573:, close to the edge of prairie grasslands. The rivers were ancient highways and trade routes, bringing humans from far and wide to the area. Some large boulders appear to be carved, chipped, or altered to look like turtle heads and other animals. A very wide variety of petroform shapes are found in the park, including snakes, turtles, geometric lines, patterns, and large circles. Most of the known petroforms are found on the top of granite ridges. The granite ridges and hills are often very flat in areas, resembling a large concrete parking lot. These open areas have a very smooth granite left behind from the last ice age. In some areas there is no soil, no lichen, and the surface is polished to a shine. The large boulders aligned are in striking contrast to the flat granite beneath them. Local First Nations have teachers and elders that pass along the stories associated with some of these petroforms. Many of the sites and their past use is a mystery, with no certain answers. Some elders refer to one site as extremely sacred and important, and few people should venture there. The Midewiwin have oral teachings about some of the petroforms, but no one group claims to know all the history of the area.
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very practical and universal purposes. Some petroforms are located along portage routes and canoe routes as well. Human made markers can be easier to remember than common natural features of the landscape. Rock ridges would have been natural trails through dense forest or wet terrain. Whiteshell
Provincial Park petroforms are located on top of the granite ridges that snake through the forest and wetlands landscape.
303:. Some teachings may have been lost, along with the peoples that originally made some of the oldest petroforms in North America. In some North American states and provinces, there are laws to protect these important archaeological and historical sites. There were very few studies or specific mention of Manitoba petroform sites until the 20th century. The first detailed studies and descriptions of some sites in
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associated with the dead. Large rocks are a universal marker that can last for generations. Boulders will last for tens of thousands of years. In memory of a person or the history about a place, these markers help future generations to learn about the past. These markers help to provide long term memories and reminders of a time long ago.
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of the Arctic act as navigation aids, an aid for hunting, or to mark important locations. The rock marker helped the traveler or hunter to find the best route across the land. Someone left a marker to help anyone else passing through the area, and to help with not getting lost. These markers can have
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Indigenous peoples have an oral tradition of story telling. Many of these rock shapes are used to memorize and to help tell stories and legends. Some petroforms go in the order of the story, helping one to memorize the successive steps. Large rocks are very permanent, thereby helping to pass along
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are being studied more closely, and can be dated more easily because of soil deposits over centuries. Many other sites have no layers of soil deposited around the petroforms. Forested areas and soil cover have partially protected many of the petroforms in
Wisconsin and Minnesota. In many areas
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widespread in Europe and much of Asia are interpreted as
Neolithic burial chambers. Large boulders make excellent long term markers for important and sacred places, just as burial plots are marked by large stones today. Some petroforms could be close to ancient burial areas, or near sacred areas
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to mark and measure astronomical events. Some rock alignments point out four or more directions, lunar events, the rising and setting of planets, some stars, and other astronomical events. Some petroforms can also be used in more complex ways for astronomical predictions, mapping of the sky and
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building was also associated in some way with petroform use. Petroforms originally predated the use of mounds and other human-made earthen works that required more time and effort. Although mound building could have originally been necessary and practical to provide some higher ground during
203:, are human-made shapes and patterns made by lining up large rocks on the open ground, often on quite level areas. Petroforms in North America were originally made by various Native American and First Nation tribes, who used various terms to describe them. Petroforms can also include a rock
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In some cases, petroforms were made by non-literate cultures who have left no written record of whatever reasons led them to construct these forms. Oral history was passed along by many native groups, and a few groups had very complex symbolic writings on rock,
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were made as astronomical devices, directional maps, and for ceremonial use. Some of these medicine wheels are large, and many were destroyed for agricultural needs by clearing the grasslands of any rocks. Some are intact, such as in the
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ceremonies that symbolize the Moon, the Sun and other things. Rock piles are still made to mark trails and important locations. A large turtle petroform of piled up boulders was recently made in the
Whiteshell Park area of Manitoba.
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of the park, with many movable rocks and boulders left behind after the last ice age, gave humans the easy opportunity to arrange them into many human-made patterns. It is an area where three rivers meet, along the edge of the
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devices, and teaching purposes. The specific names of these rock formations and the uses varied by political and religious group. Presently, some of these sites are still being used by First
Nations, elders, and others.
