2076:("Front of Liberty") with the objective of unifying the right in opposition to the Popular Front. Although the Republican Federation, followed by several small right-wing parties that stood to lose little from allying themselves to the more extremist PPF, quickly accepted Doriot's proposal, it was rejected both by the moderate Democratic Alliance and by La Rocque, who identified the Front as an attempt to "annex" the popularity of his party. His insistence on the PSF's independence got La Rocque attacked violently by other figures on the right, including former Croix-de-Feu members who had abandoned the more moderate Social Party.
451:
1981:
53:
2477:
1827:
1909:, which had traditionally lacked a formal membership structure and relied instead on the support of notables, the PSF aggressively courted an extensive membership among the middle and lower classes. By 1940, the PSF had become not only France's first right-wing mass party but also the nation's largest party in terms of membership: over 700,000 members (and more than a million according to some historians), it eclipsed even the traditionally mass-based
2491:
1839:
2067:(PPF), which incorporated nationalist, virulently-anticommunist and openly-fascist tendencies. Founded, like the PSF, in June 1936, the PPF enjoyed initial success and attracted a membership of 295,000, according to the party's own statistics by early 1938. With the continued growth of the PSF, however, the PPF fell into decline, which parallelled the demise of the Popular Front to which it had largely been a reaction.
2290:. The death of La Rocque in 1946 deprived the party of unifying leadership, however, and the prewar popularity that it had hoped to exploit never materialised. Though the PRSRF had effectively disappeared by 1956, with the schism that year of the RGR into centre-left and centre-right groups, some of its members would later continue their political careers within the conservative
408:'s government outlaw paramilitary groups on 6 December 1935. Although that decision was succeeded by the law of 10 January 1936 regulating militias and combat organizations, the law was only partially implemented. Of all the leagues, only Action Française was dissolved, and the Croix-de-Feu was allowed to continue its activities essentially unimpeded. After the victory of the
2215:("Klan Network") in 1942 as a means of coordinating intelligence-gathering activities among PSF members. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that he could convince PĂ©tain to abandon his collaborationist line and so he requested and was granted three meetings with the Marshal in early 1943. Two days after their last meeting, on 9 March, La Rocque was arrested by the
2461:, who argue that the Croix-de-Feu and the PSF were partially-realized manifestations of a distinctively-French fascism, their political potential but not their tactics of organization and mobilisation, which was destroyed by the German invasion and thus permanently discredited. Sternhell, pointing to the democratic path to power followed by the
2054:
to the centre, which demonstrated to
Federation and PSF leaders alike the undesirability of co-existence. Thus, although the two parties were in fact in agreement on many questions of ideology, notably their defense of the far-right leagues, the PSF was viewed by the long-established Federation as a rival "to its own electoral fortunes".
2406:
from representing a French form of fascism in the face of the
Popular Front, La Rocque helped to safeguard France from fascism" by diverting the support of the middle classes away from more extremist alternatives. Jacques Nobécourt made similar assertions: "La Rocque spared France from a pre-war experiment with totalitarianism".
2418:" and dismissed by RĂ©mond as "political boy scouting for adults") outwardly similar to that employed by the more overtly fascist of the right-wing leagues. Furthermore, La Rocque continued to defend the leagues' activities even in the face of their condemnation by the parties of the established moderate right (though not the
2039:, and its falling under the influence of the "fascist" right was viewed by Popular Front leaders as a serious threat to the stability of the republic. The PSF, for its part, actively courted the middle classes and argued that their traditional Radical defenders had abandoned them by supporting the Popular Front.
