Perfume - Knowledge

3543: 774: 675: 754: 614: 634: 657: 738: 695: 2525: 374: 3480: 1750: 1062: 710: 3551: 2918: 2945: 2675: 3174:(GC/MS) can reveal the "general" formula for any particular perfume. The difficulty of GC/MS analysis arises due to the complexity of a perfume's ingredients. This is particularly due to the presence of natural essential oils and other ingredients consisting of complex chemical mixtures. However, "anyone armed with good GC/MS equipment and experienced in using this equipment can today, within days, find out a great deal about the formulation of any perfume... customers and competitors can analyze most perfumes more or less precisely." 220: 824: 289: 2552: 362: 1769: 3099: 899: 6737: 2188: 1090: 805: 6757: 43: 3390: 907:

always the case. Different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. Therefore, although the oil concentration of a perfume in EdP dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in EdT from within a company's same range, the actual amount will vary among companies. An EdT from one house may have a higher concentration of aromatic compounds than an EdP from another.

3011: 1218: 3371:. Nevertheless, this may be misleading, since the harm presented by many of these chemicals (either natural or synthetic) is dependent on environmental conditions and their concentrations in a perfume. For instance, linalool, which is listed as an irritant, causes skin irritation when it degrades to peroxides, however the use of antioxidants in perfumes or reduction in concentrations can prevent this. As well, the 3191: 6747: 6328: 1210: 3182:(GC) smellers, which allow individual chemical components to be identified both through their physical properties and their scent. Reverse engineering of best-selling perfumes in the market is a very common practice in the fragrance industry due to the relative simplicity of operating GC equipment, the pressure to produce marketable fragrances, and the highly lucrative nature of the perfume market. 753: 2204: 1180:: The scent of a perfume that appears close to the departure of the middle notes. The base and middle notes together are the main theme of a perfume. Base notes bring depth and solidity to a perfume. Compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usually not perceived until 30 minutes after application. Examples of base notes include tobacco, amber and musk. 3583:. Proper preservation of perfumes involves keeping them away from sources of heat and storing them where they will not be exposed to light. An opened bottle will keep its aroma intact for several years, as long as it is well stored. However, the presence of oxygen in the head space of the bottle and environmental factors will in the long run alter the smell of the fragrance. 1758: 3043:(Heart): Can consist of one or a few main ingredients for a certain concept, such as "rose". Alternatively, multiple ingredients can be used together to create an "abstract" primary scent that does not bear a resemblance to a natural ingredient. For instance, jasmine and rose scents are commonly blends for abstract floral fragrances. 1682: 2644:: A type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from dry raw materials, as well as the impure oily compounds materials resulting from solvent extraction or enfleurage. Ethanol extraction from fresh plant materials contain large quantities of water, which will also be extracted into the ethanol. 2739:, different fractions distilled from a material can be selectively excluded to modify the scent of the final product. Although the product is more expensive, this is sometimes performed to remove unpleasant or undesirable scents of a material and affords the perfumer more control over their composition process. 1158:. The scents that are perceived immediately on application of a perfume. Top notes consist of small, light molecules that evaporate quickly. They form a person's initial impression of a perfume and thus are very important in the selling of a perfume. Examples of top notes include mint, lavender and coriander. 3439:

could cause cancer in some specific animal tests. These reports were evaluated by the EU Scientific Committee for Consumer Safety (SCCS, formerly the SCCNFP) and musk xylene was found to be safe for continued use in cosmetic products. It is in fact part of the procedures of the Cosmetic Regulation in

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Dependent on synthesis method. Generally cheaper, but not necessarily. Synthetic aromatics are not necessarily cheaper than naturals, with some synthetics being more costly than most natural ingredients due to various factors such as the long synthesis routes, low availability of precursor chemicals,

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are pleasant in smell and relatively inexpensive, as such they are often employed in large quantities to cover the unpleasant scent of laundry detergents and many personal cleaning products. Due to their large-scale use, several types of synthetic musks have been found in human fat and milk, as well

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A variety of factors can influence how fragrance interacts with the wearer's own physiology and affect the perception of the fragrance. Diet is one factor, as eating spicy and fatty foods can increase the intensity of a fragrance. The use of medications can also impact the character of a fragrance.

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The terms "perfume" and "cologne" lead to much confusion in English. "Perfume" is often used as a generic, overarching term to refer to fragrances marketed to women, regardless of their exact concentration. The term "cologne" is applied to those sold to men. The actual product worn by a woman may be

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In the EU, as from 11 March 2005, the mandatory listing of a set of 26 recognized fragrance allergens was enforced. The requirement to list these materials is dependent on the intended use of the final product. The limits above which the allergens are required to be declared are 0.001% for products

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Dependent on extraction method. More expensive, but not always, as prices are determined by the labor and difficulty of properly extracting each unit of the natural materials, as well as its quality. Typically the relationship between, longevity of a perfume, cost and the concentration of essential

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behind the knees is the ideal point to apply perfume in order that the scent may rise. The modern perfume industry encourages the practice of layering fragrance so that it is released in different intensities depending upon the time of the day. Lightly scented products such as bath oil, shower gel,

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The wide range in the percentages of aromatic compounds that may be present in each concentration means that the terminology of extrait, EdP, EdT, and EdC is quite imprecise with regard to oil concentration. Although an EdP will often be more concentrated than an EdT and in turn an EdC, this is not

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The eau de parfum concentration and terminology is the most recent, being originally developed to offer the radiance of an EdT with the longevity of an extrait. Parfum de toilette and EdP began to appear in the 1970s and gained popularity in the 1980s. In the 21st century, EdP is probably the most

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All these techniques will, to a certain extent, distort the odor of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials. This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their

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Natural scents will vary from each supplier based on when and where they are harvested, how they are processed, and the extraction method itself. This means that a certain flower grown in Morocco and in France will smell different, even if the same method is used to grow, harvest, and extract the

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bottles or in their original packaging when not in use, and refrigerated to relatively low temperatures: between 3–7 °C (37–45 °F). Although it is difficult to completely remove oxygen from the headspace of a stored flask of fragrance, opting for spray dispensers instead of rollers and

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these reviews include those of the EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, the EU's Priority Substances Review, the EU Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risk, and more recently also the US EPA. The outcome of all of these reviews over the past decade or so is that there are no

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The conventional application of pure perfume (parfum extrait) in Western cultures is behind the ears, at the nape of the neck, under the armpits and at the insides of wrists, elbows and knees, so that the pulse point will warm the perfume and release fragrance continuously. According to perfumer

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Historically, women's fragrances tended to have higher levels of aromatic compounds than men's fragrances. Fragrances marketed to men were typically sold as EdT or EdC, rarely as EdP or perfume extracts. This is changing in the modern fragrance world, especially as fragrances are becoming more

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The grouping of perfumes can never be completely objective or definitive. Many fragrances contain aspects of different families. Even a perfume designated as "single flower" will have subtle undertones of other aromatics. There are hardly any true unitary-scent perfumes consisting of a single

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and body lotion are recommended for the morning; eau de toilette is suggested for the afternoon; and perfume applied to the pulse points for evening. Cologne fragrance is released rapidly, lasting around 2 hours. Eau de toilette lasts from 2 to 4 hours, while perfume may last up to six hours.

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unisex. Women's fragrances used to be common in all levels of concentration, but in the 21st century are mainly seen in EdP and EdT concentrations. Many modern perfumes are never offered in extrait or eau de cologne formulations, and EdP and EdT account for the vast majority of new launches.

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or a mix of water and ethanol. Various sources differ considerably in the definitions of perfume types. The intensity and longevity of a fragrance is based on the concentration, intensity, and longevity of the aromatic compounds, or perfume oils, used. As the percentage of aromatic compounds

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in 1889. In the first half of the 20th century, fragrance companies began offering their products in more than one concentration, often pairing an extrait with a lighter eau de toilette suitable for day wear, which made their products available to a wider range of customers. As this process

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To avoid this, many "numbers" can be made with (di)propylenglicol base and come as "perfume oil(s)". PG or DPG based numbered perfumery comes in 50ml plastic bottles and is purposed for tiny rollers; (D)PG is not usable in spray bottles (while not affected by the "smell of cheapness" issue

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of various industries. The perfumer will then go through the process of blending multiple perfume mixtures and sell the formulation to the customer, often with modifications of the composition of the perfume. The perfume composition will then be either used to enhance another product as a

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The scents in the top and middle notes are influenced by the base notes; conversely, the scents of the base notes will be altered by the types of fragrance materials used as middle notes. Manufacturers who publish perfume notes typically do so with the fragrance components presented as a

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Perfume compositions are an important part of many industries ranging from the luxury goods sectors, food services industries, to manufacturers of various household chemicals. The purpose of using perfume or fragrance compositions in these industries is to affect customers through their

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Much more consistent than natural aromatics. However, differences in organic synthesis may result in minute differences in concentration of impurities. If these impurities have low smell (detection) thresholds, the differences in the scent of the synthetic aromatic will be significant.

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Contains many different organic compounds, each adding a different note to the overall scent. Certain naturally derived substances have a long history of use, but this cannot always be used as an indicator of whether they are safe or not. Possible allergenic or carcinogenic compounds.

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and many of its other fragrances. In contrast to a classical eau de cologne, this type of modern cologne is a lighter, less concentrated interpretation of a more concentrated product, typically a pure parfum, and is usually the lightest concentration from a line of fragrance products.

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may not only differ in their dilutions, but actually use different perfume oil mixtures altogether. For instance, in order to make the EdT version of a fragrance brighter and fresher than its EdP, the EdT oil may be "tweaked" to contain slightly more top notes or fewer base notes.

