47:
406:
248:
The motivation behind Julian's decree was considered, even by his contemporaries, to have been an attempt to undermine the unity of the
Christian Church: "He did this the more resolutely because, as long licence increased their dissensions, he thought he should never have to fear the unanimity of the
135:
In about 372, Ticonius, a lay exegete, wrote a book to condemn the more extreme views of
Parmenian, but without abandoning his allegiance to the Donatist party. Parmenian replied, condemning the doctrine of Ticonius as tending to connect the true church (that of the Donatists), with the corrupt one,
210:
argues that
Parmenian was a capable and formidable bishop of his see, even if his influence and reputation eventually ceased to be recognized with the end of the Donatist schism. Frend writes that Parmenian's authority was "never seriously challenged" during his long term as bishop. After returning
139:
Even if
Parmenian proved more extreme than Ticonius, he can be considered a relatively moderate Donatist for the reason that he did not require the rebaptism of all converts, but only those who had received their first baptism as Catholics. This moderate rigorism is further seen in the decision of
226:
within the
Donatist church. The break, which occurred after Parmenian's death, split the community into groups of "Parmenianites" and "Maximianites," which "fought tooth and claw and persecuted each other." According to George M. Ella, the resulting lack of unity in the North African Christian
120:("On the schism of the Donatists") in response to Parmenian. Judging by Optatus' response, we can infer that Parmenian held the standard rigorist position of the Donatists that "the sacrifice of a sinner is polluted," and that baptism cannot be validly conferred by a sinner, such as one of the
188:(the "navel," that is the focal point, a properly consecrated altar for sacrifice). These "gifts" or signs of the true church were both a guarantee of its validity and protection against the individual sinfulness of some of its members.
422:
211:
to
Carthage in 362, he had secured unequivocal leadership of the Donatist church by 364, and held onto it until his death in 391 or 392. "He brought Donatism successfully through the crisis of
128:, but rather as a "brother." (It was Optatus' opinion that only pagans and heretics go to hell; he believed that schismatics and all Catholics will eventually be saved after a necessary
227:
community was a contributing factor to the ease with which the
Islamic conquest of the area succeeded in the late 600s: "the blood of the Donatists had become the seed of Islam."
71:
Whatever his origin, Parmenian succeeded
Donatus as Donatist bishop of Carthage around the year 350. He was banished from the city in 358. He returned in 362 under the decree of
38:. He wrote several works defending the rigorist views of the Donatists and is recognized as "the most famous Donatist writer of his day", but none of his writings have survived.
140:
the council of 270 Donatist bishops that was convened at
Carthage during the episcopate of Parmenian. After 75 days of deliberation, the council at last resolved that the
626:
416:
184:(the Holy Spirit); the fountain (that is, of true baptism); the seal of the fountain (which precludes communion with any other church); and the
75:
that allowed exiled bishops to return to their sees. About this time, if not earlier, he published a work in five parts defending
Donatism (
166:(divine gifts), which provide proof of its purity and holiness. These were presented in the form of allegorical symbols, derived from the
415:
116:"). While it has been lost, it appears to have been widely read by his contemporary Catholic opponents. Optatus published his great work
249:
common people, having found by experience that no wild beasts are so hostile to men as Christian sects in general are to one another" (
46:
621:
83:. At an unknown year during his episcopacy, he oversaw a council of Donatist bishops that made an important proclamation about the
162:
A distinctive hallmark of Parmenian's theology is his idea that the true church (i.e., the Donatist church) possesses seven
291:
See Tillem. xiii. 128 and note 32. For a full account of the treatise, with a list of Scripture quotations, see Ribbek,
549:
499:
450:
337:
222:
A less positive evaluation of Parmenian's tenure as bishop would blame him for eventually causing the schism of
223:
521:
212:
616:
207:
472:
219:. By the end of his rule, Parmenian's church had attained the height of its power and prosperity."
487:
438:
375:
364:
327:
155:, who, at the request of his friends, argued against its views in a treatise in three books (
145:
97:
199:, of which Parmenian "emerges as the conserver... Optatus, by contrast, as the innovator."
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meaning that he was probably not a native of Africa. He may have come from Spain or Gaul.
