Pastoral - Knowledge

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talks about pastoral lyrics and love poems in particular. He says "a lyric allows its speaker to slip in and out of pastoral guise and reveal directly the sophistication which prompted him to assume it in the first place″. In other words, he claims pastorals lyrics have both pastoral and not pastoral characteristics, perhaps like in the comparisons between urban and rural, but they always give importance to and enhance on the pastoral. Alpers talks about love poems and how they can be turned into pastoral poems simply by changing words like lover to shepherd. And he mentions Shakespeare as one of the authors who did this in his works. Furthermore, Alpers says the pastoral is not only about praise for the rural and the country side. For instance, Sidney dispraises the country life in

2113: 375: 364: 902:" was written when Marvell was working as a tutor for Lord Fairfax's daughter Mary, in 1651. The poem is very rich with metaphors that relate to religion, politics and history. Similar to Jonson's "To Penshurst", Marvell's poem is describing a pastoral estate. It moves through the house itself, its history, the gardens, the meadows and other grounds, the woods, the river, his Pupil Mary, and the future. Marvell used nature as a thread to weave together a poem centered around man. We once again see nature fully providing for man. Marvell also continuously compares nature to art and seems to point out that art can never accomplish on purpose what nature can achieve accidentally or spontaneously. 2407:

representations of the past. As a result, when society evolves and looks back to these representations, it considers its own present as the decline of the simple life of the past. He then discusses how the city's relationship with the country affected the economic and social aspects of the countryside. As the economy became a bigger part of society, many country newcomers quickly realized the potential and monetary value that lay in the untouched land. Furthermore, this new system encouraged a social stratification in the countryside. With the implementation of paper money came a hierarchy in the working system, as well as the "inheritance of titles and making of family names".

1445: 906: 2466:, describes the recurring plot of pastoral literature as the lives of shepherds. With William Empson's notion of placing the complex into the simple, Alpers thus critically defines pastoral as a means of allegory. Alpers also classifies pastoral as a mode of literature, as opposed to a genre, and he defines the attitude of pastoral works maintaining a humble relationship with nature. Alpers also defines pastoral convention as the act of bringing together, and authors use this to discuss loss. He says the speakers in pastoral works are simple herdsmen dramatized in pastoral encounters. 269: 550:"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" exhibits the concept of Gifford's second definition of 'pastoral'. The speaker of the poem, who is the titled shepherd, draws on the idealization of urban material pleasures to win over his love rather than resorting to the simplified pleasures of pastoral ideology. This can be seen in the listed items: "lined slippers", "purest gold", "silver dishes", and "ivory table" (lines 13, 15, 16, 21, 23). The speaker takes on a voyeuristic point of view with his love, and they are not directly interacting with the other true shepherds and nature. 2435:

describing it as "one of the fundamental laws of literary history" because it "gives literary history a meaning in terms of itself, and provides the channels of literary tradition". Kermode goes on to explain about the works of Virgil and Theocritus as progenitors of the pastoral. Later poets would draw on these earlier forms of pastoral, elaborating on them to fit their own social context. As the pastoral was becoming more modern, it shifted into the form of Pastourelle. This is the first time that the pastoral really deals with the subject of love.

1580: 611: 2174: 2063: 411: 992:. During this time period Ambrose Philips, who is often overlooked because of Pope, modeled his poetry after the native English form of Pastoral, employing it as a medium to express the true nature and longing of Man. He strove to write in this fashion to conform to what he thought was the original intent of Pastoral literature. As such, he centered his themes around the simplistic life of the Shepherd, and, personified the relationship that humans once had with nature. 193: 2092: 1016:, in which he employs the pastoral mode to accentuate the charm, lushness, and splendor of the poem's (super)natural world. Spenser alludes to the pastoral continuously throughout the work and also uses it to create allegory in his poem, with the characters as well as with the environment, both of which are meant to have symbolic meaning in the real world. It is of six 'books' only, though Spenser intended to write twelve. He wrote the poem primarily to honor 686:. Virgil introduces two very important uses of pastoral, the contrast between urban and rural lifestyles and political allegory most notably in Eclogues 1 and 4 respectively. In doing so, Virgil presents a more idealized portrayal of the lives of shepherds while still employing the traditional pastoral conventions of Theocritus. He was the first to set his poems in Arcadia, an idealized location to which much later pastoral literature will refer. 91: 2494:

nature around them becomes endangered. Another argument presented in the book is that our current environmental crisis clearly has its roots in the Renaissance. To do this we are shown examples in Renaissance pastoral poetry that show a keen awareness of the urban sprawl of London contrasted to the countryside and historical records showing that many at the time were aware of the issue of urban growth and attempted to stop it.

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variations of the understanding of Virgil's Eclogues. Patterson explains that Servius' Commentary is essential to understanding the reception of Virgil's Eclogues. The commentary discusses how poets used analogy in their writings to indirectly express the corruption within the church and government to the public. When speaking of post-Romanticism, it is imperative to take into consideration the influence and effect of

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examples depending on the reader. Also, the pastoral novel differs from Theocritus and Virgil's works. He says there are pastoral novels of the country life, of the longing for the simple, and with nature as the protagonist. And says the literary category of pastoral novels is realistic and post-realistic fiction with a rural theme or subject based on traditional pastoral.