492:, circles, rectangles, and other complex geometric shapes that are still intact today. There was certainly an attempt to leave their mark upon the landscape, and large boulders or rocks are very permanent markers. The
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certain memories, knowledge, and wisdom. Some large boulders in North
America have long stories that relate to the area and a memory about that place. A large boulder, sitting alone, catches the eye as a major
779:
Danziger, E and R.T. Callaghan 1986 “The
Southeastern Manitoba Petroforms,” in Studies in Manitoba Rock Art: Petroforms, Province of Manitoba Historic Resources Branch, 2nd Edition, Second Printing, Winnipeg.
381:. What is now known as the planet Venus is the very bright morning and evening star that is very noticeable and at times is the first and last to appear. Petroform sites in North America can be found in
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of Syria, Jordan, and the Negev—long lines of stones—are interpreted as aids to hunting large game animals like gazelles, ibexes, wild asses. There are similar structures on most continents.
776:
Steinbring, Jack 1970 "Boulder Site In
Southeastern Manitoba," in Ten Thousand Years: Archaeology In Manitoba, Walter Hlady, Edit., pp. 223–268, Manitoba Archaeological Society, Winnipeg.
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Some of the North
American petroform shapes are over 2,500 years old. It is difficult to date all of them accurately because of a lack of soil deposits in some areas. Like the
508:, and sacred fires. They often mark an important or sacred area, or point to an important place. Offerings and prayers are made in these areas, along with initiations and
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Some petroforms were used as astronomical calendars, with rocks aligned to solstice and equinox sunrises and sunsets. They are often found in higher areas, on hills,
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floods. There is some speculation that larger mounds would have served as dikes and defensive fortifications, including providing higher ground to keep watch.
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ceremonies in North
America involve the making of turtle-shaped fire pits for sacred fires. In some instances, rocks are aligned near the entrance and fire of
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and graphs which are inscribed on rock surfaces. They were originally made in North America by native peoples for astronomical, religious, sacred, healing,
369:, lunar events, and star patterns. Petroforms also mirrored the night sky, and the patterns of the stars, similar to astrological signs and symbols. The
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Petroforms are shapes and geometrical patterns made from arranging large rocks and boulders, often over large areas of open ground, unlike the smaller
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have oral stories of the serpent in the sky, a turtle, a bear, and other patterns seen in the stars. What is often known today as
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were used possibly by 3000 BCE; they fell out of use in the Neolithic as prey populations declined and the human population rose.
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ground, and for complex ceremonies that help to memorize many oral stories and songs. Petroforms are similar in some ways to
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was one prominent, bright star formation, along with the central and stationary north star, now named as
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include many animal and other shapes. Petroforms in North America are often related to earthen
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Petroform-Mound Linkage in East Central Wisconsin by Jack Steinbring
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movement, which incorporates this among other elements from the
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Petroforms As It Is Above, So It Is Below by Patricia A. Kurtz
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Sinai: Excavations and Studies. Ze'ev Meshel. 2000. BAR S876.
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Human-made shapes and patterns of rocks placed on the ground
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Current Research on Wisconsin Petroforms by Jack Steinbring
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were done by J. Steinbring and R. Sutton after the 1950s.
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may have incorporated important astronomical alignments.
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deal primarily with North America and do not represent a
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Turtle petroform in Whiteshell Provincial Park, Manitoba
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Manitoba Conservation and Manitoba Historic Resources
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The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Desert Kites
556:, Canada. Whiteshell Park is named after the white
737:"Gazelles caught in ancient Syrian 'killing zones'"
544:One of the locations of petroform sites, including
112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
361:which are also aligned with sunrises and sunsets,
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520:, and many other megalithic monuments are lost.
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264:are still being made in Wales as part of the
188:Aligned boulders at Whiteshell Park, Manitoba
32:The examples and perspective in this article
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714:"Mysterious Desert Lines Were Animal Traps"
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790:Google Maps of Whiteshell Provincial Park
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
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674:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map:
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512:. The exact, original purposes of the
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231:and many other megalithic monuments.
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586:across the prairies, large circular
110:adding citations to reliable sources
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477:Other rituals and unknown purposes
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260:has been dated to about 2600 BCE.
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1974:Megalithic architectural elements
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735:Amos, Jonathan (19 April 2011).
712:O'Hanlon, Larry (Apr 20, 2010).
