2479:
9752:
5351:
9762:
370:: Similarly, the single word "on" has the vowel of "dawn", and not the same vowel as "don". Labov et al. regard this phenomenon as occurring not just in the Mid-Atlantic region, but in all regions south of a geographic boundary that they identify as the "ON line", which is significant because it distinguishes most varieties of
410:; the resulting allophones are around and , respectively. Generally, greater degrees of fronting are heard when the vowels appear in "free" positions (i.e., without a following consonant) than in "checked" positions (i.e., with a following consonant). Fronting does not occur in the context of following
1938:
something". For example, "I am done my homework" and "The dog is done dinner" are genuine sentences in this dialect, respectively meaning "I have finished my homework" and "The dog has finished dinner". Another example, "Let's start after you're done all the coffee", means "Let's start after you've
315:
As of today, "the most strongly supported generalization is that
Philadelphia has moved away from its Southern heritage in favor of a Northern system, avoiding those forms that are most saliently associated with local phonology". In the city of Philadelphia proper, the dialect has evolved further,
284:. Philadelphians then began further developing their own entirely unique phonological features, remaining similar-sounding to New York City's English. Some higher-educated Philadelphians born in or since the last quarter of the twentieth century have been showing a process of
3109:
316:
especially among younger residents, and the "White
Philadelphian dialect" is now spoken by a numerical minority of all Philadelphians within the city of Philadelphia itself, though it remains strong throughout the Philadelphia metropolitan region in general.
1096:(with both pronounced as something like ). Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006: 54) report that about one third of Philadelphia speakers have this merger, one third have a near-merger, and one third keep the two distinct. Relatedly, as in New York, many words like
2292:— "two native sons, Bruce Willis (Salem County, N.J.) and Kevin Bacon (Center City Philadelphia), who, at least in interviews early in their career, before accent reduction training kicked in, let their diphthong freak flags fly."
1433:
is unusual as the innovators of this change are primarily male speakers while the other changes in progress are led primarily by females. The sociolinguistic evidence suggests this raising is a fairly recent addition to
Philadelphia
2339:
Philadelphia
English spoken by native speakers is seldom heard in films and fictional television shows. Films and television shows set in the Philadelphia region generally make the mistake of giving the characters a working-class
4597:
401:
Southeastern vowel fronting: One of the features that
Philadelphia shares with dialects of the whole Southeastern United States (but absent from most New York accents) is the fronting of a variety of vowels. This includes
1682:
are often realized as stops, and or affricates and in
Philadelphia speech. This variation appears to be a stable class-stratified feature with the non-fricative forms appearing more commonly in working-class
1667:). This variable also shows some lexical conditioning, appearing, for example, with exceptionally high frequency in the pronunciation of the name of the city (Ash 1997). This, in part, leads to the stereotype of
604:(especially under the influence of youth trends and higher education); in fact, as a general rule, native Philadelphians only consistently have this split system if their own parents are native Philadelphians.
1587:, especially those born in the first half of the twentieth century and of Italian, Jewish, or Irish Catholic descent. On the other side of the socioeconomic spectrum, non-rhoticity in speakers from the
4388:
3118:, p. 173, In NYC and the Mid-Atlantic region, short-a is split into a tense and lax class. There is reason to believe that the tense class /æh/ descends from the British /ah/ or 'broad-a' class..
434:
are well established in
Philadelphia speech as in New York. More recent research has noted a tendency among the middle-aged and younger generation of Philadelphians to raise the vowel, resulting in .