1121:, constructing him as a character the audience can easily identify with and perhaps even like. Milton creates Satan as character meant to destabilize the audience’s understanding of themselves and the world around them. Through this mode, Milton is able to create a working dialogue between the text and his audience about the ‘truths’ they hold for themselves. 894:, was also a country house poem. Philips focuses on the joys of the countryside and looks upon the lifestyle that accompanies it as being "the first and happiest life, when man enjoyed himself." She writes about maintaining this lifestyle by living detached from material things, and by not over-concerning herself with the world around her. 1655:

tradition. Gifford states that the post-pastoral is "best used to describe works that successfully suggest a collapse of the human/nature divide whilst being aware of the problematics involved", noting that it is "more about connection than the disconnections essential to the pastoral". He gives examples of post-pastoral works, including

1113:, one of the few Pastoral epics ever written. A notable part of Paradise Lost is book IV where he chronicles Satan's trespass into paradise. Milton's iconic descriptions of the garden are shadowed by the fact that we see it from Satan's perspective and are thus led to commiserate with him. Milton elegantly works through a presentation of 3185: 2481:

Alpers says that pastoral narration contradicts “normal” narrative motives and that there is a double aspect of pastoral narration: heroic poetry and worldly realities with narrative motives and conventions. And in respect to pastoral novels, Alpers says pastoral novels have different definitions and

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Kermode elaborates on this and says, "the cultivated, in their artificial way, reflect upon and describe, for their own ends, the natural life". Kermode wants us to understand that the recreation or reproduction of the natural is in itself artificial. Kermode elaborates on this in terms of imitation,

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discusses the pastoral within the historical context of the English Renaissance. His first condition of pastoral poetry is that it is an urban product. Kermode establishes that the pastoral is derived as an opposition between two modes of living, in the country and in the city. London was becoming a

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Pastoral science fiction stories typically show a reverence for the land, its life-giving food harvests, the cycle of the seasons, and the role of the community. While fertile agrarian environments on Earth or Earth-like planets are common settings, some works may be set in ocean or desert planets or

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spoke of the ideal of Pastoral as being embedded in varying degrees of ambivalence, and yet, for all the apparent dichotomies, and contradicting elements found within it, he felt there was a unified harmony within it. He refers to the pastoral process as 'putting the complex into the simple.' Empson

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Roman camei. 1. Bacchanalian group, reclining upon a lion's hide, spread under the shade of a fig-tree. A youthful Faun is sounding the double pipes; a Nymph, holding a goblet in her left hand, pours out a libation to the god from a patera; a drowsy Cupid in the background expresses the protraction

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than critics like Paul Alpers and Annabel Patterson give it credit for. He explains that even though there is a general lack of lavish description in Renaissance pastoral, this is because they were beginning to use gestural strategies, and artists begin to develop an environmental consciousness as

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However, authors like Herrick changed the herdsmen to nymphs, maidens, and flowers. Thus, achieving a mode of simplicity but also giving objects voice. This is done by personifying objects like flowers. Moreover, authors that do this in their works are giving importance to the unimportant. Alpers

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proposed the concept of a "post-pastoral" subgenre. By appending the prefix "post-", Gifford does not intend this to refer to “after” but rather to the sense of “reaching beyond” the contraints of the pastoral genre, but while continuing the core conceptual elements that have defined the pastoral

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metaphorically depict the importance of the coexistence of realism and idealism, or urban and rural life. While Orlando is absorbed in the ideal, Rosalind serves as a mediator, bringing Orlando back down to reality and embracing the simplicity of pastoral love. She is the only character throughout

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can be seen as a place of pastoral idealization, where life is simpler and purer, and its inhabitants live more closely to each other, nature and God than their urban counterparts. However, Shakespeare plays with the bounds of pastoral idealization. Throughout the play, Shakespeare employs various

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emphasizes many important ideas in her work, Pastoral and Ideology. One of these is that the pastoral mode, especially in the later 18th century, was interpreted in vastly different ways by different groups of people. As a result, distinctive illustrations emerged from these groups which were all

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argues that the foundation of the pastoral lies in the idea that the city is a highly urban, industrialized center that has removed us from the peaceful life we once had in the countryside. However, he states that this is really a "myth functioning as a memory" that literature has created in its

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was also written in the 17th century. In this pastoral work, he paints the reader a colorful picture of the benefits reaped from hard work. This is an atypical interpretation of the pastoral, given that there is a celebration of labor involved as opposed to central figures living in leisure and

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a poem in which he addresses the estate owned by the Sidney family and tells of its beauty. The basis of the poem is a harmonious and joyous elation of the memories that Jonson had at the manor. It is beautifully written with iambic pentameter, a style that Jonson eloquently uses to describe the

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was concerned with how death reconciled itself with the pastoral, and thus came up with a loose categorization of death in the pastoral as 'funeral elegy', the most important tropes of which he cites as religion (embodied by Pan); friendship; allegory;and poetic and musical calling. He concedes

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by embracing and explaining the true course of nature and its incompatibility with the love that the Shepherd yearns for with the nymph. Terry Gifford defined the anti-pastoral in his 2012 essay "Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral and Post-Pastoral as Reading Strategies" as an often explicit correction of

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of literature in which the author employs various techniques to place the complex life into a simple one. Paul Alpers distinguishes pastoral as a mode rather than a genre, and he bases this distinction on the recurring attitude of power; that is to say that pastoral literature holds a humble

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was one of the first Pastoral theorists. He did not see the form as merely a recording of a prior rustic way of life but a guise for political discourse, which other forms had previously neglected. The Pastoral, he writes, has a didactic duty to “contain and enforme morall discipline for the

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Gifford states that British eco-critics such as Greg Garrard have used the "post-pastoral" concept, as well as two other variants: "gay pastoral", the seemingly contradictory "urban pastoral" and "radical pastoral". Gifford lists further examples of pastoral variants, which he calls

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argues that "... good proletarian art is usually Covert Pastoral", and uses Soviet Russia's propaganda about the working class as evidence. Empson also emphasizes the importance of the double plot as a tool for writers to discuss a controversial topic without repercussions.

