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765:, consistent with their likely origin as the final melt fraction of a crystallizing body of magma. However, it is difficult to get a representative composition of a pegmatite, due to the large size of the constituent mineral crystals. Hence, pegmatite is often characterised by sampling the individual minerals that compose the pegmatite, and comparisons are made according to mineral chemistry. A common error is to assume that the wall zone is a chilled margin whose composition is representative of the original melt.
381:
subdivided based on composition into LCT and NYF families: LCT for
Lithium, Cesium, and Tantalum enrichment and NYF for Niobium, Yttrium, and Fluorine enrichment. Most authors classify pegmatites according to LCT- and NYF-types and subtypes. Another important contribution of the classification is the petrogenetic component of the classification, which shows the association of LCT pegmatites with mainly orogenic plutons, and NYF pegmatites with mainly anorogenic plutons.
402:
595:. On the contrary, the largest crystals are often found on the margins of the pegmatite body. While aplites are sometimes found on the margins, they are as likely to occur within the body of the pegmatite. The crystals are never aligned in a way that would indicate flow, but are perpendicular to the walls. This implies formation in a static environment. Some pegmatities take the form of isolated pods, with no obvious feeder conduit. As a result,
31:
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43:
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417:. Large crystals are favored. In normal igneous rocks, coarse texture is a result of slow cooling deep underground. It is not clear if pegmatite forms by slow or rapid cooling. In some studies, crystals in pegmatitic conditions have been recorded to grow at a rate ranging from 1 m to 10 m per day. Pegmatites are the last part of a magma body to crystallize. This final fluid fraction is enriched in
377:
relationship to metamorphism and granitic plutons. Cerny’s (1991) revision of that classification scheme is widely used, Cerny’s (1991) pegmatite classification, which is a combination of emplacement depth, metamorphic grade and minor element content, has provided significant insight into the origin of pegmatitic melts and their relative degrees of fractionation.
173:
and trace elements, and its very low viscosity allows components to migrate rapidly to join an existing crystal rather than coming together to form new crystals. This allows a few very large crystals to form. While most pegmatites have a simple composition of minerals common in ordinary igneous rock,
376:
Modern pegmatite classification schemes are strongly influenced by the depth-zone classification of granitic rocks published by
Buddington (1959), and the Ginsburg & Rodionov (1960) and Ginsburg et al. (1979) classification which categorized pegmatites according to their depth of emplacement and
555:
A spectacular quartz and lath-spodumene zone. The spodumene occurs as blade-like crystals, sometimes of enormous size, mostly oriented at random but sometimes arranged to form a comb-like structure. Accessory minerals are beryl, apatite, microcline, and tantalum-niobium minerals, especially in the
380:
Granitic pegmatites are commonly ranked into three hierarchies (class – family – type – subtype) depending upon their mineralogical-geochemical characteristics and depth of emplacement according to Cerny (1991). Classes are
Abyssal, Muscovite, Rare-Element and Miarolitic. The Rare-Element Class is
791:
The NYF pegmatites likely fractionated from A- to I-type granites that were relatively low in aluminium (subaluminous to metaluminous granites). These granites originated from depleted crust or mantle rock. LCT pegmatites most likely formed from S-type granites or possibly I-type granites, with a
384:
Lately, there have been a few attempts to create a new classification for pegmatites less dependent on mineralogy and more reflective of their geological setting. On this issue, one of the most notable efforts on this matter is Wise's (2022) pegmatite classification, which focuses mostly on the
615:
of hot alteration fluids upon a rock mass, with bulk chemical and textural change. Metasomatism is currently not favored as a mechanism for pegmatite formation and it is likely that metamorphism and magmatism are both contributors toward the conditions necessary for pegmatite genesis.
433:, and other elements. Such phase separation requires formation from a wet magma, rich enough in water to saturate before more than two-thirds of the magma is crystallized. Otherwise, the separation of the fluid phase is difficult to explain. Granite requires a water content of 4
909:(great masses of intrusive igneous rock). Most are closely related spatially and genetically to large intrusions. They may take the form of veins or dikes in the intrusion itself, but more commonly, they extend into the surrounding country rock, especially above the intrusion.
575:
may be found in the body of the pegmatite, but their original mineral content is replaced by quartz and alkali feldspar, so that they are difficult to distinguish from the surrounding pegmatite. Pegmatite also commonly replaces part of the surrounding country rock.
