1313:
1172:
943:
169:), "which may be regarded as differing only in degree from that which Germanic usage attached everywhere to the homestead of a free man"; and (2) "the special protection of the king's attendants and servants, and other persons who he thought fit to place on the same footing." Thus, Maitland and Pollock noted that "breach of the king's peace was an act of personal disobedience, and a much graver matter than an ordinary breach of the public order; it made the wrongdoer the king's enemy" who could be declared an
2560:
2574:
206:
524:, a magistrate has the power to "bind over" a person to keep the peace (i.e., to forfeit a sum of money upon a subsequent breach of the peace), and "refusal to be bound over to keep the peace is an offence in English law, punishable by up to six months' imprisonment." Moreover, the obstruction of an officer engaged in preventing a breach of the peace is a criminal offence.
451:) said, "The concept Queen's Peace as it now is, unbreakably linked with the common law, is arguably the most cherished of all the ideas from our medieval past, still resonating in the modern world." He noted that the police officers take an oath to "cause the peace to be kept and preserved and prevent all offences against people and property."
384:
In traditional common law, a killing of a human was a murder only if the victim was "under the king's peace" (i.e., not an outlaw or an enemy soldier in wartime). This was predicated on the notion that, because the outlaw lived outside the king's peace, the king would not punish offenses against the
313:
had commented that Henry I's cornational declaration of peace was non-specific, but did emphasize "the association of both the ideals and the practical enforcement of good order with firm kingship" as characterized by, among other things, an expansion of royal judicial activity. Hudson writes: "Thus
596:, American law merely adapted the common-law concept of the king's peace to refer to the maintenance of public order, and the concept of "an offense against the king's peace" to refer to an offense against the new sovereign—the people or the state. In the United States, the
612:
has no common-law roots, but in most U.S. jurisdictions this offense "often is indistinguishable from" disturbing the peace. The application of criminal statutes on disturbing the peace and disorderly conduct have been limited by constitutional jurisprudence on the
514:
is not itself a crime. However, "where a breach of the peace has been committed or, alternatively, where such a breach is reasonably believed to be imminent, a police officer, or for that matter a member of the public, has the power at common law to arrest without
64:, was a serious matter. The concept of the king's peace expanded in the 10th and 11th centuries to accord the king's protection to particular times (such as holidays), places (such as highways and churches), and individuals (such as legates). By the time of the
289:
of felony or indictment of trespass (brought on behalf of the king, frequently at the request of the victim). One who breached the king's peace was subject to punishment for both the breach and for the underlying conduct, which could be in the form of a fine,
176:
Over time, the notion of king's peace expanded, particularly in the 10th and 11th centuries. The expansion of the concept coincided with the expansion of the king's household to encompass governmental institutions, including the
68:, the notion of the king's peace became more general, referring to the safeguarding of public order more broadly. In subsequent centuries, those responsible for enforcing the king's peace (besides the king himself) included the
456:
337:
to bestow the king's peace where the king wished until the peace became a nationwide legal reality." Sureties of the peace were replaced in the 13th and 14th centuries, as the institutions of keeper of the peace and then
105:
519:
the individual or individuals who have either committed or are about to commit that breach of the peace even though no offence has actually been committed." This is a form of preventive arrest. Under the
439:, defined the "Queen's Peace" as the maintenance of "the normal state of society" (i.e., a "state of public tranquility") and defined it as the first duty of a police officer, ahead of the second duty of
220:, the "king's peace" had extended to refer to "the normal and general safeguard of public order" in the realm, although specially granted peaces continued to be given after this period. Under the
753:
given by the king to malefactors"; Feldman writes that sureties of good behavior were "a special exercise of the king's power, not related to any national legal duty like preserving the peace."
579:
developed in parallel, and that the "seminal notion of vesting social security in the protection afforded by the king's peace" applied in both
Scotland and England, with very early origins.