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with the description of ages (golden, silver, bronze, iron, and human) but with more ages to discuss and less emphasis on the gods and their punishments. In this artificially constructed world, nature acts as the main punisher. Another example of this perfect relationship between

2291:, representatives of luxurious urban élites. Thus New Testament imagery of shepherds and their sheep builds on established cultural and economic distinctions familiar, directly or indirectly, to the Jewish world at the time of the origins of Christianity in the first century CE. 1117:’s pastorally idyllic, eternally fertile living conditions and focuses upon their stewardship of the garden. He gives much focus to the fruit bearing trees and Adam and Eve's care of them, sculpting an image of pastoral harmony. However, Milton in turn continually comes back to 3546: 2450:

is a critique of war and also a suggestion that pastoral, as a literary mode, should not place emphasis on social and political issues, but should rather, as Patterson says, "turn in upon itself, and replace reformist instincts with personal growth and regeneration".

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Italian writers invented a new genre, the pastoral romance, which mixed pastoral poems with a fictional narrative in prose. Although there was no classical precedent for the form, it drew some inspiration from ancient Greek novels set in the countryside, such as

3182: 2298:, often called simply a pastoral, is an open letter addressed by a bishop to the clergy or laity of a diocese or to both, containing general admonition, instruction or consolation, or directions for behavior in particular circumstances. In most 406:

with the phrase "No shepherd, no pastoral." The second type of the pastoral is literature that "describes the country with an implicit or explicit contrast to the urban". The third type of pastoral depicts the country life with derogative

1908:, avoiding his usual musical dynamism in favour of relatively slow rhythms. More concerned with psychology than description, he labelled the work "more the expression of feeling than painting". The pastoral also appeared as a feature of 577:

by the poets. The tasks of their employment with sheep and other rustic chores is held in the fantasy to be almost wholly undemanding and is left in the background, leaving the shepherdesses and their swains in a state of almost perfect

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McNamara, K., & Gray, T. (2014). Some Versions of Urban Pastoral. In K. McNamara (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the City in Literature (Cambridge Companions to Literature, pp. 245–260). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

826:'s “The Twenty-Third Psalm” and “The Nightingale”, focus on the world in a very anti-pastoral view. In “The Twenty-Third Psalm,” Nature is portrayed as something we need to be protected from, and in “The Nightingale,” the woe of 851:

pastoral, emphasizing "realism" over romance, highlighting problematic elements (showing tensions, disorder and inequalities), challenging literary constructs as false distortions and demythologizing mythical locations such as

698:, ii Country Joys has "the dreaming man" Alfius, who dreams of escaping his busy urban life for the peaceful country. But as "the dreaming man" indicates, this is just a dream for Alfius. He is too consumed in his career as a 1571:

the play who embraces and appreciates both the real and idealized life and manages to make the two ideas coexist. Therefore, Shakespeare explores city and country life as being appreciated through the coexistence of the two.

951:" (1637), written on the death of Edward King, a fellow student at Cambridge University. Milton used the form both to explore his vocation as a writer and to attack what he saw as the abuses of the Church. Also included is 446:, ancient Greeks had sentiments of an ideal pastoral life that they had already lost. This is the first example of literature that has pastoral sentiments and may have begun the pastoral tradition. Ovid's 805:

and a discussion of the role of poetry in contemporary England. Spenser and his friends appear under various pseudonyms (Spenser himself is "Colin Clout"). Spenser's example was imitated by such poets as

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Idealised pastoral landscapes appear in Hellenistic and Roman wall paintings. Interest in the pastoral as a subject for art revived in Renaissance Italy, partly inspired by the descriptions of pictures

1975:, as they encompass many of the same melodic phrases. The pastorale on the zampogna can be played by a solo zampogna player, or in some regions can be accompanied by the piffero (also commonly called a 402:. The first way emphasizes the historical literary perspective of the pastoral in which authors recognize and discuss life in the country and in particular the life of a shepherd. This is summed up by 561:

or Philomela, reflecting the origin of the pastoral genre. Pastoral poems are set in beautiful rural landscapes, the literary term for which is "locus amoenus" (Latin for "beautiful place"), such as

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describes a man who splits his time between a gritty Brooklyn apartment, where the night is filled with the sounds of pigeons, starlings, and youth gangs shouting, and driving to rural Quebec to

1912:, most particularly in Meyerbeer's operas: often composers would develop a pastoral-themed "oasis", usually in the centre of their work. Notable examples include the shepherd's "alte Weise" from 883:

culture of Penshurst. It includes Pan and Bacchus as notable company of the manor. Pan, Greek god of the Pastoral world, half man and half goat, was connected with both hunting and shepherds;

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was the god of wine, intoxication and ritual madness. This reference to Pan and Bacchus in a pastoral view demonstrates how prestigious Penshurst was, to be worthy in the company with gods.

2232:), which is used as a noun as in "shepherd", and as a verb as in "to tend a flock." It occurs 173 times in 144 Old Testament verses and relates to the literal feeding of sheep, as in 2972:

Gifford, T. and Slovic, S. (Ed.) (2012) “Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral and Post-Pastoral as Reading Strategies”, Critical Insights: Nature and Environment, pp. 42–61, Ipswich: Salam Press.

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for "shall feed them"), "And I will set up shepherds over them which shall feed them: and they shall fear no more, nor be dismayed, neither shall they be lacking, saith the LORD." (

1849:. At the same time, Italian and German composers developed a genre of vocal and instrumental pastorals, distinguished by certain stylistic features, associated with Christmas Eve. 2414:

though that such a categorization is open to much misinterpretation. As well, Poggioli focused on the idea that Pastoral was a nostalgic and childish way of seeing the world. In

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left the people with a sense of nostalgia for their country way of living. His next argument focuses on the artificiality of poetry, drawing upon fellow theorist, Puttenham.