850:, a mineral from a zoned pegmatite. The majority of the world's beryllium is sourced from non-gem quality beryl within pegmatite. Tantalum, niobium, and rare-earth elements are sourced from a few pegmatites worldwide, such as the
587:. Although there is broad agreement on the basic mechanisms by which they form, the details of pegmatite formation remain enigmatic. Pegmatites have characteristics inconsistent with other igneous intrusions. They are not
559:
The core of the pegmatite, known as "spotted rock", which is relatively fine-grained spodumene, microcline, and quartz, with accompanying finer-grained albite, lithium-bearing muscovite, lepidolite,
1686:
684:, boron, phosphorus, and fluorine. These complex pegmatites contain unusual minerals of these elements, such as beryl, spodumene, lepidolite, amblygonite, topaz, apatite, fluorite, tourmaline,
571:
are commonly present. These may cut across the pegmatite, but also form zones or irregular patches around coarser material. The aplites are often layered, showing evidence of deformation.
357:. The largest beryl crystal ever found was from Malakialina on Madagascar, weighing about 380 tons, with a length of 18 m (59 ft) and a crosscut of 3.5 m (11 ft).
337:
with masses of thousands of tons. Quartz crystals with masses measured in thousands of pounds and micas over 10 meters (33 ft) across and 4 meters (13 ft) thick have been found.
993:
368:
and may show zones with different mineral assemblages. Crystal size and mineral assemblages are usually oriented parallel to the wall rock or even concentric for pegmatite lenses.
2046:
644:
Most pegmatites have a simple composition, often being composed entirely of minerals common in granite, such as feldspar, mica, and quartz. The feldspar and quartz often show
475:, minerals crystallize from the outside in to form a zoned pegmatite, with different minerals predominating in concentric zones. A typical sequence of deposition begins with
831:
minerals, among others. Pegmatites have been mined for both quartz and feldspar. For quartz mining, pegmatites with central quartz masses have been of particular interest.
977:
795:
Intermediate pegmatites (NYF + LCT pegmatites) are known and may have formed by contamination of an initially NYF magma body with melted undepleted supracrustral rock.
107:, with large interlocking crystals usually greater in size than 1 cm (0.4 in) and sometimes greater than 1 meter (3 ft). Most pegmatites are composed of
274:, with individual crystals usually over 1 centimeter (0.4 in) in size and sometimes exceeding 1 meter (3 ft). Most pegmatites have a composition similar to
464:) are concentrated in the hydrous phase, greatly lowering its viscosity. The silica in the hydrous phase is completely depolymerized, existing almost entirely as
2104:
515:, which may partially replace some of the minerals in the earlier zone. The center of the pegmatite may have cavities lined with spectacular gemstone crystals.
941:
2001:
Melcher, F.; Graupner, T.; OberthĂĽr, T.; SchĂĽtte, P. (1 March 2017). "Tantalum-(niobium-tin) mineralisation in pegmatites and rare-metal granites of Africa".
468:, with all oxygen bridges between silicon ions broken. The low viscosity promotes rapid diffusion through the fluid, allowing growth of large crystals.
1671:
333:
Individual crystals in pegmatites can be enormous in size. It is likely that the largest crystals ever found were feldspar crystals in pegmatites from
567:
Large crystals nucleate on the margins of pegmatites, becoming larger as they grow inward. These include very large conical alkali feldspar crystals.
541:
A continuous layer of very coarse quartz, albite, and muscovite. This zone also contains microcline, and has abundant accessory apatite, beryl, and
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364:
bodies. Pegmatite body size is on the order of magnitude of one to a few hundred meters. Compared to typical igneous rocks they are rather
1415:
984:
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a few pegmatites have a complex composition, with numerous unusual minerals of rare elements. These complex pegmatites are mined for
322:
for a pegmatite with a typical granitic composition, dominated by feldspar with lesser quartz and biotite. Under BGS terminology, a
780:, titanium, zirconium, thorium, and uranium; and a family of LCT pegmatites, characterized by progressive accumulation of lithium,
2178:
579:
Because pegmatites likely crystallize from a fluid-dominated phase, rather than a melt phase, they straddle the boundary between
1788:
Simmons, W. B.; Pezzotta, F.; Shigley, J. E.; Beurlen, H. (2012-08-01). "Granitic
Pegmatites as Sources of Colored Gemstones".
916:
have no obvious connection to a larger intrusion. Pegmatites in low-grade metamorphic rock tend to be dominated by quartz and
768:
Pegmatites derived from batholiths can be divided into a family of NYF pegmatites, characterized by progressive enrichment in
556:
lower part of this zone. There is some pseudomorphic replacement of spodumene by rose muscovite and quartz by cleavelandite.
2418:
563:, and tantalite. Much of the spodumene and microcline have been extensively corroded and replaced by fine-grained micas.