381:, La Rocque forbade its members from involving themselves in the subsequent riot, thus demonstrating a respect for republican legality that the PSF would also uphold as one of its essential political principles. La Rocque, who had previously maintained a certain mystique with regard to his attitude towards the
2405:
writes that "the PSF was more anti-parliamentarian than anti-republican". More recently, Lacouture wrote, "La Rocque's movement was neither fascist nor extremist". Furthermore, RĂ©mond identified the PSF, at least in part, as a populist and social-Catholic "antidote" to French fascism. He wrote, "Far
2053:
in which the
Federation candidate, after being behind the PSF candidate in the first round, initially refused to stand down and support the latter in the runoff round. The rancor of the feuding parties, despite the Federation candidate's eventual endorsement of the PSF, resulted in the seat falling
1887:
The PSF inherited the large popular base of the Croix-de-Feu (450,000 members in June, 1936, most of them having joined since 1934) and, mirroring the contemporary
Popular Front, achieved considerable success in mobilizing it through a variety of associated organizations: sporting societies, labour
400:
Nevertheless, critics of the left and centre denounced the Croix-de-Feu, together with the other leagues, as fascist organizations. A desire to defend the republic was not their sole motivation. Politicians of the centre-right and left alike opposed La Rocque because of the perceived threat of his
2230:
As with nearly all other political parties that had existed under the Third
Republic, the PSF produced both collaborators with and resisters of the Vichy regime. In most cases, individual circumstances dictated more ambiguous loyalties and actions. Although former PSF deputy
2009:
between 1936 and 1939. Two deputies of other right-wing parliamentary groups defected to the party. The true measure of the party's electoral potential, however, came with the municipal elections of 1938–1939 in which it won 15% of votes nationally. As a result of the
2178:, as the legitimate French authorities in opposition to Vichy, which also claimed constitutional legitimacy although some members of the PSF, such as Charles Vallin, joined the Free French. However, La Rocque was hostile to Vichy's enthusiastic collaboration with the
369:
and the reform of parliamentary procedure. The party's programme would further develop the same themes by advocating "the association of capital and labour", a traditional platitude of French conservatism, and the reform of France's political institutions along
2014:
law passed by the
Chamber in June 1939, that promised to translate into approximately 100 deputies in the legislative elections planned for 1940. By 1939, the party's elected officials, its 11 deputies aside, included nearly 3000 mayors, 541
2235:, for instance, served in the first Vichy government under PĂ©tain as Minister for Veterans and the Family, he resigned his post in 1940 and was in 1943 arrested and deported because of his efforts in helping Resistance members to cross the
2355:(RPF), like the MRP, enthusiastically adopted the mass-based model of organization and mobilization that had been pioneered by the PSF, a sharp and permanent break from the cadre-based parties of the prewar classical right.
2159:
La Rocque's attitude towards the Vichy government was initially ambiguous. As stated, he continued to affirm his loyalty to PĂ©tain and was amenable to certain of the more moderate aspects of Vichy's reactionary program, the
2426:, which was considered synonymous with French republicanism by most leftist and centrist politicians, marked it as inherently anti-republican and thus "fascist" in the period's political discourse in their opinions.
2137:, fearing that the imminent electoral campaign would distract the Chamber of Deputies from the business of national defence, used the decree powers granted him by the Chamber to extend its term until May 1942.
2409:
The lasting confusion over the "fascist" tendencies of the PSF can be ascribed in part to two factors. Firstly, the PSF's predecessor, the Croix-de-Feu, had aspired to a paramilitary aesthetic (described by
2369:
Historical debate over the PSF, like its predecessor, the Croix-de-Feu, has been driven by the question of whether they can be considered in at least some respects as the manifestations of a "French
1988:
Chamber of
Deputies (1936–40). PSF deputies sat originally with the Independent Republicans group (included on this diagram as part of the right) but left it to compose their own group in 1938.
2110:. With the prospect of a PSF breakthrough in the 1940 elections in mind, the Independent Radicals sought to cooperate with the new force; for their part, the PSF deputies voted confidence in
2312:
Despite the postwar insignificance of the party itself, elements of the PSF's and La Rocque's ideology strongly influenced the political formations of right and the centre during the
2042:
Despite that demographic threat, however, the PSF generated the most fervent hostility within the parties of the established parliamentary right, most notably the conservative
2114:'s Radical government in April 1938. With the collapse of the Popular Front the PSF-Radical alliance seemed inevitable to many on the left, with the Socialist newspaper
326:
veterans' organization that had been founded in 1927 and, by the early 1930s, had emerged as the largest and one of the most influential of interwar France's numerous
2031:
Of all the PSF's successes, it was the party's popularity among the middle classes, the peasants, shopkeepers, and clerical workers, who had been hardest hit by the
2072:
3125:
2156:(French Social Progress) and took on the form of a social aid organisation because of the occupation authorities' prohibition of organised political activities.
2118:
writing in 1938 that "the PSF-Radical bloc has become a reality of political life". However, that observation appeared premature to most contemporary observers.
