601:
357:
and visual principles, implemented to nature by water channels and basins which divide the enclosed space into clearly defined quarters, a principle that has become known as Chahar Bagh (four gardens), waterworks with channels, basins, fountains and cascades, pavilions, prominent central axes with a vista, and a plantation with a variety of carefully chosen trees, herbs. and flowers. The old-Iranian word for such gardens "pari-daizi' expresses the notion of an earthly paradise that is inherent to them. As such, they are a metaphor for the divine order and the unification and protection of the ones who do good. Their counterparts on earth fulfill a similar function. These principles are brought to perfection in the gardens of the emperor as the "good gardener".
783:
460:
1191:
4038:
1421:
1407:
768:
363:
serve contemplation and relaxation, but are also a representation and manifestation of power. Designing and implementing a garden demonstrates the occupation of land, holding audiences and celebrating victories or marriages in these gardens signal superiority, or social and political bonds. Starting from the 12th to 13th century, tombs for members of the royal family or important personalities were placed into such formal gardens, providing believers a chance to benefit from the spirituality of a venerated person and the particular aura of the garden.
795:
641:
31:
4050:
273:
2951:
4074:
391:
101:
4062:
2105:
1374:
1358:
1342:
1326:
1310:
1294:
1278:
1262:
1246:
1230:
1214:
1198:
502:
637:, who shows the Greek his "paradise at Sardis". In this story Lysander is "astonished at the beauty of the trees within, all planted at equal intervals, the long straight rows of waving branches, the perfect regularity, the rectangular symmetry of the whole, and the many sweet scents which hung about them as they paced the park"
412:, attempting to replicate the cool, refreshing aura of his homeland in the Ferghana Valley through the construction of Persian-style gardens, like those at other Timurid cities like Samarkand and Herat. Babur was a zealous gardener and personally designed and supervised at least ten gardens in his capital of
420:, where he recorded the allure of the pomegranate, cherry and orange trees he had planted. Though his empire soon expanded as far as north-central India, he abhorred the stagnant heat and drab environment of the hot, dusty plains of India; he was thus interred at Bagh-e Babur in Kabul by his widow in 1544.
362:
Notwithstanding a formal standardization, the landscape gardens also reflect diversity and development, bound to function, regional and chronological characteristics, as well as technological, know how personal preferences, ambitions, and demands. Persian gardens are multi-functional: they not only
356:
The
Persian garden is a landscape garden, designed individually and created intentionally as a space embedded in the aesthetic and spiritual context of its past and contemporary cultural, political, and social environment. Hallmarks of these formal gardens are a geometric layout following geometric
695:
The six primary styles of the
Persian garden may be seen in the following table, which puts them in the context of their function and style. Gardens are not limited to a particular style, but often integrate different styles, or have areas with different functions and styles.
1868:
Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2011). "Contribution of
Historical Persian Gardens for Sustainable Urban and Environment: Lessons from Hot Arid Region of IRAN". American Transaction on Engineering and Applied Sciences 1(3),
288:
Persian gardens may originate as early as 4000 BC, but it is clear that this tradition began with the
Achaemenid dynasty around the 6th century BCE. Decorated pottery of that time displays the typical cross plan of the Persian garden. The outline of
903:, the Persian park serves a casual public function with emphasis on plant life. They provide pathways and seating, but are otherwise usually limited in terms of structural elements. The purpose of such places is relaxation and socialisation.
666:
in the seventeenth century. Battuta and
Clavijo made only passing references to gardens and did not describe their design, but Kaempfer made careful drawings and converted them into detailed engravings after his return to Europe. They show
1860:
Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2015).Sustainable Cities and the
Contribution of Historical Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Historical Persian Gardens, Journal of Sustainability, 7,
431:
have four basic requirements, symbolizing four allegorical essentials for the afterlife: shade, fruit, fragrance, and running water. This pattern was used to build many
Persian gardens throughout the Indian subcontinent, such as the
347:, with four rivers and four quadrants that represent the world. The design sometimes extends one axis longer than the cross-axis and may feature water channels that run through each of the four gardens and connect to a central pool.
474:(seventeenth to eighteenth century) built and developed grand and epic layouts that went beyond a simple extension to a palace and became an integral aesthetic and functional part of it. In the following centuries, European
330:
During the
Umayyad and Abbasid periods, the aesthetic aspect of the garden increased in importance, overtaking utility. During this time, aesthetic rules that govern the garden grew in importance. An example of this is the
827:
Privately, these gardens are often pool-centred and, again, structural. The pool serves as a focus and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere. There are few plants, often due to the limited water available in
293:, built around 500 BC, is still viewable today. Classical Iranians were seen by the Greeks as the 'great gardeners' of antiquity; Cyrus II (known also as Cyrus the Younger) is alleged to have told the Spartan commander
1864:
Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2015). Successful Public Places, A case Study of
Historical Persian Gardens, Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, In Press,
1856:
Rostami, Raheleh., Hasanuddin, Lamit., Khoshnava, S. Meysam., Rostami, Rasoul (2014). "The Role of
Historical Persian Gardens on the Health Status of Contemporary Urban Residents". Journal of EcoHealth, 11 (3),
886:
These gardens are private and formal. The basic structure consists of four quadrants divided by waterways or pathways. Traditionally, the rich used such gardens in work-related functions (such as entertaining
264:(with an emphasis on structure) or casual (with an emphasis on nature), following several simple design rules. This allows maximisation, in terms of function and emotion, of what may be done in the garden.