890:-facies metamorphic belts. However, pegmatite localities are only well recorded when economic mineralisation is found.
2088:
1592:
1232:
611:, to liberate the right constituents and water, at the right temperature. A metasomatic pegmatite would be formed by
255:
1853:
Linnen, R. L.; Lichtervelde, M. Van; Cerny, P. (2012-08-01). "Granitic
Pegmatites as Sources of Strategic Metals".
859:
330:) is a coarse-grained rock containing patches of much coarser-grained rock of essentially the same composition.
1654:
1324:
London, D.; Kontak, D. J. (3 September 2012). "Granitic
Pegmatites: Scientific Wonders and Economic Bonanzas".
1294:
1204:
1154:
1120:
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365:
1956:"A review of the geology, mineralization, and geochronology of the Greenbushes Pegmatite, Western Australia"
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origins have sometimes been suggested for pegmatites. A metamorphic pegmatite would be formed by removal of
580:
2171:
2150:
2132:
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Wise, Michael A. (2022). "A proposed new mineralogical classification system for granitic pegmatites".
17:
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1310:
612:
128:
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Cerny, P.; Ercit, T. S. (1 December 2005). "The
Classification of Granitic Pegmatites Revisited".
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604:
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170:
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crystals 8.2 meters (27 ft) long and 1.8 meters (6 ft) in diameter have been found at
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519:
472:
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Ercit, T.S. (2005). "REE-enriched granitic pegmatites". In Linnen, R.L.; Samson, I.M. (eds.).
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description. Geologists typically prefix the term with a compositional description, so that
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Many of the world's largest crystals are found within pegmatites. These include crystals of
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A continuous layer of massive quartz. This zone is also rich in muscovite, microcline, and
445:), but only 1.5 wt% at 0.1 GPa (14,500 psi) for phase separation to take place.
165:
Most pegmatites are thought to form from the last fluid fraction of a large crystallizing
8:
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2014:
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Pegmatitic granite with pink potassium feldspar crystals, surrounding a finer-grained
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290:. However, other pegmatite compositions are known, including compositions similar to
104:
2133:
Pegmatopia: David London, School of
Geology & Geophysics, University of Oklahoma
2122:
London, D. (2008): Pegmatites. Canadian
Mineralogist Special Publication 10, 347 pp.
518:
Some pegmatites have more complex zoning. Five distinct zones are recognized in the
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Scatter plots of lithium grade and tonnage for selected world deposits, as of 2017
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Linnen, Robert; Trueman, David L.; Burt, Richard (2014). "Tantalum and niobium".
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230:), which means “to bind together”, in reference to the intertwined crystals of
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Gabbroic pegmatites typically consist of exceptionally coarse interlocking
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100:
63:
1718:
Rare-Element
Geochemistry and Mineral Deposits (GAC Short Course Notes 17)
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Phelps, Patrick R.; Lee, Cin-Ty A.; Morton, Douglas M. (5 October 2020).
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Gabbroic pegmatites typically occur as lenses within bodies of gabbro or
887:
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697:
600:
596:
588:
500:
342:
73:
59:
1227:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 255.
1115:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
776:, and fluorine as well as enrichment in beryllium, rare earth elements,
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London, David; Morgan, George B. (2012-08-01). "The Pegmatite Puzzle".
906:
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is a pegmatite with the composition of nepheline syenite. However, the
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Partington, G. A.; McNaughton, N. J.; Williams, I. S. (1995-05-01).
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Notable pegmatite occurrences are found worldwide within the major
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Pegmatites form under conditions in which the rate of new crystal
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928:
920:. Pegmatites in metamorphic rock of higher grade are dominted by
843:
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crystals over 12 meters (40 ft) long have been found in the
334:
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207:
199:
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162:. Some individual crystals are over 10 m (33 ft) long.
124:
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Pegmatite bodies are usually of minor size compared to typical
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143:
108:
77:
55:
42:
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350:
183:
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155:
132:
1953:
1901:"The Tanco Pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba: X. Pollucite"
1613:
1601:
1504:
1489:
1289:. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. pp. 349–350.
3038:
2983:
2898:
2830:
434:
425:
into a melt phase and a hydrous fluid phase saturated with
287:
147:
116:
2071:
London, David (2016). "Rare-Element Granitic Pegmatites".
715:
Nepheline syenite pegmatites typically contain zirconium,
385:
source of the magma from which the pegmatite crystalizes.
824:
701:
665:
471:
When this hydrous fluid is injected into the surrounding
191:
1943:. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
1852:
1218:
1216:
1147:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
1679:
New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series
1414:
Simmons, Wm. B. Skip; Webber, Karen L. (2008-08-29).