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2593:Evolutionary origin of religion
813:Petroforms of central Wisconsin
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97:needs additional citations for
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1736:British megalith architecture
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2201:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1741:Nordic megalith architecture
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564:peoples in ceremonies. The
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2349:British Isles and Brittany
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818:Turtle Mountain petroforms
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539:Whiteshell Provincial Park
529:Whiteshell Provincial Park
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1984:Oldest extant buildings
1911:Archaeological features
1430:Prepared-core technique
795:Bannock Point Petrofoms
581:The petroform sites in
2543:Unchambered long cairn
2391:Mound Builders culture
1724:Neolithic architecture
859:Prehistoric technology
800:More information from
635:Mound builder (people)
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2218:List of Stone Age art
1420:Microblade technology
1368:Langdale axe industry
966:Ard / plough
808:Petroforms of Montana
548:, is in Southeastern
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2625:Prehistoric medicine
2620:Prehistoric counting
2603:Prehistoric religion
2598:Paleolithic religion
2576:Behavioral modernity
1933:Causewayed enclosure
1825:Abri de la Madeleine
949:Neolithic Revolution
560:shells used by some
344:Astronomical markers
327:Designs and purposes
106:improve this article
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
2664:Prehistoric warfare
1410:Magdalenian culture
1373:Levallois technique
1304:Earliest toolmaking
823:Winnipeg Free Press
802:The Middlewesterner
340:, and other media.
2615:Origin of language
2608:Spiritual drug use
2518:Rectangular dolmen
2420:Dartmoor kistvaens
2233:Carved stone balls
1945:Circular enclosure
1904:Other architecture
1847:Alp pile dwellings
1435:Solutrean industry
1346:Gravettian culture
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338:birch bark scrolls
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1440:Striking platform
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1086:Mortar and pestle
690:978-1-84171-077-8
566:natural landscape
411:Mississippi River
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593:Turtle Mountains
310:Presently, many
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123: –
122:
118:
117:Find sources:
111:
107:
101:
100:
95:This article
93:
89:
84:
83:
74:
71:
63:
60:February 2018
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
2469:wedge-shaped
2454:Funeral pyre
2447:Great dolmen
2403:Chamber tomb
2384:Round barrow
2339:Stone circle
2291:
2211:Blombos Cave
2139:Grooved ware
2063:Chalcolithic
1967:Thornborough
1885:Flush toilet
1820:Blombos Cave
1815:Rock shelter
1771:Quiggly hole
1663:Architecture
1638:illustration
1280:Buffalo jump
1101:Storage pits
1064:Aşıklı Höyük
1054:Ground stone
890:Subdivisions
801:
741:. Retrieved
730:
718:. Retrieved
707:
696:
680:
669:
610:Buffalo jump
580:
543:
486:thunderbirds
480:
467:
454:
451:Burial sites
441:
431:desert kites
428:
425:Hunting aids
409:, along the
387:Saskatchewan
375:Orion's belt
347:
330:
309:
286:
274:Desert kites
255:
238:
200:
196:
192:
191:
168:
159:
149:
142:
135:
128:
116:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
66:
57:
33:
2491:unchambered
2486:Long barrow
2476:Grave goods
2432:Court cairn
2427:Clava cairn
2379:Bowl barrow
2317:Rock cupule
2260:Golden hats
2253:Hill figure
2154:Unstan ware