919:, trees, and ground plants. The waterways and pathways stand out less than in the more formal counterparts and are largely functional. The primary function of such areas is familial relaxation.
456:
River. These gardens have recently been restored to their former beauty after decades of pollution by the Indian authorities, who cut down the fruit- and shade-bearing vegetation of the garden.
671:-type gardens that featured an enclosing wall, rectangular pools, an internal network of canals, garden pavilions and lush planting. There are surviving examples of this garden type at
104:
A schematic diagram of a Persian garden. Note the quadripartite structure with focal water feature, connecting aqueducts, and surrounding trees, as well as the placement of the palace
1470:
2165:
297:
that he gardened daily when not campaigning, and had himself laid out the park at Sardis, which he called his 'paradise' (a Greek corruption of the Old Persian word for garden
600:
2872:
2879:
2670:
2797:
1204:
547:
The heat also makes water important, both in the design and maintenance of the garden. Irrigation may be required, and may be provided via a form of tunnel called a
2527:
2726:
1316:
1136:
493:
Traditional forms and style are still applied in modern Iranian gardens. They also appear in historic sites, museums, and affixed to the houses of the rich.
3006:
2739:
1268:
1102:
996:
981:
2846:
654:
The oldest representational descriptions and illustrations of Persian gardens come from travelers who reached Iran from the west. These accounts include
3686:
2886:
2818:
2712:
2705:
1300:
1001:
2811:
4078:
3112:
2859:
2839:
2804:
2180:
2832:
2451:
2014:
2790:
915:
emphasizes the natural and green aspect of the garden. Unlike the park it is a private area often affixed to houses and often consisting of
2825:
2446:
1684:
2599:
2520:
1962:
1985:
1190:
3875:
2999:
1465:
729:
1522:
from a different Iranian language (Avestan, Median or Parthian) borrowed into Persian still in an early period. See Proto-Iranian
518:
and its effects were an important factor of structural design in Persian gardens. Textures and shapes were specifically chosen by
891:). These gardens balance structure with greenery, with the plants often around the periphery of a pool and path based structure.
584:
The Persian style often attempts to integrate indoors with outdoors through the connection of a surrounding garden with an inner
221:
would have been enclosed. The garden's purpose was, and is, to provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of manners:
2513:
1389:
2749:
2550:
2992:
2565:
1844:
Architecture Formes Fonctions / Architektur Form Funktion / Architecture Forms Functions / Arquitectura Formas Functiones
351:
Under the Abbasid dynasty (8th century AD), this type of garden became an integral part of representational architecture.
565:
would draw water to the surface. Such wheel systems also moved water around surface water systems, such as those in the
2007:
3360:
1881:
1616:
1589:
1568:
782:
1523:
1756:
2973:
2080:
1606:
942:
2935:
17:
125:
4110:
4066:
2000:
1732:
824:
flagged with stone. Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of trees, which also provide shade.
174:
1011:
3387:
3085:
561:-like structures then connect to the qanat, enabling the drawing of water. Alternatively, an animal-driven
459:
3906:
2908:
2484:
1950:
3397:
3070:
3050:
1973:
933:
659:
3926:
3880:
3730:
2783:
2075:
615:
An early description (from the first half of the fourth century BCE) of a Persian garden is found in
319:
grew increasingly important. This trend manifested itself in garden design, with greater emphasis on
4100:
3320:
3177:
2940:
2578:
2472:
2175:
1380:
1176:
1035:
528:'s dry heat makes shade important in gardens, which would be nearly unusable without it. Trees and
433:
3964:
3740:
3642:
3637:
3355:
3232:
2643:
2489:
2044:
1146:
872:. When structures are used, they are often built, as in the case of pavilions, to provide shade.
463:
437:
1894:
1659:
3865:
3802:
3750:
3713:
3708:
3182:
2638:
2571:
2420:
529:
234:
165:
69:
383:. The Mongols then carried a Persian garden tradition to other parts of their empire (notably
4054:
3812:
3529:
3147:
3142:
3035:
2930:
2054:
1911:
1106:
771:
4105:
3916:
3857:
3350:
3301:
3162:
3137:
3117:
2648:
2615:
2441:
2085:
2070:
2023:
1460:
8:
3835:
3698:
3254:
3122:
3107:
3055:
3045:
2536:
1937:
1826:
1507:
490:. Western influences led to changes in the use of water and the species used in bedding.
