Leaders 5523:Kamerun 5505:African 5440:Romania 5418:Balkans 5333:Outline 5126:Locarno 5049:Members 4893:1877867 4484:History 4469:(2006)\ 4359:(1999). 4341:, eds. 4306:(1938) 3586:1872711 3399:1877867 3361:1890194 3049:1876683 2514:events. 2241:Assyria 2050:Georgia 2042:Armenia 1941:Belarus 1923:Ukraine 1902:Ukraine 1888:Estonia 1864:Estonia 1752:Tenedos 1570:Equator 1373:Trieste 1337:Antalya 1313:Trieste 1309:Brenner 1217:, 1919) 1101:, with 1024:Equator 945:Hungary 941:Austria 937:Germany 836:Hungary 814:Austria 803:Germany 761:at the 744:region 589:scholar 494:jurists 446:Britain 108:Members 8974:Family 8955:Wilson 8923:Wilson 8805:Legacy 8758:(1913) 8751:(1901) 8745:(1900) 8651:1920; 8638:1920; 8630:(1919) 8624:(1919) 8593:1917; 8580:1917; 8552:(1916) 8546:(1916) 8525:1916; 8517:(1916) 8506:(1916) 8490:1916; 8482:(1916) 8461:(1916) 8455:(1915) 8449:(1915) 8443:(1915) 8437:(1914) 8426:(1914) 8403:(1914) 8397:(1914) 8381:(1913) 8336:(1913) 8325:1913; 8312:1913; 8286:(1920) 8275:1920; 8262:1919; 8254:(1919) 8225:(1918) 8141:(1916) 8111:(1914) 7783:Mosley 7759:Anzacs 7668:(wife) 7659:Family 7635:(1931) 7629:(1922) 7607:(1922) 7601:(1922) 7595:(1922) 7589:(1919) 7583:(1919) 7571:(1918) 7565:(1918) 7554:(1915) 7548:(1912) 7542:(1909) 7528:Career 7174:Russia 7149:France 6977:Canada 6892:Serbia 6763:Canada 6720:Horses 6672:(1921) 6666:(1920) 6660:(1920) 6654:(1920) 6646:(1920) 6599:(1919) 6593:(1919) 6539:(1918) 6504:(1918) 6498:(1917) 6486:(1916) 6480:(1916) 6445:(1915) 5864:(1913) 5846:(1911) 5828:(1905) 5785:Darfur 5710:Serbia 5693:Russia 5656:Greece 5644:France 5634:Brazil 5480:Persia 5423:Serbia 4971:, in: 4940:online 4899: 4891: 4854: 4838: 4807:(1985) 4788: 4749:online 4715: 4658: 4638: 4606:(2004) 4599:(1985) 4585:(1995) 4541: 4516: 4488:online 4448: 4390:online 4339:et al. 4327:(1947) 4313:(1990) 4292: 4185: 4115: 3987: 3962: 3856: 3744: 3584: 3564:p. 321 3542:. 2007 3515: 3489: 3447:(1993) 3405: 3397: 3359: 3196: 3146: 3119: 3055: 3047: 3010: 2990:260018 2988: 2951: 2875: 2838: 2808: 2776: 2727: 2116:, and 2084:, and 2066:Batumi 2048:, and 2000:Polish 1967:Prague 1914:. 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