Peter Martyr Vermigli

4977: 1161: 1465:, those who were not elected to salvation. He saw this as included in the will of God, but different in character from the decision to choose the elect for salvation. Because all people have fallen into sin, the reprobating will of God treats them as by nature fallen and deserving of damnation. Vermigli's formulation of reprobation as within God's decree while distinct from his saving election was slightly different from Calvin's. Calvin saw predestination to salvation and reprobation as two sides of a single decree. Vermigli's doctrine was to prove more influential in the Reformed confessions. In his early formulation of predestination (ca. 1543–1544), Vermigli drew heavily on Aquinas's 1213:. Bullinger and the Zürich church did not necessarily agree with Vermigli's double predestinarian view, but Bibliander's view was deemed unallowable. He was dismissed in 1560, in part to assure other Reformed churches of the Zürich church's orthodoxy. Vermigli was involved in predestinarian controversy again when Zanchi, who had remained in Strasbourg when Vermigli left for Zürich, was accused of heretical teachings on the Eucharist and predestination by the Lutheran Johann Marbach. Vermigli was selected to write the official judgement of the Zürich church on the matter in a statement signed by Bullinger and other leaders in December 1407: 1327:

Exodus, Leviticus and the Minor Prophets "brief and hasty annotations", he found it difficult to find time to prepare them for publication. His colleagues edited and published some of his remaining works on the Bible after his death: prayers on the Psalms (1564) and commentaries on Kings (1566), Genesis (1569), and Lamentations (1629). Vermigli followed the humanist emphasis on seeking the original meaning of scripture, as opposed to the often fanciful and arbitrary allegorical readings of the medieval exegetical tradition. He occasionally adopted an allegorical reading to interpret the Old Testament as having to do with Christ

398: 699: 40: 892: 1280: 1149:

double predestination, continued with the Lutherans. Another professor in Strasbourg, Girolamo Zanchi, who had converted to Protestantism while under Vermigli in Lucca, shared Vermigli's convictions regarding the Eucharist and predestination. Zanchi and Vermigli became friends and allies. Vermigli's increasing alienation from the Lutheran establishment led him in 1556 to accept an offer from Heinrich Bullinger to teach at the

441:. The Lateran Canons were one of several institutions born out of a fifteenth-century religious reform movement. They emphasised strict discipline, and could be transferred from house to house rather than being bound to stability in one place, as was the custom of Benedictine monasticism. They also sought to provide ministry in urban areas. Peter's sister followed him into the monastic life, becoming a nun the same year. 5011: 1060:. Vermigli agreed with Hooper's desire to rid the church of elaborate garments, but he did not believe they were strictly prohibited. He advised Hooper to respect the authority of his superiors. Vermigli was probably instrumental in convincing Hooper to drop his opposition in February 1551. In October 1551 he participated in a commission to rewrite the 864:. Vermigli was delighted to be able to teach from the original-language text of the Old Testament, as many of his students could read Hebrew. He was well-liked by his students and fellow scholars. Vermigli was known for precision, simplicity, and clarity of speech in contrast to Bucer's propensity for digressions which sometimes left his students lost. 417:, on 8 September 1499 to Stefano di Antonio Vermigli, a wealthy shoemaker, and Maria Fumantina. He was christened Piero Mariano the following day. He was the eldest of three children; his sister Felicita Antonio was born in 1501 and his brother Antonio Lorenzo Romulo was born in 1504. His mother taught him 1326:

Vermigli published commentaries on I Corinthians (1551), Romans (1558), and Judges (1561) during his lifetime. He was criticised by his colleagues in Strasbourg for withholding his lectures on books of the Bible for years rather than sending them to be published. Calling his lecture notes on Genesis,

1540:

Vermigli had a profound influence on the English Reformation through his relationship with Thomas Cranmer. Before his contact with Vermigli, Cranmer held Lutheran Eucharistic views. Vermigli seems to have convinced Cranmer to adopt a Reformed view, which changed the course of the English Reformation

1517:

Vermigli's leadership in Lucca left it arguably the most thoroughly Protestant city in Italy. The Inquisition led many of these Protestants to flee, creating a significant population of Protestant refugees in Geneva. Several important leaders in the Reformation can also be tied to Vermigli's work in

1434:

against the idea of transubstantiation. Because believers retain their human nature even though God has joined them with Christ, it follows that the Eucharistic elements do not need to be transformed to be Christ's body. Instead of the substance of the elements changing into Christ's flesh, Vermigli

1397:

Vermigli was primarily a teacher of scripture rather than a systematic theologian, but his lasting influence is mostly associated with his doctrine of the Eucharist. This can be explained by the close relationship he saw between the exegesis of scripture and theological reflection. Vermigli's method

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between Orothetes ("Boundary Setter"), a defender of the Reformed doctrine that Christ's body is physically located in Heaven, and Pantachus ("Everywhere"), whose speeches are largely taken directly from Brenz's work. Brenz published a response in 1562, to which Vermigli began to prepare a rebuttal,

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over half the city, as well as control of the Lateran's religious houses. As at his earlier post in Spoleto, the monks of the San Frediano monastery, as well as the clergy of Lucca, were known for moral laxity, which led to an openness to the new Lutheran religion there. Vermigli saw his task as one

1500:

between the spiritual sphere (in Vermigli's words the "inward motions of the mind") and the "outward discipline" of society. The civil magistrate's authority is only on external matters rather than inward and spiritual religious devotion. Vermigli's theological justification for Royal Supremacy was

1453:. Vermigli saw God as sovereign over every event, and believed that all things, including evil, were used by him to accomplish his will. Nevertheless, Vermigli did not hold that humans are compelled to good or evil actions. Vermigli held that God had chosen some people for salvation on the basis of 1085:

at Oxford would likely have had him executed, as Cranmer eventually was in 1556. Despite this risk, he agreed to a public disputation with Cranmer against the new Catholic establishment, but this never came to fruition because Cranmer was imprisoned. Vermigli was able to receive permission from the

1345:

Vermigli published an account of his disputation with Oxford Catholics over the Eucharist in 1549, along with a treatise further explaining his position. The disputation largely dealt with the doctrine of transubstantiation, which Vermigli strongly opposed, but the treatise was able to put forward

1200:, Vermigli believed that in some way God wills the damnation of those not chosen for salvation. Vermigli attempted to avoid confrontation over the issue, but Bibliander began to openly attack him in 1557, at one point allegedly challenging him to a duel with a double-edged axe. Bibliander held the 1148:

as a condition of being reinstalled as professor. He was willing to sign the Augsburg Confession, but not the Concordat, which affirmed a bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He was retained and reappointed anyway, but controversy over the Eucharist, as well as Vermigli's strong doctrine of

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The chapter general re-elected Vermigli to the Spoletan abbacy in 1534 and again in 1535, but he was not elected to lead any house the following year. He may have been identified as a promising reformer who could help with reform efforts in higher places. Vermigli was in contact with the Catholic

1549:

of 1552. He is also believed to have contributed to, if not written, the article on predestination found in the Forty-two Articles of Religion of 1553. In Elizabethan Oxford and Cambridge, Vermigli's theology was arguably more influential than that of Calvin. His political theology in particular

1402:

held supreme authority in establishing truth. Nevertheless, he was familiar with the church fathers to a higher degree than many of his contemporaries, and he constantly referred to them. He saw value in the fathers because they had discovered insights into the scriptures that he might not have

1421:

Vermigli is best known for his polemics against the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and for the Reformed doctrine of "sacramental presence". He argued that transubstantiation, the belief that the substance of bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood, was not based on any

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Vermigli was summoned to a Chapter Extraordinary of the Lateran Congregation, and his friends warned him that he had powerful adversaries. These increasingly foreboding events contributed to his decision to ignore the summons and flee, but he was finally persuaded by his conscience against the

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Vermigli's Eucharistic polemical writing was initially directed against Catholics, but beginning in 1557 he began to involve himself in debates with Lutherans. Many Lutherans during this time argued that Christ's body and blood were physically present in the Eucharist because they are

691:, with which he received some help from powerful friends he had made in Padua, such as Cardinals Pole and Bembo. Despite this controversy, Vermigli continued to rise in the Lateran Congregation. He was made one of four visitors by the chapter general in 1540. The visitors assisted the 1403:

found, and because many of his Catholic opponents placed great weight on arguments from patristic authority. Often, though, he used the fathers as support for interpretations he had already reached on his own and was not concerned when his interpretation had no patristic precedent.