2764:
2415:
1781:
767:
4037:
3911:
3825:
3790:
3676:
3569:
3549:
2893:
2776:
2744:
2585:
2467:
1708:
1420:
1406:
663:
277:
117:
113:
3959:
3820:
3785:
3780:
3647:
3489:
3274:
3222:
2865:
2365:
2310:
1889:
1877:
1612:
1585:
1564:
1552:
1364:
1166:
1126:
991:
794:
634:
161:
109:
81:
77:
3313:
2950:
4042:
4016:
3770:
3534:
3259:
3207:
3060:
2922:
2759:
2592:
1445:
1412:
845:
533:
417:
206:
61:
3457:
812:
over function. Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important, with
4021:
4006:
4001:
3693:
3599:
3579:
3479:
3467:
3432:
3427:
3291:
3242:
3217:
3197:
2734:
2719:
2633:
2628:
1635:
1455:
1435:
1332:
1142:
1120:
608:
471:
449:
424:
304:
199:
192:
149:
121:
3484:
1931:
868:. Again, there are elements such as a pool and gravel pathways which divide the
3996:
3986:
3830:
3775:
3765:
3584:
3559:
3539:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3284:
3279:
3264:
3192:
3092:
2698:
2505:
2049:
1426:
1284:
1112:
986:
604:
589:
487:
402:
344:
308:
250:
3720:
4094:
3991:
3969:
3745:
3654:
3604:
3589:
3524:
3519:
3504:
3474:
3437:
3417:
3377:
3372:
3342:
3308:
3247:
3227:
3212:
3172:
3080:
2984:
2770:
2677:
2620:
1842:
Dariush Borbor, "The Influence of Persian Gardens on Islamic Decoration", in
1236:
1082:
971:
861:
817:
754:
505:
475:
428:
380:
261:
157:
89:
49:
1925:
640:
3936:
3755:
3735:
3703:
3632:
3619:
3594:
3574:
3544:
3269:
3237:
3015:
2968:
2124:
1440:
562:
394:
246:
222:
88:
have some of the largest Persian gardens in the world, from the era of the
30:
2607:
3847:
3842:
3627:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3422:
3412:
3187:
3152:
3132:
3097:
3065:
2915:
2691:
2350:
2254:
2090:
1450:
1220:
1116:
1072:
966:
787:
655:
621:
592:
between the outer and interior areas to open up the divide between them.
574:
441:
141:
34:
2259:
1849:۳۳-۵۰ داریوش بوربور، «تاثیر باغهای ایرانی بر تزئینات ساختمانی اسلامی»،
3564:
3447:
3382:
3367:
3325:
3202:
3102:
2684:
2658:
2653:
2395:
2375:
2315:
1992:
1252:
1092:
1062:
976:
961:
888:
829:
809:
798:
680:
644:
558:
376:
290:
281:
272:
129:
2494:
1822:
1024:
100:
4011:
3974:
3921:
3901:
3896:
3554:
3040:
3027:
3019:
2390:
2300:
2290:
2244:
2200:
1853:(ویژه میراث فرهنگی معنوی)، سال ششم، شماره ۱۸، تهران، تابستان ۱۳۸۸، صص
1348:
1170:
1152:
841:
585:
537:
519:
445:
372:
85:
3870:
3797:
3725:
3462:
3337:
3127:
2901:
2370:
2220:
2160:
2155:
1180:
881:
749:
668:
630:
626:
616:
515:
333:
320:
294:
254:
210:
2210:
808:
Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout with heavy emphasis on
427:
was the first of many Persian gardens he created in India itself.
3979:
3941:
3931:
3807:
3442:
3332:
2355:
2340:
2330:
2305:
2295:
2280:
2129:
1846:
vol. 14, Editions Anthony Krafft, Lausanne, 1968, pp. 84–91.
1685:"Restored Mughal Gardens Bloom Once More Along Agra's Riverfront"
1580:
Khansari, Mehdi; Moghtader, M. R.; Yavari, Minouch (2003-12-31).
1515:
1086:
775:
684:
554:
509:
371:
in the thirteenth century led to a new emphasis on highly ornate
368:
226:
133:
390:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3075:
2410:
2400:
2380:
2335:
2215:
2190:
2185:
2139:
2134:
2119:
1943:
1096:
1076:
821:
802:
676:
648:
483:
479:
453:
448:. The Taj Mahal gardens embody the Persian concept of an ideal
218:
73:
38:
452:, and were built with irrigation channels and canals from the
3760:
2345:
2325:
2320:
2249:
2234:
2170:
1872:
Khonsari, Mehdi; Moghtader, M. Reza; Yavari, Minouch (1998).