2112: 769:" depicts the pastoral scene of a shepherd watching his flock with a shepherd's crook. This image represents copy B, printed and painted in 1789 and currently held by the 488:

and depicted in a highly unrealistic manner. The pastoral life is usually characterized as being closer to the golden age than the rest of human life. The setting is a

3207:""THE LITERARY STUDY OF THE BIBLE AN ACCOUNT OF THE LEADING FORMS OF LITERATURE REPRESENTED IN THE SACRED WRITINGS INTENDED FOR ENGLISH READERS" By RICHARD G. MOULTON" 384:

of the festivities. 2. The same subject as the first; but here the Faun is singing, the Nymph beats time with her hands, whilst Pan supplies the music with his syrinx.

2983: 1761:, Italian poets and composers became increasingly drawn to the pastoral. Musical settings of pastoral poetry became increasingly common in first polyphonic and then 1701:

feminist pastoral, black pastoral, ghetto pastoral, frontier pastoral, militarized pastoral, domestic pastoral and, most recently, a specifically ‘Irish pastoral'".

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perspective toward nature. Thus, pastoral as a mode occurs in many types of literature (poetry, drama, etc.) as well as genres (most notably the pastoral elegy).

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and suspicious of change. The simple, peaceful rural life is often contrasted with the negative aspects of noisy, dirty, fast-paced cities. Some works take a

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planet or moon. Unlike most genres of science fiction, pastoral science fiction works downplay the role of futuristic technologies. In the 1950s and 1960s,

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where the poet lived) and involve dialogues between herdsmen. Theocritus may have drawn on authentic folk traditions of Sicilian shepherds. He wrote in the

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The formal English pastoral continued to flourish during the 18th century, eventually dying out at the end. One notable example of an 18th-century work is

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In this work Pope sets standards for pastoral literature and critiques many popular poets, one of whom is Spenser, along with his contemporary opponent

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habitable moons. The rural dwellers, such as farmers and small-townspeople, are depicted sympathetically, albeit with the tendency to portray them as

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fantasies. The shepherds spend their time chasing pretty girls – or, at least in the Greek and Roman versions, pretty boys as well. The eroticism of

936:. This acknowledgment of Herrick's work is appropriate, as both Williams and Herrick accentuate the importance of labor in the pastoral lifestyle. 2416: 1431: 1938: 203: 797:, first published in 1579. Spenser's work consists of twelve eclogues, one for each month of the year, and is written in dialect. It contains 2395:

linked the Pastoral to childhood and a childlike simplicity. For Schiller, we perceive in nature an “image of our infancy irrevocably past”.

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The pastoral, and parodies of the pastoral, continued to play an important role in musical history throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.

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in 1611, in which a woman is described in terms of her relationship to her estate and how it mourns for her when she leaves it. In 1616,

665:. This blend of simplicity and sophistication would play a major part in later pastoral verse. Theocritus was imitated by the Greek poets 1356: 3465: 1387: 1746:

were performed as sung mime in the 1st century, and there is evidence of the pastoral song as a legitimate genre of classical times.

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Pastoral drama also emerged in Renaissance Italy. Again, there was little Classical precedent, with the possible exception of Greek

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because they are addressed to individuals with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living, doctrine and

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settings, like other forms of pastoral literature. Since it is a subgenre of science fiction, authors may set stories either on

1095: 2993: 2952: 1241: 832: 2548: 1288: 1685:(1999), and he points out that these works "raise questions of ethics, sustenance and sustainability that might exemplify 1424: 1360: 837: 2574: 1816:. Pastoral opera remained popular throughout the 17th-century, and not just in Italy, as is shown by the French genre of 846: 521: 1324: 1200: 3157: 1402: 1073:

Another subgenre is the Edenic Pastoral, which alludes to the perfect relationship between God, man, and nature in the

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is perhaps the most famous painting in this style. Later, French artists were also attracted to the pastoral, notably

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In the past four hundred years, a range of writers have worked on theorizing the nature of pastoral. These include

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Traditionally, pastoral refers to the lives of herdsmen in a romanticized, exaggerated, but representative way. In

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published in 1805, was an excellent example of what a dream of a new golden age might materialize as or look like.

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church bodies, clerics are often required to read out pastoral letters of superior bishops to their congregations.

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is a subgenre that uses pastoral elements to lament a death or loss. The most famous pastoral elegy in English is

1417: 374: 822:). During this period of England's history, many authors explored "anti-pastoral" themes. Two examples of this, 134: 3425: 2669: 2255:

A pastoral economic system had great cultural significance for the Jewish people from earliest recorded times:

1054: 827: 363: 112: 17: 3073:. Vol. 35, No. 3, Green Romanticism (Fall, 1996), pp. 449–465 (17 pages). The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1397: 1392: 1377: 1932:. The 20th-century continued to bring new pastoral interpretations, particularly in ballet, such as Ravel's 1251: 724:

Italian poets revived the pastoral from the 14th century onwards, first in Latin (examples include works by

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personified, who is the child of love and revelry. It was originally composed to be a companion poem to,

1032:(1782). Pastoral nevertheless survived as a mood rather than a genre, as can be seen from such works as 905: 2586: 2560: 2420:, he claims that the shepherd was looked up to was because they were “an ideal kind of leisure class." 2299: 1681: 1607: 1505: 1382: 1215: 515:

which also contains the conflicted emotions often present in the genre. A more tranquil mood is set by

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can be read as a Pastoral poet for his nostalgic portrayals of rural Scotland and simple farm life in

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also comments on the anti-pastoral as the nymph responds realistically to the idealizing shepherd of