333:, has partial roots in the early use of sureties of the peace, which "emerged from the peace-keeping arrangements of Anglo-Saxon law, extended by the use of the royal prerogative and royal
531:(1981) defined breach of the peace as "harm ... actually done or likely to be done to a person or, in his presence, his property or is put in fear of being harmed through an assault,
667:
that "the common law treats certain actions as crimes" on the ground that the "actions in question are a threat to the Queen's peace, or, as we would now perhaps say, to society."
270:. For example, roads other than the four great Roman roads were formerly under the sheriffs' peace, but by the end of the 14th century had been brought under the king's peace.
193:, the concept of king's peace had already extended to designated times, places, individuals, and institutions. Individuals and institutions under the king's peace included
309:, issued upon Henry's coronation in 1100, stated: "I establish a lasting peace throughout the whole of my kingdom and command that it henceforth be maintained." Historian
399:) were considered offenses against the king, in that they deprived the king of the use of his subjects. As a result, killings in self-defense were treated as an
552:
212:'s coronation charter, issued in 1100, stated: "I establish a lasting peace throughout the whole of my kingdom and command that it henceforth be maintained."
548:
614:
266:
were under the king's peace as well. Maitland commented that the king's peace had begun to "swallow up lesser peaces" such as the peaces of local
904:
Feldman, David (March 1988). "The King's Peace, the Royal
Prerogative and Public Order: The Roots and Early Development of Binding over Powers".
694:
314:
the later precise legal notion of the king's peace may have developed more from ideas of the general king's peace, as manifest perhaps in
710:
2541:
448:
1360:
1342:
764:
161:
describe the origins of the concept of the king's peace as arising from (1) "the special sanctity of the king's house" (the
461:
110:
749:
In contrast to sureties of the peace, the separate device of sureties of good behavior began "as a form of conditional
351:
158:
69:
563:
Unlike medieval
England, there is no strong evidence "for a strong conceptual and ideological royal peace" concept in
1967:
1525:
1424:
2081:
1950:
1200:
2536:
1883:
1784:
521:
2043:
1677:
540:
330:
2629:
2614:
1396:
428:
404:
1104:
Markus D. Dubber, "Histories of Crime and
Criminal Justices and the Historical Analysis of Criminal Law" in
2203:
1682:
990:
477:
424:
92:
2198:
970:
Clifford
Shearing & Phillip Stenning, "The Privatization of Security: Implications for Democracy" in
623:
2624:
2173:
1672:
1284:
1117:
178:
2256:
685:
222:
154:
1312:
1171:
1148:
942:
2051:
2033:
1365:
1347:
227:
2385:
2426:
2213:
1702:
1687:
640:
639:
As a common-law nation, the notion of "breach of the Queen's peace" endures in
Australia. In the
567:; however, historian Alan Harding argues that 12th-century royal brieves of protection issued by
444:
343:
310:
186:
2481:
2466:
347:
2585:
2178:
1856:
1667:
906:
648:
379:
363:
2306:
1652:
1149:"Paradigms, Pathologies, and Practicalities– Policing Organized Crime in England and Wales"
605:
339:
306:
81:
8:
2619:
2461:
1601:
1518:
730:
593:
544:
511:
505:
295:
2276:
1935:
1789:
1774:
1752:
1496:
1476:
1429:
1419:
1301:
931:
923:
693:
to all within his protection." The notion of the king's peace is linked to the idea of
647:(1999), a decision dealing with jurisdiction to try a case for the common-law crime of
618:
609:
597:
473:
299:
267:
209:
52:, where it initially applied the special protections accorded to the households of the
318:
grants and Henry's coronation decree, than from specific grants of royal protection."
2261:
2183:
2021:
1764:
1759:
1712:
1637:
1631:
1471:
1389:
935:
768:
stated that outlaws could be restored to "the peace" solely by the grace of the king.