1204:

view that God only predestines that those who believe in him will be saved, not the salvation of any individual. Reformed theologians during this time held a variety of beliefs about predestination, and Bullinger's position is ambiguous, but they agreed that God sovereignly and

996:, with Vermigli's opponents arguing for it and him against. Chancellor Cox made it obvious that he considered Vermigli to have the better argument, but did not formally declare a winner. The disputation put Vermigli at the forefront of debates over the nature of the Eucharist. 1264:

gave a funeral oration, which was published and is an important source for Vermigli's later biographies. Vermigli had two children by his second wife, Caterina, while he was alive, but they did not survive infancy. Four months after his death she had their third child, Maria.

1430:(the divine nature was added to the human nature rather than his human nature being made divine), the substance of the bread and wine remain the same rather than being changed into the substance of Christ's body and blood. Finally, he used the analogy of the believer's 1446:

Vermigli did not see predestination as central to his theological system, but it became associated with him because of controversies in which he became entangled. Vermigli developed his doctrine independently of John Calvin, and before Calvin published it in his 1559

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was at stake if their city continued to be viewed as a Protestant haven. Bans on Protestant books heretofore ignored were enforced, religious feasts which had been dropped were reinstated, and religious processions were scheduled to assure Rome of Lucca's loyalty.

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In Zürich, Vermigli succeeded Konrad Pellikan as the chair of Hebrew, a position he would hold until his death. He married his second wife, Catarina Merenda of Brescia, Italy, in 1559. Vermigli was able to share his teaching duties with fellow Hebraist

1093:

Vermigli's wife, Catherine, had become well known in Oxford for her piety and ministry to expectant mothers. She also enjoyed carving faces into plum stones. She had died childless in the February before Vermigli left. Soon after Vermigli's departure,

1659:. He was born Piero Mariano Vermigli, but took the name Peter Martyr when he became a monk. In earlier literature he was usually called Peter Martyr, but modern scholars usually use Vermigli to distinguish him from other Christian figures also called 1306:

and first published in 1576, fourteen years after Vermigli's death. Vermigli had apparently expressed a desire to have such a book published, and it was urged along by the suggestion of Theodore Beza. Masson followed the pattern of John Calvin's

554:

doctor so he could read the Old Testament scriptures in their original language. Even among those who sought deeper biblical study, it was uncommon for clergy to learn Hebrew, though not unheard of. In 1533 the chapter-general elected Vermigli

788:

on 12 August 1542 by horse with three of his canons. There he celebrated a Protestant form of the Eucharist for the first time. When he stopped in Florence, staying in Badia Fiesolana where he had entered religious life, Vermigli learned that

345:. Contrary to the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, Vermigli did not believe that the bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood. He also disagreed with the Lutheran view that Christ's body is ubiquitous and so can be 1529:, and Heinrich Bullinger were as influential if not more influential than Calvin on the development of Reformed theology in the sixteenth century. Vermigli was a transitional figure between the Reformation period and the period known as 1021:

in 1549. Rioters in the streets of Oxford threatened Vermigli with death. At Lambeth, Vermigli assisted Cranmer by helping write sermons against the rebellion. After some time he returned to Oxford, where he was made first canon of

644:, especially Augustine. He probably read Protestant literature critically; it was common for those in reform-minded circles to do so while remaining in the Catholic Church. Vermigli embraced the Protestant doctrine of 640:. Reading these works was an act of ecclesiastical defiance, but not an uncommon one in reformist circles. Vermigli seems to have slowly moved in a Protestant direction primarily through the study of the Bible and the 575:, and the Spoletan abbacy, to the point that the bishop had excommunicated Vermigli's predecessor, only to be overturned by Rome. Vermigli brought order to his houses and mended the relationship with the bishop. 762:

in 1541. His eventual downfall was caused by two of his followers, one of whom openly questioned papal authority and another who celebrated a Protestant form of the Eucharist. The reconstitution of the

567:. The discipline in the monastic houses in Vermigli's care had been lax before his arrival, and they had become a source of scandal in Spoleto. There was also a history of a power struggle between the 1486:. He denied the idea that the pope or any other ecclesiastical authority could exercise authority over a civil ruler such as the king, an important issue at the time given the conflicts between 824:, where he went next. In a letter to his former congregation in Lucca, he explained his motives for leaving and also expressed discouragement at not being able to find a post. Basler humanist 960:, the most sensitive area of disagreement between Protestants and Catholics in England at the time. Conservative faculty, led by Smyth, challenged Vermigli to defend his views in a formal 836:, with whose writings Vermigli was already familiar. Vermigli moved to Strasbourg and became a close personal friend and ally of Bucer, who granted him the chair of Old Testament at the 1398:

of biblical commentary, similar to that of Martin Bucer, was to include extended discussions of doctrinal topics treated by the biblical texts. Like other Protestants, he believed

758:

Vermigli was widely respected and very cautious. He was able to continue his reform efforts in Lucca without any suspicion of unorthodox views, despite a papal meeting there with

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later that year. He then preached for three years, travelling around northern and central Italy. Unlike the practice of other preaching orders which usually only preached at

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and the tradition of Aristotelianism. Vermigli was the first of the Reformed scholastic theologians, and he influenced later scholastics Theodore Beza and Girolamo Zanchi.

1533:. In the Reformed orthodox period, the theology first articulated by Reformation figures was codified and systematised. Theologians increasingly resorted to the methods of 750:, all of whom would later convert to Protestantism. The Congregation recognised Vermigli's work by appointing him to a disciplinary commission of seven canons in May 1542. 629: 1673: 5111: 1494:

at the beginning of the English Reformation. While Vermigli charged the civil magistrate with enforcing religious duties, he followed Augustine's distinction in the

5171: 468:, with which Saint John of Verdera was loosely affiliated, was a highly prestigious institution at the time. At Padua, Vermigli received a thorough training in 656:, that God has chosen some people for salvation and others for damnation, was learned from Vermigli. Vermigli in turn had acquired it from his study of either 1521:

Scholars have increasingly recognised the importance of figures other than John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli in the early formation of the Reformed tradition.

929:

led to a hostile environment for Protestants in Germany. Vermigli accepted the invitation in November and sailed with Ochino to England. In 1548, he replaced

5181: 4220: 229:. He was considered an authority on the Eucharist among the Reformed churches, and engaged in controversies on the subject by writing treatises. Vermigli's 4782: 1693: 1041:

Vermigli became deeply involved in English church politics. In 1550, he and Martin Bucer provided recommendations to Cranmer for additional changes to the

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Vermigli's own Eucharistic theology. Vermigli's Eucharistic views, as expressed in the disputation and treatise, were influential in the changes to the

1474:

Vermigli's biblical writings frequently address political matters. He followed the Aristotelian view that political authority is instituted to promote

4667:

Rester, Todd M. (2013). "'Dominus dixit': principles of exegetical theology applied in two loci of Peter Martyr Vermigli's I Corinthians commentary".

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became a standard textbook in Reformed theological education. He was popular especially with English readers of theology in the seventeenth century.

5186: 4091: 820:. They eventually determined that he could be allowed to teach Protestant theology, but there was no position vacant for him to fill there or in 793:

had arrived there. Vermigli convinced Ochino, a popular preacher with Protestant leanings, to flee Italy as well. On 25 August Vermigli left for

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James, Frank A. III (2007). "The Bullinger/Vermigli Axis: Collaborators in Toleration and Reformation". In Campi, Emidio; Opitz, Peter (eds.).

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in 1542 may have been in part a response to the fear that Lucca and other cities would defect from the Catholic Church. The authorities of the

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of medieval biblical interpretation, where each passage has four levels of meaning. Vermigli's command of Hebrew, as well as his knowledge of

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The lectures on Lamentations and Genesis were published as commentaries, but the lectures on the minor prophets and Exodus have not survived.

1136:

a tyrant. Since Vermigli's departure and the death of Bucer in 1551, Lutheranism had gained influence in Strasbourg under the leadership of

1196:

Vermigli's Eucharistic views were accepted in Zürich, but he ran into controversy over his doctrine of double predestination. Similarly to

4219:

Kirby, Torrance (2010). "Peter Martyr Vermigli's Political Theology and the Elizabethan Church". In Ha, Polly; Collinson, Patrick (eds.).

