384:
and size becoming its adult form. One stem will eventually take over, rising upward and producing the larger adult leaves. Once Kaikōmako grows past 2 m and enters its adult stage Kaikōmako can grow to be up to 10 metres (33 ft) tall. Many of the Kaikōmako trees that are in their adult stage will still feature lower-level juvenile leaves whilst having upper-level adult leaves. Kaikōmako is said to have this juvenile divaricate phase because it may enhance the plant's chance at capturing light, which would be advantageous to the plant as it grows in forests which can be covered by the
46:
258:
467:). As the name suggests, Kaikōmako fruit is often eaten by bellbirds. As the Kaikōmako plant fruits from January to May, the bellbird eats the fruit of the plant during these times. Honey bees have been observed to nest above the ground and have been found to nest in large holes in Kaikōmako trees. Honey bees also feed on and collect the nectar of the Kaikōmako tree when it is flowering (November to February). The fruit of Kaikōmako can be eaten by possums and other introduced mammals.
33:
383:
development. Heteroblastic development occurs when the plant undergoes an abrupt change which can be in its form and its function. In Kaikōmako, this heteroblastic development happens from its intermediate stage to its adult stage at about 2 metres (6.6 ft), when the leaves change colour, shape
286:
with branches that zig-zag and tangle. As a juvenile, it has small leaves that are about 7 to 15 millimetres (0.28 to 0.59 in) long. Kaikōmako leaves in juvenile form make it easy to identify as they look like duck feet, which is why Kaikōmako is also known as duck's foot. When Kaikōmako grows
360:
Kaikōmako is found in lowland forests and coastal areas as it prefers milder temperatures. The location of Kaikōmako can affect the growth of the tree. Beddie found the trees that were less than half a kilometre from the sea, which were exposed to a strong sea breeze, were mostly short and stunted
287:
to adult size, which can be up to 10 meters high, and the plant grows into more of a tree form rather than a shrub, with one predominant branch growing into a single trunk. At its adult stage, Kaikōmako grows leaves that are about 5 cm long. Kaikōmako leaves are
401:. Kaikōmako can fruit at any stage of its development. Beddie shows photos of Kaikōmako twigs which have adult, intermediate and juvenile foliage, yet they're all fruiting. Beddie discussed how a seed from a juvenile fruit was germinated, and grew into a
341:, and in some islands near New Zealand. Kaikōmako is less common in the northern part of New Zealand as it prefers colder temperatures, so it is more common further south where it is colder. Kaikōmako was also thought to be present on
483:
to generate fire. Māori made fire by friction and used
Kaikomako as te hika (rubbing stick). Kaikōmako was used as it is a hard and durable wood and was rubbed with obsidian or a shell to make the stick sharp and then was used with
388:
of larger trees. Kaikōmako flowers from
November to February and fruits from January to May. The fruits of the Kaikōmako tree are usually black but Beddie wrote that the fruits are certainly purple when ripe in the
374:
Kaikōmako has three stages; juvenile, intermediate and adult. Kaikomako can fruit in its intermediate stage and even in its juvenile stage; this is known as precocious fruiting. Kaikōmako is described as a
254:, coming from the shape of the juvenile plant's leaf. Juvenile plants have small leaves with tangled, divaricating stems, while mature plants have much larger leaves and a normal tree architecture.
488:(another native New Zealand tree) by rubbing the Kaikōmako stick into the grooves of the Mahoe to make fire. Kaikōmako was used as te hika because in Māori mythology a Māori goddess of fire named
361:
and had leaves that were smaller than usual. Beddie also noted that they had almost no adult growth at all, and that there were no fruits found lower than 1.5 metres (4.9 feet) off the ground.
608:
712:
Burrows, C. J. (1995). Germination behaviour of the seeds of six New
Zealand woody plant species. In New Zealand Journal of Botany (Vol. 33). The Royal Society Te Aparangi.
531:
471:
feed on old leaves of shrubs and trees, including the Kaikōmako tree. The adult and larva thrips both do this. This can cause leaf silvering and speckling on Kaikōmako.
671:(Pennantiaceae) based on whole chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal 18S–26S repeat region sequences. (p. 16). PhytoKeys. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.155.53460
405:
but didn't produce fruit. Beddie also mentioned that because of Kaikōmako's precocious fruiting, as it had confused a lot of early experienced botanists.
291:. When Kaikōmako is flowering, it has cream flowers that can completely cover the plant, and then small black/purple berries a few months later.
214:
Small, creamy flowers are produced between
November and February, followed by a shiny black fruit in autumn. They are a favourite food of the
988:
804:
936:
278:
which are entire and oval shaped, and are about 10 by 8 millimetres (0.39 by 0.31 in) in size. As the plant grows, the first
949:
539:
1011:
778:
243:). Traditionally, Māori used the tree to make fire by repeatedly rubbing a pointed stick into a groove on a piece of
436:
which is from the Three Kings
Islands and is known as Three Kings Island Kaikōmako, was sister to a clade formed by
993:
975:
1016:
1042:
1091:
888:
1096:
429:, which is found in Australia, is the sister to the rest of the genus. Maurin also found that the species
1050:
897:
1037:
954:
45:
1003:
703:, a divaricate shrub from New Zealand. In The New Zealand Journal of Botany (Vol. 36, pp. 141-148).
