540:
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889:
511:
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921:, published in 2007 by the Energy Watch Group (EWG) found that global coal extraction could peak in as few as 15 years. However, the graphs in their 2013 report show a peak in 2020. Reporting on this, Richard Heinberg also noted that the date of peak annual energetic extraction from coal would likely come earlier than the date of peak in quantity of coal (tons per year) extracted as the most energy-dense types of coal had been mined most extensively.
882:
678:
2447:
42:
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term "peak coal" is now used primarily to refer to a peak and subsequent decline in global and national coal consumption. In 2016 experts estimated that China, the world's largest coal consumer, reached peak coal in 2013, and that the world may have passed peak coal. However, in 2017, for the first time in four years, demand for coal rose.
705:, then declined sharply during the depression years of the 1930s. Coal extraction peaked again in the 1940s, then declined during the 1950s. Then coal extraction revived, and was on a nearly continual increasing trend from 1962 to 2008, exceeding the previous peaks. Extraction in 2008 was a record 1.17 billion short tons. High-BTU
1926:
501:
was in 2008, when coal accounted for 30% of global energy production. Coal consumption is declining in the United States and Europe, as well as developed economies in Asia. However, consumption is still increasing in India and
Southeast Asia, which compensates for the falls in other regions. Global
1019:
results in a stable fit for active coal regions. The ultimate production for world coal is estimated to be 680 Gt, of which 309 Gt have already been produced. However, in 2015 the World Coal
Association reported that two different estimates of coal reserves remaining were 968 Gt (IEA/BGR) and 891 Gt
976:
There are two different possible peaks: one measured by mass (i.e. metric tons) and another by energy output (i.e. petajoules). The world average heat content per mass of mined coal rose from 8,020 BTU/lb. in 1989 to 9,060 BTU/lb. in 1999. Since 1999, the world average heat content of mined coal has
901:
In 2010, Tadeusz Patzek (chairman of the
Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin) and Greg Croft, predicted that coal production would peak in 2011 or shortly thereafter, and decline so quickly as to nearly eliminate the contribution of coal to climate
999:
coal extraction grew exponentially at a steady 6.6% per year from 1850 to 1910. Then the growth leveled off. He concluded that no finite resource could sustain exponential growth. At some point, the rate of extraction will have to peak and then decline until the resource is exhausted. He theorized
530:
As of 2015, China accounted for 50.0 percent of world coal consumption. Chinese coal consumption fell in 2014 and 2015. The last previous decline in
Chinese coal consumption had been in 1997 and 1998. While consumption in China and the United States declined in 2015, that of India continued to rise
713:
extraction has also been declining since 1990. The gap has been taken up by large increases in subbituminous coal extraction. Comprehensive analysis of historical trends in US coal extraction and reserve estimates, along with a possible future outlook, was published in scientific journals on coal
526:
Although reserves of coal remain abundant, consumption of coal has declined in many countries. In 2016, Scotland closed its last coal-fired power plant, accommodated by an increase in nuclear power generation (to 42.8% of 2016 output). Scottish renewable energy comprised 42.9% of 2016 output. The
932:
by B. Kavalov and S. D. Peteves of the
Institute for Energy (IFE), prepared for European Commission Joint Research Centre, reached conclusions similar to those of Energy Watch Group, and stated that "coal might not be so abundant, widely available and reliable as an energy source in the future".
872:
extraction was around 25 million tons. Total coal extraction peaked in 1985 at 578 million short tons, declined sharply in the early 1990s following German reunification, and has been nearly steady since 1999. Total coal extraction in 2005 was 229 million short tons, four percent of total world
902:
change. Patzek said: "Our ability to produce this resource at 8 billion tons per year, in my mind, is a dream," However, world coal production exceeded 8 billion tons per year in 2012 (8.2 billion), 2013 (8.19 billion), 2014 (8.085 billion), 2022 (8.3 billion), and 2023 (8.5 billion).