1160:
865:
857:
820:(which may be used to bathe). The ground is often covered in
549:
413:
409:
405:
384:
312:
185:
2104:
3681:
3296:
2854:
2754:
2540:
2425:
2405:
2360:
2285:
2275:
2239:
2205:
2195:
1156:
1130:
1066:
947:
916:
900:
869:
853:
813:
734:
672:
578:
541:
525:
501:
343:), a form of garden that attempts to emulate the Abrahamic
324:
179:
42:
3609:
2385:
316:
191:, and from there entered into European languages, e.g.,
1579:
683:). The location of the gardens Kaempfer illustrated in
588:. Designers often place architectural elements such as
478:
began to influence Persia, particularly the designs of
1490:
Although the genuine Old Persian form must have been *
544:
are also structurally prominent in blocking the sun.
1402:
569:
style. Trees were often planted in a ditch called a
1944:Animated film inspired by the Persian Architecture
1912:Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity
1757:"Pasargadae: The Persian Gardens | Kaveh Farrokh"
496:
112:, the idea of an earthly paradise spread through
4092:
2860:Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region
2535:
1887:
852:and that minimises structure. Plants range from
466:, is an example of modern persian garden design.
1393:Location of Persian Garden World Heritage Sites
577:and allowed the water quick access to the tree
229:(such as meetings with friends), essentially a
3014:
2452:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
3000:
2521:
2008:
1954:, in Persian, Jadid Online, 12 November 2009.
338:
3876:List of organic gardening and farming topics
2447:Traditional Persian residential architecture
3007:
2993:
2528:
2514:
2015:
2001:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1054:9,740.02 ha (37.6064 sq mi)
1709:"From the Magazine: Agra, Again in Bloom"
2022:
1630:
1628:
1604:
1466:Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments
911:Like the other casual garden, the park,
793:
781:
774:, the charbagh Royal Square (Maidan) in
766:
639:
629:relate the story of the Spartan general
599:
500:
458:
389:
375:in the garden. Examples of this include
271:
116:and example to other cultures, both the
99:
95:
29:
1932:Isfahan "Persian Garden Design" website
1799:
1046:716.35 ha (2.7658 sq mi)
922:
37:is a famous historic Persian garden in
14:
4093:
1874:The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise
1582:The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise
1016:Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
844:garden that puts more emphasis on the
2988:
2509:
1996:
1909:Michel Conan, Dumbarton Oaks (2007).
1625:
1554:; CAIS-Online - accessed Jan 15, 2007
553:, that transports water from a local
4061:
2750:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
2551:List of World Heritage Sites in Iran
1904:Persian Gardens and Garden Pavilions
1779:
27:Type of garden originating from Iran
4073:
1584:. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers.
1563:Persians: Masters of Empire, p 62,
778:, constructed between 1598 and 1629
416:in modern Afghanistan, such as the
339:
65:
24:
2949:
1836:
25:
4122:
1951:The Meaning of the Persian Garden
1940:- video from the Asia Society, US
1919:
1682:
607:is one of the largest gardens of
408:introduced the Persian garden to
276:Gardens outside of the Palace of
260:The garden's construction may be
4072:
4060:
4049:
4048:
4036:
2600:Church of the Holy Mother of God
2103:
1419:
1405:
1372:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1308:
1292:
1276:
1260:
1244:
1228:
1212:
1196:
1189:
2566:The Armenian Monastic Ensembles
1977:, in Persian, 13 November 2009.
1773:
1749:
1725:
1471:List of Persian gardens in Iran
698:
633:'s visit to the Persian prince
595:
237:word for "enclosed space" was *
2936:Cultural Landscape of Uramanat
1974:The Face of the Persian Garden
1865:doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.08.011
1701:
1676:
1652:
1598:
1573:
1557:
1542:
1484:
875:
497:Elements of the Persian garden
367:The invasion of Persia by the
245:), a term that was adopted by
13:
1:
1535:
1498:'garden' from Middle Persian
662:in the fifteenth century and
303:During the suzerainty of the
1926:Monty Don's Paradise Gardens
1733:"How to Save the Taj Mahal?"
1640:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
217:As the word expresses, such
180:
7:
3907:Index of pesticide articles
2909:Colossal Statue of Shapur I
2873:Ardashir Investiture Relief
2485:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
1934:. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
1398:
658:in the fourteenth century,
48:The tradition and style of
10:
4127:
3051:Climate-friendly gardening
2880:Victory Relief of Ardashir
2611:and its cultural landscape
1373:
1357:
1341:
935:UNESCO World Heritage Site
894:
879:
482:, and secondarily that of
345:notion of a Garden of Eden
267:
169:
4030:
3952:
3927:Plant disease forecasting
3889:
3881:Vegan organic agriculture
3856:
3731:Genetically modified tree
3618:
3161:
3026:
2961:
2947:
2558:
2547:
2460:
2434:
2268:
2148:
2112:
2101:
2063:
2037:
2030:
1902:Newton Wilber, D (1979).
1888:Multiple authors (2010).
1823:The Persian Garden (1372)
1514:), which seems to be the
1325:
1309:
1293:
1277:
1261:
1245:
1229:
1213:
1197:
1050:
1042:
1030:
1020:
1010:
953:
941:
932:
835:
690:
307:, under the influence of
184:, then rendered into the
2941:The Persian Caravanserai
1477:
1177:Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
762:
573:, which prevented water
156:(walled-around, i.e., a
2644:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
1605:Xenophon (1975-06-26).