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Antique or badly preserved perfumes undergoing this analysis can also be difficult due to the numerous degradation by-products and impurities that may have resulted from breakdown of the odorous compounds. Ingredients and compounds can usually be ruled out or identified using

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It is still questionable if perfume's "functional purpose" can be protected with technical patent (one which lasts 15 years). Apparently, Russian "Novaya Zarya" labels their colognes as "hygienic lotions" for a similar reason. A counterexample: NovZar's more-than-century-old

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Although there is no single "correct" technique for the formulation of a perfume, there are general guidelines as to how a perfume can be constructed from a concept. Although many ingredients do not contribute to the smell of a perfume, many perfumes include colorants and

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receptors. Romans and Greek extracted perfumes from diverse sources such as flowers, woods, seeds, roots, saps, gums. A temple to Athena in Elis, near Olympia, was said to have saffron blended into its wall plaster, allowing the interior to remain fragrant for 500 years.

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an eau de parfum rather than an extrait, or by a man an eau de toilette rather than an eau de cologne. The reasons why the terms "perfume" and "cologne" are often used in a generic sense is related to the modern development of perfumery in Europe since the 18th century.

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scent. As such, each perfumer will prefer flowers grown in one country over another, or one extraction method to the next. However, due to a natural scent's mixed composition, it is easy for unscrupulous suppliers to adulterate the actual raw materials by changing its

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Perfume ingredients, regardless of natural or synthetic origins, may all cause health or environmental problems when used. Although the areas are under active research, much remains to be learned about the effects of fragrance on human health and the environment.

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labeling a knock-off perfume as an "aroma in the direction of " or a "version" of certain branded perfume. This way, the production costs of initially cheap scents are reduced, since the bottle is used neither for plain counterfeiting nor for subtle re-designing.

656: 1145:. The notes unfold over time, with the immediate impression of the top note leading to the deeper middle notes, and the base notes gradually appearing as the final stage. These notes are created carefully with knowledge of the evaporation process of the perfume. 3089:

and water, aged in tanks for several weeks and filtered through processing equipment to, respectively, allow the perfume ingredients in the mixture to stabilize and to remove any sediment and particles before the solution can be filled into the perfume bottles.

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The effort used in developing bases by fragrance companies or individual perfumers may equal that of a marketed perfume, since they are useful in that they are reusable. On top of its reusability, the benefit in using bases for construction are quite numerous:

2363:, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources. For example, 569:(Renato il fiorentino), took Italian refinements to France. His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulae could be stolen en route. Thanks to Rene, France quickly became one of the European centers of perfume and 1788:. Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of 4412:

In 1693 an Italian, Giovanni Paolo de Feminis created a fragrance called "Aqua Mirabilis". This fragrance was said to have therapeutic properties to aid with headaches and heart palpitations. It was designed as a non-gender aroma that would enhance one's

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A base may be better scent approximations of a certain thing than the extract of the thing itself. For example, a base made to embody the scent for "fresh dewy rose" might be a better approximation for the scent concept of a rose after rain than plain

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The term "cologne" was first used in Europe in the 18th century to refer to a family of fresh, citrus-based fragrances distilled using extracts from citrus, floral, and woody ingredients. These "classical colognes" were supposedly first developed in

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lasts anywhere from hours to months. Fragrant compounds for woody and fibrous plant materials are often obtained in this manner as are all aromatics from animal sources. The technique can also be used to extract odorants that are too volatile for

393:. The perfumes dated back more than 4,000 years. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. In ancient times people used 925:

is a good example: its parfum, EdP, EdT, and now-discontinued EdC concentrations are in fact different compositions (the parfum dates to 1921, the EdT from the 1950s, and the EdP was not developed until the 1980s). In some cases, words such as

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Evidence in peer-reviewed journals shows that some fragrances can cause asthmatic reactions in some individuals, especially those with severe or atopic asthma. Many fragrance ingredients can also cause headaches, allergic skin reactions or

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Similar to natural scents yet different at the same time. Some synthetics attempt to mimic natural notes, while others explore the entire spectrum of scent. Novel scent compounds not found in nature will often be unique in their scent.

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are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner since the oil is present in large enough quantities as to make this extraction method economically

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increases, so does the intensity and longevity of the scent. Specific terms are used to describe a fragrance's approximate concentration by the percent of perfume oil in the volume of the final product. The most widespread terms are:

3591:"open" bottles will minimize oxygen exposure. Sprays also have the advantage of isolating fragrance inside a bottle and preventing it from mixing with dust, skin, and detritus, which would degrade and alter the quality of a perfume. 2388:. These materials are found in all forms of commercial perfumes as a neutral background to the middle notes. These musks are added in large quantities to laundry detergents in order to give washed clothes a lasting "clean" scent. 694: 1014:

Perfume oils are often diluted with a solvent, though this is not always the case, and its necessity is disputed. By far the most common solvent for perfume-oil dilution is alcohol, typically a mixture of ethanol and water or a

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Apostolidis S, Chandra T, Demirhan I, Cinatl J, Doerr HW, Chandra A (2002). "Evaluation of carcinogenic potential of two nitro-musk derivatives, musk xylene and musk tibetene in a host-mediated in vivo/in vitro assay system".

5344: 3067:: A large group of ingredients that smooth out the transitions of a perfume between different "layers" or bases. These themselves can be used as a major component of the primary scent. Common blending ingredients include 867:(PdT): 10–20% aromatic compounds (typically ~15%). It is sometimes called "eau de perfume" or "millésime." Parfum de toilette is a less common term, most popular in the 1980s, that is generally analogous to eau de parfum. 265:

Ancient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as

950:. This complexity adds a layer of nuance to the understanding and appreciation of perfumery, where variations in concentration and formulation can significantly alter the olfactory ("the sense of smell") experience. 2834:

compound such as ethanol, most of the fragrant compounds from the waxy source materials can be extracted without dissolving any of the fragrantless waxy molecules. Absolutes are usually found in the form of an oily

425:. In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their 3407:

reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics. A study in 2001 found that 3.8% of the general population patch tested was allergic to it. Many perfumes contain components identical to balsam of Peru.

967:, hence the name. This type of cologne, which is still in production, describes unisex compositions "which are basically citrus blends and do not have a perfume parent." Examples include Mäurer & Wirtz's 3315:

When it comes to propellant, a "number" usually has an alcohol base without stabilization (which may give strong "alcohol base stench", altering perfume's scent into the "smell of cheapness" phenomenon).

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Perfume oils usually contain tens to hundreds of ingredients and these are typically organized in a perfume for the specific role they will play. These ingredients can be roughly grouped into four groups:

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and perfumery. Highly fragrant and antiseptic resins and resin-containing perfumes have been used by many cultures as medicines for a large variety of ailments. Commonly used resins in perfumery include

1174:" or main body of a perfume and act to mask the often unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which become more pleasant with time. Examples of middle notes include seawater, sandalwood and jasmine. 1101:. Even if they were widely published, they would be dominated by such complex ingredients and odorants that they would be of little use in providing a guide to the general consumer in description of the 889:: 3% or less aromatic compounds. This general term encompasses products sold as "splashes," "mists," "veils" and other imprecise terms. Such products may be diluted with water rather than oil or alcohol. 2695:. This allows for the easy separation of the fragrant oils from the water. The water collected from the condensate, which retains some of the fragrant compounds and oils from the raw material is called 2588:: The most used and economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry. Raw materials are submerged in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds. 221: 5836:"Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks : SCHER Opinion on Risk Assessment Report on 1,3,4,6,7,8-HEXAHYDRO4,6,6,7,8,8-HEXAMETHYLCYCLOPENTA-γ-2-BENZOPYRAN (HHCB) Human Health Part" 2231:, which is used in jewelry. Because the harvesting of ambergris involves no harm to its animal source, it remains one of the few animalic fragrancing agents around which little controversy now exists. 5175:

Frosch PJ, Rastogi SC, Pirker C, et al. (April 2005). "Patch testing with a new fragrance mix – reactivity to the individual constituents and chemical detection in relevant cosmetic products".

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Since 1945, new categories have emerged to describe modern scents, due to great advances in the technology of compound design and synthesis, as well as the natural development of styles and tastes:

709: 5806:"European Union Risk Assessment Report : 1,3,4,6,7,8-HEXAHYDRO-4,6,6,7,8,8-HEXAMETHYLCYCLOPENTA-γ-2-BENZOPYRAN (1,3,4,6,7,8-HEXAHYDRO-4,6,6,7,8,8-HEXAMETHYLIN-DENO[5,6-C]PYRAN - HHCB)" 1235:: The oldest fragrance family that gave birth to lightweight eau de colognes. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of more tenacious citrus fragrances. Examples: 3161:

A perfumer can quickly rough out a concept from a brief by combining multiple bases, then present it for feedback. Smoothing out the "edges" of the perfume can be done after a positive response.

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compounds. As such concretes are usually further purified through distillation or ethanol based solvent extraction. Concretes are typically either waxy or resinous solids or thick oily liquids.

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was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both the raw ingredients and the distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly

2717:: The raw materials are directly heated in a still without a carrier solvent such as water. Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous 747:

perfume vase; circa 1761; soft-paste porcelain; overall: 43.2 cm × 29.2 cm × 17.8 cm (17.0 in × 11.5 in × 7.0 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art

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rarely yield the expected odors when extracted; if such fragrance notes are found in a perfume, they are more likely to be of synthetic origin. Notable exceptions include blackcurrant leaf,

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and many others contain allergens or carcinogenic compounds, the safety of which is either governed by regulations (e.g. allowed methyl eugenol levels in the EU Cosmetics Regulation (Entry

2636:. Due to the low heat of process and the relatively nonreactive solvent used in the extraction, the fragrant compounds derived often closely resemble the original odor of the raw material. 4735:

Perfume connoisseurs speak of a fragrance's "sillage", or the discernible trail it leaves in the air when applied. Fortineau, Anne-Dominique (2004). "Chemistry Perfumes Your Daily Life".