730:
Over the years, the average energy content per ton of coal mined in the US has declined as mining shifts to coals of lower rank. Although the tonnage of coal mined in the United States reached its latest peak in 2008, the peak in terms of coal energy content occurred in 1998, at 598
477:
is the peak consumption or production of coal by a human community. Peak coal can be driven by peak demand or peak supply. Historically, it was widely believed that the supply-side would eventually drive peak coal due to the depletion of
1427:
China has ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity It has ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity even during holidays, issued approvals for new mines China's rollback of restrictions on mining and imports of
1333:
717:
In 1956, Hubbert estimated that US coal extraction would peak in about the year 2150. In 2004, Gregson Vaux used the
Hubbert model to predict peak US coal extraction in 2032. In 2014, a model published in the
1000:
that extraction rate plotted versus time would show a bell-shaped curve, declining as rapidly as it had risen. Hubbert used his observation of the US coal extraction to predict the behavior of
910:
M. King
Hubbert's 1956 projections from the world extraction curve estimated that world coal production would peak at approximately six billion metric tons per year at about the year 2150.
611:
target date. In 2021, the government ordered all coal mines to operate at full capacity at all times, including holidays; approved new mines, and eliminated restrictions on coal imports.
693:
Although
Hubbert's analysis in 1956 projected total extraction to peak in about 2150, records show that extraction reached an energy peak in 1998 and a tonnage peak in 2008.
1440:
2036:
486:, peak coal has been driven by demand. This is due in large part to the rapid expansion of natural gas and renewable energy. As of 2024 over 40% of all energy sector
1694:
961:
is the point at which the maximum global coal production rate is reached, after which, according to the theory, the rate of production will enter a terminal decline.
663:
In 2018 India was the world's second largest coal producer. Partly due to the fall in cost of LPG and renewables peak consumption is forecast for the 2020s, or 2030.
2113:
2340:
1411:
3170:
2713:
1890:
293:
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is inferior with coal mining data compared to oil extraction. As a consequence, Rutledge uses cumulative production for linearization. By this method the
2703:
2671:
283:
253:
1281:
2240:
845:
Coal output peaked in 1913 in
Britain at 287 Mt and now accounts for less than one percent of world coal extraction. 2007 extraction was around 15 Mt.
2204:
1213:
1793:
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318:
1259:
1951:
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1807:
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Reaver, Nathan G.F.; Khare, Sanjay V. (September 2014). "Imminence of peak in US coal production and overestimation of reserves".
1601:
1102:
2043:
461:
2317:
2296:
2127:
1970:
1833:
1533:
547:
As of 2018, the top coal-extracting countries were China (46.0%), India (9.5%), US (8.6%), Indonesia (6.8%), Australia (6.1%)
2798:
1701:
756:. It is responsible for almost 40% of global coal exports worldwide, and much of its current electricity is generated from
600:
1334:"UBS forecasts 'peak coal' in 2023, as China continues to ramp up power station construction while the West decommissions"
3200:
2350:
768:, suggest that coal be left in the ground to avoid its potential combustion either in Australia or in importer nations.
3270:
2698:
1193:
273:
2010:
1459:
China generated 53% of the world's total coal-fired power in 2020, nine percentage points more that five years earlier
3302:
3092:
153:
1385:
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Because most of the country's coal is exported it is vulnerable to reductions by importing countries such as China.
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969:
formed from plant matter over the course of millions of years. It is a finite resource and thus considered to be a
158:
1127:
3312:
3241:
3175:
2526:
178:
1876:
3190:
2379:
2248:
1239:
941:
In 2011 the US Energy
Information Administration projected world coal consumption to increase through 2035.
722:
forecast a U.S. raw tonnage peak from between 2009 and 2023, with the most likely year of the peak in 2010.
2211:
2134:
1977:
1540:
1217:
3215:
3205:
3118:
3024:
1848:
1016:
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and, in 2015, India surpassed the United States and became the world's second-largest consumer of coal.