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of education as well as moral correction. He set up a college based on humanist principles of education and modelled on the newly founded

4324:——— (2004). "Peter Martyr Vermigli and Pope Boniface VIII — The Difference between Civil and Ecclesiastical Power". In 4953: 634: 3769: 909:

acceded to the English throne in 1547, and the Protestant reformers there hoped to take the opportunity to more thoroughly reform the

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Schantz, Douglas H. (2004). "Vermigli on Tradition and the Fathers: Patristic Perspectives from His Commentary on I Corinthians". In

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emphasised the action of the sacrament as an instrument through which Christ is offered to the partaker. He also disagreed with the

1132:

for study and prayer in his home. His lectures on Judges often addressed the political issues relevant for the exiles, such as the

346: 307: 1181:, allowing him time to study and prepare the notes from his previous lectures for publication. He began lecturing on the books of 1118:

Vermigli arrived in Strasbourg in October 1553, where he was restored to his position at the Senior School and began lecturing on

1332: 1038:. His windows were smashed several times until he moved to a location in the cloisters, where he built a fortified stone study. 5211: 5034: 4482: 3774: 989: 4936:

Peter Martyr Vermigli: humanism, republicanism, reformation = Petrus Martyr Vermigli: Humanismus, Republikanismus, Reformation

1482:, that kings, so long as they obey God, have the right to rule the church in their land, while Christ is the only head of the 4908: 4860: 4823: 4735: 4709: 4628: 4591: 4565: 4507: 4467: 4448: 4411: 4374: 4337: 4314: 4279: 4237: 4209: 4168: 4145: 4126: 4075: 4056: 4033: 4014: 3991: 3954: 3931: 3894: 3853: 3816: 3797: 3758: 1756:

Frank A. James, III, writes that the axe duel story "does not seem to have a solid historical ground" citing Joachim Staedke.

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movement. Valdés introduced Vermigli to the writings of Protestant reformers. Toward the end of his time in Naples, he read

4422: 4385: 1698: 1449: 4834: 4602: 4539: 4348: 4290: 4255: 4100: 3965: 3905: 3827: 3728: 1550:

shaped the Elizabethan religious settlement and his authority was constantly invoked in the controversies of this period.

808:

Once Vermigli arrived in Zürich he was questioned regarding his theological views by several Protestant leaders including

4183: 1228:, a conference held in France with the intention of reconciling Catholics and Protestants. He was able to converse with 867:

Two of Vermigli's former colleagues in Lucca—Lacizi and Tremellius—would join him in Strasbourg. In 1544 he was elected

1274: 338: 184: 1217:

1561. His affirmation of a strong doctrine of predestination represented the opinion of the Zürich church as a whole.

4745:

Sytsma, David S. (2018). "Vermigli Replicating Aquinas: An Overlooked Continuity in the Doctrine of Predestination".

1478:, and that this includes religion as the chief virtue. Vermigli defended the standard English Protestant doctrine of 1070: 649: 426: 4995: 1294:(Latin for "commonplaces"), a collection of topical discussions scattered throughout his biblical commentaries. The 5044: 5027: 4990: 4301:. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 131. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 235–258. 4266:. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 144. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 135–146. 957: 377: 4243: 1380:

published a work defending such a view, and Vermigli's friends convinced him to write a response. The result, the

452:. The Lateran Congregation had recently decided that promising young ordinands should be sent to the monastery of 5119: 4847:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 115–132. 4615:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 335–374. 4435:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 495–498. 4398:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 479–494. 3918:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 195–206. 3840:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 283–304. 1107: 1023: 727: 581: 4070:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. XIII. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers. 3978:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 95–114. 5216: 4552:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 71–94. 4462:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. LVI. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers. 4361:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 23–34. 4113:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 35–70. 1160: 731: 543: 4502:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. 30. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers. 4196:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 1–18. 1248:

were figurative rather than literal. Vermigli's health was already declining when he succumbed to an epidemic

675:. Vermigli did not take this view in his preaching, though he did not openly deny the existence of purgatory. 5166: 4006: 3863:

Baschera, Luca (2007). "Peter Martyr Vermigli on Free Will: the Aristotelian Heritage of Reformed Theology".

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of the Congregation elected him to the office of public preacher in 1526. His first series of sermons was in

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The Visible Words of God: An Exposition of the Sacramental Theology of Peter Martyr Vermigli, A.D. 1500–1562

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he returned to Strasbourg and his former teaching position. Vermigli's beliefs regarding the Eucharist and

299: 223: 883:. Catherine knew no Italian, and Peter very little German, so it is assumed that they conversed in Latin. 214:

northern Europe influenced some other Italians to convert and flee as well. In England, he influenced the

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of England. In the Winter he assisted in the writing of a draft set of such laws, which was published by

722: 384:, the doctrine that the king of a territory, rather than any ecclesiastical authority, rules the church. 4947: 1209:

chooses whom to save. They believed salvation is not based on any characteristic of a person, including

3865: 1081:, who opposed the Protestant reformers. Vermigli was placed under house arrest for six months, and his 930: 598: 215: 4842: 4610: 4547: 4430: 4393: 4356: 4295: 4260: 4256:"From Florence to Zürich via Strasbourg and Oxford: The International Career of Peter Martyr Vermigli" 4191: 4108: 3973: 3913: 3835: 3736: 917:

invited Vermigli and Ochino to assist in the effort. In addition, the victory of the Catholic Emperor

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On completing his novitiate in 1518, Vermigli took the name Peter Martyr after the thirteenth-century

3946: 3811:. Bibliotheca Humanistica & Reformatorica. Vol. X. Nieuwkoop, The Netherlands: B. De Graaf. 487:

teachers, so he taught himself. He also made the acquaintance of prominent reform-minded theologians

422: 279: 1738:, Teodosio Trebelli and Giulio Santerenziano. Vermigli was succeeded as prior by Francesco da Pavia. 1619:, but more recent scholarship affirms the attribution. The Latin poem at top, probably composed by 1572: 1541:

since Cranmer was primarily responsible for revisions to the Book of Common Prayer and writing the

1098:

had her body disinterred and thrown on a dungheap. Following the accession of the Protestant Queen

1087: 981: 973: 714: 702: 652:. Vermigli also seems to have influenced Valdés. Scholars believe that Valdés's strong doctrine of 342: 204: 4727: 4580:

Christ and the Decree: Christology and Predestination in Reformed Theology from Calvin to Perkins

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Heinrich Bullinger and the Doctrine of Predestination: Author of "the Other Reformed Tradition"?

4028:. Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought. Vol. XVIII. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 211: 1588: 1502: 1458: 1233: 1206: 1099: 1031: 872: 781: 706: 667:

Vermigli's move away from orthodox Catholic belief became apparent in 1539 when he preached on

314:

in a public disputation. Vermigli was forced to leave England on the accession of the Catholic

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Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer

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Various of Vermigli's writings were printed about 110 times between 1550 and 1650. The 1562

5156: 5151: 3789: 1241: 1053: 985: 938: 906: 849: 837: 687:, who prohibited Vermigli's preaching. The prohibition was removed on Vermigli's appeal to 496: 414: 353:

even though he is offered to those who partake of the Eucharist and received by believers.

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McNair, Philip M. J. (1994). "Biographical Introduction". In McClelland, Joseph C. (ed.).

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of 1552. Vermigli weighed in again on the Eucharistic controversy in England in 1559. His

1150: 8: 5093: 4838: 4697: 4606: 4543: 4426: 4389: 4352: 4325: 4187: 4179: 4104: 4044: 3969: 3909: 3831: 3732: 1534: 1339: 1328: 1141: 1082: 941:. This was a very influential post at a university which had been slow to accept reform. 876: 825: 735: 483:. Vermigli was determined to read Aristotle in his original language despite the lack of 465: 372:

of the non-elect. Vermigli's belief is similar but not identical to Calvin's. Vermigli's

365: 238: 200: 130: 3741:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: 306:

where he continued to teach the Bible. He also defended his Eucharistic beliefs against

97: 4887: 4762: 4684: 4655: 4519: 4440: 4403: 4085: 1542: 1530: 1496: 1368:

pages, it was the longest work on the subject published during the Reformation period.