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and entice them into purchasing the perfume or perfumed product. As such there is significant interest in producing a perfume formulation that people will find aesthetically pleasing.

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Reminiscent of its originating material, although extraction may capture a different "layer" of the scent, depending on how the extraction method denatures the odoriferous compounds.

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Islam, G., Endrissat, N., & Noppeney, C. (2016). Beyond "the Eye" of the Beholder: Scent innovation through analogical reconfiguration. Organization Studies, 0170840615622064.

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since 1982 from use as a fragrance compound, but may be present as an extract or distillate in other products, where mandatory labelling is not required for usage of 0.4% or less.

1720:, the first four from the classic terminology and the last from the modern oceanic category. Each of these are divided into subgroups and arranged around a wheel. In this scheme, 767:

base, gilded brass mounts, gilded copper liner; 33 cm × 14.3 cm × 14.3 cm (13.0 in × 5.6 in × 5.6 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art

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safety concerns for human health. Reviews with similar positive outcomes also exist for another main polycyclic musk (AHTN)—for instance, on its safe use in cosmetics by the EU.

2797:", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract. Of these extracts, only 603:(in Italy) were growing aromatic plants to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. Even today, Italy and France remain the center of European perfume design and 2490:. Due to the almost pure composition of one chemical compound, the same molecules found diluted in nature will have a different scent and effect on the body, if used undiluted. 250:. Perfumes can be defined as substances that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrant odor. They consist of manmade mixtures of aromatic chemicals and essential oils. The 1939 3447:, have been reported to be positive in some in-vitro hormone assays, these reports have been reviewed by various authorities. For example, for one of the main polycyclic musks 3326:

In small online "bulk", however (in purchases over 5000RUB), a whole 100ml bottle of such perfume (or 50ml bottle of "scent oil" of same "direction") costs only around 6 EUR.

452:, aromatic waters, and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as the 5219: 5481: 2776:

through high heat. This technique is not commonly used in the modern industry due to prohibitive costs and the existence of more efficient and effective extraction methods.

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and purified. Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. The results of the extraction are either

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You'll see all sorts of names in the fragrance section: perfume, eau de toilette, parfum, eau de cologne. What makes them different — and in many cases, more expensive?

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The demands for aromatic materials such as sandalwood, agarwood, and musk have led to the endangerment of these species, as well as illegal trafficking and harvesting.

5991: 5095: 2691:: Steam from boiling water is passed through the raw material, which drives out their volatile fragrant compounds. The condensate from distillation are settled in a 977:(1830). "Toilet water," or eau de toilette, referred to wide range of scented waters not otherwise known as colognes, and were popular throughout the 19th century. 6151: 5730:"Interaction of polycyclic musks and UV filters with the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) in reporter gene bioassays" 3542: 2283:. Both beeswax and honey can be solvent extracted to produce an absolute. Beeswax is extracted with ethanol and the ethanol evaporated to produce beeswax absolute. 1105:

of a scent. Nonetheless, connoisseurs of perfume can become extremely skillful at identifying components and origins of scents in the same manner as wine experts.

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widespread strength concentration. It is often the first concentration offered when a new fragrance is launched, and usually referred to generically as "perfume."

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The term "perfume" emerged in the late 19th century. The first fragrance labeled a "parfum" extract with a high concentration of aromatic compounds was Guerlain's

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Kumar P, Caradonna-Graham VM, Gupta S, Cai X, Rao PN, Thompson J (November 1995). "Inhalation challenge effects of perfume scent strips in patients with asthma".

2721:, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes. This method is used to obtain fragrant compounds from fossil 2903:

Products from different extraction methods are known under different names even though their starting materials are the same. For instance, orange blossoms from

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of the scent or the "family" it belongs to, all of which affect the overall impression of a perfume from first application to the last lingering hint of scent.

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stated in 1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific chemistry up to the present time, perfumes have substantially contributed to the development of

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Some research on natural aromatics have shown that many contain compounds that cause skin irritation. However some studies, such as IFRA's research claim that

5597: 4918: 3711: 2640: 4777: 2381:) are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids. 5846: 5813: 5630: 1572:: Lighter, more modern interpretation of the Chypre type, with pronounced cut grass, crushed green leaf and cucumber-like scents. Examples: Estée Lauder 5912: 5780: 5371: 4199: 2340:, which is commonly referred to as bladder wrack. Natural seaweed fragrances are rarely used due to their higher cost and lower potency than synthetics. 1947:

rind is still used for aromatics, more and more commercially used grapefruit aromatics are artificially synthesized since the natural aromatic contains

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used fragrance in devotion to God. Perfumes added a layer of cleanliness that was needed for their devotion. Andalusian women were also offered greater

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Rastogi SC, Bossi R, Johansen JD, et al. (June 2004). "Content of oak moss allergens atranol and chloroatranol in perfumes and similar products".

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resulting from infrequent bathing. In 1693, Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis created a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis, today best known as

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manufacture. Cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th century, grew into a major industry in the south of France.

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is too dangerous to be used in perfumery, still lack scientific consensus. It is also true that sometimes inhalation alone can cause skin irritation.

4595: 3118:. Each base is essentially modular perfume that is blended from essential oils and aromatic chemicals, and formulated with a simple concept such as " 4950: 4314: 3606:, which stocks over 3,000 perfumes from the past two millennia in their original formulations. All scents in their collection are preserved in non- 2563:

Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produced through

2141:: Highly important in providing the base notes to a perfume, wood oils and distillates are indispensable in perfumery. Commonly used woods include 6043:

Duedahl-Olesen L, Cederberg T, Pedersen KH, Højgård A (October 2005). "Synthetic musk fragrances in trout from Danish fish farms and human milk".

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Ingredients with "difficult" or "overpowering" scents that are tailored into a blended base may be more easily incorporated into a work of perfume

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accelerated, perfume houses borrowed the term "cologne" to refer to an even more diluted interpretation of their fragrances than eau de toilette.

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Europe that materials classified as carcinogens require such a safety evaluation by the authorities to be allowed in cosmetic consumer products.

1724:, traditionally classified as an aldehydic floral, is placed under the Soft Floral sub-group, while amber scents are within the Oriental group. 4509: 2887:

process, in which odorous compounds in raw materials are adsorbed into animal fats. Pommades are found in the form of an oily and sticky solid.

5620:"OPINION OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON COSMETIC PRODUCTS AND NON-FOOD PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR CONSUMERS CONCERNING MUSK XYLENE AND MUSK KETONE" 4390:

So, What's All the Sniff About?: An In-Depth Plea for Sanity and Equal Rights for Your Sense of Smell, Our Most Neglected and Endangered Sense

4041: 3811: 2909:

that have undergone solvent extraction produces "orange blossom absolute" but that which have been steam distilled is known as "neroli oil".

620: 4289: 938:

that might indicate a higher aromatic concentration are actually completely different fragrances, related only because of a similar perfume

6256:

Klymentiev, Maksym. "Creating Spices for the Mind: The Origins of Modern Western Perfumery". The Senses and Society. Vol. 9, 2014, issue 2.

5879: 2977:

by the perfumer's employer or an outside customer. The customers to the perfumer or their employers, are typically fashion houses or large

4799: 3297:

The questionable part of numbered perfumery naming is the idea to openly mark perfume #XXX (say, #105) as either "type" or "version", or "

2958:

The job of composing perfumes that will be sold is left up to an expert on perfume composition or known in the fragrance industry as the

4976: 4895: 3530:

intended to remain on the skin, and 0.01% for those intended to be rinsed off. This has resulted in many old perfumes like chypres and

4564: 1253:: Fragrances dominated by the scent of a particular flower, i.e., rose, carnation, iris. In French this type of fragrance is called a 665:

perfume vase, which is inscribed the word "suthina" ("for the tomb"); early 2nd century BC; bronze; height: 16 cm (6.3 in);

6580: 3984: 3893: 6175: 1899:

are also commonly used. Most orchid flowers are not commercially used to produce essential oils or absolutes, except in the case of

5227: 4830: 4072: 3171: 499: 3522:

The US FDA controls the safety of perfumes through their ingredients and requires that they be tested to the extent that they are

703:

perfume bottle; 1st century AD; glass; 5.2 cm × 3.8 cm (2.0 in × 1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art

5541: 5465: 5431: 5317: 1628:: Featuring fruits other than citrus, such as peach, cassis (black currant), mango, passion fruit, and others. Example: Ginestet 5703: 5504: 3777: 1693:

This newer classification method is widely used in retail and the fragrance industry, created in 1983 by the perfume consultant

522:

than women in other Muslim controlled regions and were allowed to leave their homes and socialize outside. This freedom allowed

4468: 1053:

The relative dryness of the wearer's skin is important, since dry skin will not hold fragrance as long as skin with more oil.

6692: 6313: 6298: 6247: 6203: 5047: 4919:"Hyraceum, the fossilized metabolic product of rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis), shows GABA-benzodiazepine receptor affinity" 4871: 4425: 5131: 475:. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend. 5397: 5087: 3635: 2404: 377:

Ancient Egyptian perfume vessel in shape of a monkey; 1550–1295 BC; faience; height: 6.5 cm, width: 3.3 cm, depth: 3.8 cm;

5980: 4170: 3081:

The top, middle, and base notes of a fragrance may have separate primary scents and supporting ingredients. The perfume's

3061:

and citrus scents can be added to create a "fresher" floral. The cherry scent in cherry cola can be considered a modifier.

2528:

This chart shows the typical relationship between price of perfume, its longevity and the concentration of essential oils.