123: 108: 63: 31: 1344: 1144:(1504). The vogue for the pastoral romance spread throughout Europe producing such notable works as 3571: 2317: 1841: 1591: 1567: 1153: 793: 710: 562: 219: 2192: 398:

Terry Gifford, a prominent literary theorist, defines pastoral in three ways in his critical book

2829:"Pastoral Paratexts: The Political and the Lyrical in Garcilaso de la Vega and Pierre de Ronsard" 1818: 476:, the adjective 'pastoral' refers to rural subjects and aspects of life in the countryside among 101: 765:

artist, illustrator and poet William Blake's hand painted print illustrating his pastoral poem "

3586: 2860: 2828: 2056:, and the second of these paintings (shown on the right) depicts the perfect pastoral setting. 1619: 1452: 1334: 1319: 1233: 1210: 2661: 3581: 2947:, Cambridge Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–30, 2918: 1948: 1858: 1676: 1671: 1167: 920: 815: 2653: 3126: 1546: 1489: 766: 741: 287:

genre of literature, art, or music depicts an idealised form of the shepherd's lifestyle –

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were highly popular: the texts of over 500 madrigals were taken from this one play alone.

8: 2530: 2341: 2043: 1878: 1831: 1149: 1063: 899: 770: 718: 558: 516: 3459: 1349: 3514: 2895: 2856: 2809: 2801: 2789: 2452: 2396: 2392: 2361: 2260: 2249: 1964: 1918: 1776:, in which pastoral themes remained on a consistent basis. Partial musical settings of 1579: 1339: 1260: 1041: 863: 841: 733: 658: 38: 3505: 3256: 787:, which were heavily influenced by Mantuan. A landmark in English pastoral poetry was 148: 3487: 3153: 3018: 2989: 2948: 2915:"Songs of Innocence, copy B, object 4 (Bentley 5, Erdman 5, Keynes 5) 'The Shepherd'" 2887: 2848: 2813: 2793: 2710: 2689: 2665: 2654: 2509: 2438: 2306: 1905: 1742:, or pan flute, which is considered a quintessentially pastoral instrument. Virgil's 1635: 1481: 1159: 1145: 1132: 1017: 1012: 891: 823: 784: 709:

poets who wrote pastoral poetry, modeled principally upon Virgil's Eclogues, include

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is evident in the encounter of a shepherd and a goatherd who meet in the pastures in

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modern metropolis before the eyes of its citizens. The result of this large-scale

748: 211: 3554:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Helen Cooper, Laurence Lerner & Julie Sanders ( 3189: 3088: 3057: 2596: 2570: 2410: 2381: 2295: 2283:, a righteous shepherd-boy associated with the arid hill-country, contrasts with 2233: 2219: 2118: 2097: 1689:

vision of the pastoral needing to find new forms in the face of new conditions".

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presents a 'golden age' when people lived together in harmony with nature. This

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are set in the countryside (probably reflecting the landscape of the island of

574: 554: 497: 458: 434: 327: 3486:, 1992, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Studies in the History of Art 36, 2489:, Ken Hiltner argues that Renaissance pastoral poetry is more often a form of 2340:. They are generally discussed as a group (sometimes with the addition of the 2187:

Pastoral imagery and symbolism feature heavily in Christianity and the Bible.

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A gouache painting depicting an imaginary scene on a watery moon of a ringed

1283: 1109: 1001: 867: 491: 448: 410: 304: 215: 69: 3551: 598:("The shepherd Corydon burned with passion for pretty Alexis"), is entirely 500:. An example of the use of the genre is the short poem by the 15th-century 3454: 2610: 2443: 2428: 2215: 1639: 1627: 1611: 1537: 1300: 1114: 1089: 1079: 1045: 706: 272: 2985:

A Library of the World's Best Literature – Ancient and Modern – Vol. XLIII

2474:. Pastoral can also include the urban, the court, and the social like in 1971:

continues to thrive. They generally sound like a slowed down version of a

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nature just taking its course independently. This poem was mentioned in

762: 662: 654: 638: 496:, or a beautiful place in nature, sometimes connected with images of the 485: 2899: 2875: 2805: 2773: 2349: 1976: 1972: 1943: 1883: 1812: 1807: 1758: 1694: 1599: 1513: 1459: 1067: 875: 856: 714: 642: 599: 473: 462: 439: 2912: 2068: 2015: 1960: 1901: 1836: 1796:

developed, the dramatic pastoral came to the fore with such works as

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The pastoral genre was a significant influence in the development of

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addressed the artificiality of the fast-paced city life in his poems

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La Castità Conquistata: The Function of the Satyr in Pastoral Drama

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What Else is Pastoral?: Renaissance Literature and the Environment.

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encountered in the "fleshpots of Egypt" (Exodus 16:3), in the lush

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The Oaten Flute: Essays on Pastoral Poetry and the Pastoral Ideal.

976:, while utilizing classical names and allusions aligning him with 744:). The fashion for pastoral spread throughout Renaissance Europe. 3249:"pastor | Definition of pastor in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 2520: 2284: 2276: 2256: 2035: 2027: 1769: 1762: 1698: 1631: 1004:, who attempted to give a true picture of rural life in his poem 948: 884: 758: 729: 670: 591: 583: 579: 300: 2774:"Re-opening the Green Gabinet: Glément Marot and Edmund Spenser" 2660:. The New Critical Idiom. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 1708:

had a chapter on the urban pastoral subgenre. Charles Siebert's

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pastoral,...hard pastoral, soft pastoral, Buell’s revolutionary

1093:, which celebrates a life of melancholy and solitude. Milton's, 836:, which is filled with pastoral descriptions of the landscape. " 3458: 2272: 2264: 2203: 2182: 2127: 2082: 2072: 2019: 2011: 1980: 1913: 1897: 1893: 1863: 1476: 1083:, which translates as the happy person. It is a celebration of 1010:

In 1590, Edmund Spenser also composed the famous pastoral epic

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lowlands "flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), or in

1984: 1550:, of which Act 4 Scene 4 is a lengthy pastoral digression. 1504:(1579) brought the Italian-style pastoral play to England. 661:

associated with the most prestigious form of Greek poetry,

288: 2634:(2nd ed.). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 215. 3114:

English Pastoral Music: From Arcadia to Utopia, 1900–1955

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The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Environment

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The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Environment

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is compared to the speaker's own pain. Sidney also wrote

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English Pastoral Poetry: From the Beginnings to Marvell.