564:
465:
457:
R v
Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Northumbria Police Authority
436:
118:
114:
106:
R v
Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Northumbria Police Authority
2266:
2233:
1732:
1596:
1591:
1556:
1293:
1160:
915:
679:
of medieval
England, particularly regarding the study of the origin of the idea of
664:
493:
291:
282:
278:
1133:
Nick Tilley & Gloria
Laycock, "The Police As Professional Problem Solvers" in
143:. Historian Bruce R. O'Brien notes that the concept was "a vague statement of the
2515:
2488:
2476:
2456:
2390:
2368:
2348:
2343:
2323:
2188:
2168:
2163:
2066:
2026:
1737:
1662:
1586:
1571:
1491:
957:
698:
572:
440:
235:
217:
162:
140:
96:
65:
49:
2592:
2400:
2318:
1907:
1873:
1824:
1809:
1581:
1486:
1466:
1456:
1108:(eds. Paul Knepper & Anja Johansen: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 605.
1044:(eds. Antje du Bois-Pedain, Magnus Ulväng & Petter Asp: Hart, 2017), p. 24.
676:
656:
568:
516:
485:
469:
432:
412:
408:
231:
190:
1297:
919:
2608:
2446:
2405:
2291:
2271:
2243:
2193:
2158:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2071:
2011:
1851:
1841:
1799:
1722:
1717:
1647:
1606:
1530:
660:
481:
239:
148:
144:
53:
1164:
689:
defines the term as "the king's guarantee of peace and security of life and
2578:
2328:
2296:
2251:
1989:
1984:
1955:
1868:
1846:
1814:
1747:
1727:
1621:
1561:
1551:
1503:
1461:
1439:
1382:
720:
715:
652:
423:
Today, the preservation of the King's Peace is the major responsibility of
396:
322:
56:
and their retainers. A breach of the king's peace, which could be either a
226:(Laws of Edward the Confessor), the four great highways of the realm (the
95:
are responsible for keeping the peace, a duty distinct from their duty of
2500:
2441:
2431:
2228:
2223:
2061:
1962:
1878:
1837:
1804:
1769:
1692:
1616:
1566:
1481:
986:
725:
326:
100:
1305:
194:
2564:
2493:
2373:
2311:
2056:
1977:
1972:
1930:
1912:
1900:
1861:
1707:
1697:
1657:
1642:
1626:
1576:
1513:
1508:
989:, "The Distinction Between Crime and Tort in the Early Common Law", 76
974:(eds. Rita Abrahamsen & Anna Leander: Routledge, 2016), pp. 140–41.
927:
831:
The Police Power: Patriarchy and the Foundations of American Government
286:
166:
42:
961:, Vol. 1 (1875: Cambridge University Press compilation, 2011), p. 182.
670:
2471:
2436:
2378:
2353:
2218:
2115:
2103:
2088:
2076:
2004:
1922:
1895:
1779:
1026:
Answering for Crime: Responsibility and Liability in the Criminal Law
778:
576:
535:, riot, unlawful assembly or other disturbance." In the 1998 case of
367:
263:
255:
247:
243:
182:
85:
28:
2559:
958:
The Constitutional History of England, in Its Origin and Development
492:, even without statutory authorization or the approval of the local
2520:
2505:
2208:
2093:
1890:
1434:
690:
411:
was an offense against the king because it reduced "the value of a
389:
346:
wrote that the conservators of the king's peace were the king, the
170:
1282:
Wormald, Patrick (October 2009). "Anglo-Saxon Law and Scots Law".
1086:
Crime, Reason and History: A Critical Introduction to Criminal Law
476:
to maintain the peace of the realm. The court thus ruled that the
2410:
2358:
2338:
2286:
2098:
2016:
1832:
1794:
1742:
601:
415:, in this case, by rendering him incapable of military service."
359:
355:
315:
77:
73:
1106:
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Crime and Criminal Justice
807:(10th ed.: ed. Bryan A. Garner: Thomson Reuters, 2014), p. 1306.
2510:
2363:
2108:
1999:
1994:
1940:
1611:
1212:
Andrew Le Sueur, Maurice Sunkin & Jo Eric Khushal Murkens,
750:
532:
489:
400:
259:
861:
God's Peace and King's Peace: The Laws of Edward the Confessor
2451:
2395:
2301:
2142:
1945:
1444:
1015:(1883: Cambridge University Press compilation, 2014), p. 185.