2088:
of June 1936. Although the
Republican Federation, at least, was consistent in its opposition to Popular Front policies, the Democratic Alliance and the small,
397:) along with racism (with regard to which he explicitly rejected anti-Semitism) and class struggle, as the principal obstacles to "national reconciliation".
2085:
1936:
1959:
3150:
2333:
1869:
1141:
116:
2316:. La Rocque had advised his followers to create "a third party, sincerely republican and very bold from a social perspective" — by which he meant
1925:
1910:
3145:
2193:
1033:
1083:
3130:
2291:
1411:
2894:
Loin d'avoir représenté une forme française du fascisme devant le Front populaire, La Rocque contribua à préserver la France du fascisme
2465:, also made the argument that La Rocque's apparent respect for republican legality is not enough to disqualify his movement as fascist.
1355:
3160:
2279:
2106:, gathering right-wing Radical parliamentarians, constituted the most effective opposition to the Popular Front, particularly in the
2815:
2509:
2364:
17:
2339:
PSF ideology, particularly its corporatist emphasis on the association of capital and labour and its advocacy of a strong stable
2593:
François de La Rocque. "Bulletin d'information du PSF du 8 juillet 1938, discours au Congrés PSF de
Marseille, le 8 juin 1937",
3155:
3140:
1113:
919:
3135:
2275:
1811:
2256:, La Rocque and his remaining followers, principally Pierre de Léotard, André Portier, and Jean de Mierry, established the
1862:
1273:
2264:
and intended as the official successor of the PSF. On the initiative of LĂ©otard, the PRSRF participated in the right-wing
3120:
1571:
1238:
849:
230:
2035:. They generated the most fear from the left. That demographic had historically been one of the primary bastions of the
3024:
2175:
2307:
1888:
organizations and leisure and vacation camps. PSF members also orchestrated the development of "professional unions" (
2092:
1453:
2184:
2287:
2283:
2002:
1132:
413:
2437:, associates the party and its leader with a "revolutionary right" tradition that owes its political heritage to
1855:
1536:
432:
2324:, but for some former PSF loyalists and sympathizers, the statement applied more accurately to the newly-formed
2148:, La Rocque denounced it as defeatist and anti-Semitic, but he still proclaimed his personal loyalty to Marshal
420:, on 18 June. Within weeks, on 7 July, La Rocque founded the French Social Party to succeed the defunct league.
3103:
869:
2321:
2265:
814:
756:
1906:
1626:
1498:
934:
491:
161:
138:
2204:
2011:
1633:
1448:
899:
789:
719:
2401:
tradition in French right-wing politics, populist and anti-parliamentarian but hardly fascist. Milza in
2063:
1123:
3009:
2352:
2032:
1998:
1436:
1320:
1171:
1043:
2095:(PDP) were reluctant to criticise the government to prevent the sabotage of their efforts to lure the
1223:
401:
success in mobilising a mass base within their traditional particularly working-class constituencies.
2442:
2016:
1557:
1528:
1493:
1401:
1792:
1248:
412:, which had included in its electoral programme a promise to dissolve the right-wing leagues in the
2525:
1782:
1426:
1023:
576:
2519:
2429:
A number of foreign historians, however, have questioned those defences of La Rocque and the PSF.