3087:
2718:
454:
278:
1927:"IEA says coal use hit an all-time high last year — and global demand will persist near record levels"
2997:
2821:
2516:
672:
388:
1907:
3002:
2791:
2769:
Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
2588:
2501:
2496:
764:, although these plans are still a topic of much debate in Australian politics. Groups such as the
757:
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81:
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345:
801:
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1768:
985:
423:
185:
3180:
3044:
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2578:
2476:
1386:"China Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Domestic 14th Power Five-Year-Plan (FYP)"
1012:
1008:
760:. There are tentative plans to very slowly phase out coal electricity generation in favor of
689:
United States annual mined coal tonnage (black) and BTU content (red), 1980–2012, from US EIA
447:
408:
3307:
3210:
3165:
3133:
3128:
3054:
3029:
2985:
2583:
2558:
2176:
1661:
970:
892:
World coal production in tonnage (black) and BTU content (red), 1980–2011; data from US EIA
418:
268:
148:
126:
8:
3281:
3059:
2890:
2841:
2784:
2661:
2521:
2421:
954:
780:
173:
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peaked in 1914; and declined from 44 million tons in 1950 to 1.6 million tons in 2007.
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As of 2020, over half of the world's coal-generated electricity was produced in China.
413:
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205:
163:
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989:
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608:
340:
323:
228:
96:
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3017:
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2895:
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2728:
2481:
2300:
2244:
2184:
2138:
1981:
1769:"UPDATE 2-Indonesia president orders ministers to target lower exports of raw coal"
1669:
1544:
335:
1103:"Executive summary – Accelerating Just Transitions for the Coal Sector – Analysis"
543:
Coal production trends 1980–2019 in the top five coal-producing countries (US EIA)
3246:
3007:
2426:
950:
710:
706:
539:
136:
66:
2069:
3251:
2608:
2536:
2511:
2189:
2164:
1673:
1029:
1011:
using yearly production rates has weaknesses for peak coal calculation, as the
832:
491:
483:
393:
383:
313:
131:
121:
116:
106:
101:
1361:"Can China, the world's biggest coal consumer, become carbon neutral by 2060?"
881:
3296:
2990:
2939:
2365:
2322:
2165:"Estimating long-term world coal production with logit and probit transforms"
1743:"Australian coal producers are in a high-wire act to survive market downturn"
1602:"Historical trends in American coal production and a possible future outlook"
1244:
1198:
996:
981:
888:
658:
591:
518:
487:
479:
373:
368:
111:
25:
2092:
3039:
2753:
2345:
2014:
1853:
1727:
1044:
398:
685:
2922:
2686:
2681:
2623:
2573:
2548:
1569:
966:
761:
702:
603:. In 2019 the IEA predicted that coal use would plateau in 2022, whereas
510:
433:
403:
263:
258:
195:
143:
2128:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'"
1971:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'"
1534:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'"
1307:
789:
626:
559:
2807:
2431:
1049:
869:
753:
502:
coal consumption reached an all time high in 2023 at 8.5 billion tons.
498:
61:
933:
Kavalov and Peteves did not attempt to forecast a peak in extraction.
2977:
2758:
2691:
2641:
2631:
2280:
1412:"China Takes the Brakes Off Coal Production to Tackle Power Shortage"
749:
677:
522:
Consumption trends in the top five coal-consuming countries 1980–2019
350:
248:
238:
1498:"Thanks to COVID-19, emissions and coal use may have peaked in 2019"
1472:"Coronavirus lockdown speeds India's shift from coal to solar power"
980:
Hubbert concluded that each oil region and nation has a bell-shaped
868:
hit peak hard coal extraction in 1958 at 150 million tons. In 2005,
3049:
2972:
2933:
2708:
2656:
2563:
2541:
2506:
2486:
2461:
2436:
1441:"China generated over half world's coal-fired power in 2020: study"
1039:
1034:
1001:
681:
US coal production had major tonnage peaks in 1918, 1947, and 2008.