1342:, surpassed that of most of his contemporaries, including Calvin, Luther, and Zwingli. 1221: 1178: 1145: 1124: 993: 809: 734:. Instruction was in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. Among the professors were the humanists 512: 480: 430: 373: 311: 173: 4852: 4620: 4557: 4366: 4306: 4271: 4118: 3983: 3923: 3845: 3750: 531:, the Augustinians preached year-round. He also gave lectures on the Bible as well as 397: 4972: 4904: 4891: 4856: 4819: 4766: 4731: 4705: 4688: 4624: 4587: 4561: 4526: 4503: 4486: 4463: 4444: 4407: 4370: 4333: 4310: 4275: 4233: 4205: 4201: 4164: 4141: 4122: 4071: 4052: 4029: 4010: 3987: 3950: 3927: 3890: 3849: 3812: 3793: 3754: 1526: 1457:, with no consideration for any good or evil characteristics, a view referred to as " 1431: 1411: 1078: 1027: 949: 910: 790: 772: 768: 764: 657: 568: 315: 303: 283: 75: 4680: 602: 4981: 4879: 4848: 4818:. Texts and Studies in Post-Reformation Thought. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. 4787: 4754: 4676: 4647: 4616: 4553: 4436: 4399: 4362: 4302: 4267: 4197: 4114: 3979: 3919: 3841: 3785: 3746: 3742: 1650: 1620: 1525:, a chief authority on the development of this movement, has argued that Vermigli, 1487: 1483: 1467: 1423: 1357: 1252:

in 1562. He died on 12 November 1562 in his Zürich home, attended by the physician

1189:. While in Zürich, Vermigli declined invitations to desirable positions in Geneva, 1035: 926: 922: 817: 753: 624: 4806: 4758: 2139: 592: 5133: 5054: 4638:

Overell, M. A. (1984). "Peter Martyr in England 1547–1553: An Alternative View".

4229: 4160: 3878: 1576: 1479: 1182: 1133: 977: 853: 841: 829: 813: 747: 698: 668: 572: 547: 516: 449: 445: 434: 402: 381: 249: 4968: 1257: 39: 5072: 4986: 4946: 4942: 4791: 4583: 1399: 1377: 1316: 1186: 1137: 1119: 1004: 914: 868: 857: 845: 692: 661: 641: 357: 323: 295: 275: 271: 112: 4776: 3078: 1579:. More of Vermigli's works were found in the libraries of seventeenth-century 1315:

between 1576 and 1656 spread Vermigli's influence among Reformed Protestants.

1236:

in her native Italian. He contributed a speech on the Eucharist, arguing that

1030:

at Oxford, caused controversy by bringing his wife into his rooms overlooking

5145: 4901:

Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) and the Outward Instruments of Divine Grace

4530: 2920: 2865: 2863: 1592: 1563: 1303: 1261: 1253: 1225: 1129: 1095: 984:, stepped forward to take his place. The disputation was held in 1549 before 945: 676: 586: 492: 484: 472: 319: 291: 713:

In 1541 the Congregation elected Vermigli to the important post of prior of

4490: 1735: 1373: 1229: 891: 739: 612: 488: 267: 4883: 4262:

Bewegung und Beharrung: Aspekte des reformierten Protestantismus 1520–1650

4005:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. XXXI. Kirksville, MO: 2984: 2860: 2844: 1439:

belief that the Eucharist is simply symbolic or figurative, a view called

282:

and the Eucharist. To satisfy his conscience and avoid persecution by the

1584: 1558: 1454: 1440: 1279: 1245: 1197: 1103: 961: 508: 425:. She died in 1511, when Piero was twelve. Vermigli was attracted to the 369: 361: 327: 286:, he fled Italy for Protestant northern Europe. He ultimately arrived in 199:(8 September 1499 – 12 November 1562) was an Italian-born 163: 2656: 2654: 585:, an internal report on potential reforms of the Church commissioned by 4659: 1616: 1491: 1436: 1190: 1154: 1008: 965: 833: 683:, reported his suspicions of Vermigli to the Spanish viceroy of Naples 607: 287: 262: 48: 4702:

Peter Martyr Vermigli and the European Reformations: Semper Reformanda

4330:

Peter Martyr Vermigli and the European Reformations: Semper Reformanda

3334: 2651: 2179: 1627:

Florence brought him forth, Now he wanders as a foreigner and pilgrim

1462: 1210: 1065: 1061: 1048:

Eucharistic liturgy. Vermigli supported the church's position in the

1018: 900: 861: 672: 476: 461: 219: 5001: 4724:

Reformers in the Wings: From Geiler Von Kaysersberg to Theodore Beza

4651: 2030: 794: 331: 93: 5005: 4026:

Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli's Doctrine of Man and Grace

3622: 1385: 1299: 1201: 1172:, who strongly disagreed with Vermigli's doctrine of predestination 1057: 688: 410: 245: 234: 67: 2610: 2608: 2433: 1007:

with Cranmer. The rebellion involved conservative opposition to a

349:

at the Eucharist. Instead, Vermigli taught that Christ remains in

5123: 3202: 3178: 2538: 1766: 1765:

Maria first married Paolo Zanin, then Gorg Ulrich, a minister in

972:

before the disputation could be held, so three Catholic divines,

896: 798: 564: 560: 520: 469: 337:

Vermigli's best-known theological contribution was defending the

2752: 1707:). San Guiliano was probably abandoned before Vermigli's abbacy. 754:

Flight from Italy and first Strasbourg professorship (1542–1547)

3130: 2768: 2605: 2405: 1583:

than those of Calvin. Vermigli's works were highly regarded by

1475: 969: 802: 648:

during this time, and he had probably rejected the traditional

620: 616: 593:

First controversial preaching and ministry in Lucca (1537–1541)

528: 3094: 3039: 2697: 2155: 589:. He may have even travelled to Rome to assist in writing it. 4777:"Vermigli, Pietro Martire [Peter Martyr] (1499–1562)" 4140:. Vol. 1. Zurich: Theological Verlag. pp. 165–176. 3056: 3054: 1365: 1249: 1237: 821: 718: 556: 539: 532: 457: 418: 274:. Through reading these works and studying the Bible and the 253: 207: 4930:(in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 3655: 3653: 3610: 3586: 597:

The Congregation elected Vermigli abbot of the monastery at

3694: 3692: 3190: 3017: 3015: 2687: 2685: 2236: 2234: 2114: 2112: 1364:, itself a reply to the late Thomas Cranmer's work. At 821 953: 880: 785: 671::9–17, a passage commonly used as proof of the doctrine of 524: 4460:

The Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist, 1549

4066:

Donnelly, John Patrick, S. J.; Kingdon, Robert M. (1990).

3704: 3478: 3358: 3250: 3051: 3027: 2820: 2784: 2595: 2593: 1615:

The attribution of this painting to Asper was disputed by

1561:

probably consulted his commentary on Genesis when writing

4870:

Zuidema, Jason (2011). "Peter Martyr: Protestant Monk?".

3650: 3382: 3370: 3310: 3226: 3166: 3154: 3142: 2381: 2345: 2333: 2097: 2085: 1545:. Vermigli had a direct role in the modifications of the 1426:, that because Christ retained his divine nature when he 1003:

forced Vermigli to leave Oxford and take up residence at

771:

began to fear that their political independence from the

266:

reform movement, and read Protestant theologians such as

3689: 3638: 3598: 3562: 3442: 3430: 3274: 3238: 3214: 3106: 3066: 3012: 2682: 2629: 2627: 2263: 2261: 2231: 2207: 2109: 2063: 2061: 2018: 1922: 1518:

Lucca, including Girolamo Zanchi and Bernardino Ochino.

1422:

argument from scripture. He also argued on the basis of

3677: 3574: 3322: 3000: 2972: 2948: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2879: 2718: 2716: 2590: 2129: 2127: 1958: 1090:

to leave England, and was advised by Cranmer to do so.

1077:

King Edward died in 1553, followed by the accession of

4042: 3665: 3346: 3340: 3298: 3286: 2492: 2490: 2488: 1994: 1934: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3502: 3490: 3466: 3454: 3418: 3406: 2740: 2728: 2670: 2639: 2624: 2393: 2357: 2321: 2309: 2285: 2273: 2258: 2246: 2219: 2195: 2073: 2058: 2046: 2006: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1630:

That he might forever be a citizen among those above.