1361:"The Classification of Granitic Pegmatites Revisited"
1261:
British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
310:
is a pegmatite with the composition of granite while
1939:
Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994).
1721:. Geological Association of Canada. pp. 175–199
1587:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1213:
1149:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 73.
788:, beryllium, tin, barium, phosphorus, and fluorine.
318:(BGS) discourages this usage, preferring terms like
258:
first used the term in its present meaning in 1845.
1323:
1195:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993).
1190:
1188:
1186:
842:or usually from lepidolite. The primary source for
405:
Blue apatite crystals at the Harding pegmatite mine
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
792:higher aluminium content (peraluminous granites).
534:A white border rind of fine-grained quartz-albite
2109:, 2019, Field Trip Guide, at semanticscholar.org.
2035:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1649:. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 90–91.
1197:Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)
545:. Beryl is occasionally very coarse and abundant.
421:and trace elements. The residual magma undergoes
27:Igneous rock with very large interlocked crystals
3414:
2073:Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Ore Deposits
1938:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
169:body. This residual fluid is highly enriched in
1525:"Episodes of fast crystal growth in pegmatites"
1522:
1225:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1199:(21st ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 568.
1163:
648:. Rarely, pegmatites are extremely enriched in
1733:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1254:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
712:, are found almost exclusively in pegmatites.
397:Rose muscovite from the Harding pegmatite mine
2412:
2172:
1702:
1632:
1607:
1578:
1576:
1510:
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1413:
1222:
1129:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
931:. Nepheline syenite pegmatites are common in
1895:
1670:Jahns, Richard H.; Ewing, Rodney C. (1976).
1223:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1194:
1111:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "pegmatite".
1056:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1022:
819:, tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, apatite, and
607:from metamorphic rocks, particularly felsic
266:Pegmatites are exceptionally coarse-grained
2127:Major Pegmatite Deposits of New York State,
1317:
1311:"The largest crystals by Peter C. Rickwood"
1271:
811:Pegmatites often contain rare elements and
2419:
2405:
2179:
2165:
1833:
1744:
1669:
1585:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1573:
1358:
1144:
1093:
985:Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park
1932:
1708:
1672:"The Harding Mine Taos County New Mexico"
1644:
1556:
1045:
784:, and tantalum, as well as enrichment in
278:, so that their most common minerals are
1284:
1145:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
1028:
905:, and are most common at the margins of
802:
761:Pegmatites are enriched in volatile and
741:
623:
400:
392:
68:
41:
29:
1829:
1827:
1110:
76:pegmatite swarm in the headwall of the
14:
3415:
2129:New York State Museum Bulletin No. 408
2070:
1663:
1582:
1359:Cerny, P.; Ercit, T. S. (2005-12-01).
798:
261:
2400:
2160:
2106:Folds and Shear Zones at Cap de Creus
1889:
1714:
1583:Allaby, Michael (2013). "pegmatite".
1416:"Pegmatite genesis: state of the art"
1248:
1246:
1244:
983:Potassium feldspar pegmatites at the
834:Pegmatites are the primary source of
1824:
1460:
487:. This is followed by deposition of
58:from the White Elephant Mine in the
24:
2426:
2116:
2103:Elena Druguet and Jordi Carreras,
1947:
1241:
947:Pegmatite (light colored) in dark
893:Pegmatites are found as irregular
210:, and other valuable commodities.
25:
3434:
2138:
700:. Some of these can be important
371:
320:biotite-quartz-feldspar pegmatite
256:Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger
2144:
2003:South African Journal of Geology
1692:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1440:10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1833
1031:"The Black Hills Mineral Region"
992:
976:
960:
940:
870:, and the Mibra (Volta) mine of
860:Democratic Republic of the Congo
448:The volatiles (primarily water,
413:is much slower than the rate of
2097:
2064:
2052:from the original on 2022-10-09
2029:
1994:
1921:from the original on 2022-10-09
1846:
1781:
1638:
1516:
1454:
1407:
1352:
1285:McBirney, Alexander R. (1984).
737:
1941:Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry
1420:European Journal of Mineralogy
1303:
912:Some pegmatites surrounded by
13:
1:
1015:
1002:pegmatite dike intruded into
877:
866:the Alto Ligonha Province of
757:-enriched pegmatite in Brazil
749:tourmaline (olive-green) and
636:, Rock Creek Canyon, eastern
619:
581:hydrothermal mineral deposits
246:. The term was first used by
388:
213:
7:
1834:LundegĂĄrdh, Per H. (1971).