6565: 3424: 1170:. The scent of a perfume that emerges just prior to the dissipation of the top note. The middle note compounds form the " 848: 6585: 1985:, and citrus leaves. Sometimes leaves are valued for the "green" smell they bring to perfumes, examples of this include 1622:, a synthetic discovered in 1966, or more recent synthetics. Also used to accent floral, oriental, and woody fragrances. 6722: 6636: 6379: 6143: 5981:"B REGULATION (EC) No 1223/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products" 5441: 4534: 2415: 1776:

Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds. These aromatics are usually

1694: 3077:: Used to support the primary scent by bolstering it. Many resins, wood scents, and amber bases are used as fixatives. 107: 6283: 6268: 6217: 5551: 5514: 5475: 5407: 5071: 5006: 4757: 4715: 4654: 4626: 4398: 4232: 3949: 3924: 3887: 3840: 126: 6021: 3471:

III of the EU Cosmetics Regulation.) or through various limitations set by the International Fragrance Association.

2291:: Originally derived from a gland (sac or pod) located between the genitals and the umbilicus of the Himalayan male 79: 4010: 274:, which allowed for the composition of perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics. 3312:

Such perfumes usually get three-digit numbers as an officially registered name, which is stickered to the bottles.

1847:: Undoubtedly the largest and most common source of perfume aromatics. Includes the flowers of several species of 3247:

Sometimes, a knock-off perfume would use an altered name of the original perfume (for instance, now-discontinued

3053:: These ingredients alter the primary scent to give the perfume a certain desired character: for instance, fruit 1728:

perfumes are more ambiguous, having affinities with both the Oriental and Woody families. For instance, Guerlain

831:

Perfume types reflect the concentration of aromatic compounds in a solvent, which in fine fragrance is typically

5589: 4861: 4769: 4673: 3506:

These pollutants may pose additional health and environmental problems when they enter human and animal diets.

2625: 2534:

and low overall yield. However, due to their low odor threshold, they should be diluted when making a perfume.

1697:. The new scheme simplifies classification and naming, as well as showing the relationships among the classes. 434: 86: 64: 5835: 3988: 246:, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable 5901: 5805: 5769: 5619: 5360: 5277:

Schmeiser HH, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V (May 2001). "Evaluation of health risks caused by musk ketone".

4191: 3320:

nonetheless). Some companies offer all of their own "numbers" in both alcohol based and (D)PG based variants.

720: 4933: 6463: 3697: 3655: – Secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species 3523: 2630: 2392: 5341:

Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products

4587: 2513:

Pure and pronounced fragrance notes. Often monotonous in nature, yet reminiscent of other natural scents.

2851:. Concretes usually contain a large amount of wax due to the ease in which the solvents dissolve various 2773: 2598: 1201:

The family classification is a starting point to describe a perfume, but does not fully characterize it.

93: 4954: 3289:

A "number-making" company with perfumery equipment would use their own, one-style-for-all cheap bottle;

3236:

has twice taken the position that perfumes lack the creativity to constitute copyrightable expressions (

3130:

line, with their simple fragrance concepts, are good examples of what perfume fragrance bases are like.

2629:: A relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from a raw material, which often employs 2510:

Deep and complex fragrance notes. Soft, with subtle scent nuances. Highly valued for ideal composition.

851:: typically ~20%). In English, parfum is also known as perfume extract, pure perfume, or simply perfume. 4123: 4103: 3119: 1330: 624: 378: 3305:

Resellers in offline stores (in malls, airport shops) can offer "fillable" perfumery, sometimes using

2524: 2426:

Each of these companies patents several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually.

2247:: Also called civet musk, this is obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family 562: 6750: 6332: 313: 17: 4501: 1560: 75: 6590: 6316:. A novel of perfume, obsession and serial murder. Also released as a movie with same name in 2006. 6235: 3567:

Fragrance compounds in perfumes will degrade or break down if improperly stored in the presence of

3479: 2871:

and obtained in the form of an oily liquid. Oils extracted through expression are sometimes called

902:

J.B. Filz in Vienna. Perfumeries with long traditions, such as J.B. Filz, created their own scents.

545:

produced around 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution – best known as

385:

In 2003, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in

373: 60: 31: 883:(EdC): 3–8% aromatic compounds (typically ~5%). This concentration is often simply called cologne. 6559: 4887: 4264: 3800: 3383: 3110:

Instead of building a perfume from "ground up", many modern perfumes and colognes are made using

2256: 1931:. The most commonly used fruits yield their aromatics from the rind; they include citrus such as 1749: 875:(EdT): 5–15% aromatic compounds (typically ~10%). This is the staple for most masculine perfumes. 783: 558: 251: 53: 5871: 6438: 6372: 4449:

New Remedies: An Illustrated Monthly Trade Journal of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics

4092:

al-Hassani, Woodcok and Saoud (2006) 1001 Inventions; Muslim Heritage in Our World, FSTC, p.22.

3631: 2760:: Absorption of aroma materials into solid fat or wax and then extraction of odorous oils with 1876: 1061: 857:(ESdP): 15–30% aromatic compounds, a seldom used strength concentration between EdP and parfum. 642:

perfume bottle in shape of an athlete binding a victory ribbon around his head; circa 540s BC;

4328:

Sullivan, Catherine (1 March 1994). "Searching for nineteenth-century Florida water bottles".

3206:. The issue has not yet been addressed by any US court. A perfume's scent is not eligible for 782:

perfume bottle; circa 1900; glass with gilt metal cover; overall: 13.4 cm (5.3 in);

6707: 6259:

Moran, Jan (2000). "Fabulous Fragrances II: A Guide to Prestige Perfumes for Women and Men".

4968: 4308: 4144: 3203: 3202:

It is doubtful whether perfumes qualify as appropriate copyright subject matter under the US

2483: 1777: 1903:, an orchid, which must be pollinated first and made into seed pods before use in perfumery. 6511: 6099: 6052: 5671: 5062:

Calkin, Robert R. & Jellinek, J. Stephen (1994). "Perfumery: practice and principles".

4560: 3233: 3155: 2838: 2813: 2736: 2618: 2546: 1880: 1686: 1606: 643: 495: 255: 239: 6756: 5539: 4426:"A Brief History of Men's Cologne – Discover the History of Men's Fragrances-COLOGNE BLOG" 3863: 3740: – lamp that disperses scented alcohol using a heated stone attached to a cotton wick 2046:

of many other synthetic or naturally occurring aromatic compounds. Some of what is called

1895:

trees. Although not traditionally thought of as a flower, the unopened flower buds of the

8: 6641: 6172: 4917:

Olsen, Andreas; Linda C. Prinsloo; Louis Scott; Anna K. Jägera (November–December 2008).

4160: 3550: 3214: 2917: 2359:

odorants. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. For instance,

1516: 1271: 1108:

The most practical way to start describing a perfume is according to the elements of the

1019:. Perfume oil can also be diluted by means of neutral-smelling oils such as fractionated 813: 585: 576:

Between the 16th and 17th centuries, perfumes were used primarily by the wealthy to mask

550: 534: 526:

to occur outside of the home. As a result, Andalusian women used perfumes for courtship.

351: 304:, meaning "to smoke through". Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient 6103: 6056: 5675: 4838: 4140: 3801:"Perfume at the Forefront of Macrocyclic Compound Research: From Switzerland to Du Pont" 3274:

and Troinoi cologne are being produced by other companies in Russia in similar bottles.

817: 763:

pair of perfume burners; probably circa 1770; derbyshire spar, tortoiseshell, and wood,

498:. That said, the art of perfumery in Western Europe was reinvigorated after the Islamic 6786: 6781: 6740: 6402: 6120: 6087: 5962: 5695: 5200: 4707:

The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses

4353: 3615: 3560: 3379:

can cause severe allergic reactions and increase sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.

2584: 2356: 1468: 1404:

in the middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Traditional examples:

1325: 993: 623:; 664–630 BC; glass: 8 cm × 4 cm (3.1 in × 1.6 in); 355: 283: 6570: 6173:

Colton, Sarah, "L'Osmothèque—Preserving The Past To Ensure The Future", Beauty Fashion

6064: 5590:"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) - Public Health - European Commission" 5313: 2944: 2863:: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from a source material directly through 2679: 2434:

Natural and synthetics are used for their different odor characteristics in perfumery

1655:, as well as synthetic components designed to resemble food flavors. A sweet Example: 6796: 6791: 6656: 6475: 6365: 6309: 6294: 6279: 6264: 6243: 6213: 6199: 6194:

Burr, Chandler (2004). "The Emperor of Scent: A True Story of Perfume and Obsession"

6125: 6068: 5954: 5950: 5751: 5687: 5656: 5547: 5510: 5471: 5437: 5403: 5294: 5259: 5192: 5188: 5157: 5067: 5043: 5037: 5002: 4867: 4753: 4711: 4705: 4650: 4622: 4394: 4357: 4345: 4228: 4119: 3945: 3920: 3883: 3746: 3403:, often used in perfumes, as being in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing 3179: 2696: 2674: 2564: 2336: 2243: 2043: 1872: 1864: 639: 519: 259: 100: 5966: 3767: 1077:

in 1884, it is one of the most important modern perfumes and inspired the eponymous

6646: 6553: 6516: 6407: 6115: 6107: 6060: 5946: 5741: 5699: 5679: 5286: 5204: 5184: 4337: 4279: 3875: 3702: 3627: 3151: 2905: 2692: 1132: 1070: 1016: 964: 386: 189: 183: 151: 6626: 4640: 4638: 4433: 2371:

are both naturally occurring compounds that can be inexpensively synthesized from

1442: 823: 339:

tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and

6631: 6506: 6433: 6225: 6179: 5348: 5135: 5128: 4388: 4222: 3772: 3660: 3412: 3170:

Creating perfumes through reverse engineering with analytical techniques such as

2699:

and sometimes sold. This is most commonly used for fresh plant materials such as

2666:. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are re-collected through 2027: 1676: 1643: 1537: 1493: 1452: 1431: 1334: 1045: 871: 681: 418: 410: 145: 3942:

Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources

3268: 2895:: Fragrant materials produced by directly soaking and infusing raw materials in 2793:

Although fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "

6485: 6428: 5728:

Schreurs RH, Sonneveld E, Jansen JH, Seinen W, van der Burg B (February 2005).