2182:
occupiers and forbade PSF members from participating in Vichy-sponsored organisations such as the
1340:
949:
270:
63:
1621:
1468:
1151:
1063:
954:
652:
2162:
839:
515:
2313:
2096:
2036:
1985:
1914:
1550:
1483:
1406:
1161:
631:
440:
409:
378:
281:
2329:
1687:
450:
3017:
Reconciling France
Against Democracy: The Croix-de-Feu and the Parti Social Français, 1927-45
2419:
2348:
2131:
2043:
1902:
1772:
1488:
1305:
994:
729:
687:
668:
581:
382:
263:
174:
2807:Éric Duhamel. "Matériaux pour l'histoire du Rassemblement des Gauches Républicaines (RGR)",
2328:
Popular Republican Movement (Mouvement RĂ©publicain Populaire, MRP) and, for others (notably
2166:, notably its corporatism and social policies. The PSF further refused to recognize General
2020:
1666:
3099:
2423:
2253:
2103:
1894:), envisioned as a means of organising management against labour militancy, which espoused
1680:
1181:
1073:
894:
766:
643:
470:
2130:
of 1939 deprived the PSF of the chance to make serious inroads in parliament. On 30 July,
2046:. The tensions between the Federation and the PSF were demonstrated as early as 1937 by a
1360:
724:
8:
2482:
2340:
2325:
2089:
1941:
1895:
1831:
1463:
1290:
1233:
751:
657:
496:
371:
366:
285:
235:
198:
2134:
2111:
1964:
1951:
1673:
1521:
1315:
339:
2812:
2171:
1777:
1725:
1701:
1605:
1543:
1201:
1191:
1103:
979:
889:
884:
739:
734:
465:
347:
225:
202:
193:
170:
166:
2149:
1310:
1295:
1093:
874:
2997:
2984:
2504:
2454:
2411:
2374:
2200:
2167:
2084:
The major parties of the right fell in disarray after their electoral defeat and the
1787:
1746:
1325:
1263:
1253:
929:
794:
626:
416:
of May 1936, the government issued a decree banning the Croix-de-Feu, along with the
327:
313:
277:
1930:
1732:
914:
799:
3077:
2378:
2343:
to replace the parliamentary republic, would also contribute to the development of
2232:
2107:
1739:
1478:
1391:
1335:
1330:
959:
879:
809:
804:
297:
293:
2545:
Jacques Nobécourt, lecture at the Academy of Rouen, 7 February 1998; published in
1285:
707:
2819:
2514:
1920:
The party's central committee included its president, La Rocque, vice-presidents
1596:
1587:
1564:
1386:
1345:
1280:
1228:
1053:
989:
944:
909:
834:
824:
607:
477:
386:
296:, it experienced considerable initial success but disappeared in the wake of the
251:
38:
1797:
1365:
3091:
3012:, 1988. Specifically, see Chapter 9, 'The view from the right', p. 249-68.
2988:
French Conservatism in Crisis: The Republican Federation of France in the 1930s
2712:
P. Machefer. "L'Union des droites, le PSF et le Front de la Liberté, 1936-37",
2430:
2386:
2220:
2141:
2058:
1947:
1766:
1473:
1416:
1350:
1300:
999:
904:
859:
829:
761:
616:
571:
506:
358:
318:
La Rocque envisioned the PSF as the more explicitly-political successor of the
186:
2758:
The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry Into the Fall of France in 1940
1980:
1258:
1243:
854:
3114:
2496:
2446:
2382:
2127:
1843:
1659:
1431:
1396:
1268:
984:
864:
844:
680:
621:
52:
2833:
Un tiers parti, franchement républicain, très hardi d'un point de vue social
1421:
3056:
3044:
2970:
2458:
2450:
2390:
2179:
2145:
1955:
1614:
1004:
974:
969:
964:
939:
924:
771:
673:
539:
405:
394:
390:
354:
319:
309:
274:
106:
819:
546:
2991:
2398:
2270:
2050:
2006:
1921:
1804:
714:
600:
532:
527:
501:
350:
323:
266:
178:
2462:
2438:
2260:(Social Republican Party of French Reconciliation), known generally as
2219:
during a nationwide roundup of over 100 PSF leaders. Deported first to
1917:
Parties (202,000 and 288,000 members, respectively, in December 1936).
662:
636:
342:, it espoused the political goals elaborated by La Rocque in his tract
2743:
Cited in Nobécourt (1996), p. 1063, note 58. In the original French: "
1715:
3005:
2745:
le bloc PSF-Radicaux devient une réalité courante de la vie politique
1694:
588:
553:
2907:
La Rocque Ă©vita Ă la France l'aventure du totalitarisme avant guerre
2811:, â„– 5 (1998-99), p. 178. The article is available for download here
385:, explicitly rallied to it and denounced in a speech on 23 May 1936
3020:
2433:, criticising RĂ©mond's classification of the PSF as Bonapartist in
2344:
2303:
2236:
2047:
1708:
744:
522:
486:
289:
182:
2026:
2370:
2224:
2216:
595:
3071:
3064:
Le colonel de La Rocque, ou les pièges du nationalisme chrétien
2632:
P. Machefer. "Les Syndicats professionels français (1936-39)",
2199:
In August 1940, La Rocque began actively to participate in the
2189:
423:
377:
Though the Croix-de-Feu participated in the demonstrations of
3085:
3067:
3052:
2978:
1653:
215:
127:
2892:
RĂ©mond (1968). In the original French of the 1952 edition: "
374:
lines to bolster the stability and authority of the state.