1502:presupposes a variant *
1147:South Khorasan Province
906:
660:Ruy González de Clavijo
508:pavilion and garden in
464:Cheshme Belghais Garden
3866:Biodynamic agriculture
3803:Postharvest physiology
3751:Landscape architecture
3448:Indonesian home garden
2955:
2579:St. Stepanos Monastery
2572:St. Thaddeus Monastery
1660:"THE MEMOIRS OF BABUR"
1608:The Persian Expedition
805:
791:
779:
651:
612:
522:to harness the light.
512:
467:
398:
365:
359:
353:
285:
164:, and then into Greek
105:
45:
3113:Historic conservation
2953:
2931:Trans-Iranian Railway
2855:Historic city of Yazd
2626:Cultural landscape of
1149:, Iran (WHS 1372-009)
1139:, Iran (WHS 1372-008)
1133:, Iran (WHS 1372-007)
1123:, Iran (WHS 1372-006)
1109:, Iran (WHS 1372-005)
1107:Abbasabad, Mazandaran
1099:, Iran (WHS 1372-004)
1089:, Iran (WHS 1372-003)
1079:, Iran (WHS 1372-002)
899:Much like many other
797:
785:
772:Naghsh-i Jahan square
770:
643:
603:
504:
462:
397:in Kabul, Afghanistan
393:
360:
354:
349:
275:
160:), was borrowed into
108:From the time of the
103:
96:Concept and etymology
76:which emerged in the
33:
4111:Architecture in Iran
4043:Gardening portal
3942:Aquamog weed remover
3917:List of insecticides
2649:Naqsh-e Jahan Square
2537:World Heritage Sites
2495:List of ziyarat-gahs
2442:Islamic architecture
2024:Iranian architecture
1895:Encyclopædia Iranica
1713:World Monuments Fund
1664:depts.washington.edu
1461:Persian architecture
1390:class=notpageimage|
1173:, India (WHS 232bis)
923:World Heritage Sites
675:(Dowlatabad) and at
444:of Kashmir, and the
2435:Theory and analysis
1876:. Mage Publishers.
1827:World Heritage Site
1137:Pahlevanpour Garden
1061:Pasargad Garden at
972:Bagh-e Chehel Sotun
929:
687:can be identified.
532:largely feature as
247:Christian mythology
3912:List of fungicides
3677:Companion planting
2956:
2894:Palace of Ardashir
2798:Hassan Abad Moshir
2745:Dome of Soltaniyeh
2740:Sheikh Safi's Tomb
2586:Chapel of Dzordzor
2468:Architects of Iran
2269:Traditional cities
1971:Farnoush Tehrāni,
1948:Farnoush Tehrāni,
1550:Achaemenid Gardens
997:Bagh-e Pahlavanpur
960:Ancient Garden of
928:The Persian Garden
927:
840:This is a public,
806:
792:
780:
664:Engelbert Kaempfer
652:
613:
513:
468:
399:
286:
278:Darius I of Persia
114:Persian literature
106:
46:
4088:
4087:
3960:Community orchard
3786:drought tolerance
2982:
2981:
2974:Hyrcanian Forests
2503:
2502:
2099:
2098:
1984:Audio slideshow:
1961:Audio slideshow:
1928:(BBC documentary)
1494:, Modern Persian
1058:
1057:
992:Bagh-e Dolat Abad
848:element than the
760:
759:
635:Cyrus the Younger
446:Taj Mahal gardens
425:Aram Bagh of Agra
231:paradise on earth
178:
110:Achaemenid Empire
78:Achaemenid Empire
68:) is a style of "
16:(Redirected from
4118:
4076:
4075:
4064:
4063:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4040:
4017:Plant collecting
3953:Related articles
3890:Plant protection
3071:French intensive
3009:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2925:
2923:Sarvestan Palace
2918:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2889:
2887:Ardashir Khurreh
2882:
2875:
2868:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2765:Takht-e Soleymān
2760:Bazaar of Tabriz
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2627:
2612:
2602:
2595:
2593:Chapel of Chupan
2588:
2581:
2574:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2476:s, castles, and
2416:Takht-e Soleymān
2226:Persian Garden (
2107:
2035:
2034:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1899:
1830:
1820:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:kavehfarrokh.com
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1529:
1488:
1446:Firdaws-i Bareen
1429:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1413:Gardening portal
1410:
1409:
1376:
1375:
1360:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1248:
1247:
1232:
1231:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1127:Dolatabad Garden
1103:Abbasabad Garden
1051:Buffer zone
1002:Bagh-e Akbariyeh
987:Bagh-e Shahzadeh
982:Bagh-e Abas Abad
936:
930:
926:
699:
625:in which he has
434:Shalimar Gardens
342:
341:
249:to describe the
183:
173:
171:
67:
21:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4101:Persian gardens
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4035:
4026:
4022:Turf management
4007:Lists of plants
4002:List of gardens
3948:
3885:
3852:
3614:
3164:
3157:
3022:
3013:
2983:
2978:
2957:
2945:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2735:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2665:Persian gardens
2634:Golestan Palace
2625:
2610:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2554:
2543:
2534:
2504:
2499:
2490:List of mosques
2456:
2430:
2264:
2144:
2108:
2095:
2059:
2026:
2021:
1987:(6 min 16 sec).