1010:peninsula, Catalonia, Spain
312:nepheline syenite pegmatite
10:
3439:
1980:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.3.616
1875:10.2113/gselements.8.4.275
1810:10.2113/gselements.8.4.281
1767:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.2005
1549:10.1038/s41467-020-18806-w
1385:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.2005
1346:10.2113/gselements.8.4.257
1079:10.2113/gselements.8.4.263
437:at a pressure of 0.5
3224:
3062:
2849:
2432:
2200:
1899:; Simpson, F. M. (1978).
1838:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
1747:The Canadian Mineralogist
1703:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1633:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1608:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1511:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1499:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1463:The Canadian Mineralogist
1365:The Canadian Mineralogist
316:British Geological Survey
270:composed of interlocking
250:in 1822 as a synonym for
2039:Critical metals handbook
2023:10.25131/gssajg.120.1.77
1645:Sinkankas, John (1964).
1313:. American Mineralogist.
613:hydrothermal circulation
129:intermediate composition
2484:Basaltic trachyandesite
2452:Alkali feldspar granite
1647:Mineralogy for amateurs
862:, the Kenticha mine of
479:and quartz, with minor
1840:Almqvist & Wiksell
1483:10.3749/canmin.1800006
808:
758:
753:mica (violet), from a
641:
406:
398:
135:pegmatites are known.
103:showing a very coarse
92:
66:
39:
2869:Banded iron formation
1908:Canadian Mineralogist
1529:Nature Communications
1035:American Mineralogist
1029:Schwartz, G. (1928).
854:, the Kibara Belt of
852:Greenbushes Pegmatite
838:either as spodumene,
806:
763:incompatible elements
745:
650:incompatible elements
627:
404:
396:
72:
46:Pegmatite containing
45:
33:
2153:at Wikimedia Commons
2125:Tan, Li-ping, 1966,
2045:. pp. 361–384.
499:, beryl, spodumene,
34:Pegmatite with blue
2015:2017SAJG..120...77M
1972:1995EcGeo..90..616P
1867:2012Eleme...8..275L
1836:Nyttosten i Sverige
1802:2012Eleme...8..281S
1759:2005CaMin..43.2005C
1705:, pp. 255–256.
1541:2020NatCo..11.4986P
1475:2022CaMin..60..229W
1432:2008EJMin..20..421S
1377:2005CaMin..43.2005C
1338:2012Eleme...8..257L
1113:Glossary of geology
1071:2012Eleme...8..263L
935:igneous complexes.
823:, often along with
815:. Examples include
799:Economic importance
262:General description
204:rare earth elements
119:, having a similar
3225:Specific varieties
2327:Diabase (Dolerite)
967:Pegmatite (pink),
953:ĂŽle de Noirmoutier
918:carbonate minerals
827:, rare earth, and
809:
759:
721:rare earth element
642:
585:igneous intrusions
407:
399:
308:granitic pegmatite
93:
67:
40:
3410:
3409:
2660:Nepheline syenite
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2361:Microgranodiorite
2291:Subvolcanic rocks
2149:Media related to
2081:10.5382/Rev.18.08
1842:. pp. 16–17.
1287:Igneous petrology
530:, US. These are:
524:Picuris Mountains
520:Harding Pegmatite
328:pegmatitic gabbro
302:is thus purely a
292:nepheline syenite
127:. However, rarer
16:(Redirected from
3430:
3352:Rapakivi granite
3064:Metamorphic rock
2851:Sedimentary rock
2720:Quartz monzonite
2421:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2203:
2202:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1960:Economic Geology
1951:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1753:(6): 2005–2026.
1742:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1371:(6): 2005–2026.
1356:
1350:
1349:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1192:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1091:
1090:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1026:
996:
980:
964:
944:
914:metamorphic rock
423:phase separation
326:(for example, a
82:mountain glacier
21:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3220:
3164:Pseudotachylite
3058:
2845:
2777:Tephriphonolite
2428:
2425:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2196:
2193:silicon dioxide
2185:
2141:
2119:
2117:Further reading
2114:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
1999:
1995:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1851:
1847:
1832:
1825:
1786:
1782:
1743:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1574:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1459:
1455:
1412:
1408:
1357:
1353:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1283:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1193:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1094:
1055:
1046:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1011:
997:
988:
981:
972:
965:
956:
945:
922:alkali feldspar
880:
801:
740:
704:minerals. Some
646:graphic texture
622:
391:
374:
324:pegmatitic rock
264:
252:graphic granite
244:graphic granite
216:
123:composition to
84:, northeastern
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Rhomb porphyry
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3199:Talc carbonate
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2792:Trachyandesite
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Quartz diorite
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2477:Picrite basalt
2474:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:Types of rocks
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2318:
2309:Picrite basalt
2306:
2304:
2298:Plutonic rocks
2284:Volcanic rocks
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2191:classified by
2184:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2139:External links
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2096:
2089:
2063:
2028:
1993:
1966:(3): 616–635.