1101:
850:
345:
but
Gardner disproved this, finding that the specimens that were found there were specimens of
321:
633:
397:
are shorter than the males, and the male flowers have a rudimentary ovary that doesn't have a
162:
1029:
393:
region. Kaikōmako is dioecious, meaning it has female and male flowers. The female flower's
538:. Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network. Archived from
431:
342:
244:
215:
492:
left her magic flame preserved in a Kaikōmako stick for the use of man-kind to make fire.
8:
725:(Icacinaceae), a small isolated genusof Southern Hemisphere trees (Vol. 32, pp. 669-695).
40:
1024:
910:
282:
are about 9 x 8mm and are three-toothed. As a juvenile, the plant grows into a dense
222:
195:
915:
385:
902:
509:
1055:
398:
83:
480:
873:
448:
338:
70:
1085:
380:
316:
257:
1068:
735:
962:
882:
779:"Black Maire (Nestegis cunninghamii) decline in the Haurangi Forest Park"
312:
279:
208:
32:
763:
Butz Huryn V.M. (1995). Use of native New
Zealand plants by honey bees (
687:) on Great Barrier Island. Auckland Botanical Society Journal, 53: 75-76
941:
390:
376:
275:
967:
923:
418:
413:
326:
288:
274:
is different at each stage of its life. As a seedling, Kaikōmako has
204:
139:
129:
844:
767:
L.): a review. New
Zealand Journal of Botany (vol. 33, pp. 497-512).
1063:
867:
609:"Seed collection and propagation guide for Native Trees and shrubs"
402:
109:
96:
980:
928:
489:
441:
394:
308:
119:
468:
485:
409:
283:
57:
721:
Gardner, R. O. & De Lange, P. J. (2002). Revision of
337:
Kaikōmako is found in the North Island, South Island and
667:
Maurin, K. J. (2020). A dated phylogeny of the genus
454:
591:(Vol. 30, pp. 12-14). Wellington Botanical Society.
502:
1083:
830:
828:
826:
417:contains only four species. Maurin studied the
640:. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. 2023
611:. New Zealand Department of Conservation. 2023
679:
677:
587:Beddie, A. D. (1958). Precocious fruiting of
583:
581:
579:
577:
823:
796:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
770:
759:
757:
715:
628:
626:
238:
232:
226:
198:
706:
674:
31:
699:Day, J. (1998). Architecture of juvenile
695:
693:
652:
603:
601:
599:
597:
554:
315:, although other species that are in the
784:. New Zealand Department of Conservation
754:
623:
256:
776:
728:
459:The name Kaikōmako translates to food (
369:
299:
1084:
802:
690:
594:
524:
849:
848:
1004:def99192-6edf-4cad-9ba8-8854321a3623
479:Kaikōmako was used traditionally by
332:
319:family are found elsewhere, such as
13:
838:. London: Victor Gollancz Limited.
683:Gardner, R. (1998). No kaikomako (
455:Predators, parasites, and diseases
14:
1113:
1043:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:434486-1
510:"Traditional Plant Use By Māori"
474:
379:juvenile (spread out) which has
44:
265:
1:
495:
7:
10:
1118:
364:
355:
857:
178:J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
294:
427:Pennantia cunninghamii
322:Pennantia cunninghamii
262:
239:
233:
227:
199:
834:Papakura, M. (1938).
805:"Pennantia corymbosa"
803:Martin, N.A. (2011).
634:"Pennantia corymbosa"
445:Pennantia endlicheri
260:
1092:Trees of New Zealand
777:Hosking, G. (1997).
463:) for the bellbird (
447:, which is found on
432:Pennantia baylisiana
370:Life cycle/Phenology
351:Pennantia corymbosa.