680:
57:
2333:
2281:
2137:
1535:
1451:
1270:
British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials
334:
277:; one who breached the king's peace could be pursued by an
274:
61:
1252:
Constitutional and Administrative Law: Text with Materials
273:
A breach of the king's peace could be either a crime or a
1405:
205:
185:, chamber, and royal courts of law. Under the reigns of
1040:
Malcolm Thorburn, "Punishment and Public Authority" in
1374:
1060:
The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124–1290
675:
The concept of the king's peace is significant in the
1254:(4th ed.: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 637–40.
1234:
The Right to Freedom of Assembly: A Comparative Study
887:, Vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 386–88.
553:
Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights
342:
were established. The 19th-century legal commentator
1328:
Philip Carlan, Lisa S. Nored & Ragan A. Downey,
1272:(7th ed.: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 823.
1216:(2d ed.: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 348–50.
1246:
1244:
1242:
671:
Significance in historiography and history of crime
1250:David Pollard, Neil Parpworth & David Hughes,
1088:(3d ed: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 301.
543:decided that this was a lawful restriction of the
1137:(ed. Jennifer M. Brown: Routledge, 2014), p. 369.
1118:Police Accountability and Control Over the Police
2606:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1239:
1201:Police Foundation's John Harris Memorial Lecture
200:
1368:485 (judgment by Gaudron J; Gummow J; Hayne J).
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
777:In contrast, breach of the peace is a crime in
571:implicitly reflect the same concept. Historian
285:(brought by the victim of the breach) or by an
972:Routledge Handbook of Private Security Studies
48:The concept of the king's peace originated in
1390:
1257:
1196:
1194:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
833:(Columbia University Press, 2005), pp. 15–16.
600:of breach of the peace was supplanted by the
443:. In a 2011 speech to the Police Foundation,
250:rivers were also under the king's peace. The
1091:
663:quoted a 1973 decision by the English judge
403:that required a royal pardon, rather than a
129:
45:concept of the maintenance of public order.
1042:Criminal Law and the Authority of the State
1036:
1034:
147:of the king or his palace" under the early
139:The notion of "king's peace" originates in
72:and various local officials, including the
32:
1397:
1383:
1191:
1153:Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice
836:
711:History of the courts of England and Wales
1324:
1322:
1054:
1052:
1050:
899:
897:
895:
893:
885:The Oxford History of the Laws of England
2542:History of the American legal profession
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1146:
1075:(Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 524.
1062:(Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 165.
1031:
1013:A History of the Criminal Law of England
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
800:
798:
204:
117:held that the government could exercise
1281:
982:
980:
903:
449:Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
99:. The concept has remained relevant in
2607:
1319:
1214:Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials
1047:
890:
499:
134:
1378:
1332:(Jones & Bartlett, 2011), p. 128.
1219:
1203:, Drapers Hall, London (7 July 2011).
1188:(Macmillan Press, 1985), pp. 36, 139.
866:
810:
795:
1073:Criminal Law: A Comparative Approach
1071:Markus Dubber & Tatjana Hörnle,
977:
558:
121:to maintain the peace of the realm.
13:
582:
575:suggests that Anglo-Saxon law and
373:
329:, which was first codified in the
16:Common law concept of public order
14:
2641:
1526:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1268:Colin Turpin & Adam Tomkins,
1124:, Vol. 1 (Autumn 1979), pp. 9–14.
634:
454:In the controversial decision in
124:
2573:
2572:
2558:
1311:
1170:
941:
762:The 13th-century legal treatise
2537:History of the legal profession
1353:
1335:
1330:An Introduction to Criminal Law
1275:
1206:
1178:
1140:
1127:
1111:
1078:
1065:
1018:
1005:
771:
756:
743:
587:
354:on the national level, and the
996:
964:
949:
541:European Court of Human Rights
331:Justices of the Peace Act 1361
1:
1350:485 (judgment by Gleeson CJ).
788:
418:
201:Following the Norman Conquest
522:Magistrates' Courts Act 1980
478:Home Secretary had the power
254:provided that the weeks for
197:, churches, and assemblies.