4916: 4635: 3879: 3737: 3666: 3495: 3444: 3400: 3372: 2952: 2659: 2614: 2385: 2377: 2350: 2296: 2169:. These are used in the form of macerations or dry-distilled (rectified) forms. 2023: 1978: 1932: 1793: 1656: 1647:): Scents with "edible" or "dessert-like" qualities, often containing vanilla, 1412: 1120: 879: 809: 764: 581: 487: 426: 344: 340: 235: 5657:"In vitro and in vivo antiestrogenic effects of polycyclic musks in zebrafish" 4164: 3534:

classes, which traditionally make use of oakmoss extract, being reformulated.

2391:

The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few

2199:

for their pods in recent history has resulted in the detriment of the species.

1559:: Combining single floral and floral bouquet traditional categories. Example: 684:

glass gold-band mosaic alabastron (perfume bottle); 1st century BC; glass and

6775: 6672: 6423: 5039:

The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris & New York

4349: 3683: 3672: 3360: 3082: 2859: 2794: 2748: 2568: 2463: 2331: 2102: 1829:

root bark is also used either directly or purified for its main constituent,

1813: 1577: 1405: 1313: 1282: 760: 546: 503: 317: 309: 288: 231: 6575: 5746: 5729: 5290: 4616: 4538: 3728: – Mixture of dried flowers and other naturally fragrant plant material 3603: 2482:

Depending on purity, consists primarily of one chemical compound. Sometimes

2384:

One of the most commonly used classes of synthetic aromatics by far are the

6616: 6521: 6501: 6129: 6072: 5958: 5755: 5691: 5298: 5263: 5196: 5018: 3689: 3686: – Hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants 3356: 3018:) are commonly used by perfumers to sample and smell perfumes and odorants. 2769: 2667: 2650: 2551: 2122: 2075: 2011: 1940: 1368:

smell, is commonly found in these perfumes. Traditional examples: Myrurgia

1258: 1098: 1074: 921: 700: 662: 491: 468: 321: 6760: 5161: 3836: 3027:

to improve the marketability and shelf life of the perfume, respectively.

1768: 361: 6717: 6621: 6013: 5395: 5123: 4863:

The Ephemeral History of Perfume: Scent and Sense in Early Modern England

4284: 3717: 3500: 3436: 3306: 3195: 3024: 2998:, car interiors, etc.), or marketed and sold directly to the public as a 2978: 2852: 2848: 2843:: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from raw materials through 2831: 2487: 2326: 2224: 1974: 1892: 1615: 1531: 1317: 1115:

The trail of scent left behind by a person wearing perfume is called its

1020: 991:, for example, offered an eau de cologne version of its flagship perfume 779: 554: 515: 471:, the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the 305: 6208:

Edwards, Michael (1997). "Perfume Legends: French Feminine Fragrances".

6088:"Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Sediment Cores" 3367:

while present in many perfumes, are also known or potential respiratory

3098: 898: 292:

Egyptian scene depicting the preparation of lily perfume, 4th century BC

6651: 6014:"standards - IFRA International Fragrance Association - in every sense" 5655:

Schreurs RH, Legler J, Artola-Garicano E, et al. (February 2004).

5540:

Jeanne Duus Johansen; Peter J. Frosch; Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin (2010).

4341: 3448: 3404: 3393: 3282:

A different kind of copying perfumes is known in ex-USSR countries as "

3210:

protection: the scent serves as the functional purpose of the product.

2883: 2765: 2756: 2708: 2268: 2187: 2142: 2114: 2098: 1944: 1916: 1822: 1805: 1797: 1785: 1648: 1380: 1357: 1353: 1305: 1278: 1222: 1028: 542: 507: 476: 6453: 6111: 6042: 5683: 3964: 3531: 3218: 2267:: Commonly known as "Africa stone", is the petrified excrement of the 1524: 1482: 1080: 6677: 6600: 6239: 4446: 3725: 3652: 3618:

compartments maintained at 12 °C (54 °F) in a large vault.

3587: 3555: 3207: 2995: 2927: 2785: 2718: 2556: 2410: 2292: 2275: 2235: 2215: 2207: 2196: 2106: 1970: 1856: 1826: 1789: 1781: 1293: 804: 787: 685: 577: 570: 523: 511: 510:) became major producers of perfumes that were traded throughout the 480: 467:) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of 406: 336: 228: 5574:

M. H. Beck; S. M. Wilkinson (2010), "Contact Dermatitis: Allergic",

4677: 3649: – Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell 3102:

A "perfume organ", where perfumers utilize hundreds of essences, in

2223:

fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the

1089: 724: 160: 42: 6702: 6687: 6682: 6537: 6443: 3731: 3595: 3460: 3368: 3252: 3147: 3143: 3123: 3068: 2970:) due to their fine sense of smell and skill in smell composition. 2939: 2891: 2399: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2319: 2295:

Moschus moschiferus, it has now mainly been replaced by the use of

2280: 2263: 2252: 2174: 2150: 2146: 2126: 2015: 2007: 1982: 1966: 1884: 1868: 1860: 1818: 1652: 1602: 1508: 1504: 1464: 1460: 1451:(1917), which was the first modern fragrance built on an accord of 1349: 1321: 1297: 1137:

Perfume is described in a musical metaphor as having three sets of

988: 600: 566: 538: 486:

There is a controversy on whether perfumery was completely lost in

464: 457: 437: 271: 267: 3389: 3301:" (literally "aroma in the direction of") of a well-known perfum. 1189:, using imaginative and abstract terms for the components listed. 30:

This article is about the fragrant substance. For other uses, see

6712: 6697: 5276: 4644: 3607: 3599: 3364: 3352: 3086: 3010: 2991: 2987: 2896: 2827: 2761: 2420: 2315: 2220: 2162: 2110: 2082: 2078: 2066: 2055: 2039: 2002: 1928: 1900: 1852: 1843: 1830: 1512: 1456: 1397: 1365: 1361: 1309: 1301: 1217: 832: 716: 453: 422: 414: 366: 332: 328: 243: 5248: 4997:

Camps, Arcadi Boix (2000). "Perfumery Techniques in Evolution".

4138: 1614:(1991). A clean smell reminiscent of the ocean, leading to many 1523:, many men's fragrances belong to this family. Modern examples: 6595: 6448: 6327: 6301:. A cultural history of fragrance from 1750 to the present day. 5872:"TSCA Work Plan Chemicals - Existing Chemicals - OPPT - US EPA" 5463: 4220: 4166:

Introduction à l'étude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen âge

3602:

devoted to the preservation of historical perfumes, namely the

3576: 3399:

A number of national and international surveys have identified

3376: 3345: 3190: 3103: 3058: 3057:

may be included in a floral primary to create a fruity floral;

2700: 2610: 2606: 2571:, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of 2360: 2310: 2158: 2118: 2086: 1990: 1955: 1948: 1924: 1920: 1888: 1837: 1801: 1796:

leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of

1725: 1619: 1447: 1437: 1422: 1373: 1209: 1032: 744: 728: 666: 647: 596: 592: 402: 390: 6289:

Stamelman, Richard: "Perfume – Joy, Obsession, Scandal, Sin".

5085: 4953:. International Flavors & Fragrances. 2007. Archived from 4469:"The Difference Between Perfume, Cologne and Other Fragrances" 2239:: Obtained from the odorous sacs of the North American beaver. 715:

Partially broken perfume amphora; 2nd century AD; glass; from

347:, then filtered and put them back in the still several times. 195: 6304:

Süskind, Patrick (2006). "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer".

5727: 5654: 5147: 5117: 3611: 3572: 3484: 3456: 3054: 2722: 2655: 2559:, India, who can compose an original perfume for the customer 2228: 2154: 2130: 2051: 2047: 2019: 1997: 1961: 1936: 1912: 1907: 1896: 1833:, which is used in the synthesis of other fragrant compounds. 1762: 1393: 982: 604: 449: 398: 247: 207: 169: 6344: 5502: 4617:

Agata A. Listowska, MA & Mark A. Nicholson, ASO (2011).

4263:

Voudouri, Dimitra; Tesseromatis, Christine (December 2015).

2203: 1308:, flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and 262:

as regards methods, systematic classification, and theory."

6357: 3646: 3580: 3568: 3416: 3044: 2962:. They are also sometimes referred to affectionately as a " 2729:

where an intentional "burned" or "toasted" odor is desired.

2726: 2704: 2663: 2654:: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from 2287: 2192: 2166: 2137: 2093: 2070: 2062: 2031: 1848: 1499: 1292:: Large class featuring sweet, slightly animalic scents of 969: 791: 530: 472: 445: 444:, which contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant 394: 6338: 3277: 3047:

flavourant is a good example of an abstract primary scent.

2074:: Commonly used terrestrial portions in perfumery include 2001:: Valued since antiquity, resins have been widely used in 953: 6350: 5573: 4748:

Edwards, Michael (2006). "Fragrances of the World 2006".

4252:. London: John Lane the Bodley Head Limited. p. 140. 2572: 2035: 1986: 1951:

and its degradation product is quite unpleasant in smell.

1681: 1401: 1024: 204: 166: 4668: 4666: 1757: 588:(Giovanni Maria Farina) took over the business in 1732. 557:

Italy, and in the 16th century the personal perfumer to

506:

in 711 and 827. The Islamic controlled cities of Spain (

6086:

Peck AM, Linebaugh EK, Hornbuckle KC (September 2006).