992:

and a firm Protestant. It focused on the doctrine of

502: 5202:

Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Oxford)

4068:

A Bibliography of the Works of Peter Martyr Vermigli

3514: 3394: 3262: 3118: 2960: 2936: 2891: 2832: 2796: 2713: 2578: 2124: 1982: 1970: 1946: 1910: 1898: 1862: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1633:

This is his likeness; the writings conceal his mind;

1505:, the imposition of Protestant worship based on the 1113: 4957:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 1024–1025. 4222:

The Reception of Continental Reformation in Britain

3906:"Ex Parte Videntium: Hermeneutics Of The Eucharist" 2808: 2566: 2554: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2485: 2473: 2449: 2369: 2297: 2167: 1886: 1874: 1793: 1781: 1461:". Vermigli also believed that God passed over the 944:On arriving in Oxford, Vermigli began lecturing on 695:by inspecting the Congregation's religious houses. 241:, became a standard Reformed theological textbook. 4903:. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 4775: 4518: 4297:The Zurich Connection and Tudor Political Theology 4294: 4259: 3773: 2461: 2421: 4051:. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press. 1805: 1636:Integrity and piety cannot be represented by art. 1323:into English in 1583, adding to it considerably. 784:he was bound to perform. Vermigli fled Lucca for 421:before enrolling him in a school for children of 260:. He came in contact with leaders of the Italian 5143: 3828:"I Corinthians Commentary: Exegetical Tradition" 1102:in 1558, she was re-interred with the relics of 5172:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians 4177: 4065: 3136: 3088: 3045: 1389:but he died before he was able to complete it. 563:. At this post he was also responsible for two 4291:"'Vermilius Absconditus': the Zurich portrait" 4138:Heinrich Bullinger, Life — Thought — Influence 1157:, a fellow Marian exile, came along with him. 948:, denouncing Catholic doctrines of purgatory, 4603:"Predestination and the Thirty-Nine Articles" 4540:"Oxford: Reading Scripture in the University" 4521:Peter Martyr in Italy: An Anatomy of Apostasy 4423:"Conclusion: Vermigli's 'Stromatic' Theology" 3809:Peter Martyr: A Reformer in Exile (1542–1562) 1654: 330:in Strasbourg, so he transferred to Reformed 278:, he came to accept Protestant beliefs about 5182:Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism 4928:Petrus Martyr Vermigli in Zürich (1556–1562) 4786:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4258:. In Opitz, Peter; Moser, Christian (eds.). 4101:"Strasbourg: Vermigli and the Senior School" 4090:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 999:In 1549, a series of uprisings known as the 380:; he provided theological justification for 4837:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4605:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4542:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4425:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4388:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4351:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4349:"Italy: Religious and Intellectual Ferment" 4186:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4103:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3968:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3908:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3830:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3731:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 1716:The convents were San Matteo and La Stella. 1140:. Vermigli had been asked to sign both the 875:. In 1545 Vermigli married his first wife, 721:. The prior at San Frediano exercised some 294:of the Bible under Bucer. English reformer 5177:Italian Calvinist and Reformed theologians 4420: 4383: 4346: 3966:"Zurich: Professor In The Schola Tigurina" 3710: 3256: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3100: 3084: 3060: 3033: 2213: 2118: 2036: 2024: 252:and was appointed to influential posts as 38: 4718: 4476: 4457: 4386:"A Literary History of the Loci Communes" 3628: 3388: 3376: 3316: 3006: 2994: 2930: 2873: 2854: 2826: 2790: 2691: 2660: 2599: 2439: 2240: 2145: 2000: 1928: 601:in 1537. There he became acquainted with 392: 334:where he taught until his death in 1562. 16:Italian Reformed theologian (1499 – 1562) 4600: 4500:Early Writings: Creed, Scripture, Church 4023: 4000: 3877: 3862: 3825: 3806: 3767: 3698: 3683: 3671: 3644: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3448: 3436: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3112: 3072: 2838: 2762: 2544: 1405: 1311:to organise it. Fifteen editions of the 1278: 1159: 890: 697: 396: 356:Vermigli developed a strong doctrine of 5187:Canonical Augustinian abbots and priors 4996:Correspondence of Peter Martyr Vermigli 4978:Works by or about Peter Martyr Vermigli 4941: 4925: 4898: 4869: 4783:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4695: 4637: 4537: 3943:Shifting Patterns of Reformed Tradition 3328: 2774: 2746: 2734: 2676: 2645: 2633: 2614: 1940: 1868: 1703:and Sant'Ansano Monastery (attached to 1598: 429:from an early age. In 1514 he became a 405:, where Vermigli entered religious life 5144: 5035:Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford 4832: 4813: 4773: 4744: 4666: 4574: 4516: 4497: 4178:Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3903: 3776:Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation 3484: 3472: 3460: 3424: 3412: 3364: 3352: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3021: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2902: 2885: 2814: 2778: 2758: 2722: 2707: 2618: 2572: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2252: 2225: 2201: 2189: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2052: 2012: 1964: 1952: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1856: 1575:where it was an important textbook at 886: 828:assisted him with money, and reformer 4323: 4288: 4253: 4218: 4154: 4135: 4098: 4047:; McLelland, Joseph C., eds. (1999). 4003:Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ 3963: 3940: 3659: 3632: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3400: 3160: 3148: 3124: 2990: 2942: 2926: 2914: 2869: 2850: 2802: 2703: 2664: 2584: 2560: 2548: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2496: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2427: 2375: 2185: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2133: 2040: 1988: 1976: 1799: 1787: 1382:Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ 1128:. Vermigli often gathered with other 1026:in January 1551. Vermigli, the first 233:, a compilation of excerpts from his 4844:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4612:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4549:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4432:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4395:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4358:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4193:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4110:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3975:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3915:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3837:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3790:10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001 3738:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3726: 3341:Donnelly, James & McLelland 1999 3268: 1450:Institutes of the Christian Religion 1309:Institutes of the Christian Religion 1011:liturgy, which was imposed with the 368:'s will determines election and the 5207:Academic staff of Carolinum, Zürich 4704:. Boston: Brill. pp. 115–138. 4458:———, ed. (2000). 4332:. Boston: Brill. pp. 291–304. 956:fasting. He then spoke against the 832:recommended him to Martin Bucer in 13: 4919: 4872:Reformation and Renaissance Review 4835:"Exegesis and Patristic Authority" 4747:Reformation and Renaissance Review 4669:Reformation and Renaissance Review 4441:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.134 4404:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.129 1275:Peter Martyr Vermigli bibliography 958:Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist 559:of the two Lateran monasteries in 511:in 1525 and probably received his 503:Early Italian ministry (1525–1536) 464:, so Vermigli was sent there. The 339:Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist 203:. His early work as a reformer in 185:Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist 14: 5233: 4962: 4853:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.33 4621:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.99 4558:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.20 4367:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.10 4307:10.1163/ej.9789004156180.i-288.18 4272:10.1163/ej.9789004178069.i-470.36 4119:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.11 3984:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.28 3924:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.50 3883:Christ's Churches Purely Reformed 3846:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.69 3751:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.45 3729:"Exegesis and Theological Method" 1725:He succeeded Tommaso da Piacenza. 