7:
704:
624:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
10:
2646:
2204:International legal theory
1683:International slavery laws
1678:International human rights
1673:International criminal law
1285:Scottish Historical Review
1186:The Principles of Policing
608:. The separate offense of
503:
377:
2552:
2529:
2419:
2257:Administration of justice
2242:
2151:
2042:
1921:
1823:
1544:
1412:
1298:10.3366/E0036924109000857
1236:(Hart, 2015, pp. 121–24).
1011:James Fitzjames Stephen,
920:10.1017/S0008197300133744
510:In modern English law, a
252:Leges Edwardi Confessoris
223:Leges Edwardi Confessoris
130:Development in common law
2034:Basic structure doctrine
1884:Natural and legal rights
1765:Public international law
1147:Harfield, Clive (2008).
736:
2214:Principle of typicality
1688:International trade law
1404:
641:High Court of Australia
348:great officers of state
344:James Fitzjames Stephen
91:In modern Britain, the
1135:The Future of Policing
805:Black's Law Dictionary
686:Black's Law Dictionary
213:
33:
2209:Principle of legality
1968:Delegated legislation
1668:Intellectual property
1292:(226 (Part 2)): 197.
1165:10.1093/police/pan008
1028:(Hart, 2007), p. 212.
907:Cambridge Law Journal
697:and, more generally,
649:conspiracy to defraud
380:Murder in English law
364:justices of the peace
208:
2630:Medieval English law
2615:English criminal law
2427:Barristers' chambers
2369:Legal representation
2307:Justice of the peace
1653:Financial regulation
829:Markus Dirk Dubber,
606:disturbing the peace
407:act. Similarly, the
370:on the local level.
340:justice of the peace
82:justice of the peace
2462:Election commission
2174:Expressive function
1703:Landlord–tenant law
1602:Consumer protection
731:Verge (royal court)
594:American Revolution
545:freedom of assembly
512:breach of the peace
506:Breach of the peace
500:Breach of the peace
409:maiming of a person
388:Historically, even
296:corporal punishment
135:Anglo-Saxon origins
2420:Legal institutions
2287:Lawsuit/Litigation
2277:Dispute resolution
2082:Catholic canon law
1790:State of emergency
1753:Will and testament
1477:Law of obligations
1430:Constitutional law
1420:Administrative law
859:Bruce R. O'Brien,
629:Colten v. Kentucky
619:U.S. Supreme Court
610:disorderly conduct
598:common law offense
474:prerogative powers
307:Charter of Henry I
300:capital punishment
268:lords of the manor
214:
119:prerogative powers
2625:Royal prerogative
2602:
2601:
2262:Constitutionalism
2184:Law and economics
2022:Act of parliament
1760:Product liability
1713:Legal archaeology
1638:Environmental law
1632:Entertainment law
1472:International law
1184:Michael S. Pike,
1122:Bramshill Journal
565:medieval Scotland
559:Medieval Scotland
484:devices, such as
466:England and Wales
441:enforcing the law
437:1981 Brixton riot
115:England and Wales
2637:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2386:Question of fact
2267:Criminal justice
1597:Construction law
1592:Conflict of laws
1557:Agricultural law
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1255:
1248:
1237:
1230:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
1002:Feldman, p. 102.