6085: 5361:"SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PRODUCTS : SCCP" 4373:

The Scented Ape: The Biology and Culture of Human Odour

4118: 3677:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2054:

in perfumery today is the resinous secretion of fossil

5088:"The Copyrightability of Perfumes: I Smell a Symphony" 4080:

Museum of Art and Archaeology | University of Missouri

3967:

Agriculture Diversification: Problems and Perspectives

3435:

There is scientific evidence that nitro-musks such as

3351:

In some cases, an excessive use of perfumes may cause

2334:

in perfumes. An example of a commonly used seaweed is

1228:

The traditional categories which emerged around 1900:

4663: 3749: – Derivative or offshoot of an existing perfume 3586:

Perfumes are best preserved when kept in light-tight

2973:

The composition of a perfume typically begins with a

1515:, with a sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Named for 1097:

The precise formulae of commercial perfumes are kept

799: 201: 163: 5936: 5396:

Gottfried Schmalz; Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev (2008).

4770:"Fragrance 101: Understanding The Fragrance Pyramid" 4262: 4011:"Ancient Perfumes Recreated, Put on Display in Rome" 3862:

Balasubramanian, Narayanaganesh (20 November 2015).

3742:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3707:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3338: 3146:. Flowers whose scents cannot be extracted, such as 2259:

investigated African civets caught for this purpose.