1967:

still played in the regions of Southern Italy where the

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adapted pastoral into Latin with his highly influential

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Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.).

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was a highly respected poet in the 1800s and his poem,

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herded flocks. Throughout the biblical accounts of the

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include strophic songs and musical laments, and, as in

1618:

wrote stories about rural people who have contact with

1136:. The most influential Italian example of the form was 3312: 3310: 1900:

was an outstanding exponent of French pastoral opera.

1058:. Burns explicitly addresses the Pastoral form in his 582:. This makes them available for embodying perpetual 2384:, Annabel Patterson, Paul Alpers, and Ken Hiltner. 633:

Pastoral literature continued after Hesiod with the

3307: 1716:in an abandoned, tumbledown cabin in rural Quebec. 115:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1862:, but also wrote an entirely sincere libretto for 3542:, by Meredith Kennedy Ray (University of Chicago) 3469:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 896–898. 1922:, or the pastoral ballet occupying the middle of 1706:The Cambridge Companion to the City in Literature 1530:'s plays contain pastoral elements, most notably 1040:(1867), a lament on the death of his fellow poet 353: 3563: 1646:Post-pastoral, urban pastoral and other variants 755:, once called the "prince of poets" in his day. 3476:The Potency of Pastoral in the Hispanic Baroque 2939:Gifford, Terry (2013), Westling, Louise (ed.), 890:"A Country Life", another 17th-century work by 27:Genre relating to shepherds and the countryside 3386:Pastoral and ideology : Virgil to Valéry. 2826: 1099:(1629) blends Christian and pastoral imagery. 3011:"Clifford D Simak: sci-fi in the countryside" 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 1983:), which is a primitive key-less double reed 1425: 912:, c. 1805. Two-handled cup with cover, so a 200:The examples and perspective in this article 2941:"Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral, and Post-Pastoral" 2744:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature 2223: 2202:Many Christian denominations use the title " 1642:and over-reliance on advanced technologies. 955:'s, "Elegy In a Country Churchyard" (1750). 553:Pastoral shepherds and maidens usually have 1753:. After settings of pastoral poetry in the 1574: 489: 299:and the changing availability of water and 78:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 2638: 1432: 1418: 1107:Milton is perhaps best known for his epic 1000:and attacked for their lack of realism by 3547:'The Pastoral Concert' at the Louvre site 2771: 2709:. Suffolk: Camden House. pp. 81–82. 256:Learn how and when to remove this message 238:Learn how and when to remove this message 175:Learn how and when to remove this message 3473: 3008: 2172: 1892:was set over 30 times, most famously by 1578: 1443: 904: 777:The first pastorals in English were the 757: 609: 541:And see the shepherds feed their flocks, 409: 267: 3183:From the Louvre Museum Official Website 3131:Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work 3035: 2938: 2704: 2651: 2279:, the "great city" of Israelite exile. 1062:. In this he champions his fellow Scot 534:That hills and valleys, dale and field, 303:. The target audience is typically an 14: 3564: 2981: 2975: 2876:"Pierre De Ronsard, 'Prince of Poets'" 2177:Christ depicted as the "Good Shepherd" 1650:In 1994, British literature professor 1148:"Menina e Moça" (1554) in Portuguese, 747:Leading French pastoral poets include 596:Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin 484:and other farm workers that are often 3453: 2873: 2592:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon 2328:. They are presented as letters from 2191:calls himself the "Good Shepherd" in 3432:. Translated by William F. Wertz, Jr 3423: 3142:General reference for this section: 2629: 2267:, in contrast to the corruption and 1634:tone, criticizing mechanization and 1124: 702:to leave it behind for the country. 186: 113:adding citations to reliable sources 84: 43: 3069:Garrard, Greg. "Radical Pastoral?" 2224: 1856:may have satirized the pastoral in 1278: 1096:On the Morning of Christ's Nativity 968:(1709). In this work Pope imitates 847:The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 573:, which was portrayed as a sort of 536:And all the craggy mountains yield. 532:And we will all the pleasures prove 522:The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 24: 3447: 3196:(meaning "Picnic") in older works. 3060:. Cambridge University Press, 2013 2790:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1986.tb00897.x 2608: 2355: 2309:are a group of three books of the 2168: 2163: 751:, a poet of the French court, and 736:) then in the Italian vernacular ( 605: 519:'s well known lines from his 1588 25: 3598: 3497: 3426:"On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry" 2733:trans. Guy Lee (Penguin Classics) 2623: 2050:has a series of paintings titled 1939:Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune 1719: 1587:(painting by Dmytro Ivashchenko). 1201:16th-century Renaissance humanism 1177: 838:The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 543:By shallow rivers, to whose falls 530:Come live with me and be my Love, 59:This article has multiple issues. 