1114:Strasbourg and Zürich (1553–1562) 1071:Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum 5197:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford 5009: 4991:Post-Reformation Digital Library 4948:"Vermigli, Pietro Martire" 4202:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.8 3772:. In Hillebrand, Hans J. (ed.). 1759: 1501:used by the framers of the 1559 535:in Lateran Congregation houses. 378:Elizabethan religious settlement 4681:10.1179/1462245913Z.00000000027 4421:——— (2009c). 4384:——— (2009b). 4001:Donnelly, John Patrick (1995). 1750: 1741: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1686: 1455:grace or unmerited favour alone 1384:, was written in the form of a 1290:Vermigli is best known for the 1260:cathedral, where his successor 1220:Vermigli attended the abortive 1108:Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford 844:. He began by lecturing on the 705:, where Vermigli was appointed 650:Catholic view of the sacraments 582:Consilium de emendanda ecclesia 538:In 1530 Vermigli was appointed 5002:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli 4998:at Early Modern Letters Online 4987:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli 4969:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli 4899:——— (2008). 4517:——— (1967). 4477:——— (1957). 4347:McLelland, Joseph C. (2009a). 4289:——— (2007). 4254:——— (2009). 4155:——— (1998). 4024:——— (1976). 3964:——— (2009). 3807:——— (1975). 1666: 1643: 1609: 1104:Saint Frithuswith (Frideswide) 732:Corpus Christi College, Oxford 544:San Giovanni in Monte, Bologna 364:. His interpretation was that 326:clashed with those of leading 1: 5212:Canons Regular of the Lateran 4814:Venema, Cornelius P. (2002). 4759:10.1080/14622459.2018.1470599 4640:The Sixteenth Century Journal 4007:Truman State University Press 3802:– via Oxford Reference. 3137:Kirby, Campi & James 2009 3089:Kirby, Campi & James 2009 2152:, pp. 194–195, 197, 200. 1775: 1567:. The English edition of the 1331:, but he did not utilise the 873:St. Thomas Church, Strasbourg 439:Canons Regular of the Lateran 210:and his decision to flee for 4807:UK public library membership 3768:Anderson, Marvin W. (1996). 1587:Puritan theologians such as 935:Regius Professor of Divinity 728:St John's College, Cambridge 646:justification by faith alone 7: 5008:(public domain audiobooks) 4538:Methuen, Charlotte (2009). 3046:Donnelly & Kingdon 1990 1392: 1224:in the summer of 1561 with 1056:should be forced to wear a 237:organised by the topics of 10: 5238: 4934:Campi, Emidio, ed. (2002) 4726:(2nd ed.). New York: 3947:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 3866:Calvin Theological Journal 3719: 1376:, or everywhere. In 1561, 1272: 630:De vera et falsa religione 599:San Pietro ad Aram, Naples 5130: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5090: 5084: 5079: 5069: 5059: 5051: 5041: 5032: 5024: 5019: 4943:Pollard, Albert Frederick 4926:Baumann, Michael (2016). 4319:– via Brill Online. 4284:– via Brill Online. 4099:Hobbs, R. Gerald (2009). 1674:Marcello Virgilio Adriano 1581:Harvard divinity students 1512: 190: 179: 169: 159: 152: 148: 140: 136: 126: 118: 108: 82: 56: 37: 30: 23: 4601:Neelands, David (2009). 4043:Donnelly, John Patrick; 3904:Boutin, Maurice (2009). 2164:, p. 195, 197, 199. 1603: 1573:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1424:Chalcedonian Christology 1362:Confutatio Cavillationum 1354:Defense Against Gardiner 1268: 715:Basilica of San Frediano 703:Basilica of San Frediano 475:and an appreciation for 31: 5120:Christ Church Cathedral 5061:Chair of Hebrew at the 4954:Encyclopædia Britannica 4728:Oxford University Press 4049:The Peter Martyr Reader 3782:Oxford University Press 3770:"Peter Martyr Vermigli" 3727:Amos, N. Scott (2009). 1656:Pietro Martire Vermigli 1649:His name in his native 1509:as the state religion. 1283:Title page of the 1576 1256:. He was buried in the 1168:and Theodor Bibliander 1122:as well as Aristotle's 615:'s commentaries on the 579:leaders working on the 387: 290:where he taught on the 122:Petri Martyris Vermilii 32:Pietro Martire Vermigli 4833:Wright, David (2009). 4792:10.1093/ref:odnb/28225 3945:. Göttingen, Germany: 3941:Campi, Emidio (2014). 3826:Balserak, Jon (2009). 3211:, pp. xxxv–xxxvi. 1672:The school was run by 1655: 1640: 1503:Elizabethan Settlement 1459:unconditional election 1418: 1287: 1173: 1052:, over whether bishop 933:, becoming the second 903: 710: 515:around that time. The 406: 393:Early life (1499–1525) 341:against Catholics and 61:Piero Mariano Vermigli 5217:Writers from Florence 4884:10.1558/rrr.v13i3.373 4774:Taplin, Mark (2004). 4525:. Oxford: Clarendon. 3887:Yale University Press 3187:, p. xxiii–xxiv. 2929:, pp. 4, 33–34; 1692:The monasteries were 1624: 1547:Book of Common Prayer 1507:Book of Common Prayer 1409: 1349:Book of Common Prayer 1282: 1164:Painting of Vermigli 1163: 1050:vestarian controversy 1043:Book of Common Prayer 1014:Book of Common Prayer 1001:Prayer Book Rebellion 990:University Chancellor 894: 744:Celio Secondo Curione 701: 679:, an opponent of the 654:double predestination 454:Saint John of Verdara 437:, a monastery of the 409:Vermigli was born in 400: 376:was important in the 248:, Vermigli entered a 235:biblical commentaries 226:Book of Common Prayer 216:Edwardian Reformation 197:Peter Martyr Vermigli 170:Tradition or movement 25:Peter Martyr Vermigli 5167:Protestant Reformers 4582:. Grand Rapids, MI: 4481:. Grand Rapids, MI: 3745:. pp. 175–194. 1599:Notes and references 879:, a former nun from 542:of the monastery at 497:Marcantonio Flaminio 413:, the centre of the 298:invited him to take 5222:Anglican liturgists 5192:Doctors of Divinity 5162:Christian humanists 5094:San Frediano, Lucca 5087:Tommaso da Piacenza 4720:Steinmetz, David C. 3662:, pp. 143–144. 3619:, pp. 174–175. 3595:, pp. 325–326. 3367:, pp. 202–203. 3163:, pp. 134–135. 3151:, pp. 102–103. 2997:, pp. 112–113. 2933:, pp. 112–113. 2876:, pp. 112–113. 2857:, pp. 112–113. 2390:, pp. 276–277. 2342:, pp. 254–255. 2192:, pp. 155–156. 2106:, pp. 130–131. 1571:was brought to the 1535:scholastic theology 1340:rabbinic literature 1234:Catherine de'Medici 1142:Augsburg Confession 887:England (1547–1553) 877:Catherine Dammartin 826:Bonifacius Amerbach 736:Immanuel Tremellius 723:episcopal authority 685:Don Pedro de Toledo 546:. There he learned 466:University of Padua 427:Catholic priesthood 415:Florentine Republic 308:Catholic proponents 300:an influential post 239:systematic theology 201:Reformed theologian 131:University of Padua 72:Florentine Republic 5103:Francesco da Pavia 4576:Muller, Richard A. 3487:, p. 155-161. 3103:, p. 493–494. 2993:, pp. 4, 35; 2917:, pp. 99–100. 2872:, pp. 4, 32; 2853:, pp. 4, 31; 2354:, p. 265–268. 2094:, p. 128–129. 1705:Sant'Ansano Church 1694:San Giuliano Abbey 1543:Forty-two Articles 1531:Reformed orthodoxy 1419: 1410:1599 engraving by 1288: 1222:Colloquy at Poissy 1179:Theodor Bibliander 1174: 1153:school in Zürich. 1146:Wittenberg Concord 1125:Nicomachean Ethics 1083:Catholic opponents 994:transubstantiation 925:and the resulting 904: 895:Engraving after a 810:Heinrich Bullinger 711: 605:, a leader of the 587:Pope Paul III 513:Doctor of Divinity 481:Christian humanism 407: 374:political theology 347:physically present 312:transubstantiation 174:Reformed tradition 5140: 5139: 5131:Succeeded by 5101:Succeeded by 5080:Religious titles 5070:Succeeded by 5063:Carolinum, Zürich 5042:Succeeded by 5020:Academic offices 4973:Project Gutenberg 4910:978-3-525-56916-0 4862:978-90-474-2898-5 4825:978-0-8010-2605-8 4805:(Subscription or 4737:978-0-19-513047-8 4711:978-90-04-13914-5 4630:978-90-474-2898-5 4593:978-0-8010-3610-1 4567:978-90-474-2898-5 4509:978-0-940474-32-1 4469:978-0-943549-89-7 4450:978-90-474-2898-5 4413:978-90-474-2898-5 4376:978-90-474-2898-5 4339:978-90-04-13914-5 4316:978-90-474-2038-5 4281:978-90-474-4042-0 4239:978-0-19-726468-3 4211:978-90-474-2898-5 4170:978-0-19-826969-4 4147:978-3-290-17387-6 4128:978-90-474-2898-5 4077:978-0-940474-14-7 4058:978-0-943549-75-0 4035:978-90-04-04482-1 4016:978-0-940474-33-8 3993:978-90-474-2898-5 3956:978-3-525-55065-6 3933:978-90-474-2898-5 3896:978-0-300-10507-0 3855:978-90-474-2898-5 3818:978-90-6004-343-1 3799:978-0-19-518757-1 3760:978-90-474-2898-5 3283:, pp. 11–12. 