1000:
994:
984:
975:
968:
962:
955:William Stubbs,
953:
947:
946:
945:
939:
901:
888:
881:
864:
857:
834:
827:
808:
802:
782:
775:
769:
760:
754:
747:
665:Lord Wilberforce
617:, including the
494:police authority
294:, imprisonment,
283:writ of trespass
279:appeal of felony
36:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2571:
2557:
2548:
2525:
2516:Political party
2489:Legal education
2477:Law enforcement
2457:Court of equity
2415:
2391:Question of law
2344:Practice of law
2324:Judicial review
2238:
2189:Legal formalism
2169:Comparative law
2164:Contract theory
2147:
2067:Legal pluralism
2038:
2027:Act of Congress
1951:Executive order
1917:
1819:
1738:Nationality law
1663:Immigration law
1587:Competition law
1540:
1408:
1403:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1354:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1232:Orsolya Salát,
1231:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
985:
978:
969:
965:
954:
950:
940:
902:
891:
882:
867:
858:
837:
828:
811:
803:
796:
791:
786:
785:
776:
772:
761:
757:
748:
744:
739:
707:
699:sovereign power
673:
637:
615:First Amendment
590:
585:
583:Outside Britain
573:Patrick Wormald
561:
508:
502:
486:plastic bullets
472:could exercise
462:Court of Appeal
425:police services
421:
382:
376:
374:Law of homicide
236:Icknield Street
218:Norman Conquest
203:
163:royal household
141:Anglo-Saxon law
137:
132:
127:
111:Court of Appeal
97:law enforcement
93:police services
66:Norman Conquest
50:Anglo-Saxon law
19:The legal term
17:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2568:
2565:Law portal
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Trial advocacy
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1931:Ballot measure
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1908:Legal treatise
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1874:Letters patent
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1825:Sources of law
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1810:Unenforced law
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Commercial law
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1334:
1318:
1274:
1256:
1238:
1218:
1205:
1190:
1177:
1139:
1126:
1110:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1058:Alice Taylor,
1046:
1030:
1017:
1004:
995:
987:David J. Seipp
976:
963:
948:
889:
865:
835:
809:
793:
792:
790:
787:
784:
783:
770:
755:
741:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
706:
703:
677:historiography
672:
669:
636:
635:Australian law
633:
621:'s rulings in
589:
586:
584:
581:
569:Scottish kings
560:
557:
504:Main article:
501:
498:
470:Home Secretary
468:held that the
420:
417:
413:human resource
375:
372:
232:Watling Street
216:Following the
202:
199:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
125:In English law
123:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Civil society
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Trier of fact
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Legal opinion
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Court-martial
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2244:Jurisprudence
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Statutory law
2131:
2129:
2128:Socialist law
2126:
2122:
2121:Byzantine law
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:Religious law
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2044:Legal systems
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:Statutory law
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Statutory law
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Transport law
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Legal fiction
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Financial law
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Corporate law
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Statutory law
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:Core subjects
1411:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1084:Alan Norrie,
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
999:
992:
988:
983:
981:
973:
967:
960:
959:
952:
944:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:(1): 103–06.
913:
909:
908:
900:
898:
896:
894:
886:
883:John Hudson,
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
862:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
832:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
806:
801:
799:
794:
780:
774:
767:
766:
759:
752:
746:
742:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
678:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
632:
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
518:
513:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:crowd control
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:se defendendo
391:
386:
381:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:) as well as
245:
241:
240:Ermine Street
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
211:
207:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
149:English kings
146:
145:inviolability
142:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:English kings
51:
46:
44:
40:
39:queen's peace
35:
30:
26:
22:
2591:
2584:
2570:
2556:
2329:Jurisdiction
2297:Legal remedy
2252:Adjudication
2152:Legal theory
1990:Ratification
1985:Promulgation
1956:Proclamation
1936:Codification
1869:Human rights
1857:Divine right
1847:Constitution
1815:Women in law
1733:Military law
1728:Marriage law
1723:Maritime law
1622:Election law
1562:Aviation law
1552:Abortion law
1504:Property law
1440:Criminal law
1359:
1355:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1251:
1233:
1213:
1208:
1185:
1180:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1041:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1007:
998:
991:B.U. L. Rev.
971:
966:
956:
951:
911:
905:
884:
863:, pp. 73–74.
