34:
505:
277:
288:
1146:
564:
1276:
1185:
83:
250:, there was a higher percentage of cases in which not guilty verdicts were handed down on indictments. In some cases, this was due to defense lawyers presenting the accused as naive or the defendant adequately explaining the nature of the political charges against them. However, in nearly two-thirds of such cases, the defendants would be
543:, a 20 July Plot member who was on trial that day and was facing execution. According to a different report, Freisler "was killed by a bomb fragment while trying to escape from his law court to the air-raid shelter", and he "bled to death on the pavement outside the People's Court at Bellevuestrasse 15 in Berlin".
1516:, 10th Term of Office, 118. plenary session. Bonn, Friday, 25 January 1985. Protocol, p. 8762: "The Volksgerichtshof was an instrument of state-sanctioned terror, which served one single purpose, which was the destruction of political opponents. Behind a juridical facade, state-sanctioned murder was committed."
1800:
Dec 1, 1944-Feb 3, 1945 - 418th BS, 100th BG (H) ETOUSAAF (8AF) Squadron
Commander, 55 hours, B-17 Air Leader 5 c/m (combat missions) 45 c/hrs (combat hours) 1 Division Lead (Berlin Feb 3, 1945, shot down, picked up by Russians and returned to England) Acting Command 4 Wing Leads, Pilot Feb 3, 1945 -
196:
activists, trials were concluded in less than an hour without evidence being presented or arguments made by either side. The president of the court often acted as prosecutor, denouncing defendants, then pronouncing his verdict and sentence without objection from defense counsel, who usually remained
226:
for charges of a political nature. Defendants were hardly ever allowed to speak to their attorneys beforehand and when they did the defense lawyer would usually simply answer questions about how the trial would proceed and refrain from any legal advice. In at least one documented case (the trial of
404:
attempted to raise the issue of his motives before being shouted down, and
Witzleben managed to call out "You may hand us over to the executioner, but in three months, the disgusted and harried people will bring you to book and drag you alive through the dirt in the streets!" All were condemned to
538:
and the People's Court. According to one report, Freisler hastily adjourned court and had ordered that day's prisoners to be taken to a shelter, but paused to gather that day's files. Freisler was killed when an almost direct hit on the building caused him to be struck down by a beam in his own
242:
After examination, the defense attorney would be asked if they had any statements or questions. Defense lawyers were present simply as a formality and hardly ever rose to speak. The judge would then ask the defendants for a statement during which time more insults and berating comments would be
238:
The People's Court proceedings began when the accused were led to a prisoner's dock under armed police escort. The presiding judge would read the charges and then call the accused forward for "examination". Although the court had a prosecutor, it was usually the judge who asked the questions.
732:, with Freisler presiding, and condemned to death. Friends and family frantically tried to save his life, to no avail. The family was never notified officially about the judgment, and only accidentally learned that Kreiten had been executed with 185 other inmates in Plötzensee Prison.
547:
was "standing near his judge when the latter met his end." Freisler's death saved
Schlabrendorff â he was later re-tried and, in a rare instance for the court's last nine months in existence, possibly motivated by fear of later reprisals, acquitted by its new acting president,
364:
for their trousers, and were marched into the courtroom handcuffed to policemen. The proceedings began with
Freisler announcing he would rule on "...the most horrific charges ever brought in the history of the German people." Freisler was an admirer of
346:
and selected civil servants, party functionaries, military officers and journalists. A film camera ran behind the red-robed Roland
Freisler so that Hitler could view the proceedings, and to provide footage for newsreels and a documentary entitled
239:
Defendants were often berated during the examination and never allowed to respond with any sort of lengthy reply. After a barrage of insults and condemnation, the accused would be ordered back to the dock with the order "examination concluded".
1320:) granted the so-called "Judges' Privilege" to those that had been part of the People's Court. This prevented the prosecution of the former People's Court members on the basis that their actions had been legal under laws in effect at the time.