3024:, pp. 12–13. 2981:, pp. 78–79. 2957:, pp. 76–77. 2888:, pp. 11–12. 2793:, pp. 26–27. 1967:, pp. 84–85. 1527:Wolfgang Musculus 1432:union with Christ 1360:'s 1552 and 1554 1079:Mary I of England 950:clerical celibacy 911:Church of England 791:Bernardino Ochino 773:Holy Roman Empire 769:Republic of Lucca 765:Roman Inquisition 760:Emperor Charles V 677:Gaetano da Thiene 658:Gregory of Rimini 569:Bishop of Spoleto 423:noble Florentines 360:independently of 304:Oxford University 284:Roman Inquisition 194: 193: 102:Swiss Confederacy 76:Holy Roman Empire 5229: 5109:Preceded by 5085:Preceded by 5052:Preceded by 5025:Preceded by 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 4982:Internet Archive 4958: 4950: 4931: 4914: 4895: 4866: 4829: 4810: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4779: 4770: 4741: 4715: 4692: 4663: 4634: 4597: 4571: 4534: 4524: 4513: 4494: 4473: 4454: 4417: 4380: 4343: 4320: 4300: 4285: 4265: 4250: 4248: 4242:. Archived from 4227: 4215: 4174: 4151: 4132: 4095: 4089: 4081: 4062: 4039: 4020: 3997: 3960: 3937: 3900: 3879:Benedict, Philip 3874: 3859: 3822: 3803: 3779: 3764: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2867: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2829:, p. 44–46. 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2772: 2766: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2667:, pp. 4, 8. 2658: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2122: 2116: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1770: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1734:The canons were 1732: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1690: 1684: 1682: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1621:Rudolph Gualther 1613: 1488:Pope Clement VII 1484:universal church 1468:Summa theologiae 1415: 1358:Stephen Gardiner 1356:was in reply to 1298:was compiled by 1216: 1047: 1036:Great Quadrangle 964:. Smyth fled to 927:Augsburg Interim 923:Schmalkaldic War 818:Rudolph Gualther 638: 218:, including the 154:Theological work 119:Other names 98:Canton of Zürich 89: 86:12 November 1562 64:8 September 1499 42: 21: 20: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5134:Richard Bruerne 5127: 5114: 5104: 5097: 5088: 5075: 5066: 5057: 5055:Konrad Pellikan 5047: 5038: 5030: 5010: 4965: 4938:. Genève: Droz. 4922: 4920:Further reading 4917: 4911: 4863: 4839:James, Frank A. 4826: 4804: 4796: 4794: 4738: 4712: 4698:James, Frank A. 4652:10.2307/2540841 4631: 4607:James, Frank A. 4594: 4568: 4544:James, Frank A. 4510: 4470: 4451: 4427:James, Frank A. 4414: 4390:James, Frank A. 4377: 4353:James, Frank A. 4340: 4326:James, Frank A. 4317: 4282: 4249:on 2 June 2016. 4246: 4240: 4230:British Academy 4225: 4212: 4188:James, Frank A. 4180:James, Frank A. 4171: 4161:Clarendon Press 4148: 4129: 4105:James, Frank A. 4083: 4082: 4078: 4059: 4045:James, Frank A. 4036: 4017: 3994: 3970:James, Frank A. 3957: 3934: 3910:James, Frank A. 3897: 3856: 3832:James, Frank A. 3819: 3800: 3761: 3733:James, Frank A. 3722: 3717: 3711:McLelland 2009b 3709: 3705: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631:, p. 112; 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3257:McLelland 2009c 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3235:, p. xvii. 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3209:McLelland 2009a 3207: 3203: 3199:, p. xlii. 3197:McLelland 2009a 3195: 3191: 3185:McLelland 2009a 3183: 3179: 3173:McLelland 2009a 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3101:McLelland 2009b 3099: 3095: 3087:, p. 488; 3085:McLelland 2009b 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3061:McLelland 2009b 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3034:McLelland 2009b 3032: 3028: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2868: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2773: 2769: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2706:, p. 139; 2702: 2698: 2690: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663:, p. 108; 2659: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2214:McLelland 2009a 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188:, p. 163; 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148:, p. 107; 2144: 2140: 2132: 2125: 2119:McLelland 2009a 2117: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2037:McLelland 2009a 2035: 2031: 2025:McLelland 2009a 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1577:Harvard College 1515: 1480:Royal Supremacy 1413: 1412:Hendrik Hondius 1400:scripture alone 1395: 1319:translated the 1277: 1271: 1242:this is my body 1214: 1207:unconditionally 1193:, and England. 1134:right to resist 1116: 1045: 982:Morgan Phillips 978:William Chedsey 974:William Tresham 968:and finally to 889: 842:Wolfgang Capito 830:Oswald Myconius 814:Konrad Pellikan 756: 748:Girolamo Zanchi 669:1 Corinthians 3 632: 595: 573:Francesco Eroli 517:chapter-general 505: 450:Peter of Verona 435:Badia Fiesolana 403:Badia Fiesolana 395: 390: 382:royal supremacy 250:religious order 222:service of the 183:Defense of the 127:Alma mater 104: 91: 87: 78: 65: 63: 62: 52: 45:Pietro Vermigli 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5235: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5129: 5115: 5112:William Haynes 5110: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5073:Josias Simmler 5071: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5040: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4999: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4964: 4963:External links 4961: 4960: 4959: 4939: 4932: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4896: 4878:(3): 373–386. 4867: 4861: 4830: 4824: 4811: 4771: 4753:(2): 155–167. 4742: 4736: 4716: 4710: 4693: 4664: 4635: 4629: 4598: 4592: 4584:Baker Academic 4572: 4566: 4535: 4514: 4508: 4495: 4474: 4468: 4455: 4449: 4418: 4412: 4381: 4375: 4344: 4338: 4321: 4315: 4286: 4280: 4251: 4238: 4216: 4210: 4184:"Introduction" 4175: 4169: 4152: 4146: 4133: 4127: 4096: 4076: 4063: 4057: 4040: 4034: 4021: 4015: 3998: 3992: 3961: 3955: 3938: 3932: 3901: 3895: 3875: 3860: 3854: 3823: 3817: 3804: 3798: 3765: 3759: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3713:, p. 488. 3703: 3701:, p. 180. 3688: 3676: 3664: 3649: 3647:, p. 374. 3637: 3629:Steinmetz 2001 3621: 3609: 3607:, p. 207. 3597: 3585: 3573: 3571:, p. 173. 3561: 3559:, p. 105. 3549: 3547:, p. 294. 3537: 3535:, p. 295. 3525: 3513: 3511:, p. 291. 3501: 3499:, p. 401. 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3451:, p. 358. 3441: 3439:, p. 360. 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3391:, p. 221. 3389:McLelland 1957 3381: 3379:, p. 185. 3377:McLelland 1957 3369: 3357: 3355:, p. 199. 3345: 3343:, p. 151. 3333: 3331:, p. 131. 3321: 3319:, p. 267. 3317:McLelland 1957 3309: 3307:, p. 123. 3297: 3295:, p. 129. 3285: 3273: 3271:, p. 189. 3261: 3259:, p. 496. 3249: 3247:, p. xix. 3237: 3225: 3223:, p. xvi. 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3139:, p. 2–3. 3129: 3117: 3115:, p. 284. 3105: 3093: 3077: 3075:, p. 172. 3065: 3063:, p. 487. 3050: 3038: 3036:, p. 480. 3026: 3011: 3007:McLelland 1957 2999: 2995:Steinmetz 2001 2983: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2945:, p. 170. 2935: 2931:Steinmetz 2001 2919: 2907: 2890: 2878: 2874:Steinmetz 2001 2859: 2855:Steinmetz 2001 2843: 2831: 2827:McLelland 1957 2819: 2807: 2805:, p. 140. 2795: 2791:McLelland 1957 2783: 2777:, p. 93; 2767: 2761:, p. 10; 2751: 2739: 2727: 2712: 2696: 2694:, p. xxx. 2692:McLelland 2000 2681: 2669: 2661:Steinmetz 2001 2650: 2638: 2623: 2617:, p. 71; 2604: 2600:McLelland 1957 2589: 2587:, p. 137. 2577: 2565: 2553: 2547:, p. 80; 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2442:, p. 10; 2440:McLelland 1957 2432: 2420: 2418:, p. 290. 2404: 2402:, p. 282. 2392: 2380: 2368: 2366:, p. 271. 2356: 2344: 2332: 2330:, p. 249. 2320: 2318:, p. 239. 2308: 2296: 2294:, p. 221. 2284: 2282:, p. 213. 2272: 2270:, p. 206. 2257: 2255:, p. 193. 2245: 2243:, p. 107. 2241:Steinmetz 2001 2230: 2228:, p. 165. 2218: 2206: 2204:, p. 161. 2194: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2146:Steinmetz 2001 2138: 2136:, p. 136. 2123: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2082:, p. 128. 2072: 2070:, p. 127. 2057: 2055:, p. 125. 2045: 2043:, p. 195. 2039:, p. 28; 2029: 2017: 2015:, p. 118. 2005: 2001:McLelland 1957 1993: 1991:, p. 108. 1981: 1979:, p. 106. 1969: 1957: 1945: 1943:, p. 376. 1933: 1931:, p. 106. 1929:Steinmetz 2001 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1804: 1802:, p. 240. 1792: 1790:, p. 235. 