1946:
1931:
1888:
1861:(4): 275–280.
1845:
1823:
1796:(4): 281–287.
1780:
1732:
1707:
1695:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1635:, p. 255.
1612:
1610:, p. 256.
1600:
1593:
1572:
1515:
1513:, p. 257.
1503:
1501:, p. 259.
1488:
1469:(2): 229–248.
1453:
1426:(4): 421–438.
1406:
1351:
1332:(4): 257–261.
1316:
1302:
1295:
1270:
1267:: 20–21. 1999.
1240:
1233:
1212:
1205:
1162:
1155:
1128:
1121:
1092:
1044:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
998:
991:
989:
982:
975:
973:
966:
959:
957:
946:
939:
879:
876:
840:lithiophyllite
800:
797:
739:
736:
621:
618:
593:chilled margin
591:, and show no
565:
564:
557:
553:
546:
539:
415:crystal growth
390:
387:
373:
372:Classification
370:
362:intrusive rock
263:
260:
248:René Just Haüy
215:
212:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3435:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Litchfieldite
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Hyaloclastite
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Litchfieldite
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Phonotephrite
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Hyaloclastite
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Alkali basalt
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2189:igneous rocks
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2090:9781629490922
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:(1): 77–100.
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1594:9780199653065
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1234:9780521880060
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:(4): 263–68.
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
990:
986:
979:
974:
970:
963:
958:
954:
950:
943:
938:
937:
936:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
886:, and within
885:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
805:
796:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
638:Sierra Nevada
635:
631:
626:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
574:
570:
562:
558:
554:
551:
550:cleavelandite
547:
544:
540:
537:
533:
532:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
466:orthosilicate
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
441:(72,500
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
395:
386:
382:
378:
369:
367:
366:inhomogeneous
363:
358:
356:
355:Albany, Maine
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:igneous rocks
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Homeric Greek
222:derives from
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
91:
87:
86:Baffin Island
83:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
3327:Luxullianite
3307:Lapis lazuli
3252:Blue Granite
3179:Serpentinite
3154:Metapsammite
2904:Conglomerate
2826:Trondhjemite
2804:Trachybasalt
2745:Pantellerite
2679:
2650:Monzogranite
2595:Hornblendite
2580:Granodiorite
2434:Igneous rock
2378:Microgranite
2372:
2365:Granodiorite
2355:
2344:Microdiorite
2338:
2321:
2307:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2249:Intermediate
2236:Intermediate
2126:
2105:
2099:
2072:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2038:
2031:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1911:
1907:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1750:
1746:
1723:. Retrieved
1717:
1710:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1603:
1584:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1506:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1305:
1286:
1264:
1260:
1224:
1196:
1146:
1112:
1062:
1058:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1008:Cap de Creus
969:Isle of Skye
926:
911:
892:
881:
872:Minas Gerais
833:
810:
794:
790:
767:
760:
738:Geochemistry
725:
714:
643:
640:, California
578:
566:
526:of northern
517:
473:country rock
470:
447:
408:
383:
379:
375:
359:
347:South Dakota
332:
327:
323:
319:
311:
307:
299:
265:
227:
219:
217:
164:
137:
101:igneous rock
96:
94:
64:South Dakota
3216:Whiteschist
3107:Greenschist
3087:Cataclasite
3077:Amphibolite
3004:Phosphorite
2954:Itacolumite
2879:Calcarenite
2725:Quartzolite
2665:Nephelinite
2635:Lamprophyre
2590:Harzburgite
2548:Napoleonite
2521:Charnockite
2516:Carbonatite
2506:Blairmorite
2457:Anorthosite
1914:: 325–333.
1897:ÄŚernĂ˝, Petr
1725:23 December
1535:(1): 4986.