262:. After the defeat at Stalingrad, and with a growing fear in the German government regarding defeatism amongst the population, the People's Court became far more ruthless and hardly anyone brought before the tribunal escaped a guilty verdict.
714:
leader, and a leader in the forefront of the anti-Nazi resistance. On 25 August 1943, in Berlin, he was accused of high treason in connection with his political activities. He was found guilty and beheaded two weeks later on 8 September
243:
shouted at the accused. The verdict, which was almost always "guilty", would then be announced and the sentence handed down at the same time. In all, an appearance before the People's Court could take as little as fifteen minutes.
221:
nor could the defendants adequately represent themselves or consult counsel. A proceeding at the People's Court would follow an initial indictment in which a state or city prosecutor would forward the names of the accused to the
853:(OKH-HQ) in Berlin on 20 July to assume command of the coup forces. He was arrested the next day and tried by the People's Court on 8 August. Witzleben was sentenced to death and hanged the same day in Plötzensee Prison.
84:
399:
The accused were unable to consult their lawyers, who were not seated near them. None of them was allowed to address the court at length, and
Freisler interrupted any attempts to do so. However, Major General
62:
1758:
1361:
Of the other approximately 570 judges and prosecutors, none were held responsible for their actions related to the People's Court. In fact, many had careers in the West-German post-war legal system:
492:
was arrested on account of his links with many of the conspirators. Although not directly involved in the plot, he was nonetheless tried, found guilty by the show trial, and hanged on a meat hook at
1224:
1094:
1006:
B. Nebe oversaw massacres on the
Russian Front, and at other locations as he was commanded to do by his superiors in the SS. After the failure to assassinate Hitler, Nebe hid on an island in the
878:. Conservative German politician, economist, civil servant and opponent of the Nazi regime, who would have served as the Chancellor of the new government had the 20 July plot of 1944 succeeded.
197:
silent throughout. The court almost always sided with the prosecution, to the point that, from 1943 on, being brought before it was tantamount to a death sentence. While Nazi
Germany was not a
1055:
571:
Yet another version of
Freisler's death states that he was killed by a British bomb that came through the ceiling of his courtroom as he was trying two women, who survived the explosion.
246:
From 1934 to 1945, the court sentenced 10,980 people to prison and imposed the death penalty on 5,179 more who were convicted of high treason. About 1,000 were acquitted. Prior to the
1607:(History of the People's Court) (in German) stating that in some 7,000 cases 18,000 defendants were convicted and 5,000 of those were sentenced to death; about 1,000 were acquitted.
512:
Field
Marshal von Witzleben's prediction of Roland Freisler's fate proved slightly incorrect, as he died in a bombing raid in February 1945, approximately half a year later.
1443:
539:
courtroom. His body was reportedly found crushed beneath a fallen masonry column, clutching the files that he had tried to retrieve. Among those files was that of
582:
Hospital when Freisler's body was brought in, and that a worker commented, "It is God's verdict." According to Luise Jodl, "Not one person said a word in reply."
151:) in which all but one of the defendants were acquitted. The court had jurisdiction over a rather broad array of "political offenses", which included crimes like
911:
and planes to the Allies. In contrast to many other German resistance groups, the Maier group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews. The head of a
751:. He was convicted of "conspiracy to commit high treason along with favouring the enemy", sentenced to death, and beheaded by guillotine on 17 February 1944.
1997:
523:
201:
state, the People's Court frequently dispensed with even the nominal laws and procedures of regular German trials and is therefore characterized as a
1992:
1342:". Lautz was released after serving less than four years of his sentence and was granted a government pension by West Germany. One People's Judge of
1235:
1105:
549:
1913:
1324:
463:
117:
1464:
165:("the disintegration of defensive capability") and were accordingly punished severely; the death penalty was meted out in numerous cases.
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1145:
915:
resistance group was killed on the last day of execution in Vienna after several months of torture in the Mauthausen concentration camp.