2134:Cord-marked
1999:Sweet Track
1921:Burnt mound
1842:Stilt house
1830:Sibudu Cave
1623:Tally stick
1591:Quern-stone
1576:Hammerstone
1566:Fire plough
1537:Pesse canoe
1495:Bannerstone
1465:Other tools
1378:Lithic core
1326:Aurignacian
1214:Bare Island
1096:Quern-stone
562:Anishinaabe
502:sweatlodges
494:Nazca Lines
334:petroglyphs
320:sweat lodge
316:Anishinaabe
289:petroglyphs
241:petroglyphs
225:desert kite
121:"Petroform"
2630:trepanning
2523:Ring cairn
2481:Jar burial
2464:transepted
2396:U.S. sites
2297:Petroglyph
2223:Bird stone
2181:wine press
1854:Stone roof
1837:Roundhouse
1729:long house
1706:Stonehenge
1674:Ceremonial
1618:Stone tool
1445:Tool stone
1415:Metallurgy
1319:Mousterian
1296:Toolmaking
1234:Cumberland
1207:Transverse
1177:Schöningen
1069:Qesem cave
1037:Earth oven
991:Irrigation
902:Technology
870:Prehistory
739:. BBC News
661:References
650:Pictograph
640:Petroglyph
524:Localities
518:Stonehenge
482:Aboriginal
419:Stonehenge
299:, and the
266:Eisteddfod
258:Stonehenge
235:Definition
193:Petroforms
132:newspapers
2674:symbolism
2538:Tor cairn
2496:Grønsalen
2437:Cremation
2329:Sculpture
2307:Pictogram
2292:Petroform
2112:amber use
2080:Cosmetics
1890:Reservoir
1875:Check dam
1805:Pueblitos
1800:Pit-house
1783:Longhouse
1717:Dwellings
1586:Microlith
1517:Bow drill
1512:Bone tool
1505:prismatic
1314:Acheulean
1229:Cresswell
1202:Arrowhead
1128:Boomerang
1044:Granaries
1006:Terracing
885:Stone Age
583:Wisconsin
577:Wisconsin
399:Minnesota
395:Wisconsin
367:solstices
363:equinoxes
301:Midewiwin
162:June 2013
48:talk page
2699:Category
2312:Rock art
2275:painting
2248:Geoglyph
2073:timeline
2053:Beadwork
1793:Mehrgarh
1788:Mudbrick
1696:megalith
1571:Fire-saw
1393:debitage
1388:analysis
1356:Hand axe
1336:Cupstone
914:Glossary
875:Timeline
743:19 April
720:21 April
655:Rock art
625:Inukshuk
604:See also
550:Manitoba
546:effigies
471:landmark
444:inuksuit
383:Manitoba
305:Manitoba
295:, other
245:mnemonic
221:fire pit
215:slab, a
213:monolith
209:inukshuk
42:You may
2669:Symbols
2280:pigment
2166:Weaving
2129:Cardium
2124:Pottery
2119:Mirrors
2107:Jewelry
2048:Baskets
2028:culture
1880:Cistern
1686:Pyramid
1628:Weapons
1606:Scraper
1596:Racloir
1556:Cleaver
1544:Chopper
1450:Uniface
1361:Grooves
1351:Hafting
1309:Oldowan
1268:Systems
1219:Cascade
1182:woomera
1172:harpoon
1145:history
1111:Hunting
1091:Pottery
1032:Cooking
941:Farming
907:history
880:Outline
506:fasting
457:Dolmens
407:Montana
403:Wyoming
391:Alberta
379:Polaris
354:horizon
252:History
146:scholar
2647:flutes
2442:Dolmen
2366:Burial
2176:winery
2149:Linear
1979:Midden
1957:Cursus
1950:Goseck
1810:Pueblo
1761:Dugout
1746:Burdei
1425:Mining
1249:Lamoka
1244:Folsom
1224:Clovis
1081:Metate
1059:Hearth
1027:Basket
1001:Sickle
688:
558:cowrie
498:mounds
413:, the
350:mounds
312:Ojibwe
293:Ojibwe
148:
141:
134:
127:
119:
2564:sites
2508:Mummy
2228:Cairn
2144:Jōmon
2095:shoes
2090:Hides
1962:Henge
1916:Broch
1778:Jacal
1633:Wheel
1581:Knife
1527:Canoe
1522:Burin
1500:Blade
1398:flake
1259:Plano
1167:baton
1157:Spear
1123:Arrow
1076:Manos
929:Tools
630:Mound
615:Cairn
597:Mound
552:, in
371:Sioux
205:cairn
153:JSTOR
139:books
50:, or
2657:gudi
2415:Cist
2344:list
2171:Wine
2100:Ötzi
2085:Glue
2058:Beds
2026:and
2024:Arts
1895:Well
1751:Cave
1681:Kiva
1611:side
1601:Rope
1549:tool
1483:bone
1473:Adze
1239:Eden
1152:Nets
1022:Fire
986:Goad
971:Celt
745:2011
722:2010
686:ISBN
455:The
442:The
429:The
223:, a
219:, a
125:news
1766:Hut
1701:row
1532:Oar
1490:Axe
1478:Awl
314:or
207:or
199:or
108:by
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272:.
851:e
844:t
837:v
747:.
724:.
175:)
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102:.
73:)
67:(
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