2729:Introduction (p. 14) to Virgil: 2446:on pastoral ideology. His poem, 2214:in Latin means "shepherd"). The 2134: 2111: 2090: 2061: 1357:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 1102: 1066:as the best Pastoral poet since 910:Chamberlain's factory, Worcester 545:Melodious birds sing madrigals. 539:There will we sit upon the rocks 373: 362: 191: 89: 48: 3417: 3404: 3391: 3378: 3365: 3352: 3339: 3326: 3302:On Naive and Sentimental Poetry 3294: 3270: 3241: 3216: 3199: 3176: 3163: 3136: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3076: 3063: 3002: 2982:Warner, Charles Dudley (2008). 2966: 2932: 2906: 2867: 2861:10.5699/modelangrevi.110.1.0001 2845:10.5699/modelangrevi.110.1.0001 2820: 2765: 2742:Article on "Bucolic poetry" in 2462:Paul Alpers, in his 1996 book, 1990: 1738:, his shepherds often play the 1622:who hide their alien identity. 1610:or moon, sometimes including a 657:but the metre he chose was the 569:, mythological home of the god 291:livestock around open areas of 100:needs additional citations for 67:or discuss these issues on the 3103:. Crown Publishers, Inc., 1998 2749: 2736: 2723: 2698: 2678: 2630:King, Charles William (1885). 2602: 2542: 2389:amendment of mans behaviour”. 2240:23:4, both meanings are used ( 2195:, contrasting his role as the 1936:, Nijinsky's use of Debussy's 984:was published as a preface to 925:The Hock-cart, or Harvest Home 916:cup type, with pastoral scene. 354:Pastoral literature in general 13: 1: 2536: 1882:draws on pastoral roots, and 1536:(whose plot was derived from 1361:Folklore of the Low Countries 862:In the 17th century came the 348: 3089:10.1017/CCO9781139235617.020 3058:10.1017/CCO9781139342728.003 3009:Jordison, Sam (2009-03-03). 2988:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 456. 2778:English Literary Renaissance 2244:is used for "shepherds" and 2218:(or Old Testament) uses the 1526:are later examples. Some of 982:Discourse on Pastoral Poetry 872:The Description of Cooke-ham 866:. Included in this genre is 812:Idea, The Shepherd's Garland 421:using stipple technique, by 7: 3228:Christ as the Good Shepherd 3171:The Oxford Companion to Art 3101:Wickerby: An Urban Pastoral 2827:O'Donoghue, Samuel (2015). 2772:Patterson, Annabel (1986). 2686:The Medieval Calendar Year, 2616:Online Etymology Dictionary 2497: 1710:Wickerby: An Urban Pastoral 1271:English Renaissance theatre 1055:The Cotter's Saturday Night 442:shows that even before the 322:The genre is also known as 214:, discuss the issue on the 10: 3603: 3334:Some Versions of Pastoral. 3133:, particularly pp. 377 ff. 2833:The Modern Language Review 2762:Retrieved October 14, 2011 2576: 2550: 2344:) and are given the title 2210:metaphor of shepherding. ( 2180: 1723: 1216:16th century in literature 1206:Reformation-era propaganda 337: 331: 36: 29: 3360:The Country and the City. 3253:Oxford Dictionary English 3169:Article on "Pastoral" in 2632:Handbook of Engraved Gems 2322:Second Epistle to Timothy 1792:was also a favourite. As 1778:Giovanni Battista Guarini 1768:: these later led to the 1558:characters to illustrate 717:and the author(s) of the 32:Pastoral (disambiguation) 3388:U of California P, 1987. 3146:and Owen Jander (2001). 2318:First Epistle to Timothy 2206:", a word rooted in the 1638:and showing the ills of 1592:Pastoral science fiction 1575:Pastoral science fiction 1510:The Faithful Shepherdess 934:The Country and the City 794:The Shepheardes Calender 3509:by Theocritus (English) 3474:Holloway, Anne (2017). 3466:Encyclopædia Britannica 3192:It is often called the 2758:Delights of the Country 2705:Richter, Simon (2008). 2652:Gifford, Terry (1999). 2566:A Greek–English Lexicon 1620:extraterrestrial beings 1451:(watercolour, 1905) by 1166:(1590) in England, and 1060:Poem on Pastoral Poetry 3521:The complete works of 3484:The Pastoral Landscape 3478:. Woodbridge: Támesis. 3430:The Schiller Institute 3321:Arte of English Poesie 3152:. Grove Music Online. 3071:Studies in Romanticism 2487:What Else Is Pastoral? 2178: 1904:also wrote his famous 1606:or another habitable 1588: 1455: 1453:John Reinhard Weguelin 1211:16th century in poetry 917: 774: 630: 548: 490: 426: 280: 3482:John Dixon Hunt (ed), 3455:Gosse, Edmund William 3424:Schiller, Friedrich. 3401:U of Chicago P, 1996. 3259:on September 26, 2016 2919:William Blake Archive 2874:Wells, B. W. (1893). 2583:Liddell, Henry George 2557:Liddell, Henry George 2324:(2 Timothy), and the 2181:Further information: 2176: 1949:Le sacre du printemps 1724:Further information: 1672:The Year of the Flood 1582: 1447: 1174:(1607–27) in France. 908: 820:Britannia's Pastorals 761: 613: 527: 413: 271: 3528:Shepheardes Calendar 3300:Friedrich Schiller, 3127:Cuthbert Girdlestone 2684:Bridget Ann Henish, 2147:The Course of Empire 2053:The Course of Empire 1693:"prefix-pastoral": " 1598:which uses bucolic, 1540:'s pastoral romance 974:Shepheardes Calendar 619:Shepherd with Flocks 565:, a rural region of 220:create a new article 212:improve this article 202:may not represent a 109:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 3552:Pastoral Literature 3523:Christopher Marlowe 3384:Annabel Patterson. 3278:"Genesis 1:1 (KJV)" 2531:Piscatorial eclogue 2342:Epistle to Philemon 1929:The Queen of Spades 1879:Le Devin du village 1806:and, most notably, 1562:. His protagonists 900:Upon Appleton House 771:Library of Congress 719:Einsiedeln Eclogues 645:, several of whose 517:Christopher Marlowe 3577:Visual arts genres 3414:Cornell U P, 2011. 3375:Harvard U P, 1975. 3358:Raymond Williams, 3188:2009-06-28 at the 3099:Seibert, Charles. 