1977:
1972:
1783:
814:. A German Catholic priest. Metzger was the founder in 1938 of the "Una Sancta Brotherhood", an ecumenical movement for bringing
2022:
1982:
1576:
1520:
1899:
1646:
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429:
567:
The memorial plaque outside the Sony Center at Bellvuestrasse 3 in Berlin, marking the former location of the People's Court
107:, set up outside the operations of the constitutional frame of law. Its headquarters were originally located in the former
33:
2032:
2012:
1815:
Granberg, Jerje. AP dispatch from Stockholm, reprinted as "Berlin, Nerves Racked By Air Raids, Fears Russian Army Most",
1433:
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in Berlin, were caught, tried, sentenced to death by Freisler, and executed. Their story formed the basis for the 1947
24:
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947:. German jurist, a member of the opposition against Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, and a founding member of the
786:
703:
944:
488:
In the aftermath of the 20 July Plot to assassinate Hitler, senior intelligence analyst Lieutenant Colonel
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who was able to mention the "...many murders committed at home and abroad" as a motivation for his actions.
2007:
574:
A foreign correspondent reported, "Apparently nobody regretted his death." Luise Jodl, the wife of General
553:
822:
to unity. During the trial Freisler said that people like Metzger (meaning clergy) should be "eradicated."
380:
von Witzleben was the first to stand before Freisler and he was immediately castigated for giving a brief
1339:
1323:
The only member of the People's Court ever to be held liable for his actions was Chief Public Prosecutor
473:, who had blinded himself in a suicide attempt, was led into the court and condemned to death along with
17:
1987:
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315:
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2017:
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until he was betrayed by one of his mistresses. On 21 March 1945 Nebe was hanged, allegedly with
850:
728:
of Kreiten's negative remarks about Adolf Hitler and the war effort. Kreiten was indicted at the
459:
108:
357:, it was not shown at the time and turned out to be the last documentary made for the newsreel.
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and surgical nurse who was found guilty of distributing regime-critical pamphlets and beheaded.
535:
448:
444:
23:
This article is about Nazi Germany's Volksgerichtshof. For other similarly named entities, see
1334:, who in 1947 was sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment by a US Military Tribunal, during the
885:â the Chief of the Reich Press Office (Reichspresseamts), which became involved in resistance.
384:. He faced further humiliating insults while holding onto his trouser waistband. Next, former
889:
651:
959:
298:
The best-known trials in the People's Court began on 7 August 1944, in the aftermath of the
1438:
830:
781:
664:
515:
On 3 February 1945, Freisler was conducting a Saturday session of the People's Court, when
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871:. A member of a resistance group in Nazi Germany. Hofacker's goal was to overthrow Hitler.
493:
406:
177:
8:
1157:
868:
826:
792:
684:
586:
474:
343:
303:
280:
161:
1223:
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205:. In 1985, the West German Bundestag declared the People's Court to be an instrument of
1881:
1690:
1347:
933:â Prussian finance minister and a member of the German Resistance against Nazi Germany.
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719:
655:
579:
417:
370:
331:
327:
259:
800:("Your brother is unfortunately beyond our reach â you, however, will not escape us").
622:
1895:
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1763:
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1707:
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1692:
Operation Mincemeat : the true spy story that changed the course of World War II
1669:
1642:
1621:
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1316:
1240:
1110:
990:). Nebe was a conspirator in the 20 July Plot to kill Hitler. He was the head of the
811:
748:
531:
489:
140:
903:, an Austrian priest who very successfully passed on plans and production sites for
755:
1517:
1335:
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857:
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519:
413:
412:
Another trial of plotters was held on 10 August. On that occasion the accused were
373:, and copied Vyshinsky's practice of heaping loud and violent abuse on defendants.
366:
323:
235:
chastised her the day before the trial, stating that she would pay for her crimes.
133:
45:
986:
168:
The court handed down an enormous number of death sentences under Judge-President
1943:'Hitlers Helfer - Roland Freisler', television documentary by Guido Knopp (1998).