604:
378:
330:
223:
190:
86:
71:
2446:
1216:. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. 31 December 2017. Archived from
2568:
2416:
1808:"Indonesia's president signals a transition away from coal power"
1445:
1214:"High Level Summary of Statistics Trend - Electricity Generation"
865:
56:
2090:
735:(Mtoe); by 2005 this had fallen to 576 Mtoe, or about 4% lower.
41:
2954:
2553:
2471:
1128:"Global coal demand expected to decline in coming years - News"
854:
233:
200:
534:
2776:
2406:
596:
308:
2264:
2651:
2603:
2491:
2411:
2388:
962:
837:
Production peaked in 2018 at just over 100 million tonnes.
303:
91:
33:
16:
Peak consumption or production of coal by a human community
2598:
298:
820:
Indonesia is the world's biggest thermal coal exporter.
482:. However, since the increasing global efforts to limit
2357:
2210:. World Coal Association. 31 March 2016. Archived from
1767:
Jefriando, Fransiska Nangoy, Maikel (23 October 2020).
1607:. International Journal of Coal Geology. Archived from
936:
3171:
International Conference on Population and Development
599:
is the largest consumer and mines the most out of the
2714:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
1834:"Turkey breaks local coal production record in 2018"
1260:"The world is losing the war against climate change"
2704:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
977:been fairly steady, and was 9,030 BTU/lb. in 2011.
1700:. Energy Watch Group. 10 July 2007. Archived from
1078:"Coal Demand Rises, But Remains Below Peak Levels"
984:. However, this question was originally raised by
490:are from coal, and many countries have pledged to
2297:"World: Mining - Coal Mining - Industry Overview"
2004:
2002:
3294:
2067:
2042:. Energy Watch Group. March 2013. Archived from
2008:
1952:"Global coal use at all-time high in 2023 - IEA"
1516:
1176:"Global coal use at all-time high in 2023 - IEA"
2125:
2037:"Fossil and Nuclear Fuels – the Supply Outlook"
1968:
1891:"Study: World's 'Peak Coal' Moment Has Arrived"
1531:
1156:. Paris: International Energy Agency. July 2020
2338:
2162:
1999:
1924:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
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2373:
2315:
2156:
1918:
1846:
1581:
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1409:
455:
1792:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1624:
1599:
3196:United Nations world population conferences
1869:
1680:
1651:
1390:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
535:Peak coal production for individual nations
3109:Population and housing censuses by country
2799:
2785:
2380:
2366:
2341:"Remember when coal was going to run out?"
1588:Coal production, selected years, 1949-2007
1576:
913:
462:
448:
254:Coal mining disasters in the United States
2318:"Coal: Bleak outlook for the black stuff"
2241:"Statistical Review of World Energy 2008"
2188:
1766:
1282:"2016 Statistical Review of World Energy"
733:Millions of metric tons of oil equivalent
2832:Estimates of historical world population
2029:
1725:
1719:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
896:
887:
880:
684:
676:
538:
517:
509:
1695:"Coal: Resources And Future Production"
1358:
1146:
924:
905:
752:has substantial coal resources, mostly
514:World annual coal consumption 1980–2019
497:The peak of coal's share in the global
3295:
2267:. US Energy Information Administration
2091:US Energy Information Administration.
1740:
1600:Höök, Mikael; Aleklett, Kjell (2009).
2780:
2672:mining disasters in the United States
2361:
2169:International Journal of Coal Geology
1654:International Journal of Coal Geology
1629:. From the Wilderness. Archived from
1359:Normile, Dennis (29 September 2020).
1062:
919:Coal: Resources and Future Production
720:International Journal of Coal Geology
3265:
2339:Graham Stewart (13 September 2008).