1964:(5 min 58 sec).
1922:
1839:
1837:Further reading
1834:
1833:
1821:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1786:Gutenberg Press
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1578:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1456:Paradise garden
1436:Delgosha Garden
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1143:Akbarieh Garden
1121:Kerman Province
1006:
934:
925:
909:
897:
884:
878:
838:
765:
693:
609:Kerman Province
598:
499:
472:Safavid dynasty
450:paradise garden
436:of Lahore, the
305:Sasanian Empire
270:
122:Seleucid Empire
120:gardens of the
98:
58:Iranian gardens
54:Persian gardens
52:represented by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4046:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Garden tourism
3994:
3989:
3987:Groundskeeping
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:free-flowering
3773:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Groundskeeping
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:computer-aided
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2866:Qal'eh Dokhtar
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Gonbad-e Qabus
2636:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Dalan e Vorudi
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2050:Parthian style
2047:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1941:
1938:Babur's Garden
1935:
1929:
1921:
1920:External links
1918:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1885:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1798:
1772:
1748:
1724:
1700:
1683:Daley, Jason.
1675:
1651:
1636:"Bagh-e Babur"
1624:
1617:
1611:. Penguin UK.
1597:
1590:
1572:
1556:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:Gardens portal
1416:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1167:Humayun's Tomb
1164:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1113:Shazdeh Garden
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1069:(WHS 1372-001)
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
957:
955:
951:
950:
945:
939:
938:
924:
921:
908:
905:
896:
893:
880:Main article:
877:
874:
862:bedding plants
837:
834:
764:
761:
758:
757:
752:
747:
744:
738:
737:
732:
727:
724:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
692:
689:
605:Shazdeh Garden
597:
594:
590:vaulted arches
498:
495:
488:United Kingdom
429:Mughal gardens
403:Mughal emperor
381:chrysanthemums
309:Zoroastrianism
269:
266:
251:garden of Eden
235:Common Iranian
97:
94:
82:Humayun's Tomb
26:
18:Persian garden
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4123:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4081:
4080:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Garden centre
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:Floral design
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3836:reforestation
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Intercropping
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:most valuable
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Arboriculture
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:Garden square
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Ancient Egypt
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:Garden design
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:Persian Qanat
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:Chehel Sotoun
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2621:Chogha Zanbil
2619:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Caravanserais
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Early Islamic
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:. Washington.
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1882:0-934211-46-9
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1782:"Oeconomicus"
1776:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1618:9780141909387
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1591:9780934211758
1587:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1569:0-8094-9104-4
1566:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1391:
1382:
1366:
1350:
1334:
1318:
1302:
1286:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1222:
1206:
1192:
1183:(WHS 171-002)
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:Chehel Sotoun
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
959:
958:
956:
952:
949:
946:
944:
940:
937:
931:
920:
918:
914:
904:
902:
892:
890:
883:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
833:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
800:
796:
789:
784:
777:
773:
769:
756:
753:
751:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
650:
646:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
610:
606:
602:
593:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
511:
507:
506:Chehel Sotoun
503:
494:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:garden design
473:
465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Shalimar Bagh
435:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
364:
358:
352:
348:
346:
336:
335:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
300:
296:
292:
283:
279:
274:
265:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
182:
176:
167:
166:Ancient Greek
163:
159:
158:walled garden
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
102:
93:
91:
90:Mughal Empire
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:garden design
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4034:
3937:Weed control
3826:horticulture
3756:Olericulture
3736:Hydroculture
3726:Fruticulture
3704:Floriculture
3633:Permaculture
3620:Horticulture
3452:
3016:Horticulture
2954:Flag of Iran
2727:Pahlevanpour
2664:
2549:
2477:
2473:
2255:Windcatchers
2227:
2225:
1972:
1949:
1910:
1903:
1893:
1873:
1861:13290-13316.
1850:
1843:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1663:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1607:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1559:
1549:
1544:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
912:
910:
898:
885:
849:
839:
826:
807:
741:
721:
714:
709:
704:
694:
653:
620:
614:
596:Descriptions
583:
570:
566:
563:Persian well
548:
546:
524:
514:
492:
469:
422:
418:Bagh-e Babur
400:
395:Bagh-e Babur
377:tree peonies
366:
361:
355:
350:
332:
329:
327:in gardens.