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66:
49:
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319:
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202:
1404:
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1014:(Hitler wanted members of the plot "hanged like cattle") at Plötzensee Prison.
1966:
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1002:
819:
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The accused were forced to wear shabby clothes, denied neckties and belts or
335:
311:
307:
232:
185:
159:, and treason against Nazi Germany. These crimes were viewed by the court as
144:
97:
388:
Erich Hoepner, dressed in a cardigan, faced Freisler, who addressed him as "
1857:
1753:
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1355:
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death by hanging, and the sentences were carried out shortly afterwards in
299:
271:
173:
152:
136:
104:
38:
798:"Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischtâSie aber werden uns nicht entwischen"
176:
on 20 July 1944. Many of those found guilty by the court were executed in
1725:
977:
893:
736:
680:
575:
396:, Freisler asked him what zoological category he thought he fitted into.
381:
198:
189:
126:
611:. Sentenced to death on 20/21 Feb, executed on 1 July, at the age of 27.
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1066:
1011:
970:
908:
904:
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688:
672:
527:
361:
228:
193:
181:
578:, recounted more than 25 years later that she had been working at the
1513:
1391:
1385:
882:
834:
156:
1844:
Will, George F. "Plot failed, but the spirit lived", reprinted in
1784:"100th Bomb Group Foundation - Personnel - Lt Col Robert Rosenthal"
1759:
Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler, 1933â1945
969:. Politician, businessman, resistance fighter and son of physicist
796:
for saying to a customer that the war was lost. Freisler declared,
339:
1926:
Buchanan, William, "Nazi War Criminal's Widow Recalls Nuremberg",
180:
in Berlin. The proceedings of the court were often even less than
1416:
1397:
1372:
1007:
747:
after the Nazis came to power, but they caught up with him after
744:
724:
255:
334:. The trials were held in the imposing Great Hall of the Berlin
37:
A session of the People's Court, trying the conspirators of the
1343:
912:
777:
112:
1639:
In the Name of the Volk: Political justice in Hitler's Germany
926:
and a member of the German Resistance against the Nazi régime.
722:, a pianist. Nazi Party member Ellen Ott-Monecke notified the
342:
for the occasion. There were around 300 spectators, including
52:, president of the court; Ernst Lautz, chief public prosecutor
625:. Beheaded at the age of 17, he was the youngest opponent of
589:
cemetery in Berlin. His name is not shown on the gravestone.
585:
Freisler is interred in the plot of his wife's family at the
516:
1835:, Sutton Publishing, 2000, pp. 216, 220–222, 228, 250.
1379:
139:, in response to his dissatisfaction at the outcome of the
1886:"Schlabrendorff, Fabian Ludwig Georg Adolf Kurt Graf von"
1746:
1490:"ĂNB-ALEX - Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I 1867-1945"
1018:
637:
1444:
Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926â1943)
973:. Planck was an alleged conspirator in the 20 July plot.
790:
and was living in the United States. She was accused of
1465:"Crime, Guns, and Videotape: Meet "The People's Court""
981:
1618:
Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle That Changed History
629:
executed as a result of a trial by the People's Court.
1309:
552:. After the war Schlabrendorff became a judge of the
1384:
Karl-Hermann Bellwinkel: First district attorney in
508:
Ruins of the People's Court, as photographed in 1951
1689:
1314:In 1956 the German Federal High Court of Justice (
1630:
1964:
1446:(a court with comparable tasks in Fascist Italy)
849:in the planned post-coup government, arrived at
231:" conspirators), the defense lawyer assigned to
841:to kill Hitler. Witzleben, who would have been
129:; a marker is located on the sidewalk nearby).
1563:Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany
132:The court was established in 1934 by order of
464:Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld
30:Instrument of judicial murder in Nazi Germany
1752:
1565:. Yale University Press (2004), pp. 398-99.
892:, as well as other members of the anti-Nazi
302:that year. The first eight men accused were
95:
1998:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1945
1934:(Burlington, N.C.), 20 December 1972, p. 1.