937:US Energy Information Administration
853:According to the Earth Watch Group,
784:
621:
607:forecasts 2023. In 2020 China set a
554:
3201:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
2093:"International Energy Outlook 2011"
944:
505:
13:
2699:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2233:
2011:"Peak coal: sooner than you think"
1908:"World Mineral Production 2010-14"
1741:Cooper, Mike (29 September 2020).
1728:"Peak coal: sooner than you think"
1627:"The Peak in U.S. Coal Production"
1075:
876:
14:
3324:
3093:Population and Development Review
2316:David Strahan (19 January 2008).
2013:. Energy Bulletin. Archived from
1726:Heinberg, Richard (21 May 2007).
1410:Chuin-Wei Yap (20 October 2021).
1194:"Scotland closes last coal plant"
840:
725:
701:US coal extraction peaked during
3277:
3276:
3264:
3141:Population concern organizations
2847:Projections of population growth
2445:
2009:Richard Heinberg (21 May 2007).
857:coal extraction peaked in 1997.
788:
666:
625:
558:
269:Environmental problems involving
40:
3242:Human impact on the environment
3176:Population Action International
2197:
2163:David Rutledge (January 2011).
2119:
2114:International Energy Statistics
2106:
2084:
2068:Richard Heinberg (March 2007).
2061:
1962:
1944:
1925:Anmar Frangoul (27 July 2023).
1900:
1883:
1879:. US Energy Information Agency.
1840:
1826:
1800:
1760:
1734:
1645:
1618:
1593:
1562:
1490:
1464:
1433:
1403:
1378:
1352:
1326:
1300:
1274:
3191:United Nations Population Fund
2806:
2265:"Coal Data, Reports, Analysis"
1847:David Strahan (5 March 2008).
1586:US Energy Information Agency:
1252:
1232:
1206:
1186:
1168:
1120:
1095:
823:Government policy is unclear.
1:
2126:M. King Hubbert (June 1956).
1969:M. King Hubbert (June 1956).
1532:M. King Hubbert (June 1956).
1055:
1980:. p. 21. Archived from
1625:Gregson Vaux (27 May 2004).
1543:. p. 36. Archived from
1154:"Coal Information: Overview"
774:
738:
696:
7:
3216:World Population Foundation
3206:World Population Conference
3119:World population milestones
2281:"Energy Export Databrowser"
2137:. p. 8. Archived from
1812:Mongabay Environmental News
1023:
1017:estimated ultimate recovery
601:countries that produce coal
10:
3329:
3088:Population and Environment
2719:Health effects of coal ash
2527:power in the United States
2190:10.1016/j.coal.2010.10.012
1674:10.1016/j.coal.2014.05.013
860:
830:
778:
742:
670:
656:
589:
3260:
3224:
3149:
3101:
3080:
2998:Human population planning
2963:
2909:
2860:
2822:Demographics of the world
2814:
2767:
2622:
2454:
2443:
2395:
1912:British Geological Survey
848:
826:
758:coal-fired power stations
673:Coal in the United States
389:Coal pollution mitigation
284:coal mining in Appalachia
3303:Peak resource production
3003:Compulsory sterilization
2589:Greenhouse gas emissions
2387:
2349:. London. Archived from
2299:. MBendi. Archived from
617:
550:
289:Greenhouse gas emissions
82:Coal-fired power station
77:Coal combustion products
2945:Malthusian growth model
2749:Problems in coal mining
2116:, accessed 16 May 2015.
1877:"World coal production"
1416:The Wall Street Journal
1240:"Global coal peak 2013"
914:2020 Energy Watch Group
346:Problems in coal mining
3313:History of coal mining
3072:Zero population growth
3067:Sustainable population
2991:Malthusian catastrophe
2950:Overshoot (population)
2827:Demographic transition
2724:History of coal mining
1308:"Coal 2019 – Analysis"
986:William Stanley Jevons
893:
885:
690:
682:
544:
523:
515:
424:History of coal mining
319:the petroleum industry
186:Coal preparation plant
3181:Population Connection
3045:Mere addition paradox
2884:Physiological density
2579:Fossil fuel phase-out
2477:Black coal equivalent
2353:on 18 September 2008.