949:mica schist
888:greenschist
732:plagioclase
698:molybdenite
601:metasomatic
597:metamorphic
589:porphyritic
501:amblygonite
343:Black Hills
298:. The term
226:, πήγνυμι (
80:of a small
74:Proterozoic
60:Black Hills
3382:Teschenite
3367:Shonkinite
3342:Pietersite
3337:Novaculite
3247:Borolanite
3232:Adamellite
3149:Metapelite
3117:Calcflinta
3082:Blueschist
3072:Anthracite
3054:Wackestone
3034:Travertine
2979:Lumachelle
2959:Jaspillite
2914:Diamictite
2836:Websterite
2821:Troctolite
2797:Benmoreite
2757:Shonkinite
2730:Rhyodacite
2710:Pyroxenite
2685:Peridotite
2645:Lherzolite
2620:Kimberlite
2610:Ignimbrite
2605:Icelandite
2585:Granophyre
2494:Shoshonite
2314:Peridotite
2210:Ultramafic
1925:2010-09-26
1656:0442276249
1296:0198578105
1206:047157452X
1156:0716724383
1122:0922152349
1016:References
987:, Colorado
971:, Scotland
907:batholiths
878:Occurrence
874:, Brazil.
868:Mozambique
817:aquamarine
751:lepidolite
723:minerals.
708:, such as
686:triphylite
652:, such as
620:Mineralogy
538:pegmatite.
528:New Mexico
497:tourmaline
493:lepidolite
477:microcline
462:phosphates
411:nucleation
160:tourmaline
140:microcline
52:tourmaline
48:lepidolite
18:Pegmatites
3423:Pegmatite
3397:Variolite
3387:Theralite
3377:Tachylite
3362:Rodingite
3332:Mangerite
3312:Larvikite
3297:Jasperoid
3292:Jadeitite
3257:Epidosite
3211:Tectonite
3204:Soapstone
3169:Quartzite
3139:Migmatite
3124:Itabirite
3102:Granulite
3044:Turbidite
3024:Sylvinite
3019:Siltstone
3009:Sandstone
2994:Oil shale
2974:Limestone
2949:Gritstone
2944:Greywacke
2939:Geyserite
2929:Evaporite
2919:Diatomite
2894:Claystone
2859:Argillite
2772:Tachylyte
2740:Comendite
2690:Phonolite
2680:Pegmatite
2655:Monzonite
2630:Lamproite
2625:Komatiite
2565:Foidolite
2526:Enderbite
2489:Mugearite
2151:Pegmatite
1988:1554-0774
1883:1811-5209
1818:1811-5209
1775:129967533
1448:0935-1221
1401:129967533
1393:0008-4476
1087:1811-5209
1004:Ediacaran
1000:Hercynian
848:pollucite
813:gemstones
706:gemstones
690:columbite
674:zirconium
662:beryllium
605:volatiles
573:Xenoliths
561:microlite
543:tantalite
536:muscovite
458:chlorides
454:fluorides
389:Petrology
339:Spodumene
300:pegmatite
242:known as
220:pegmatite
218:The word
214:Etymology
180:beryllium
171:volatiles
152:spodumene
97:pegmatite
3417:Category
3372:Taconite
3347:Pyrolite
3272:Ganister
3242:Aphanite
3237:Appinite
3159:Phyllite
3144:Mylonite
3112:Hornfels
3092:Eclogite
2989:Mudstone
2964:Laterite
2924:Dolomite
2841:Wehrlite
2816:Trachyte
2809:Hawaiite
2787:Tonalite
2782:Tephrite
2735:Rhyolite
2700:Porphyry
2675:Obsidian
2560:Essexite
2511:Boninite
2501:Basanite
2447:Andesite
2374:Rhyolite
2340:Andesite
2269:>69%
2213:<45%
2047:Archived
1916:Archived
1855:Elements
1790:Elements
1687:Archived
1567:33020499
1326:Elements
1059:Elements
1041:: 56–63.
1006:schist,
955:, France
933:alkaline
864:Ethiopia
829:tungsten
821:corundum
786:rubidium
778:scandium
728:pyroxene
717:titanium
694:monazite
632:-filled
630:cumulate
513:fluorite
419:volatile
304:textural
284:feldspar
272:crystals
236:feldspar
196:tantalum
188:fluorine
113:feldspar
38:crystals
36:corundum
3392:Unakite
3322:Llanite
3287:Ijolite
3262:Felsite
3194:Suevite
3029:Tillite
2969:Lignite
2909:Coquina
2874:Breccia
2767:Syenite
2615:Ijolite
2575:Granite
2543:Diorite
2538:Diabase
2442:Adakite
2382:Granite
2348:Diorite
2256:63–69%
2239:52–63%
2226:45–52%
2195:content
2187:Common
2056:29 July
2011:Bibcode
1968:Bibcode
1863:Bibcode
1798:Bibcode
1755:Bibcode
1685:: 263.