860:
830:
804:
773:
763:
758:
745:
721:Peacekeeping
716:Peace of God
695:police power
684:
674:
644:
638:
628:
622:
591:
588:American law
562:
536:
528:
526:
509:
480:to purchase
460:(1989), the
455:
453:
429:Lord Scarman
422:
397:self-defence
392:
387:
383:
352:King's Bench
323:binding over
320:
304:
272:
251:
221:
215:
175:
153:
138:
109:(1989), the
104:
90:
70:King's Bench
47:
38:
25:king's peace
24:
23:, sometimes
20:
18:
2501:Legislature
2432:Bureaucracy
2229:Rule of man
2224:Rule of law
2199:Libertarian
2062:Chinese law
1963:Legislation
1913:Regulations
1901:Law reports
1879:Natural law
1775:Reparations
1770:Refugee law
1693:Jurimetrics
1634:(Media law)
1572:Banking law
1567:Amnesty law
1545:Disciplines
1482:Private law
1364:(1999) 200
1361:Lipohar v R
1346:(1999) 200
1343:Lipohar v R
1024:R.A. Duff,
726:Vi et armis
651:, Justices
645:Lipohar v R
627:(1942) and
604:offense of
327:magistrates
311:John Hudson
228:Roman roads
101:English law
2620:Common law
2609:Categories
2494:Law school
2374:Prosecutor
2312:Magistrate
2099:Jewish law
2057:Common law
1978:Rulemaking
1973:Regulation
1923:Law making
1862:Divine law
1838:Legal code
1785:Sports law
1708:Law of war
1658:Health law
1643:Family law
1627:Energy law
1577:Bankruptcy
1514:Punishment
1509:Public law
993:59 (1996).
789:References
592:After the
537:Steel v UK
529:R v Howell
445:Lord Judge
419:Modern day
378:See also:
368:constables
350:, and the
292:forfeiture
287:indictment
43:common-law
2472:Judiciary
2467:Executive
2442:The bench
2379:Solicitor
2354:Barrister
2234:Sociology
2219:Pseudolaw
2159:Anarchist
2116:Roman law
2104:Parsi law
2089:Hindu law
2077:Canon law
2052:Civil law
2005:Concordat
1896:Precedent
1805:Trust law
1780:Space law
1617:Drugs law
1487:Procedure
1425:Civil law
1159:(1): 63.
936:145431316
779:Scots law
643:decision
602:statutory
577:Scots law
549:Article 5
527:The case
431:, in his
405:justified
390:homicides
325:power of
264:Pentecost
256:Christmas
248:navigable
244:Fosse Way
183:exchequer
86:constable
41:, is the
34:pax regis
2579:Category
2521:Tribunal
2506:Military
2349:Attorney
2319:Judgment
2179:Feminist
2094:Jain law
1891:Case law
1612:Cyberlaw
1519:Corporal
1497:Criminal
1467:Evidence
1457:Doctrine
1435:Contract
1306:27867575
705:See also
691:property
631:(1972).
385:outlaw.
360:coroners
356:sheriffs
316:shrieval
187:Æthelred
179:chancery
155:Maitland
2593:Outline
2530:History
2437:The bar
2411:Verdict
2359:Counsel
2339:Justice
2194:History
2017:Statute
1833:Charter
1795:Tax law
1743:Probate
928:4507130
765:Bracton
653:Gaudron
517:warrant
435:on the
210:Henry I
195:legates
159:Pollock
78:coroner
74:sheriff
2511:Police
2482:Agency
2364:Lawyer
2109:Sharia
2000:Treaty
1995:Repeal
1941:Decree
1852:Custom
1748:Estate
1698:Labour
1462:Equity
1304:
934:
926:
751:pardon
659:, and
657:Gummow
547:under
539:, the
533:affray
490:CS gas
433:report
401:excuse
366:, and
262:, and
260:Easter
242:, and
171:outlaw
84:, and
2586:Index
2452:Court
2396:Trial
2302:Judge
2143:Yassa
1946:Edict
1492:Civil
1445:Crime
1302:JSTOR
932:S2CID
924:JSTOR
737:Notes
681:crime
661:Hayne
447:(the
335:writs
298:, or
103:; in
60:or a
58:crime
37:) or
29:Latin
21:peace
2334:Jury
2282:Fiqh
2138:Xeer
1536:Tort
1452:Deed
551:and
488:and
464:for
395:(in
321:The
305:The
275:tort
191:Cnut
189:and
167:mund
157:and
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