1724:
1578:History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945
338:on ElĂholzstrasse, which was bedecked with
1914:Europe at War 1939â1945: No Simple Victory
1862:Staatsstreich. Der lange Weg zum 20. Juli.
1917:(New York: Viking Penguin, 2007), p. 308.
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1993:Courts and tribunals established in 1934
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562:
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286:
275:
265:
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32:
1718:
1378:Robert Bandel: Chief district judge in
739:, communist and former chairman of the
1965:
1894:, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007,
1655:
1365:Paul Reimers: Regional court judge in
1019:Judge-Presidents of the People's Court
869:Lieutenant-Colonel Caesar von Hofacker
1827:
1825:
1811:
1809:
1604:Die Geschichte des Volksgerichtshofes
1403:Johannes Frankenberg: Court judge in
1025:
451:were condemned to death by Freisler.
430:Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
76:
1954:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1678:
665:Every Man Dies Alone/Alone in Berlin
184:in that some cases, such as that of
172:, including those that followed the
1801:BERLIN - MACR #12046, - A/C#44 8379
1434:List of members of the 20 July plot
1415:Konrad Höher: District attorney in
1039:
1036:
13:
1822:
1806:
1371:Hans-Dietrich Arndt: Chief judge,
1310:Legal aftermath after World War II
862:Social Democratic Party of Germany
592:
530:buildings were hit, including the
392:". When he said that he was not a
349:Traitors Before the People's Court
283:appears before the People's Court.
258:following the trial and sent to a
125:(the location now occupied by the
14:
2044:
1978:1945 disestablishments in Germany
712:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
609:Young Communist League of Germany
422:Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg
1396:Christian Dede: Director of the
1340:subsequent Nuremberg proceedings
1274:
1222:
1183:
1144:
1092:
1053:
534:, the Gestapo headquarters, the
1946:
1937:
1920:
1905:
1875:
1851:
1838:
1776:
1581:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
1409:Andreas Fricke: Court judge in
454:On 21 August, the accused were
437:Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf
25:People's Court (disambiguation)
1973:1934 establishments in Germany
1891:Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB)
1610:
1595:
1568:
1555:
1530:
1506:
1482:
1457:
1390:Erich Carmine: Court judge in
1026:
787:All Quiet on the Western Front
469:On 30 August, Colonel-General
369:, the chief prosecutor of the
118:Königliches Wilhelms-Gymnasium
1:
2023:Political and cultural purges
1983:Capital punishment in Germany
1790:. 100th Bomb Group Foundation
1762:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1450:
962:â German resistance fighters.
945:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
78:[ËfÉlksÉĄÉËÊÉȘçtÍĄshoËf]
554:Federal Constitutional Court
471:Carl-Heinrich von StĂŒlpnagel
115:, later moved to the former
7:
1641:. I B Tauris & Co Ltd.
1422:
1212:2 years, 167 days
1173:6 years, 111 days
922:â German politician of the
10:
2049:
2033:Trials of political people
2013:Government of Nazi Germany
1134:1 year, 224 days
741:German Freethinkers League
499:
316:Peter Yorck von Wartenburg
269:
22:
15:
1819:, 23 February 1945, p. 1.
1730:Hitler 1936â1945: Nemesis
1664:Robert Edwin Hertzstein,
772:Karl Friedrich Stellbrink
654:. The couple carried out
545:Fabian von Schlabrendorff
541:Fabian von Schlabrendorff
351:. Intended to be used in
121:at Bellevuestrasse 15 in
1575:Hoffmann, Peter (1996).
1079:18 September 1934 â
876:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
858:Johanna "Hanna" Kirchner
776:1943 â Elfriede Scholz,
479:Hans Otfried von Linstow
354:The German Weekly Review
219:presumption of innocence
18:People's Court (Bavaria)
16:Not to be confused with
1666:The War That Hitler Won
1000:, and the commander of
937:
804:
644:
615:
597:
460:Friedrich Gustav Jaeger
109:Prussian House of Lords
43:General of the Infantry
1696:. London: Bloomsbury.