1558:7536386
1537:Bibcode
1471:Bibcode
1428:Bibcode
1373:Bibcode
1334:Bibcode
1067:Bibcode
929:diabase
884:cratons
844:caesium
836:lithium
782:caesium
774:yttrium
770:niobium
755:lithium
747:Elbaite
710:emerald
682:thorium
678:uranium
670:niobium
658:caesium
654:lithium
634:enclave
569:Aplites
522:in the
509:apatite
450:borates
431:alkalis
335:Karelia
276:granite
240:texture
238:in the
228:pēgnymi
208:uranium
200:niobium
176:lithium
125:granite
121:silicic
105:texture
90:Nunavut
3302:Kenyte
3277:Gossan
3174:Schist
3134:Marble
3097:Gneiss
2999:Oolite
2864:Arkose
2762:Sovite
2752:Scoria
2705:Pumice
2670:Norite
2640:Latite
2570:Gabbro
2555:Dunite
2533:Dacite
2467:Basalt
2462:Aplite
2357:Dacite
2331:Gabbro
2323:Basalt
2266:Felsic
2253:felsic
2087:
1986:
1881:
1816:
1773:
1653:
1591:
1565:
1555:
1446:
1399:
1391:
1293:
1231:
1203:
1153:
1119:
1085:
856:Rwanda
719:, and
696:, and
609:gneiss
511:, and
495:, gem
489:albite
485:garnet
481:schorl
460:, and
427:silica
349:, and
296:gabbro
286:, and
280:quartz
232:quartz
158:, and
144:quartz
115:, and
109:quartz
99:is an
78:cirque
56:quartz
54:, and
3267:Flint
3189:Slate
3184:Skarn
3049:Varve
3014:Shale
2934:Flint
2889:Chert
2884:Chalk
2223:Mafic
2050:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
1919:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1771:S2CID
1690:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1397:S2CID
1257:(PDF)
903:veins
901:, or
899:sills
895:dikes
505:topaz
351:beryl
184:boron
167:magma
156:beryl
133:mafic
3039:Tufa
2984:Marl
2899:Coal
2831:Tuff
2206:Type
2085:ISBN
2058:2022
1984:ISSN
1879:ISSN
1814:ISSN
1727:2021
1651:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1563:PMID
1444:ISSN
1389:ISSN
1291:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1083:ISSN
858:and
730:and
583:and
483:and
288:mica
234:and
148:mica
131:and
117:mica
3402:Wad
2271:SiO
2258:SiO
2241:SiO
2228:SiO
2215:SiO
2077:doi
2019:doi
2007:120
1976:doi
1871:doi
1806:doi
1763:doi
1553:PMC
1545:doi
1479:doi
1436:doi
1381:doi
1342:doi
1075:doi
846:is
825:tin
702:ore
666:tin
599:or
443:psi
439:GPa
435:wt%
345:of
294:or
192:tin
3419::
2083:.
2075:.
2017:.
2005:.
1982:.
1974:.
1964:90
1962:.
1958:.
1912:16
1910:.
1906:.
1877:.
1869:.
1857:.
1826:^
1812:.
1804:.
1792:.
1769:.
1761:.
1751:43
1749:.
1735:^
1683:27
1681:.
1677:.
1615:^
1575:^
1561:.
1551:.
1543:.
1533:11
1531:.
1527:.
1491:^
1477:.
1467:60
1465:.
1442:.
1434:.
1424:20
1422:.
1418:.
1395:.
1387:.
1379:.
1369:43
1367:.
1363:.
1340:.
1328:.
1273:^
1263:.
1259:.
1243:^
1215:^
1165:^
1131:^
1095:^
1081:.
1073:.
1061:.
1047:^
1039:13
1037:.
1033:.
951:,
924:.
897:,
772:,
734:.
692:,
688:,
680:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
656:,
507:,
503:,
491:,
456:,
452:,
429:,
282:,
254:.
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
111:,
95:A
88:,
62:,
50:,
2420:e
2413:t
2406:v
2300::
2293::
2286::
2273:2
2260:2
2251:–
2243:2
2230:2
2217:2
2180:e
2173:t
2166:v
2093:.
2079::
2060:.
2025:.
2021::
2013::
1990:.
1978::
1970::
1928:.
1885:.
1873::
1865::
1859:8
1820:.
1808::
1800::
1794:8
1777:.
1765::
1757::
1729:.
1659:.
1597:.
1569:.
1547::
1539::
1485:.
1481::
1473::
1450:.
1438::
1430::
1403:.
1383::
1375::
1348:.
1344::
1336::
1330:8
1299:.
1265:1
1237:.
1209:.
1159:.
1125:.
1089:.
1077::
1069::
1063:8
552:.
20:)
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