302:
298:
287:
259:
243:pairi-daēza-
242:
238:
230:
216:
209:
202:
195:
188:
153:
145:
137:
107:
57:
53:
47:
4106:Persian art
4079:WikiProject
3848:Monoculture
3843:Viticulture
3821:agriculture
3781:propagation
3721:Hügelkultur
3643:sustainable
3628:Agriculture
3570:Therapeutic
3550:Shakespeare
3361:Renaissance
3153:Xeriscaping
3148:Sustainable
3143:Square foot
3133:Proplifting
3098:Garden tool
3066:Foodscaping
2916:Shapur cave
2847:Ebrahimabad
2351:Khorramabad
2038:Pre-Islamic
1737:Smithsonian
1689:Smithsonian
1548:Fakour M.,
1525:*paridaiźa-
1451:Mellat Park
1073:Eram Garden
1034:2011 (35th
1031:Inscription
967:Bagh-e Eram
889:ambassadors
876:Chahar Bāgh
830:urban areas
788:Nishat Bagh
750:Chahār Bāgh
656:Ibn Battuta
622:Oeconomicus
575:evaporation
567:chahar bāgh
442:Nishat Bagh
334:chahār bāgh
239:pari-daiza-
142:Old Persian
138:pairidaēza-
118:Hellenistic
35:Eram Garden
4095:Categories
3741:Indigenous
3638:stock-free
3610:Zoological
3490:Pollinator
3383:Greenhouse
3326:Sharawadgi
3314:Vietnamese
3275:East Asian
3183:Australian
3138:Raised bed
3103:Green wall
2969:Lut Desert
2819:Ghasemabad
2671:Pasargadae
2659:Persepolis
2654:Pasargadae
2396:Shahrisabz
2376:Persepolis
2366:Nakhchivan
2316:Gur-e-Amir
2045:Achaemenid
1780:Xenephon.
1766:2016-02-09
1742:2019-01-16
1718:2019-01-16
1694:2019-01-16
1669:2019-01-16
1645:2019-01-16
1536:References
1520:paridaida-
1492:paridaida-
1093:Fin Garden
1063:Pasargadae
977:Bagh-e Fin
962:Pasargadae
810:aesthetics
799:Laleh Park
786:Sunset at
681:Fin Garden
645:Fin Garden
520:architects
291:Pasargadae
282:Persepolis
257:on earth.
181:parádeisos
170:παράδεισος
154:paridaiza-
146:paridaida-
130:Alexandria
92:in India.
66:باغ ایرانی
4012:Perennial
3975:Floristry
3922:Pesticide
3902:Herbicide
3897:Fungicide
3791:hardiness
3555:Shrubbery
3535:Sculpture
3356:landscape
3285:Cantonese
3260:Container
3255:Community
3223:Byzantine
3218:Butterfly
3208:Botanical
3108:Guerrilla
3056:Community
3046:Butterfly
3041:Arboretum
3036:Allotment
3028:Gardening
3020:gardening
2812:Akbarabad
2713:Abbasabad
2706:Dolatabad
2391:Samarkand
2301:Ctesiphon
2245:Shabestan
2201:Imamzadeh
2176:Chahartaq
1851:پل فیروزه
1504:pardaiza-
1171:New Delhi
1163:(WHS 252)
1153:Taj Mahal
1021:Reference
705:Classical
586:courtyard
538:pavilions
530:trellises
373:structure
321:fountains
241:(Avestan
227:leisurely
223:spiritual
189:paradīsus
175:romanized
126:Ptolemies
86:Taj Mahal
70:landscape
4055:Category
3965:Features
3871:Grafting
3831:forestry
3813:Tropical
3798:Pomology
3771:cuttings
3766:breeding
3600:Wildlife
3580:Tropical
3530:Scottish
3480:Pleasure
3468:Paradise
3463:Charbagh
3433:Monastic
3428:Medieval
3338:Floating
3292:Japanese
3243:Communal
3233:Colonial
3198:Biblical
3163:Types of
3128:Parterre
2902:Bishapur
2900:City of
2840:Mozdabad
2805:Goharriz
2777:Ghasabeh
2720:Akbarieh
2616:Behistun
2559:Cultural
2371:Nishapur
2260:Yakhchāl
2221:Panjdari
2161:Andaruni
2156:Ab anbar
2149:Elements
2130:Khaneqah
2081:Ilkhanid
2055:Sasanian
1890:"Garden"
1869:281-294.
1857:308-321.