1730:. EnergyBulletin.net.
1338:Proactiveinvestors UK
1013:signal-to-noise ratio
1009:Hubbert linearization
897:2011 Patzek and Croft
891:
884:
688:
680:
542:
521:
513:
409:Fossil fuel phase-out
3211:World Population Day
3166:Church of Euthanasia
3055:Non-identity problem
3030:Political demography
2986:Human overpopulation
2584:Great Smog of London
2517:pollution mitigation
2070:"burn the furniture"
971:non-renewable energy
925:Institute for Energy
906:2150 M. King Hubbert
419:Great Smog of London
3060:Reproductive rights
2891:Population dynamics
2842:Population momentum
2502:fired power station
2497:combustion products
2422:Sub-bituminous coal
2399:(lowest to highest)
2396:Coal types by grade
2181:2011IJCG...85...23R
1666:2014IJCG..131...90R
1614:on 5 November 2010.
995:Hubbert noted that
955:Hubbert peak theory
781:Energy in Indonesia
3186:Population Matters
2901:Population pyramid
2879:Population density
2874:Population decline
2637:Black lung disease
2614:Toxic heavy metals
2594:Metallurgical coal
2072:. Richard Heinberg
2049:on 2 November 2014
1895:The New York Times
1314:. 17 December 2019
1220:on 14 January 2020
1134:. 15 December 2023
930:The Future of Coal
894:
886:
800:. You can help by
691:
683:
637:. You can help by
570:. You can help by
545:
524:
516:
414:Fossil fuels lobby
336:Hydrosulfuric acid
324:toxic heavy metals
244:Black lung disease
206:Metallurgical coal
164:Coal-mining region
3290:
3289:
3161:7 Billion Actions
3035:Population ethics
2928:Carrying capacity
2837:Population growth
2774:
2773:
2532:preparation plant
2467:Asian brown cloud
2400:
2251:on 22 August 2009
2205:"Coal Facts 2015"
1633:on 8 October 2009
1504:. 27 October 2020
1476:Climate Home News
990:The Coal Question
818:
817:
766:Australian Greens
745:Coal in Australia
714:geology in 2009.
655:
654:
588:
587:
472:
471:
229:Asian brown cloud
3320:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3267:
3237:Green Revolution
3018:Two-child policy
3013:One-child policy
2936:
2896:Population model
2852:World population
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2729:Hydrogen sulfide
2449:
2398:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2283:. Mazama Science
2276:
2274:
2272:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2245:Beyond Petroleum
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2217:on 6 August 2020
2216:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1897:, 29 Sept. 2010.
1887:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1538:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:. 2 October 2020
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1076:Rapier, Robert.