1209:3 February 1945 â
671:1943 â Members of the
568:
509:
449:Adam von Trott zu Solz
445:Hans Bernd von Haeften
295:
284:
145:Reich Court of Justice
96:
70:
53:
1848:, 19 July 1974, p. 4.
1527:, accessed 3 May 2016
890:Elisabeth von Thadden
749:invading that country
675:resistance movement:
652:Otto and Elise Hampel
634:Maria Restituta Kafka
566:
507:
290:
279:
266:Trials of August 1944
213:Manner of proceedings
103:("special court") of
36:
1932:The Daily Times-News
1930:report reprinted in
1620:, Routledge (2002),
1439:Presumption of guilt
831:German Field Marshal
782:Erich Maria Remarque
496:on 12 October 1944.
248:Battle of Stalingrad
141:Reichstag fire trial
2008:Law of Nazi Germany
1523:3 June 2016 at the
1158:Otto Georg Thierack
837:conspirator in the
833:, Witzleben was a
827:Erwin von Witzleben
793:Wehrkraftzersetzung
685:Alexander Schmorell
587:Waldfriedhof Dahlem
475:Caesar von Hofacker
371:Soviet purge trials
344:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
304:Erwin von Witzleben
281:Erwin von Witzleben
174:plot to kill Hitler
162:Wehrkraftzersetzung
41:, 1944. From left:
1882:Christian Hartmann
1348:Heino von Heimburg
960:RĂŒdiger Schleicher
860:. A member of the
843:Commander-in-Chief
720:Karlrobert Kreiten
656:civil disobedience
607:. A leader of the
569:
526:. Government and
510:
418:Alfred Kranzfelder
332:Albrecht von Hagen
328:Friedrich Klausing
296:
285:
260:concentration camp
155:, work slowdowns,
153:black marketeering
54:
1988:Courts in Germany
1900:978-3-428-11204-3
1846:The Anniston Star
1732:. Penguin Press.
1648:978-1-86064-174-9
1637:H.W.Koch (1997).
1588:978-0-7735-1531-4
1542:www.rbb-online.de
1317:Bundesgerichtshof
1307:
1306:
1294:
1255:
1249:
1203:
1164:
1128:19 September 1934
1125:
1119:
1073:
851:Army Headquarters
839:20 July Bomb Plot
812:Max Josef Metzger
536:Party Chancellery
532:Reich Chancellery
494:Plötzensee Prison
490:Alexis von Roenne
407:Plötzensee Prison
178:Plötzensee Prison
2040:
2018:Nazi terminology
1957:
1952:William Shirer,
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1911:Davies, Norman.
1909:
1903:
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1601:RĂ€biger, Rocco,
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1528:
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1467:. Archived from
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1244:
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956:Klaus Bonhoeffer
951:dissident group.