347:Melicytus micranthus
343:Great Barrier Island
300:Natural global range
216:New Zealand bellbird
190:, commonly known as
1097:Divaricating plants
889:Pennantia corymbosa
859:Pennantia corymbosa
811:. Landcare Research
701:Pennantia corymbosa
685:Pennantia corymbosa
589:Pennantia corymbosa
534:Pennantia corymbosa
305:Pennantia corymbosa
250:An English name is
237:) of the bellbird (
187:Pennantia corymbosa
172:Pennantia corymbosa
25:Pennantia corymbosa
836:The Old-Time Maori
542:on 6 February 2020
325:which is found in
263:
1079:
1078:
1025:Open Tree of Life
851:Taxon identifiers
333:New Zealand range
183:
182:
154:P. corymbosa
1109:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1006:
997:
996:
984:
983:
971:
970:
958:
957:
945:
944:
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
893:
892:
891:
878:
877:
876:
846:
845:
839:
832:
821:
820:
818:
816:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
783:
774:
768:
761:
752:
751:
749:
747:
732:
726:
719:
713:
710:
704:
697:
688:
681:
672:
665:
650:
649:
647:
645:
630:
621:
620:
618:
616:
605:
592:
585:
552:
551:
549:
547:
528:
522:
521:
519:
517:
506:
261:A kaikomako tree
242:
236:
230:
202:
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1000:
992:
987:
979:
974:
966:
961:
953:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
887:
886:
881:
872:
871:
866:
853:
843:
842:
833:
824:
814:
812:
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
775:
771:
762:
755:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
720:
716:
711:
707:
698:
691:
682:
675:
666:
653:
643:
641:
632:
631:
624:
614:
612:
607:
606:
595:
586:
555:
545:
543:
530:
529:
525:
515:
513:
508:
507:
503:
498:
477:
457:
425:and found that
372:
367:
358:
335:
302:
297:
268:
207:forest tree of
179:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1008:
998:
985:
972:
959:
946:
933:
920:
907:
894:
879:
863:
861:
855:
854:
841:
840:
822:
795:
769:
765:Apis mellifera
753:
727:
714:
705:
689:
673:
651:
622:
593:
553:
523:
500:
499:
497:
494:
476:
473:
456:
453:
449:Norfolk Island
371:
368:
366:
363:
357:
354:
339:Stewart Island
334:
331:
301:
298:
296:
293:
267:
264:
203:), is a small
181:
180:
177:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1114:
1103:
1102:Pennantiaceae
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
890:
884:
880:
875:
869:
865:
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
847:
837:
831:
829:
827:
810:
806:
799:
780:
773:
766:
760:
758:
741:
737:
731:
724:
718:
709:
702:
696:
694:
686:
680:
678:
670:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
639:
635:
629:
627:
610:
604:
602:
600:
598:
590:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
541:
537:
535:
527:
511:
505:
501:
493:
491:
487:
482:
475:Cultural uses
472:
470:
466:
462:
452:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
433:
428:
424:
421:of the genus
420:
416:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
382:
381:heteroblastic
378:
362:
353:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
323:
318:
317:Pennantiaceae
314:
310:
306:
292:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
259:
255:
253:
252:"duck's foot"
248:
246:
241:
235:
229:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:Pennantiaceae
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
858:
835:
813:. Retrieved
808:
798:
786:. Retrieved
772:
764:
744:. Retrieved
739:
730:
722:
717:
708:
700:
684:
668:
642:. Retrieved
637:
613:. Retrieved
588:
544:. Retrieved
540:the original
536:(Kaikomako)"
533:
526:
514:. Retrieved
512:. eske-style
504:
478:
464:
460:
458:
444:
438:P. corymbosa
437:
430:
426:
422:
412:
407:
373:
359:
350:
346:
336:
320:
304:
303:
272:P. corymbosa
271:
270:Identifying
269:
251:
249:
231:means food (
220:
213:
191:
186:
185:
184:
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
963:iNaturalist
883:Wikispecies
736:"Kaikomako"
546:26 December
313:New Zealand
280:true leaves
266:Description
209:New Zealand
84:Angiosperms
1086:Categories
496:References
391:Wellington
377:divaricate
276:cotyledons
194:(from the
809:PlantSynz
723:Pennantia
669:Pennantia
516:25 August
423:Pennantia
419:phylogeny
414:Pennantia
327:Australia
289:evergreen
228:kaikōmako
205:dioecious
200:kaikōmako
192:kaikomako
148:Species:
141:Pennantia
54:Kingdom:
1069:50154089
1064:Tropicos
981:434486-1
874:Q4046587
868:Wikidata
638:NZ Flora
440:and the
403:seedling
349:and not
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
942:3596592
490:Mahuika
442:species
395:anthers
365:Ecology
356:Habitat
309:endemic
136:Genus:
120:Apiales
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1030:461722
1001:NZOR:
994:159371
968:185249
903:138856
815:19 May
788:19 May
746:19 May
742:. 2023
644:19 May
615:19 May
469:Thrips
465:kōmako
399:stigma
386:canopy
240:kōmako
1056:21378
1012:NZPCN
955:27167
929:QNNCO
916:76JMN
782:(PDF)
486:Mahoe
481:Māori
410:genus
295:Range
284:shrub
245:mahoe
225:name
223:Māori
196:Māori
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1038:POWO
1017:1103
989:NCBI
976:IPNI
950:GRIN
937:GBIF
924:EPPO
898:APNI
817:2023
790:2023
748:2023
646:2023
617:2023
548:2022
518:2012
408:The
221:The
1051:RHS
911:CoL
740:EOL
461:kai
311:to
307:is
234:kai
1088::
1066::
1053::
1040::
1027::
1014::
991::
978::
965::
952::
939::
926::
913::
900::
885::
870::
825:^
807:.
756:^
738:.
692:^
676:^
654:^
636:.
625:^
596:^
556:^
451:.
329:.
247:.
218:.
211:.
106::
93::
80::
67::
819:.
792:.
750:.
648:.
619:.
550:.
532:"
520:.
434:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