1073:
945:Hubbert's theory
813:
810:
792:
785:
650:
647:
629:
622:
583:
580:
562:
555:
506:Peak coal demand
464:
457:
450:
363:Related articles
44:
21:
20:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3256:
3220:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3097:
3076:
3025:Overconsumption
3008:Family planning
2965:
2959:
2932:
2916:
2913:
2905:
2867:
2864:
2856:
2810:
2805:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2618:
2455:Coal combustion
2450:
2441:
2427:Bituminous coal
2397:
2391:
2386:
2329:
2327:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2239:
2236:
2234:Further reading
2231:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1889:Patrick Reis,
1888:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1450:
1449:. 28 March 2021
1439:
1438:
1434:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1262:. 2 August 2018
1258:
1257:
1253:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1063:
1058:
1026:
982:depletion curve
951:M. King Hubbert
947:
939:
927:
916:
908:
899:
879:
877:World peak coal
863:
851:
843:
835:
829:
814:
808:
805:
798:needs expansion
783:
777:
747:
741:
728:
711:Bituminous coal
707:anthracite coal
699:
675:
669:
661:
651:
645:
642:
635:needs expansion
620:
594:
584:
578:
575:
568:needs expansion
553:
537:
508:
468:
439:
438:
364:
356:
355:
219:
211:
210:
67:Bituminous coal
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3326:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3252:Sustainability
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3225:Related topics
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3114:Largest cities
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2934:I = P × A × T
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Mining regions
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:homogenization
2659:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2609:Sulfur dioxide
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:power in China
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2336:
2313:
2303:on 16 May 2008
2293:
2277:
2261:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2196:
2155:
2144:on 27 May 2008
2118:
2105:
2083:
2060:
2028:
2017:on 22 May 2008
1998:
1987:on 27 May 2008
1961:
1943:
1917:
1899:
1882:
1868:
1839:
1825:
1814:. 16 July 2019
1799:
1759:
1733:
1718:
1707:on 18 May 2015
1679:
1644:
1617:
1592:
1575:
1561:
1550:on 27 May 2008
1515:
1489:
1463:
1432:
1402:
1377:
1365:Science | AAAS
1351:
1325:
1299:
1273:
1251:
1231:
1205:
1185:
1167:
1145:
1119:
1094:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:Coal phase-out
1025:
1022:
946:
943:
938:
935:
926:
923:
915:
912:
907:
904:
898:
895:
878:
875:
862:
859:
850:
847:
842:
841:United Kingdom
839:
833:Coal in Turkey
828:
825:
816:
815:
795:
793:
776:
773:
740:
737:
727:
726:Energetic peak
724:
698:
695:
668:
665:
653:
652:
632:
630:
619:
616:
609:carbon neutral
586:
585:
565:
563:
552:
549:
536:
533:
507:
504:
492:phase-out coal
484:climate change
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Coal-seam fire
391:
386:
384:Coal phase-out
381:
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
327:
326:
321:
316:
314:sulfur dioxide
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
182:
181:
176:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Bennett's law
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3153:organizations
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Kaya identity
2938:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:mining region
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2323:New Scientist
2319:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2094:
2087:
2071:
2064:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1245:ThinkProgress
1241:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1199:ThinkProgress
1195:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1155:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
997:United States
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:According to
942:
934:
931:
922:
920:
911:
903:
890:
883:
874:
871:
867:
858:
856:
846:
838:
834:
824:
821:
812:
803:
799:
796:This section
794:
791:
787:
786:
782:
772:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
736:
734:
723:
721:
715:
712:
708:
704:
694:
687:
679:
674:
667:United States
664:
660:
659:Coal in India
649:
646:November 2020
640:
636:
633:This section
631:
628:
624:
623:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
592:Coal in China
582:
579:November 2020
573:
569:
566:This section
564:
561:
557:
556:
548:
541:
532:
528:
520:
512:
503:
500:
495:
493:
489:
488:CO2 emissions
485:
481:
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3081:Publications
3040:Antinatalism
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2955:World3 model
2815:Major topics
2754:Refined coal
2743:
2667:liquefaction
2559:Energy value
2351:the original
2346:Sunday Times
2344:
2328:. Retrieved
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1854:The Guardian
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1478:. 7 May 2020
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1045:Peak uranium
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988:in his book
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428:
399:Energy lobby
294:human health
127:South Africa
51:Economic use
18:
3308:Coal mining
2964:Society and
2923:Biocapacity
2624:Coal mining
2574:Fossil fuel
1849:"Lump sums"
1421:17 November
1395:21 November
1288:. June 2016
1138:20 December
967:fossil fuel
703:World War I
434:War on coal
404:Fossil fuel
264:Coal slurry
259:Coal refuse
196:Coke (fuel)
144:Coal mining
3297:Categories
3151:Events and
2966:population
2912:Population
2863:Population
2808:Population
2647:Coalfields
2432:Anthracite
2098:29 January
2053:3 November
1778:5 November
1752:5 November
1660:: 90–105.