8:
631:
411:
124:
Even while arguing against his views, however, Optatus does not refer to Parmenian as a
636:
460:
152:
79:), to which the treatise of Optatus is a reply. In about 372, he wrote a book against
495:
446:
333:
369:
72:
54:
423:
Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century
580:
31:
610:
168:
24:
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James Alexander considers this imagery a development of the theologies of
108:
Parmenian's most influential work was written in about 362 and entitled
64:, the anti-Donatist polemicist and contemporary of Parmenian, calls him
57:, 1875). Julian's decree of 362 allowed Parmenian to return to Carthage.
192:
216:
129:
89:
84:
80:
35:
27:
598:
196:
125:
61:
368:
51:
Julian the Apostate presiding at a conference of sectarians
151:
Parmenian's book against Ticonius fell into the hands of
520:
Frend, W. H. C. (October 2011). "The Age of Parmenian".
180:("angel," representing validly consecrated bishop); the
329:
The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World
550:"The Donatists and Their Relation to Church and State"
144:
even if they refused rebaptism, should be admitted to
215:' revolt, the excommunication of Tyconius , and the
136:
the Catholic church, especially its African branch.
608:
332:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 96–114.
494:. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 228.
445:. Vol. 33. Louvain: Peeters. p. 263.
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439:"The Ecclesiologies of Parmenian and Tyconius"
627:Ancient Christians involved in controversies
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176:("chair," representing authority); the
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417:"Parmenianus, a bp. of Carthage"
400:
398:
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392:
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386:
519:
312:
538:
508:
479:
430:
426:(3rd ed.). London: John Murray.
96:Parmenian died and was succeeded by
441:. In Livingstone, Elizabeth (ed.).
414:; Piercy, William C., eds. (1911).
383:
13:
490:. In Esler, Philip Francis (ed.).
325:
295:pp. 348–366. (See also Augustine,
14:
648:
257:XXII, 5, 4.) Also see Augustine,
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404:
622:4th-century bishops of Carthage
285:
272:
242:
159:), over the years 402 to 405.
1:
202:
110:Adversus ecclesiam traditorum
77:Adversus ecclesiam traditorum
34:in the Donatist bishopric of
587:Donatist Bishop of Carthage
112:("Against the church of the
104:Theology and later influence
7:
437:Tilley, Maureen A. (1997).
10:
653:
595:
585:
577:
572:
526:. Oxford University Press
492:The Early Christian World
486:Alexander, James (2005).
118:De schismate Donatistarum
30:bishop, the successor of
293:Donatus und Augustinus,
100:in about the year 392.
41:
58:
554:Biographia Evangelica
376:Catholic Encyclopedia
49:
265:, quoted in Jerome,
251:Ammianus Marcellinus
231:Notes and references
23:died ca. 392) was a
523:The Donatist Church
326:Tilley, Maureen A.
617:4th-century Romans
261:ii. 17; Eusebius,
157:contra Parmenianum
62:Optatus of Milevis
59:
605:
604:
596:Succeeded by
573:Religious titles
443:Studia Patristica
370:"Donatists"
269:vol. iii. p. 687.
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578:Preceded by
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379:. Vol. 5.
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412:Wace, Henry
142:traditores,
122:traditores.
66:peregrinus,
632:392 deaths
611:Categories
488:"Donatism"
307:References
203:Evaluation
193:Tertullian
114:traditores
90:traditores
637:Donatists
471:ignored (
461:cite book
186:umbilicus
153:Augustine
146:communion
130:purgatory
85:rebaptism
17:Parmenian
559:March 1,
530:March 1,
367:(1909).
299:ii. 17.)
297:Retract.
259:Retract.
224:Maximian
182:spiritus
174:cathedra
81:Ticonius
36:Carthage
28:Donatist
19:(Latin:
599:Primian
282:93, 43.
197:Cyprian
178:angelus
126:heretic
98:Primian
32:Donatus
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409:
336:
263:Chron.
213:Firmus
172:: the
73:Julian
236:Notes
164:dotes
561:2017
532:2017
496:ISBN
473:help
447:ISBN
334:ISBN
267:Opp.
195:and
42:Life
591:ca.
280:Ep.
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