1399:See also
1181:Pakistan
1012:Criteria
954:Includes
943:Location
882:Charbagh
669:charbagh
631:Lysander
627:Socrates
617:Xenophon
516:Sunlight
486:and the
295:Lysander
255:Paradise
211:paradise
203:Paradies
162:Akkadian
124:and the
84:and the
4067:Commons
3980:Ikebana
3932:Pruning
3858:Organic
3808:Roguing
3694:Cutting
3585:Victory
3560:Spanish
3540:Sensory
3485:Prairie
3453:Persian
3443:Orchard
3408:Kitchen
3403:Keyhole
3398:Italian
3393:Islamic
3388:Hanging
3347:French
3333:Fernery
3321:English
3280:Chinese
3265:Cottage
3193:Baroque
3165:gardens
3118:History
2962:Natural
2784:Baladeh
2699:Shazdeh
2629:Maymand
2478:ghal'eh
2356:Mashhad
2341:Kashmar
2331:Isfahan
2306:Derbent
2296:Bukhara
2281:Andijan
2135:Mosques
2120:Bazaars
2091:Safavid
2086:Timurid
2064:Islamic
2031:Periods
1829:website
1791:11 June
1516:cognate
1508:syncope
1441:El-Gölü
1087:Isfahan
1036:Session
895:Boostān
866:grasses
790:Gardens
776:Isfahan
742:Private
685:Isfahan
555:aquifer
536:shade;
510:Isfahan
369:Mongols
340:چهارباغ
268:History
219:gardens
207:English
196:paradis
177::
134:Avestan
62:Persian
3817:Urban
3714:Taiwan
3709:Canada
3672:Botany
3665:Saikei
3660:Bonsai
3605:Winter
3590:Walled
3525:School
3520:Sacred
3475:Physic
3438:Mughal
3418:Market
3373:German
3351:formal
3343:Flower
3309:Korean
3228:Cactus
3213:Bottle
3173:Alpine
3123:Native
3076:Garden
3061:Forest
2833:Vazvan
2421:Tehran
2411:Tabriz
2401:Shiraz
2381:Qazvin
2336:Kashan
2216:Kucheh
2191:Hashti
2186:Gonbad
2166:Biruni
2140:Takyeh
2076:Seljuk
1880:
1615:
1588:
1567:
1506:(with
1097:Kashan
1077:Shiraz
858:shrubs
846:biotic
842:formal
836:Meidān
822:gravel
814:arches
803:Tehran
746:Hayāt
730:Meidān
726:Hayāt
722:Public
715:Casual
710:Formal
691:Styles
677:Kashan
649:Kashan
534:biotic
484:Russia
480:France
454:Yamuna
262:formal
233:. The
225:, and
205:, and
200:German
193:French
150:Median
132:. The
74:garden
39:Shiraz
3761:Plant
3699:Flora
3648:urban
3595:Water
3575:Trial
3545:Shade
3505:Roman
3378:Greek
3368:Front
3270:Dutch
3238:Color
2791:Zarch
2461:Lists
2346:Khiva
2326:Herat
2321:Hatra
2311:Ganja
2250:Talar
2235:Qanat
2228:hayāt
2211:Kariz
2113:Types
1500:palēz
1496:palīz
1478:Notes
1161:India
1117:Mahan
917:lawns
901:parks
864:, to
860:, to
856:, to
854:trees
850:hayāt
818:pools
763:Hayāt
579:roots
550:qanat
542:walls
414:Kabul
410:India
406:Babur
385:India
325:ponds
313:water
186:Latin
136:word
3682:Crop
3515:Rose
3510:Roof
3500:Rock
3495:Rain
3458:Bāgh
3423:Mary
3413:Knot
3297:Roji
3188:Back
3018:and
2826:Moun
2769:The
2755:Susa
2692:Eram
2663:The
2541:Iran
2426:Yazd
2406:Susa
2361:Merv
2286:Baku
2276:Amol
2240:Sahn
2206:Iwan
2196:Howz
2171:Burj
1878:ISBN
1793:2015
1613:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1518:of *
1157:Agra
1131:Yazd
1067:Iran
1043:Area
1025:1372
948:Iran
913:bāgh
907:Bāgh
870:lawn
816:and
755:Bāgh
735:Park
673:Yazd
559:Well
540:and
526:Iran
470:The
440:and
423:The
401:The
379:and
323:and
43:Iran
3565:Tea
3302:Zen
3203:Bog
2685:Fin
2608:Bam
2539:in
2474:Arg
2386:Qom
2291:Bam
1825:at
1512:-i-
1510:of
647:in
619:'s
571:juy
387:).
317:art
315:in
280:in
253:or
128:in
56:or
4097::
1892:.
1801:^
1784:.
1759:.
1735:.
1711:.
1687:.
1662:.
1638:.
1627:^
1381:12
1365:11
1349:10
1179:,
1169:,
1159:,
1155:,
1145:,
1129:,
1119:,
1115:,
1105:,
1095:,
1085:,
1075:,
1065:,
832:.
801:,
581:.
557:.
311:,
299:).
214:.
198:,
172:,
168::
148:,
140:,
80:.
72:"
64::
41:,
3008:e
3001:t
2994:v
2529:e
2522:t
2515:v
2480:s
2230:)
2016:e
2009:t
2002:v
1915:.
1898:.
1884:.
1795:.
1769:.
1745:.
1721:.
1697:.
1672:.
1648:.
1621:.
1594:.
1528:.
1333:9
1317:8
1301:7
1285:6
1269:5
1253:4
1237:3
1221:2
1205:1
1038:)
679:(
611:.
337:(
284:.
152:*
144:*
60:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