1508:5 November
1502:TechCrunch
1370:5 November
1344:5 November
1318:5 November
1224:4 November
1160:4 November
1056:References
1050:Peak water
1020:(BP/WEC).
831:See also:
779:See also:
754:brown coal
743:See also:
671:See also:
657:See also:
590:See also:
499:energy mix
274:Appalachia
179:in the USA
169:Coal power
159:in the USA
62:Anthracite
3247:Migration
3124:6 billion
2759:Whitedamp
2744:Peak coal
2739:Outbursts
2642:Coal dust
2632:Blackdamp
2537:seam fire
2512:phase-out
1788:cite news
1747:Stockhead
1711:20 August
1286:bp global
992:in 1865.
959:peak coal
870:hard coal
809:July 2020
775:Indonesia
750:Australia
739:Australia
697:Coal mass
475:Peak coal
429:Peak coal
351:Whitedamp
341:Outbursts
249:Coal dust
239:Blackdamp
154:in the UK
97:Australia
3282:Category
3050:Natalism
2973:Eugenics
2709:Firedamp
2564:Flue gas
2487:Charcoal
2462:Ash pond
2437:Graphite
2287:25 March
2148:18 April
2112:US EIA,
1991:18 April
1857:. London
1570:"US EIA"
1554:18 April
1266:6 August
1040:Peak oil
1035:Peak gas
1024:See also
1002:peak oil
973:source.
855:Canadian
605:UBS bank
379:Coal oil
331:Firedamp
279:coal ash
224:Ash pond
191:Coal tar
174:in China
149:in Chile
87:Coal gas
72:Charcoal
26:a series
24:Part of
3271:Commons
2914:ecology
2865:biology
2569:Fly ash
2417:Lignite
2330:25 June
2307:16 June
2271:16 June
2255:16 June
2177:Bibcode
1958:. 2023.
1956:Reuters
1914:. 2016.
1818:12 July
1773:Reuters
1662:Bibcode
1637:30 June
1482:12 July
1446:Reuters
1182:. 2023.
1180:Reuters
1112:5 April
1087:14 July
866:Germany
861:Germany
137:Ukraine
92:Coal in
57:Ammonia
2981:genics
2687:slurry
2682:refuse
2554:Coking
2472:Asthma
2326:(2639)
2221:7 June
2076:6 June
2021:6 June
1861:9 June
1292:8 June
1082:Forbes
849:Canada
827:Turkey
234:Asthma
201:Coking
132:Turkey
122:Russia
117:Poland
107:Europe
102:Canada
3102:Lists
2407:Xylit
2215:(PDF)
2208:(PDF)
2142:(PDF)
2131:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
1705:(PDF)
1698:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1537:(PDF)
965:is a
618:India
597:China
551:China
309:smoke
112:India
2692:town
2652:Coal
2604:Smog
2549:Coke
2492:Coal
2482:Char
2412:Peat
2389:Coal
2332:2008
2309:2008
2289:2010
2273:2008
2257:2008
2223:2020
2150:2008
2100:2013
2078:2008
2055:2016
2023:2008
1993:2008
1938:2023
1931:CNBC
1863:2008
1820:2020
1794:link
1780:2020
1754:2020
1713:2010
1639:2008
1556:2008
1510:2020
1484:2020
1455:2021
1428:coal
1423:2021
1397:2020
1372:2020
1346:2020
1320:2020
1294:2016
1268:2018
1226:2020
1162:2020
1140:2023
1114:2024
1089:2020
1007:The
963:Coal
304:smog
34:Coal
2979:Dys
2657:gas
2599:NOx
2542:tar
2507:gas
2185:doi
2135:API
1978:API
1670:doi
1658:131
1541:API
1312:IEA
1132:IEA
1107:IEA
953:'s
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762:gas
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299:NOx
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