238:(1545–1563), lumping them in with them. The Spirituali's lack of success stemmed from inadequate support by the Church hierarchy, and the movement was doomed when Cardinal Pole, who was the choice of Pope Paul III, lost the papal election in 1549–1550 by one vote, after which their position made them suspect to both Protestants and conservative Catholics, allowing them to be outmaneuvered and defeated. Cardinal Pole's archenemy Cardinal Carafa, who would later become
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Although
Spirituali occupied positions of high power within the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and may have even held the sympathy of
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Not by faith alone: Vittoria
Colonna, Michelangelo and Reginald Pole and the evangelical movement in sixteenth century Italy
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as means to that end. "Central was a renewed emphasis on the grace which God sent through faith," writes Church
Historian
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was applied to the coventicles meeting in the towns and cities, nourishing a devotion to the doctrine of justification
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revised it. The group printed forty thousand copies of the book, which was soon declared heretical and placed on the
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renewal and internalization of faith by each individual, viewing the intense study of
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Heresy and obedience in
Tridentine Italy: Cardinal Pole and the counter reformation
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Heresy and obedience in
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wrote the first version of the most notable expression of
Spirituali doctrine, the
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currents set the Church on a course of confrontation with the
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between the Church of Rome and the reformers of the north.
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353:(Thesis). Washington, DC: Georgetown University.
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