1452:
were common: . The recent sociolinguistic evidence indicates a reversal of this trend such that the vowel is now commonly raised and fronted. This raising is heard primarily before consonants (e.g.,
4672:
590:
area, an intermediate system is used, falling between the typical Mid-Atlantic and the New York City system.) Not all
Philadelphians today have this feature and some are beginning to favor the more
1121:
1595:". Non-rhoticity is most prevalent among black Philadelphians, who largely do not demonstrate the regional speech features of Philadelphia English; instead, many black Philadelphians speak
3955:
1583:-dropping) can be found in some areas of Philadelphia, however (presumably as a recent innovation after the nineteenth century) such as among working-class male speakers specifically from
253:
split appears to be a simplified variant of the shared feature with New York City's split. Unlike New York City
English, however, most speakers of Philadelphia English have always used a
1971:
Many
Philadelphians are known to use the expression "youse" both as second person plural and (rarely) second person singular pronoun, much like the mostly Southern / Western expression "
1651:, or , or the consonant may be deleted altogether. Among Philadelphians, as in other dialects, vocalization occurs quite frequently in word-final and pre-consonantal contexts (e.g.,
4703:
626:
566:
become tense, and irregular verbs ending in "-an" or "-am" remain lax. can also be found in closed syllables in words where a vowel was recently elided closing the syllable such as
203:
Philadelphia English has a complicated history, with speakers at times showing features shared with neighboring regions as well as uniquely local features. The Philadelphia and
1058:
488:). Their distribution in Philadelphia along with Baltimore, however, is different from that of New York City. Generally, in the Philadelphia–Baltimore system, the vowel
1464:, recent research suggests this trend is being reversed by raising and fronting of the vowel often to a position well beyond . This raising occurs before consonants (e.g.,
1781:
of the Philadelphia dialect, even among young Philadelphians, though Labov has argued that it is an exaggerated stereotype and the more common pronunciation uses a raised
1503:
1085:
1990:
areas, though it is often associated with Philadelphia especially. However, unlike in other Northeastern U.S. areas, the Philadelphian pronunciation of "youse" reflects
264:
Philadelphia accents in the very late nineteenth century until the 1950s started to share certain features of the then-emerging (and now-common) regional accents of the
334:
The vowels in Philadelphia speech have shown volatility across the last century, as Labov's research has identified changes affecting over half of the vowel phonemes.
2423:
Philadelphia natives who work in media and entertainment often assimilate to the General American broadcast standard. Speakers with a noticeable local accent include
538:
do not have the same vowel sound, being pronounced and , respectively), and in any words directly inflectionally derived from root words with this split. Therefore,
5389:
2467:. Local television, political, and sports personalities in South Jersey and part of Central Jersey are culturally associated with Philadelphia, not New York City.
354:
2215:— of whom it was once observed that "she's such a hoagiemouth that it's impossible to even say her name without sounding like you, too, speak hoagiemouth"
4854:
619:
9737:
8877:
4680:
2048:. Olive oil, rather than mayonnaise, is used as a topping, and "hot" or "sweet" peppers are used for spice. The term 'hoagie' originated in Philadelphia.
9132:
8817:
5186:
2746:
Hindle, Donald (1980). "The social and structural conditioning of phonetic variation" (Doctoral dissertation). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
1591:
may be a result of wealthy families sending their children to expensive boarding schools in the United Kingdom up until the 1960s and thus acquiring a "
1720:
47:
4230:
Eames, Edwin; Robboy, Howard (December 1967). Edwin Eames; Howard Robboy (eds.). "The Submarine Sandwich: Lexical Variations in a Cultural Context".
1943:
something", since "She is done the computer" can only mean "She is done with the computer" in one sense: "She has finished (building) the computer".
249:
to have different vowels sounds, for example) not found elsewhere in the United States. One important indicator of this is that Philadelphia's short
7611:
612:
9292:
9077:
2382:) speaks in an exaggerated Philadelphia accent. The use of geographically inaccurate dialects is also true in films and television programs set in
558:
are separate phonemes in these dialects, though largely predictable using the aforementioned rules. There are exceptions, however; the three words
9479:
9454:
4926:
9826:
5033:
1057:
three-way distinction: As in New York accents and most native English accents outside North America, there is a three-way distinction between
4369:
3673:
357:. Labov's research suggests that this pattern of raising is essentially complete in Philadelphia and seems no longer to be an active change.
353:, to or even higher . The raised variants often appear as diphthongs with a centering glide. As a result, Philadelphia is resistant to the
5382:
4714:
2089:"...is an all-purpose noun, a stand-in for inanimate objects, abstract concepts, events, places, individual people, and groups of people."
1146:
5015:
4127:
9449:
9127:
4821:
207:
presumably shared certain common linguistic inputs in the nineteenth century, since both accents by the twentieth century demonstrated a
9504:
8912:
7885:
2492:
5060:
2006:("youse"). (ex: "Yiz want anything at the store?" "Yiz guys alright over there?"). Second person singular forms commonly are heard as
9139:
4966:
4779:
4518:
4900:
3152:
7746:
7716:
4082:
2196:
1659:). In a more unusual development, vocalization may also occur inter-vocalically in Philadelphia. This tendency is more common when
4624:
4573:
4290:
9297:
5375:
5179:
9357:
9025:
7827:
2068:
in the Philadelphia area, as well as in the Boston and Pittsburgh areas. (In Boston, and among some older Philadelphians, only
1723:, such as removing the "t" sound from consonant clusters, so that "mustard" sounds more like "mussard," or "soft" like "sawff."