192: 157: 5174: 4159: 3965:A.K. Sharma; Seema Wahad; Raśmī Śrīvāstava (2010). 3455:Many natural aromatics, such as oakmoss absolutes, 2458:(adding Indian jasmine into Grasse jasmine) or the 541:, Italy, were recorded from 1221. In the east, the 210: 198: 172: 154: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5578:, vol. 2 (8th ed.), Wiley, p. 26.40 3808:International Workshop on the History of Chemistry 3329: 1736:, a more floral chypre, is under Floral Oriental. 1213:Opium by YSL, of amber or oriental fragrance class 456:(which still bears its Arabic name. described by 442:Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations 4645:Turkington, Carol & Jeffrey S. Dover (2009). 4149:(8th ed.), Harper & Brothers, p. 73 4139:Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott, eds. (1897), 4128:, vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Brill, p. 486a 4108:, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), Brill, p. 111b 3255:perfume has a similar-designed copy produced as " 2772:was not possible because some fragrant compounds 2747:: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the 1792:have remarkably different odors from each other. 1348:: Fragrances dominated by woody notes, typically 6773: 4073:"Perfumery in Ancient Greek and Roman Societies" 4042:"Ancient perfume recreated for anniversary show" 2881:: A fragrant mass of solid fat created from the 2462:(adding linalool to rosewood) to increase their 5429: 5086:David A. Einhorn; Lesley Portnoy (April 2010), 4822: 4375:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–167. 3985:"Oldest Perfumes Found on "Aphrodite's Island"" 3917:Mendeleyev's Dream – The Quest For the Elements 3914: 3861: 3768:"Perfume – Definition and More from Dictionary" 3734: – Ball or container of herbs and perfumes 3692:– Use of aromas during meditation or relaxation 3415:. Its presence in a cosmetic is denoted by the 3154:, are composed as bases from data derived from 1601:: The newest category, first appearing in 1988 1270:: Compound of several flower scents. Examples: 5211: 4828: 4703: 4447:Charles Rice, Frederick Albert Castle (1879). 4272:International Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy 3443:Although other ingredients such as polycyclic 3242:Beaute Prestige International v. Senteur Mazal 2818:: Fragrant materials that are purified from a 2555:Itar (herbal perfume) vendor on the street of 6373: 5314:"Furanocoumarins as potent chemical defenses" 4529: 4527: 4224:Citrus bergamia: Bergamot and its Derivatives 3375:present in natural extracts of grapefruit or 2540: 619:Ancient Egyptian perfume vase in shape of an 4731: 4729: 4727: 4619:Complementary Medicine, Beauty and Modelling 4585: 4393:. So Whats all the Sniff about. p. 46. 4313:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 3798: 2486:mixtures of isomers, such as in the case of 1480: 1441:in French, this category is named after the 1123:", as in the trail left by a boat in water. 1078: 463:The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as 6274:Turin, Luca (2006). "The Secret of Scent". 5467:Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult 5217: 4647:The Encyclopedia of Skin and Skin Disorders 4588:"Perfume 'Nose' Conjures Up Perfect Scents" 4466: 4462: 4460: 4458: 3969:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 140. 2617:. The product of this process is called a " 2038:resins are a particularly valued source of 910:Furthermore, some fragrances with the same 6380: 6366: 5535: 5533: 5464:Edward T. Bope; Rick D. Kellerman (2013). 5127:— this particular example can be found on 4676:. The Fragrance Foundation. Archived from 4537:. The Fragrance Foundation. Archived from 4524: 4101: 3978: 3976: 3712:John Maria Farina opposite Jülich's Square 6581:Research Institute of Fragrance Materials 6119: 5930: 5745: 5470:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 264. 5311: 5031: 5029: 5027: 4724: 4283: 2809:are directly used to formulate perfumes. 2579:odor character or renders them odorless. 1780:produced by plants as protection against 1204: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5337: 5335: 4742: 4455: 4370: 4327: 4247: 4221:Giovanni Dugo, Ivana Bonaccorsi (2013). 3549: 3541: 3478: 3423:. Balsam of Peru has been banned by the 3388: 3189: 3097: 3009: 2943: 2916: 2784: 2673: 2550: 2523: 2303: 2227:. Ambergris should not be confused with 2202: 2186: 1767: 1756: 1748: 1680: 1216: 1208: 1088: 1060: 897: 893: 822: 803: 372: 360: 287: 6708:Sensient Flavors & Fragrances Group 5530: 5503:T. Platts-Mills; Johannes Ring (2006). 5423: 5389: 5019:http://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615622064 4699: 4697: 4695: 4621:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 153–4. 3973: 3509: 3411:Balsam of Peru is used as a marker for 2899:. Tinctures are typically thin liquids. 1056: 954:History of the terms and concentrations 354:, perfume and perfumery existed in the 14: 6774: 6693:International Flavors & Fragrances 6223: 5024: 4780:from the original on 29 September 2018 4202:from the original on 24 September 2021 3843:from the original on 29 September 2020 3714: – World's oldest perfume factory 3499:as in the sediments and waters of the 3165: 1038: 6361: 6341:: International Fragrance Association 5882:from the original on 1 September 2015 5709:from the original on 25 February 2021 5600:from the original on 22 November 2016 5332: 5081: 5079: 4991: 4979:from the original on 4 September 2019 4859: 4567:from the original on 25 December 2017 4512:from the original on 19 December 2013 4451:. W. Wood & Company. p. 358. 4173:from the original on 23 November 2020 3982: 3939: 3537: 3517: 3355:reactions of the skin. For instance, 2912: 1642: 1492: 1430: 1192: 6746: 5816:from the original on 19 January 2022 5636:from the original on 28 October 2020 5567: 5484:from the original on 10 January 2023 5399:Biocompatibility of Dental Materials 5035: 4898:from the original on 15 October 2012 4692: 4649:. Infobase Publishing. p. 148. 4386: 4052:from the original on 26 January 2021 4039: 4021:from the original on 23 October 2012 3636:List of celebrity-branded fragrances 3621: 3286:" (literally "numbered perfumery"): 3238:Bsiri-Barbir v. Haarman & Reimer 3172:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 2780: 2601:by heat. Commonly used solvents for 2405:International Flavors and Fragrances 2344: 2330:: Distillates are sometimes used as 1784:, infections, as well as to attract 1739: 553:. The art of perfumery prospered in 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 6566:International Fragrance Association 6480: 5994:from the original on 3 October 2018 5852:from the original on 16 August 2021 5320:from the original on 11 August 2011 4810:from the original on 2 January 2016 4598:from the original on 11 August 2015 4295:from the original on 16 August 2021 3896:from the original on 18 August 2021 3792: 3425:International Fragrance Association 2678:An old perfume still on display at 1392:: A family of fragrances featuring 24: 6471: 6234:]. Translated by Erik Butler. 6188: 5098:from the original on 10 March 2014 5076: 4860:Dugan, Holly (14 September 2011). 4321: 4265:"Perfumery from Myth to Antiquity" 4256: 4241: 4122:; M. Plessner (1986), "AL-ANBĪḲ", 3705: – museum in Cologne, Germany 3430: 3093: 3030: 2429: 1965:: Commonly used for perfumery are 1670: 1126: 973:(created in 1799), and Guerlain's 800:Dilution classes and terminologies 331:is considered to be a woman named 327:One of the world's first-recorded 25: 6808: 6320: 6065:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.004 6024:from the original on 1 March 2018 5918:from the original on 21 July 2018 5786:from the original on 5 March 2022 5377:from the original on 4 March 2016 4479:from the original on 12 July 2018 3720: – Fragrance industry awards 3339:Immunological; asthma and allergy 3122:" or "juicy sour apple". Many of 2182: 1732:is under Mossy Woods, but Hermès 1320:" imagery. Traditional examples: 942:. An example of this is Chanel's 335:, a perfume maker mentioned in a 6755: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6351:The British Society of Perfumers 6326: 6154:from the original on 21 May 2019 5951:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00379.x 5189:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00563.x 4926:South African Journal of Science 4831:"Interview with Michael Edwards" 4586:Berger, Paul (26 October 2011). 4371:Stoddart, David Michael (1990). 4102:M. Ullmann (1986), "AL-KĪMIYĀ", 4070: 3817:from the original on 25 May 2022 3780:from the original on 6 June 2022 3663: – Lightly scented perfume 3474: 3217:granted copyright protection to 2314:: Commonly used lichens include 2299:sometimes known as "white musk". 1744: 1009: 847:(P): 15–40% aromatic compounds ( 772: 752: 736: 708: 693: 673: 655: 632: 612: 320:. It was further refined by the 188: 150: 41: 6166: 6136: 6079: 6036: 6006: 5973: 5894: 5864: 5828: 5798: 5762: 5721: 5648: 5612: 5582: 5496: 5457: 5353: 5312:Berenbaum, May (14 June 2010). 5305: 5270: 5242: 5168: 5141: 5109: 5056: 5011: 4961: 4943: 4910: 4880: 4853: 4800:"Coco Mademoiselle from Chanel" 4792: 4762: 4610: 4579: 4553: 4494: 4440: 4418: 4379: 4364: 4250:The Mystery and Lure of Perfume 4214: 4184: 4153: 4132: 4112: 4095: 4086: 4064: 4033: 3839:. Online Etymology Dictionary. 3675: – Lightly scented perfume 3330:Health and environmental issues 2933: 2195:pod. Extensive hunting of male 2085:roots, various rhizomes of the 827:Vintage atomizer perfume bottle 52:needs additional citations for 5576:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology 4192:"History of Perfumes in Spain" 4003: 3958: 3933: 3908: 3855: 3829: 3760: 2626:Supercritical fluid extraction 2522:oils follows the graph below: 2097:: Commonly used seeds include 1817:: Commonly used barks include 1503:in French, built on a base of 1141:, making the harmonious scent 533:of Santa Maria Delle Vigne or 13: 1: 6224:Ellena, Jean-Claude (2022) . 4829:Osborne, Grant (1 May 2001). 4737:Journal of Chemical Education 3983:Roach, John (29 March 2007). 3799:Shyndriayeva, Galina (2015). 3753: 3278:Numbered perfumery, "analogs" 3198:perfumes (in a "kiosk" store) 2603:maceration/solvent extraction 2585:Maceration/Solvent extraction 2355:Many modern perfumes contain 1618:perfumes. Generally contains 1119:, after the French word for " 721:Ephesus Archaeological Museum 529:Recipes of perfumes from the 514:. Like in the ancient world, 27:Mixture of fragrant substance 6387: 5436:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 4467:Tynan Sinks (12 July 2018). 3944:. Brill Archive. p. 9. 3581:extraneous organic materials 3524:Generally recognized as safe 3490: 3185: 3005: 2715:Dry/destructive distillation 2279:: From the honeycomb of the 1761:Resins in perfumery include 688:; Metropolitan Museum of Art 7: 6586:Théâtre-Musée des Capucines 6232:Atlas de botanique parfumée 5150:Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol 5092:Intellectual Property Today 5064:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4046:Kathimerini English Edition 3919:. New York: Berkley Books. 3864:"Scented Oils and Perfumes" 3640: 2789:Indian Patchouli - Tincture 2375:. Orchid scents (typically 1887:as well as the blossoms of 1700:The five main families are 1221:A floral bouquet, Joy from 10: 6813: 4710:. New York: Random House. 4561:"A Guide to Perfume Types" 4227:. CRC Press. p. 467. 4169:, Steinheil, p. 164, 4125:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4105:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4040:Elis, Kiss (2 June 2018). 3880:10.1021/bk-2015-1211.ch008 3625: 3610:glass flasks flushed with 2937: 2575:in the extracted product. 2544: 2541:Obtaining natural odorants 2348: 1674: 1130: 625:Metropolitan Museum of Art 551:Queen Elizabeth of Hungary 379:Metropolitan Museum of Art 300:is derived from the Latin 281: 277: 29: 6731: 6665: 6609: 6546: 6530: 6494: 6462: 6416: 6395: 6261:Crescent House Publishing 6210:Crescent House Publishing 5546:. Springer. p. 556. 4750:Crescent House Publishing 4288:(inactive 28 July 2024). 4248:Thompson, C.J.S. (1927). 3868:American Chemical Society 1547: 314:Indus Valley civilization 6591:The Fragrance Foundation 6345:The Fragrance Foundation 6227:Atlas of Perfumed Botany 5509:. Springer. p. 35. 5430:Thomas P. Habif (2009). 5279:Int J Hyg Environ Health 3915:Strathern, Paul (2000). 3870:. ACS Symposium Series. 1685:Fragrance Wheel perfume 1241:Eau de Cologne Impériale 975:Eau de Cologne Impériale 948:Pour Monsieur concentrée 591:By the 18th century the 369:used to distill perfumes 32:Perfume (disambiguation) 6560:Fragrances of the World 6196:Random House Publishing 5291:10.1078/1438-4639-00047 5036:Burr, Chandler (2008). 4704:Burr, Chandler (2003). 4674:"Fragrance Info / FAQs" 3669: – Type of perfume 3071:and hydroxycitronellal. 2768:was commonly used when 2735:: Through the use of a 2670:of the distilled vapor. 2257:World Animal Protection 1911:: Fresh fruits such as 1610:(1988), Christian Dior 914:but having a different 784:Cleveland Museum of Art 433:In the 9th century the 6144:"DIRECTIVE 2003/15/EC" 4330:Historical Archaeology 3940:Levey, Martin (1973). 3632:List of essential oils 3564: 3547: 3487: 3396: 3199: 3107: 3085:are then blended with 3019: 2955: 2922: 2830:. By using a slightly 2790: 2682: 2560: 2529: 2210: 2200: 1825:. The fragrant oil in 1773: 1765: 1754: 1690: 1519:'s landmark fragrance 1481: 1364:. Patchouli, with its 1300:, often combined with 1225: 1214: 1205:Traditional categories 1164:: Also referred to as 1094: 1086: 1079: 1065:An original bottle of 903: 828: 820: 382: 370: 293: 6092:Environ. Sci. Technol 5747:10.1093/toxsci/kfi035 5664:Environ. Sci. Technol 5042:. Henry Holt and Co. 4973:Topcolognesformen.com 4146:Greek-English Lexicon 3626:Further information: 3553: 3545: 3482: 3392: 3309:to justify the price. 3193: 3101: 3013: 2947: 2920: 2788: 2677: 2554: 2527: 2304:Other natural sources 2206: 2190: 1778:secondary metabolites 1771: 1760: 1752: 1684: 1220: 1212: 1092: 1064: 901: 894:Imprecise terminology 826: 807: 460:in the 4th century). 440:(Alkindus) wrote the 376: 364: 358:(3300 BC – 1300 BC). 291: 6512:Fragrance extraction 6335:at Wikimedia Commons 6178:15 June 2010 at the 5433:Clinical Dermatology 5347:3 March 2016 at the 5134:15 June 2020 at the 4957:on 23 February 2008. 4502:"Scents from Vienna" 4387:Pepe, Tracy (2000). 4285:10.15640/ijmp.v3n2a4 3594:There exist several 3546:Perfumes in a museum 3510:Species endangerment 3234:French Supreme Court 3156:headspace technology 2984:functional fragrance 2737:fractionation column 2547:Fragrance extraction 1687:classification chart 1085:class of fragrances. 1057:Describing a perfume 644:Ancient Agora Museum 559:Catherine de' Medici 496:Western Roman Empire 61:improve this article 6642:Johann Maria Farina 6308:(English edition). 6104:2006EnST...40.5629P 6057:2005Chmsp..61..422D 5676:2004EnST...38..997S 5506:Allergy in Practice 5230:on 13 February 2008 4969:"Account Suspended" 4436:on 3 February 2014. 