3002:
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38
2678:
2676:
2621:
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38
2699:
2697:
2347:, culminating in the establishment of the presidential
2258:
Parti Républicain Social de la Réconciliation Française
2673:
2644:
2642:
404:
The disruptive nature of the leagues' activities made
1882:
330:. Though the Croix-de-Feu had adopted as its slogan "
3037:
Machefer, P. "Le Parti social français en 1936-37",
2694:
2472:
2639:
2397:, identifies the PSF instead as an offshoot of the
2079:
1997:Six members of the nascent PSF were elected to the
303:
3096:Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France
2929:Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France
2435:Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France
2070:In March 1937, Doriot proposed the formation of a
1901:Unlike established right-wing parties such as the
2781:
2779:
3112:
2610:(Louisiana State University Press, 1979), p. 93.
2334:Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance
117:Republican Social Party of French Reconciliation
2393:, have rejected that assertion. RĂ©mond, in his
2121:
2027:Competition with established right-wing parties
3126:Political parties of the French Third Republic
2776:
1412:National Centre of Independents & Peasants
1034:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
1863:
1084:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
300:in 1940 and was not refounded after the war.
2975:Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme
2955:Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme
2831:Nobécourt (1998). In the original French: "
2449:. That minority view is partially shared by
2292:National Centre of Independents and Peasants
2057:A second victim of the PSF's popularity was
1889:
1802:
1631:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1569:
1555:
1541:
1519:
705:
678:
641:
605:
586:
537:
513:
475:
424:Political success and co-operation (1936–40)
2905:Nobécourt (1998). In the original French: "
2558:P. Machefer. "Les Croix-de-Feu 1927-1936",
2242:
2203:by transmitting information to the British
2846:L'UDSR ou la genèse de François Mitterrand
2227:, he returned to France only in May 1945.
1870:
1856:
51:
3030:Machefer, P. "Les Croix-de-Feu 1927-36",
2994:: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.
2714:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
2351:in 1958. The postwar Gaullist party, the
2297:
3151:Political parties disestablished in 1940
2510:History of far right movements in France
2365:History of far-right movements in France
2247:
1979:
334:" ("Social First") as a counter to the "
2931:(University of California Press, 1995).
2422:). Secondly, the PSF's condemnation of
1898:and claimed 1,000,000 members by 1938.
14:
3113:
1532:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)
3146:Political parties established in 1936
1812:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau
2771:Mitterrand, une histoire de Français
1992:
288:mass party, prefiguring the rise of
3131:Defunct political parties in France
1572:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire
273:, following the dissolution of his
269:political party founded in 1936 by
24:
2963:
2942:Fascismes français? : 1933-39
2211:("Alibi Network") and forming the
2176:National Council of the Resistance
1883:Organisation and mass mobilisation
1133:"The Future of the Intelligentsia"
25:
3172:
2529:, PSF motto appropriated by Vichy
2358:
2005:, and three more were elected in
1454:French Agrarian and Peasant Party
3161:1940 disestablishments in France
2489:
2475:
2274:) coalition in the elections of
2080:Rapprochement with Radical Party
1969:. The party had two newspapers:
1837:
1825:
449:
304:Background and origins (1927–36)
3025:McGill-Queen's University Press
2947:
2934:
2921:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2801:
2788:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2706:
2685:
2660:
2651:
2308:Mouvement RĂ©publicain Populaire
2099:into a centre-right coalition.
1537:Initiative and Liberty Movement
3104:University of California Press
2798:(Columbia, 2001), note p. 212.
2626:
2613:
2600:
2595:Bulletin des Amis de La Rocque
2587:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2539:
13:
1:
3156:1936 establishments in France
3141:Right-wing populism in France
2874:(Armand Colin, 1988), p. 132.
2608:French Conservatism in Crisis
2533:
2322:Rally of the Republican Lefts
2266:Rally of the Republican Lefts
2144:and the establishment of the
27:Political party in France
3136:Right-wing parties in France
2716:, Vol. 17 (1970), p. 112-26.