2880:The Sewanee Review 2453:William Wordsworth 2397:Sir William Empson 2393:Friedrich Schiller 2362:Friedrich Schiller 2261:Children of Israel 2179: 2101:Arcadian Shepherds 1919:Tristan und Isolde 1859:The Beggar's Opera 1819:pastorale héroïque 1589: 1456: 1261:Metaphysical poets 1042:Arthur Hugh Clough 1030:The Winter Nosegay 980:. In 1717, Pope's 918: 864:Country house poem 842:Sir Walter Raleigh 775: 711:Calpurnius Siculus 659:dactylic hexameter 631: 427: 415:The Young Shepherd 311:is a work of this 281: 277:Pastoral Landscape 39:dactylic hexameter 3399:What is Pastoral? 3371:Renato Poggioli, 3362:Oxford U P, 1973. 3282:Blue Letter Bible 3116:(2017), Chapter 2 2995:978-1-60520-251-8 2954:978-1-107-62896-0 2609:Harper, Douglas. 2510:American Pastoral 2464:What is Pastoral? 2439:Annabel Patterson 2307:pastoral epistles 2123:Et in Arcadia ego 2032:Et in Arcadia ego 1987:type instrument. 1965:Italian folk song 1906:Pastoral Symphony 1636:industrialization 1594:is a subgenre of 1547:The Winter's Tale 1482:Isabella Andreini 1442: 1441: 1160:Sir Philip Sidney 1158:(1559) in Spain, 1146:Bernardim Ribeiro 1133:Daphnis and Chloe 1125:Pastoral romances 1013:The Faerie Queene 892:Katherine Philips 824:Sir Philip Sidney 785:Alexander Barclay 753:Pierre de Ronsard 512:Robene and Makyne 452:is much like the 423:Giulio Campagnola 295:according to the 266: 265: 258: 248: 247: 240: 222:, as appropriate. 185: 184: 177: 159: 82: 16:(Redirected from 3594: 3479: 3470: 3462: 3460:"Pastoral" 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3332:William Empson, 3330: 3324: 3317:George Puttenham 3314: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3255:. Archived from 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3180: 3174: 3173:(ed. H. Osborne) 3167: 3161: 3140: 3134: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3048:Gifford, Terry. 3046: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2769: 2763: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2702: 2696: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2659: 2649: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2606: 2600: 2579: 2578: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2404:Raymond Williams 2386:George Puttenham 2378:Raymond Williams 2366:George Puttenham 2330:Paul the Apostle 2326:Epistle to Titus 2320:(1 Timothy) the 2227: 2226: 2138: 2115: 2105:Chatsworth House 2094: 2078:Pastoral Concert 2065: 2007:Pastoral Concert 2000:included in his 1998:Jacopo Sannazaro 1934:Daphis and Chloe 1869:Acis and Galatea 1842:Venus and Adonis 1835:(not to mention 1518:The Sad Shepherd 1434: 1427: 1420: 1350:Bohorič alphabet 1182: 1181: 930:Raymond Williams 495: 407:classifications. 377: 366: 340: 339: 334: 333: 261: 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Poggioli 2358: 2356:Pastoral theory 2296:pastoral letter 2185: 2171: 2169:In Christianity 2166: 2164:Religious usage 2159: 2139: 2130: 2119:Nicolas Poussin 2116: 2107: 2098:Nicolas Poussin 2095: 2086: 2066: 1993: 1979:, 'pipita', or 1845:), and Spanish 1728: 1722: 1667:Margaret Atwood 1657:Cormac McCarthy 1648: 1596:science fiction 1577: 1523:The Lady of May 1438: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1354: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1292: 1275: 1266: 1256: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1196: 1188:-era literature 1180: 1127: 1105: 1018:Queen Elizabeth 990:Ambrose Philips 808:Michael Drayton 676:The Roman poet 627:Vatican Library 608: 606:Pastoral poetry 547: 544: 542: 540: 538: 537: 535: 533: 531: 508:Robert Henryson 444:Alexandrian age 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 379: 378: 369: 368: 367: 356: 351: 262: 251: 250: 249: 244: 233: 227: 224: 209: 196: 192: 181: 170: 164: 161: 118: 116: 106: 94: 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3544: 3536: 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2194: 2190: 2184: 2175: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2126:, 1637-1638, 2125: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1963:is a form of 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1889:Il re pastore 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826:'s music for 1825: 1822:, Englishman 1821: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1757:genre by the 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730:Theocritus's 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1652:Terry Gifford 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1520:and Sidney's 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:John Fletcher 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168:Honoré d'Urfé 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1110:Paradise Lost 1103:Pastoral epic 1100: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1002:George Crabbe 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 966: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 926: 922: 915: 911: 907: 903: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 881: 880:To Penshurst, 877: 873: 869: 868:Emilia Lanier 865: 860: 858: 854: 849: 848: 843: 839: 835: 834: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 800: 796: 795: 790: 786: 783:(c. 1515) of 782: 781: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 696: 691: 687: 685: 684: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:Doric dialect 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 546: 526: 524: 523: 518: 514: 513: 509: 506: 503: 499: 494: 493: 492:locus amoenus 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 455: 451: 450: 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