4161:Marcellin Berthelot 3698:Fragrance companies 3616:thermally insulated 3284:номерная парфюмерия 3215:Dutch Supreme Court 3166:Reverse engineering 3014:Paper blotters (fr: 2826:by soaking them in 1753:Citrus tree blossom 1290:Amber or "Oriental" 1198:aromatic material. 1039:Applying fragrances 814:Johann Maria Farina 586:Johann Maria Farina 549:– at the behest of 535:Santa Maria Novella 352:Indian subcontinent 6476:Herbal distillates 6306:Vintage Publishing 5543:Contact Dermatitis 5115:One example being 4841:on 6 February 2007 4774:Blog.lebermuth.com 4680:on 8 November 2012 4473:The New York Times 4342:10.1007/BF03374182 3991:on 12 October 2013 3565: 3561:Edwin Austin Abbey 3548: 3538:Preserving perfume 3518:Safety regulations 3488: 3421:Myroxylon pereirae 3397: 3299:аромат направления 3200: 3108: 3020: 2956: 2923: 2913:Composing perfumes 2845:solvent extraction 2791: 2689:Steam distillation 2683: 2641:Ethanol extraction 2561: 2530: 2211: 2201: 1774: 1766: 1755: 1691: 1370:Maderas De Oriente 1331:Yves Saint Laurent 1262:Sa Majeste La Rose 1226: 1215: 1193:Olfactive families 1152:: Also called the 1095: 1087: 904: 865:parfum de toilette 829: 821: 812:flacon 1811, from 595:region of France, 383: 371: 356:Indus civilization 294: 284:History of perfume 227:) is a mixture of 6769: 6768: 6657:Edmond Roudnitska 6331:Media related to 6314:978-0-307-27776-3 6299:978-0-8478-2832-6 6276:Faber & Faber 6249:978-0-262-04673-2 6204:978-0-375-75981-9 6148:Eur-lex.europa.eu 6112:10.1021/es060134y 5988:Eur-lex.europa.eu 5902:"Opinion on ahtn" 5878:. 29 April 2015. 5770:"Opinion on hhcb" 5684:10.1021/es034648y 5218:Deborah Gushman. 5049:978-0-8050-8037-7 4894:. 5 August 2014. 4888:"Civet suffering" 4873:978-1-4214-0234-5 3747:Flanker_(perfume) 3622:Lists of perfumes 3483:Perfume stall in 3449:Galaxolide (HHCB) 3227:Lancôme v. Kecofa 3180:gas chromatograph 2949:The Perfume Maker 2781:Fragrant extracts 2565:organic synthesis 2538: 2537: 2507:Scent complexity 2495:Scent uniqueness 2345:Synthetic sources 2337:Fucus vesiculosus 2251:, related to the 2044:organic synthesis 1740:Aromatics sources 1340:Coco Mademoiselle 1187:fragrance pyramid 1093:Fragrance pyramid 500:invasion of Spain 324:and the Muslims. 260:organic chemistry 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 6804: 6759: 6749: 6748: 6739: 6738: 6647:Jacques Guerlain 6554:Fragrance Museum 6408:List of perfumes 6382: 6375: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6330: 6253: 6182: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5985: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5906: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5840: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5661: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5635: 5624: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5376: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5226:. Archived from 5220:"The Nose Knows" 5215: 5209: 5208: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5145: 5139: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5083: 5074: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5033: 5022: 5015: 5009: 4999:Allured Pub Corp 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4932:. Archived from 4923: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4837:. Archived from 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4766: 4760: 4746: 4740: 4733: 4722: 4721: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4464: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4432:. Archived from 4422: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4294: 4287: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3987:. Archived from 3980: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3816: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3764: 3743: 3708: 3703:Fragrance Museum 3678: 3628:List of perfumes 3470: 3466: 2906:Citrus aurantium 2764:. Extraction by 2693:Florentine flask 2631:Supercritical CO 2437: 2436: 2395:. They include: 1877:scented geranium 1714:Aromatic Fougère 1646: 1644:[ɡuʁmɑ̃] 1641: 1496: 1494:[fu.ʒɛʁ] 1491: 1486: 1434: 1429: 1400:, wood and wood 1312:resins, evoking 1133:Note (perfumery) 1084: 1017:rectified spirit 965:Cologne, Germany 855:Esprit de parfum 818:Farina gegenüber 776: 756: 740: 712: 697: 677: 659: 636: 616: 226: 225: 224: 223: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 187: 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 149: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6727: 6661: 6637:Michael Edwards 6632:Ernest Daltroff 6605: 6571:Musée du Parfum 6542: 6526: 6507:Fragrance wheel 6490: 6458: 6434:Eau de toilette 6412: 6391: 6386: 6323: 6250: 6191: 6189:Further reading 6186: 6185: 6180:Wayback Machine 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6098:(18): 5629–35. 6084: 6080: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5670:(4): 997–1002. 5659: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5538: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5349:Wayback Machine 5340: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5310: 5306: 5275: 5271: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5212: 5173: 5169: 5146: 5142: 5136:Wayback Machine 5114: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5077: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4939:on 6 June 2011. 4936: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4541:on 31 July 2010 4533: 4532: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4456: 4445: 4441: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4384: 4380: 4369: 4365: 4326: 4322: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4137: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3981: 3974: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3890: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3773:Merriam-Webster 3766: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3741: 3706: 3676: 3661:Eau de toilette 3643: 3638: 3624: 3614:gas, stored in 3540: 3520: 3512: 3496:Synthetic musks 3493: 3477: 3468: 3464: 3445:synthetic musks 3433: 3431:Carcinogenicity 3413:perfume allergy 3341: 3332: 3280: 3188: 3168: 3120:fresh cut grass 3112:fragrance bases 3096: 3094:Fragrance bases 3033: 3031:Basic framework 3008: 2942: 2936: 2921:Perfume formula 2915: 2873:expression oils 2847:using volatile 2783: 2660:orange blossoms 2634: 2549: 2543: 2432: 2430:Characteristics 2353: 2347: 2306: 2297:synthetic musks 2185: 2178:. Orchid scents 1927:, vanilla, and 1747: 1742: 1695:Michael Edwards 1679: 1677:Fragrance wheel 1673: 1671:Fragrance wheel 1639: 1583:, Calvin Klein 1581:Eau de Campagne 1550: 1489: 1427: 1275:Quelques Fleurs 1243:, Penhaligon's 1207: 1195: 1135: 1129: 1127:Fragrance notes 1110:fragrance notes 1059: 1046:Sophia Grojsman 1041: 1012: 956: 896: 872:Eau de toilette 802: 795: 777: 768: 757: 748: 741: 732: 713: 704: 698: 689: 678: 669: 660: 651: 637: 628: 627:(New York City) 617: 381:(New York City) 286: 280: 256:Leopold Ružička 254:for Chemistry, 236:aroma compounds 219: 218: 191: 182: 181: 153: 144: 143: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6810: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6743: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6481:Animal sources 6478: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6439:Essential oils 6436: 6431: 6429:Eau de Cologne 6426: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6322: 6321:External links 6319: 6318: 6317: 6302: 6287: 6272: 6257: 6254: 6248: 6221: 6206: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6165: 6135: 6078: 6035: 6005: 5972: 5929: 5893: 5863: 5827: 5810:Echa.europa.eu 5797: 5761: 5720: 5647: 5611: 5581: 5566: 5552: 5529: 5515: 5495: 5476: 5456: 5443:978-0323080378 5442: 5422: 5408: 5388: 5352: 5331: 5304: 5269: 5258:(5): 2657–62. 5252:Anticancer Res 5241: 5210: 5167: 5140: 5108: 5075: 5055: 5048: 5023: 5010: 4990: 4960: 4942: 4909: 4879: 4872: 4852: 4821: 4791: 4761: 4741: 4723: 4716: 4691: 4662: 4655: 4634: 4627: 4609: 4578: 4552: 4535:"Glossary (C)" 4523: 4493: 4454: 4439: 4417: 4399: 4378: 4363: 4320: 4255: 4240: 4233: 4213: 4183: 4152: 4131: 4111: 4094: 4085: 4071:Kidd, Benton. 4063: 4032: 4002: 3972: 3957: 3950: 3932: 3925: 3907: 3888: 3854: 3828: 3791: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3738:Fragrance lamp 3735: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3670: 3667:Eau de Cologne 3658: 3657: 3656: 3642: 3639: 3623: 3620: 3539: 3536: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3492: 3489: 3476: 3473: 3432: 3429: 3401:balsam of Peru 3373:furanocoumarin 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3310: 3307:weasel wording 3279: 3276: 3194:An assorti of 3187: 3184: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3139: 3128:Aqua Allegoria 3095: 3092: 3083:fragrance oils 3079: 3078: 3072: 3062: 3048: 3041:Primary scents 3032: 3029: 3007: 3004: 3000:fine fragrance 2966:" (French for 2953:Rodolphe Ernst 2938:Main article: 2935: 2932: 2928:sense of smell 2914: 2911: 2901: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2856: 2836: 2803:essential oils 2795:essential oils 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2753: 2749:essential oils 2742: 2741: 2740: 2730: 2712: 2672: 2671: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2615:dimethyl ether 2569:essential oils 2545:Main article: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2351:Aroma compound 2349:Main article: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2323: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2240: 2232: 2184: 2183:Animal sources 2181: 2180: 2179: 2170: 2134: 2090: 2059: 2024:balsam of Peru 1994: 1952: 1904: 1834: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1675:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1657:Thierry Mugler 1633: 1623: 1588: 1567: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1521:Fougère Royale 1477: 1432:[ʃipʁ] 1419: 1387: 1377:Bois des Îles. 1343: 1287: 1268:Floral Bouquet 1265: 1248: 1206: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1159: 1131:Main article: 1128: 1125: 1067:Fougère Royale 1058: 1055: 1040: 1037: 1011: 1008: 955: 952: 895: 892: 891: 890: 884: 880:Eau de cologne 876: 868: 858: 852: 810:Eau de Cologne 801: 798: 797: 796: 778: 771: 769: 765:Carrara marble 758: 751: 749: 742: 735: 733: 714: 707: 705: 699: 692: 690: 679: 672: 670: 661: 654: 652: 638: 631: 629: 618: 611: 582:eau de cologne 504:Southern Italy 488:Western Europe 282:Main article: 279: 276: 252:Nobel Laureate 238:(fragrances), 232:essential oils 135: 134: 117:September 2024 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6809: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6752: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6627:François Coty 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547:Organizations 6545: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472:Plant sources 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424:Solid perfume 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284:0-571-21537-8 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269:0-9639065-4-2 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6218:0-646-27794-4 6215: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6051:(3): 422–31. 6050: 6046: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945:(6): 367–70. 5944: 5940: 5933: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5897: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5740:(2): 264–72. 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5577: 5570: 5555: 5553:9783642038273 5549: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5534: 5518: 5516:9783540265849 5512: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5477:9780323225724 5473: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5411: 5409:9783540777823 5405: 5401: 5400: 5392: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5183:(4): 216–25. 5182: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5156:(5): 429–33. 5155: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5072:0-471-58934-9 5069: 5065: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5007:0-931710-72-3 5004: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4951:"Iso E Super" 4946: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4866:. JHU Press. 4865: 4864: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4835:Basenotes.net 4832: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4758:0-9756097-1-8 4755: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4717:0-375-50797-3 4713: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4656:9780816075096 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4628:9781456888954 4624: 4620: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4402: 4400:9780968707609 4396: 4392: 4391: 4382: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4234:9781439862292 4230: 4226: 4225: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4196:La Casa Mundo 4193: 4187: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4089: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3951:90-04-03796-9 3947: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3926:0-425-18467-6 3922: 3918: 3911: 3895: 3891: 3889:9780841231122 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684:Essential oil 3682: 3674: 3673:Scented water 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3544: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3515: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3486: 3481: 3475:Environmental 3472: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:ethyl acetate 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3204:Copyright Act 3197: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3100: 3091: 3088: 3087:ethyl alcohol 3084: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3012: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2860:Essential oil 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:ethyl alcohol 2759: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2733:Fractionation 2731: 2728: 2725:and fragrant 2724: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2464:profit margin 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2332:essential oil 2329: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 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1533: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1443:François Coty 1440: 1439: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1406:Robert Piguet 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366:camphoraceous 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:Victorian era 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Single Floral 1249: 1246: 1242: 1239:, Guerlain's 1238: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1073:. 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