2122:Wartime activities (1940–45)
1499:Union for a Popular Movement
7:
2468:
2205:Secret Intelligence Service
2194:Legion of French Volunteers
2185:Service d'Ordre LĂ©gionnaire
2012:proportional representation
284:government. France's first
10:
3177:
3121:French nationalist parties
2657:Jackson (1988), p. 219-20.
2623:(Cambridge, 1988), p. 252.
2362:
2353:Rally of the French People
2301:
2252:In August 1945, after the
2152:, and the PSF was renamed
1437:VIA, the Way of the People
1172:The Tears of the White Man
1044:The Genius of Christianity
307:
3088:: Aubier-Montaigne, 1968.
2861:(Aubier-Montaigne, 1968).
2809:Recherches contemporaines
2760:(New York, 1969), p. 434.
2682:Nobécourt (1996), p. 647.
2443:revolutionary syndicalism
2207:via Georges Charaudeau's
1558:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
418:Mouvement social français
221:
208:
192:
160:
149:
133:
122:
112:
102:
84:
73:10 January 1936
69:
59:
50:
32:
2883:Lacouture (1998), p. 29.
2773:(Le Seuil, 1998), p. 55.
2526:Travail, Famille, Patrie
2318:Réconciliation Française
2262:Réconciliation Française
2243:Postwar legacy (1945–58)
2093:Popular Democratic Party
2064:Parti Populaire Français
1634:Service d'Action Civique
1124:EnquĂŞte sur la monarchie
1024:Considerations on France
577:Catholic social teaching
431:This article is part of
338:" ("Politics First") of
3049:La France des années 30
2918:Jackson (1988), p. 253.
2872:La France des années 30
2734:Jackson (1988), p. 257.
2703:Jackson (1988), p. 255.
2670:(Fayard, 1996), p. 646.
2648:Jackson (1988), p. 254.
2571:François de La Rocque.
2562:, â„– 1 (1972), p. 28-33.
2403:La France des années 30
2154:Progrès Social Français
2037:Radical-Socialist Party
1891:syndicats professionels
1832:Conservatism portal
1622:Independent Republicans
1469:Independent Republicans
1152:Violence and the Sacred
1064:St Petersburg Dialogues
414:parliamentary elections
353:, the institution of a
194:Political position
3039:Information historique
3032:Information historique
2691:Irvine (1979), p. 157.
2560:Information historique
2298:Ideological successors
1989:
1890:
1803:
1632:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1570:
1556:
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1529:Carrefour de l'Horloge
1520:
1484:Rally for the Republic
1407:Future with Confidence
1162:The Camp of the Saints
706:
679:
642:
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587:
538:
514:
476:
442:Conservatism in France
255:
90:; 84 years ago
42:
2981:: Albin Michel, 2003.
2957:(Albin Michel, 2003).
2520:François de La Rocque
2420:Republican Federation
2373:". Most contemporary
2248:Official continuation
2132:French Prime Minister
2044:Republican Federation
1983:
1903:Republican Federation
1793:Immigrant criminality
1773:Clerical philosophers
1489:Republican Federation
1142:The Reign of Quantity
815:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet
730:Thermidorian Reaction
688:Traditional authority
492:Political Catholicism
271:François de La Rocque
256:Parti Social Français
175:National conservatism
64:François de La Rocque
43:Parti Social Français
18:Parti Social Français
3062:Nobécourt, Jacques.
2332:), the left-liberal
2326:Christian democratic
2254:Liberation of France
2163:RĂ©volution Nationale
2104:Independent Radicals
2090:Christian democratic
2021:municipal councilors
1783:French–German enmity
1182:The Tyranny of Guilt
1074:Democracy in America
767:Second French Empire
516:RĂ©volution nationale
3082:La Droite en France
2859:La Droite en France
2666:Jacques Nobécourt,
2606:William D. Irvine.
2483:conservatism portal
2395:La Droite en France
2341:presidential regime
2330:François Mitterrand
2073:Front de la Liberté
1999:Chamber of Deputies
1907:Democratic Alliance
1896:class collaboration
1688:La Nation française
1464:Movement for France
1459:French Social Party
1274:Political positions
1264:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
870:Fustel de Coulanges
757:Bourbon Restoration
752:Second White Terror
497:Christian democracy
248:French Social Party
35:French Social Party
2985:Irvine, William D.