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1685: 1665: 1642: 1625: 1623:, translates: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1523:Richard Muller 1514: 1511: 1394: 1391: 1378:Johannes Brenz 1317:Anthony Marten 1273:Main article: 1270: 1267: 1138:Johann Marbach 1115: 1112: 1028:married priest 1005:Lambeth Palace 915:Thomas Cranmer 888: 885: 848:, followed by 846:minor prophets 755: 752: 693:rector general 662:Thomas Aquinas 642:Church Fathers 603:Juan de Valdés 594: 591: 504: 501: 394: 391: 389: 386: 358:predestination 324:predestination 296:Thomas Cranmer 276:Church Fathers 272:Ulrich Zwingli 192: 191: 188: 187: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 92: 90:(aged 63) 84: 80: 79: 66: 60: 58: 54: 53: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5234: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5135: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5096: 5095: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5045:Richard Smyth 5037: 5036: 5029: 5028:Richard Smyth 5023: 5018: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4956: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4646:(1): 87–104. 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3885:. New Haven: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3873:(2): 325–340. 3872: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3699:Donnelly 1976 3695: 3693: 3686:, p. 62. 3685: 3684:Benedict 2002 3680: 3673: 3672:Donnelly 1976 3668: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3645:Neelands 2009 3641: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3617:Donnelly 1976 3613: 3606: 3605:Donnelly 1976 3601: 3594: 3593:Baschera 2007 3589: 3583:, p. 50. 3582: 3581:Benedict 2002 3577: 3570: 3569:Donnelly 1976 3565: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3523:, p. 96. 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3475:, p. 70. 3474: 3469: 3463:, p. 65. 3462: 3457: 3450: 3449:Neelands 2009 3445: 3438: 3437:Neelands 2009 3433: 3427:, p. 64. 3426: 3421: 3415:, p. 62. 3414: 3409: 3403:, p. 33. 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3245:Donnelly 1995 3241: 3234: 3233:Donnelly 1995 3229: 3222: 3221:Donnelly 1995 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3175:, p. xv. 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3127:, p. 52. 3126: 3121: 3114: 3113:Balserak 2009 3109: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3073:Donnelly 1976 3069: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3048:, p. 98. 3047: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3009:, p. 63. 3008: 3003: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2969:, p. 87. 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2905:, p. 12. 2904: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2839:Anderson 1996 2835: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2763:Anderson 1996 2760: 2755: 2749:, p. 93. 2748: 2743: 2737:, p. 92. 2736: 2731: 2725:, p. 10. 2724: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2679:, p. 90. 2678: 2673: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2648:, p. 89. 2647: 2642: 2636:, p. 71. 2635: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2602:, p. 16. 2601: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2563:, p. 54. 2562: 2557: 2551:, p. 53. 2550: 2546: 2545:Anderson 1975 2541: 2535:, p. 53. 2534: 2529: 2523:, p. 49. 2522: 2517: 2511:, p. 60. 2510: 2505: 2499:, p. 50. 2498: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2482:, p. 97. 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2458:, p. 38. 2457: 2452: 2446:, p. 38. 2445: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2378:, p. 39. 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2216:, p. 32. 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2176:, p. 40. 2175: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2121:, p. 30. 2120: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2027:, p. 28. 2026: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1955:, p. 63. 1954: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1919:, p. 62. 1918: 1913: 1907:, p. 60. 1906: 1901: 1895:, p. 56. 1894: 1889: 1883:, p. 53. 1882: 1877: 1871:, p. 14. 1870: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1737: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1646: 1638: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1608: 1596: 1594: 1593:Cotton Mather 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Loci Communes 1566: 1565: 1564:Paradise Lost 1560: 1556: 1555:Loci Communes 1551: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1329:typologically 1324: 1322: 1321:Loci Communes 1318: 1314: 1313:Loci Communes 1310: 1305: 1304:Robert Masson 1301: 1297: 1296:Loci Communes 1293: 1292:Loci Communes 1286: 1285:Loci Communes 1281: 1276: 1266: 1263: 1262:Josias Simler 1259: 1255: 1254:Conrad Gesner 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:Theodore Beza 1223: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130:Marian exiles 1127: 1126: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:Cardinal Pole 1091: 1089: 1088:Privy Council 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:Christ Church 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:1 Corinthians 942: 940: 936: 932: 931:Richard Smyth 928: 924: 920: 916: 913:. Archbishop 912: 908: 902: 898: 893: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 840:, succeeding 839: 838:Senior School 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 777: 774: 770: 766: 761: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 720: 716: 708: 704: 700: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636: 631: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609: 604: 600: 590: 588: 584: 583: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 550:from a local 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 507:Vermigli was 500: 498: 494: 493:Reginald Pole 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:scholasticism 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 404: 399: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:Old Testament 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 231:Loci Communes 228: 227: 221: 217: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 189: 186: 182: 180:Notable ideas 178: 175: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 59: 55: 50: 46: 41: 36: 29: 22: 19: 5117: 5091: 5060: 5033: 4952: 4935: 4927: 4900: 4875: 4871: 4843: 4815: 4795:. 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Oxford: 3660:Kirby 2009 3633:James 1998 3557:Kirby 2010 3545:Kirby 2004 3533:Kirby 2004 3521:Kirby 2010 3509:Kirby 2004 3497:Kirby 2009 3401:James 1998 3161:Campi 2014 3149:Campi 2009 3125:Hobbs 2009 2991:James 1998 2943:James 2007 2927:James 1998 2915:Campi 2009 2870:James 1998 2851:James 1998 2803:Kirby 2009 2704:Kirby 2009 2665:James 1998 2585:Kirby 2009 2561:Hobbs 2009 2549:Hobbs 2009 2533:Hobbs 2009 2521:Hobbs 2009 2509:Hobbs 2009 2497:Hobbs 2009 2480:Campi 2009 2468:James 1998 2456:Hobbs 2009 2444:Hobbs 2009 2428:James 1998 2376:James 1998 2186:James 1998 2174:James 1998 2162:James 1998 2150:James 1998 2134:Kirby 2009 2041:James 1998 1989:James 1998 1977:James 1998 1800:Kirby 2007 1788:Kirby 2007 1776:References 1617:Roy Strong 1492:Henry VIII 1437:Anabaptist 1428:became man 1374:ubiquitous 1232:of France 1191:Heidelberg 1155:John Jewel 1009:vernacular 966:St Andrews 834:Strasbourg 797:by way of 681:spirituali 664:at Padua. 608:spirituali 316:Queen Mary 288:Strasbourg 263:spirituali 212:Protestant 141:Ordination 49:Hans Asper 5118:Canon of 5092:Prior of 4892:159676280 4767:171529953 4689:159808893 4578:(2008) . 4531:849189667 4086:cite book 3269:Amos 2009 1463:reprobate 1302:minister 1244:" at the 1240:' words " 1151:Carolinum 1100:Elizabeth 1074:in 1552. 1066:John Foxe 1062:canon law 1019:Pentecost 919:Charles V 907:Edward VI 901:Jos Murer 862:Leviticus 673:purgatory 477:Augustine 470:Thomistic 462:Aristotle 460:to study 446:Dominican 343:Lutherans 328:Lutherans 280:salvation 5122:, First 5006:LibriVox 4945:(1911). 4841:(eds.). 4722:(2001). 4609:(eds.). 4546:(eds.). 4483:Eerdmans 4429:(eds.). 4392:(eds.). 4355:(eds.). 4190:(eds.). 4182:(2009). 4107:(eds.). 3972:(eds.). 3912:(eds.). 3881:(2002). 3834:(eds.). 3735:(eds.). 1393:Theology 1386:dialogue 1334:quadriga 1300:Huguenot 1202:Erasmian 1144:and the 1058:surplice 619:and the 565:convents 509:ordained 411:Florence 246:Florence 244:Born in 205:Catholic 68:Florence 5124:Prebend 4980:at the 4700:(ed.). 4660:2540841 4491:4337417 4328:(ed.). 3720:Sources 1767:Thalwil 1651:Italian 1170:(right) 1034:at the 921:in the 897:woodcut 854:Genesis 799:Ferrara 709:in 1541 625:Zwingli 617:Gospels 561:Spoleto 521:Brescia 433:at the 318:. 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