784:who had written
760:Johannes Prassek
730:Volksgerichtshof
693:Christoph Probst
520:Eighth Air Force
414:Erich Fellgiebel
376:The 62-year-old
367:Andrey Vyshinsky
324:Robert Bernardis
224:Volksgerichtshof
188:and her brother
143:in front of the
134:Reich Chancellor
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647:
623:Helmuth HĂŒbener
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593:Notable victims
524:attacked Berlin
502:
483:Eberhard Finckh
441:Egbert Hayessen
386:Colonel-General
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170:Roland Freisler
123:Potsdamer Platz
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50:Roland Freisler
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1284:Haffner, Harry
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1236:Wilhelm Crohne
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949:Kreisau Circle
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901:Heinrich Maier
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780:and sister of
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550:Wilhelm Crohne
501:
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435:On 15 August,
402:Helmuth Stieff
320:Helmuth Stieff
292:Helmuth Stieff
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203:kangaroo court
58:People's Court
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1616:Roberts, G.,
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1471:on 2017-01-16
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1300:24 April 1945
1299:
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1296:
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1288:Harry Haffner
1282:
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1261:11 March 1945
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987:GruppenfĂŒhrer
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768:Hermann Lange
765:
764:Eduard MĂŒller
761:
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743:. He fled to
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727:
726:
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717:
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686:
682:
678:
677:Sophie Scholl
674:
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374:
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337:
336:Chamber Court
333:
329:
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312:Paul von Hase
309:
308:Erich Hoepner
305:
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278:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
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244:
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236:
234:
233:Sophie Scholl
230:
225:
220:
217:There was no
210:
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204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
186:Sophie Scholl
183:
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149:Reichsgericht
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99:
98:Sondergericht
92:
85:
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68:
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59:
51:
47:
44:
40:
35:
26:
19:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1928:Boston Globe
1927:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1889:
1877:
1861:
1858:Joachim Fest
1853:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1816:
1799:
1792:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1757:
1754:Joachim Fest
1748:
1729:
1720:
1691:
1680:
1665:
1638:
1632:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1459:
1411:Braunschweig
1360:
1356:Soviet Union
1350:died 1945 a
1322:
1315:
1313:
1303:43 days
1286:
1264:35 days
1252:
1234:
1195:
1156:
1122:
1104:
1082:67 days
1076:13 July 1934
1065:
1001:
997:
991:
985:
967:Erwin Planck
920:Julius Leber
846:
797:
791:
785:
729:
723:
710:journalist,
704:Julius FuÄĂk
663:
660:Hans Fallada
638:Catholic nun
627:Nazi Germany
584:
573:
570:
558:West Germany
514:
511:
487:
468:
456:Fritz Thiele
453:
434:
426:Georg Hansen
411:
398:
394:Schweinehund
393:
390:Schweinehund
389:
375:
359:
352:
348:
300:20 July plot
297:
294:at the court
272:20 July plot
245:
241:
237:
223:
216:
167:
160:
148:
137:Adolf Hitler
131:
116:
105:Nazi Germany
94:
90:
57:
55:
39:20 July plot
1794:December 5,
1788:100thbg.com
1726:Ian Kershaw
1561:Wachsmann,
1544:(in German)
1405:MĂŒnnerstadt
1328: [
1325:Ernst Lautz
1293:(1900â1969)
1248:(1880â1945)
1239: [
1202:(1893â1945)
1163:(1889â1946)
1118:(1875â1939)
1109: [
1072:(1874â1934)
1063:Rehn, Fritz
1040:Left office
1037:Took office
978:Arthur Nebe
909:Tiger tanks
905:V-2 rockets
894:Solf Circle
835:German Army
820:Protestants
754:1943 â The
737:Max Sievers
681:Hans Scholl
576:Alfred Jodl
382:Nazi salute
252:re-arrested
199:rule of law
192:and fellow
190:Hans Scholl
182:show trials
127:Sony Center
1967:Categories
1626:0582771854
1548:2021-07-14
1499:2021-07-14
1475:2015-12-08
1451:References
1367:Ravensburg
1167:1 May 1936
1067:Fritz Rehn
1012:piano wire
984:-General (
971:Max Planck
697:Kurt Huber
689:Willi Graf
673:White Rose
528:Nazi Party
362:suspenders
270:See also:
229:White Rose
194:White Rose
74:pronounced
1956:, p. 1393
1872:, p. 317.
1712:619515053
1514:Bundestag
1392:Nuremberg
1386:Bielefeld
1031:Portrait
883:Otto Kiep
847:Wehrmacht
816:Catholics
340:swastikas
157:defeatism
63:âčSee Tfdâș
1902:, p. 16.
1756:(1994).
1728:(2000).
1688:(2010).
1521:Archived
1423:See also
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1512:German
1417:Cologne
1373:Koblenz
1354:in the
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725:Gestapo
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256:Gestapo
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1796:2016
1764:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1708:OCLC
1698:ISBN
1670:ISBN
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1034:Name
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