2944:(Autrement, 2004).
2818:2008-07-16 at the
2794:Robert O. Paxton.
2636:(1982), p. 90-112.
2017:general councilors
1990:
1778:European New Right
1702:Le Figaro Magazine
1667:Famille chrétienne
1544:La Manif pour tous
1192:The French Suicide
790:Barbey d'Aurevilly
740:Companions of Jehu
735:First White Terror
582:Counter-revolution
466:French nationalism
226:Politics of France
171:Social Catholicism
167:French nationalism
2785:Nobécourt (1998).
2584:La Rocque (1934).
2505:Far right leagues
2455:William D. Irvine
2375:French historians
2201:French Resistance
2174:, along with the
2168:Charles de Gaulle
2019:and thousands of
1993:Electoral success
1880:
1879:
1844:France portal
1788:French Revolution
1747:Valeurs actuelles
1249:de La Tour du Pin
1104:What Is a Nation?
725:War in the Vendée
336:Politique d'abord
328:far-right leagues
314:Far-right leagues
244:
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231:Political parties
113:Succeeded by
88:10 July 1940
16:(Redirected from
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2927:Zeev Sternhell.
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2233:Jean Ybarnegaray
2135:Édouard Daladier
2112:Édouard Daladier
2033:Great Depression
1975:Le Petit Journal
1968:
1952:Jean Ybarnégaray
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1937:Edmond Barrachin
1934:
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1494:Resistance Party
1479:Rally for France
1402:The Nationalists
1392:Debout la France
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3092:Sternhell, Zeev
3041:, No. 2 (1972).
3034:, No. 1 (1972).
3015:Kennedy, Sean.
2998:Jackson, Julian
2966:
2964:Further reading
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2387:Jean Lacouture
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2097:Radical Party
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2061:'s far-right
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1199:
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923:
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918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:de La Mennais
898:
896:
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888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
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787:
784:Intellectuals
781:
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746:
743:
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728:
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723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
708:Ancien RĂ©gime
704:
703:
697:
696:
689:
686:
683:
682:
681:Souverainisme
677:
675:
672:
670:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
646:
645:
640:
639:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:Family values
620:
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604:
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434:
430:
429:
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:Popular Front
407:
402:
398:
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392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
315:
311:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Popular Front
279:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
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115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
87:
83:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
40:
31:
19:
3095:
3081:
3078:Rémond, René
3063:
3057:Armand Colin
3048:
3038:
3031:
3016:
3001:
2987:
2974:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2808:
2803:
2796:Vichy France
2795:
2790:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2687:
2667:
2662:
2653:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2524:
2459:Michel Dobry
2451:Robert Soucy
2434:
2428:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2391:Pierre Milza
2368:
2338:
2317:
2311:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2239:into Spain.
2229:
2212:
2209:RĂ©seau Alibi
2208:
2198:
2183:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2146:Vichy regime
2139:
2125:
2116:Le Populaire
2115:
2101:
2083:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2030:
2007:by-elections
1996:
1974:
1970:
1956:Jean Borotra
1919:
1900:
1886:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1615:Croix-de-Feu
1579:
1578:
1514:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1381:
1341:de La Rocque
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1122:
1112:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
772:Vichy France
674:Social order
653:Metapolitics
644:Restauration
540:Maurrassisme
417:
406:Pierre Laval
403:
399:
376:
372:presidential
363:congés payés
362:
355:minimum wage
346:, including
343:
335:
331:
320:Croix-de-Feu
317:
310:Croix-de-Feu
275:Croix-de-Feu
259:
247:
245:
143:
137:
123:Headquarters
107:Croix-de-Feu
2992:Baton Rouge
2399:Bonapartist
2379:René Rémond
2320:within the
2271:sinistrisme
2213:RĂ©seau Klan
2172:Free French
2051:by-election
1971:Le Flambeau
1963: [
1940: [
1929: [
1926:Noël Ottavi
1922:Jean Mermoz
1913:(SFIO) and
1805:Sinistrisme
1798:Remigration
1356:de Vaublanc
1326:de Polignac
1234:Cathelineau
1218:Politicians
895:de Jouvenel
890:Houellebecq
885:de Gobineau
715:Monarchiens
632:Imperialism
601:Meritocracy
528:Bonapartism
502:Integralism
351:corporatism
324:World War I
267:nationalist
179:Corporatism
150:Membership
144:Le Flambeau
3115:Categories
2534:References
2463:Nazi Party
2439:Boulangism
2377:, notably
2363:See also:
2302:See also:
2268:(RGR, see
2140:After the
2102:Thus, the
1449:Feuillants
1422:ReconquĂŞte
1361:de Villèle
1336:Retailleau
1202:Submission
1017:Literature
980:de Rivarol
960:Peyrefitte
955:d'Ornellas
930:de Maistre
840:Brunetière
810:de Benoist
663:Patriotism
637:Monarchism
566:Principles
533:Legitimism
460:Ideologies
292:after the
286:right-wing
199:Right-wing
95:1940-07-10
77:1936-01-10
3006:Cambridge
2668:La Rocque
2276:June 1946
1915:Communist
1911:Socialist
1720:(Defunct)
1695:Le Figaro
1254:de Gaulle
1229:de Bonald
1114:The Crowd
950:d'Orcival
825:de Bonald
795:Bainville
745:Muscadins
720:Feuillant
589:Dirigisme
554:Sarkozysm
547:Orléanism
236:Elections
203:far-right
134:Newspaper
85:Dissolved
60:President
3100:Berkeley
3021:Montreal
2816:Archived
2469:See also
2441:and the
2345:Gaullism
2336:(UDSR).
2304:Gaullism
2294:(CNIP).
2237:Pyrenees
2192:and the
2048:Normandy
1709:Le Point
1681:La Croix
1660:Éléments
1627:Hussards
1331:Pompidou
1316:Poincaré
1306:PĂ©cresse
1296:Maréchal
1291:MacMahon
1054:The Pope
1000:Veuillot
915:Lemaître
910:Lefebvre
835:Bruckner
658:Nativism
523:Royalism
487:Gaullism
471:Integral
433:a series
383:Republic
290:Gaullism
262:) was a
183:Populism
162:Ideology
3106:, 1995.
3074:, 1996.
3059:, 1988.
3027:, 2007.
2575:(1934).
2416:frisson
2371:fascism
2225:Austria
2217:Gestapo
1716:Présent
1606:Civitas
1580:Defunct
1443:Defunct
1378:Parties
1366:Zemmour
1351:Schuman
1346:Sarkozy
1321:Poisson
1301:Messmer
1286:Malraux
1281:Maurras
1224:Bellamy
970:Raspail
945:Maurras
925:Madiran
920:Le Play
875:Dumézil
830:Boutang
805:Barruel
700:History
596:Elitism
280:by the
209:Colours
156:350,000
93: (
75: (
70:Founded
3072:Fayard
2457:, and
2190:Milice
2188:, the
2108:Senate
1958:, and
1726:Minute
1515:Active
1382:Active
1311:PĂ©tain
1244:Ciotti
1206:(2015)
1196:(2014)
1186:(2006)
1176:(1983)
1166:(1973)
1156:(1972)
1146:(1945)
1136:(1905)
1128:(1900)
1118:(1895)
1108:(1882)
1098:(1864)
1088:(1855)
1078:(1835)
1068:(1821)
1058:(1819)
1048:(1802)
1038:(1797)
1028:(1796)
940:Massis
905:Le Bon
880:Guénon
865:Freund
855:Daudet
845:Carrel
800:Barrès
667:
395:Soviet
389:(both
322:, the
278:league
264:French
252:French
213:
152:(1940)
39:French
3086:Paris
3068:Paris
3053:Paris
2979:Paris
1967:]
1944:]
1933:]
1654:CNews
1648:Media
1259:Juppé
1005:Ye'or
990:Taine
985:Rueff
975:Renan
935:Morel
216:Black
128:Paris
2389:and
2306:and
2288:1956
2286:and
2284:1951
2180:Nazi
2126:The
2003:1936
1984:The
1973:and
1924:and
1905:and
965:Pujo
860:Faye
820:Bloy
393:and
391:Nazi
357:and
312:and
246:The
3010:CUP
2813:(1)
2445:of
2170:'s
2001:in
365:),
260:PSF
201:to
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2641:^
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1965:fr
1954:,
1950:,
1946:,
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