4647:
3642:
Gordon, Matthew (2004). "New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities". In Edgar Werner Schneider; Bernd Kortmann (eds.).
9574:
9509:
9427:
8962:
8747:
7782:
7773:
7740:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7499:
3878:
3818:
3714:
2723:
2547:
1991:
430:
is well established in Philadelphia, though cross-generational data show that it remains an active change. Fronted nuclei in
8982:
8055:
7940:
7788:
7767:
7761:
7728:
7722:
7456:
7418:
5639:
5088:
4351:
3243:
2512:
2169:— "Philadelphia University coach, whose accent, Irish mug, and hoops pedigree epitomize the hometown he's never left"
4452:
164:, migration patterns and geography affected the dialect's development, which was especially influenced by immigrants from
9727:
8463:
7839:
7833:
5444:
4553:"CLIPPERS' JIM LYNAM : The Pressure Is Always On : This Coach Has Johnson, Nixon, Walton and a Team Under .500"
2714:
1596:
1526:
began this shift, and this vowel is relatively stable today, while generational differences are heard in the shifting of
4945:
4425:
4407:
9796:
9422:
9307:
9212:
9182:
8568:
7648:
6200:
5355:
5172:
3763:
2038:
consisting of a long bread filled with lunch meat, cheese, and lettuce, onion and tomato, variously called a "sub" or "
3706:
Social Lives in Language Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities: Celebrating the work of Gillian Sankoff
9564:
9484:
9177:
4976:
4528:
4066:
4003:
3651:
2626:
2394:" dialect, when in reality that New York-influenced dialect for New Jersey natives is almost always exclusive to the
2327:
1572:. This area runs from Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey down to Delaware and northern Maryland, and remains fully
4858:
2398:
of the state nearest to New York City, while most South Jersey residents actually speak with a Philadelphia accent.
9801:
9791:
9673:
9584:
9407:
9337:
9117:
8367:
7666:
6639:
5496:
5283:
2175:— "Not sure if you've heard the Philly patois? ...star Bam Margera, who is from nearby West Chester, has it."
1139:
720:
1550:, may show raised and back variants. In some cases, the vowel is in the high, back corner of the vowel space near
586:(lax) do not rhyme in Philadelphia or Baltimore, but do for New York City and all other English dialects. (In the
9524:
9417:
9284:
9202:
8615:
8411:
7155:
6205:
5695:
5588:
1569:
904:
845:
823:
814:
769:
29:
5998:
5117:
3129:
2102:
The following well-known Philadelphians represent a sampling of those who have exhibited a Philadelphia accent:
9658:
9464:
9367:
9342:
9327:
9302:
9197:
9144:
8932:
8372:
7878:
7055:
6112:
5558:
5398:
5288:
713:
7140:
4801:
296:) features. This includes notable regularity among this demographic in replacing the traditional Philadelphia
9122:
8972:
8665:
8627:
6965:
6629:
6053:
3980:
3180:
2408:
1616:
4836:
4309:
341:
vowel: A feature unique to Middle Atlantic speakers (including Philadelphians and New Yorkers) and southern
9549:
9494:
9240:
9192:
9187:
9092:
9072:
9067:
8967:
8620:
8440:
8257:
8078:
7601:
5806:
5620:
5278:
2497:
1976:
990:
688:
4106:
2411:, adjacent to Philadelphia to the west and south. Reviews of the portrayal of the dialect by lead actress
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1910:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1847:
1843:
1823:
1812:
1801:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1755:
1739:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1679:
1675:
1660:
1624:
1612:
1551:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1473:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1430:
1422:
1390:
1382:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1039:
1035:
1017:
1013:
984:
876:
856:
833:
800:
778:
755:
731:
635:
555:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
481:
473:
447:
443:
435:
431:
427:
423:
407:
403:
346:
301:
297:
281:
277:
273:
236:
211:
43:
39:
9663:
9514:
9439:
9412:
8343:
8333:
7931:
7898:
7894:
7588:
7464:
7327:
5568:
5526:
5521:
5310:
2391:
1870:, respectively). However, these are words learned later, so many speakers use the more standard American
1426:
1221:
1132:
91:
4552:
2731:
9519:
9444:
9392:
9347:
9018:
8927:
8642:
8500:
7911:
6930:
6573:
6560:
6498:
6333:
6210:
5293:
5000:
3247:
2502:
1987:
1401:
may begin with a nucleus of mid or even higher position , which distinguishes it from the diphthong in
131:
7863:
2852:
Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, Current issues in linguistic theory
9816:
9806:
9786:
9559:
9312:
9252:
9220:
9172:
9102:
8907:
8433:
8391:
8362:
8294:
8262:
7871:
6599:
6326:
5583:
5563:
5553:
5195:
5065:
4754:
4457:
4087:
2383:
2058:
Small chocolate or multi-colored confections sprinkled on ice cream and cake icing, elsewhere called
1215:
988:
902:
843:
821:
812:
767:
698:
387:
371:
289:
265:
191:
neighborhoods, though the accent is prominent and pervasive to varying degrees throughout the entire
115:
99:
4389:"Q&A: The Dead Milkmen's Dean Clean talks new material for Philadelphia's favorite punk rockers"
4216:
3784:
3748:
3271:
3153:"One Hundred Years of Sound Change in Philadelphia: Linear Incrementation, Reversal, and Reanalysis"
3082:
3053:
3024:
2995:
2966:
2934:
2902:
2870:
2831:
2796:
2764:
2660:
1506:
takes place, and the merged vowel is typically mid to high back; it can be as high as . As noted in
9821:
9539:
9235:
9230:
9055:
8632:
8586:
8485:
8458:
8423:
8318:
8189:
7375:
6935:
6739:
6073:
5615:
5511:
5486:
5439:
5268:
3884:
2507:
1640:
is quite pervasive in Philadelphia speech. Phonetically it may be realized as something like or a
693:
678:
591:
383:
293:
269:
146:
4881:
9811:
9499:
9097:
9087:
9082:
9050:
8844:
8677:
8495:
8470:
6882:
6685:
6664:
6604:
6083:
5785:
5778:
5548:
5451:
3681:
3252:...the White Philadelphian dialect is spoken now by a numerical minority of all Philadelphians...
6960:
9604:
9387:
9352:
9269:
9259:
9247:
9162:
8759:
8737:
8541:
8238:
8207:
8085:
7673:
7596:
6845:
6580:
6565:
6297:
6283:
6133:
5938:
5845:
5764:
5578:
5336:
5246:
4131:
2352:
2305:
1588:
1189:
641:
25:
9154:
8655:
5980:
3704:
9755:
9632:
9627:
9474:
9372:
9167:
9112:
9107:
9011:
8957:
8742:
8637:
8350:
8284:
8038:
8028:
8023:
7734:
7390:
7353:
7129:
7115:
6892:
6874:
6550:
6545:
6471:
6154:
6078:
6048:
6023:
5799:
5700:
5543:
4203:
3771:
3735:
3258:
2751:
2358:
2341:
1507:
996:
217:
142:
107:
95:
8950:
7845:
5987:
5959:
1491:. This pattern is not yet well established and is labeled by Labov as an "incipient" change.
9034:
8272:
8212:
8090:
8063:
7980:
7629:
7565:
7527:
7522:
7281:
7087:
7050:
6863:
6783:
6704:
6619:
6304:
6018:
5750:
1592:
1565:
254:
123:
119:
5973:
4145:
3850:
Evans Wagner, Suzanne (2012). "Real-time evidence for age grad(ing) in late adolescence".
2557:
Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English".
2326:— "his Philly-flecked American English a vestige of his childhood years in suburban
2298:— "She exaggerates her Philadelphia suburbs accent, which is already pretty strong."
8:
9765:
9694:
9622:
9617:
9589:
9529:
9322:
8977:
8807:
8799:
8697:
8660:
8546:
8531:
8406:
8396:
8323:
8162:
7851:
7517:
7385:
7255:
7108:
7042:
6940:
6419:
6316:
6220:
6105:
5949:
5920:
5863:
5725:
5710:
5610:
5600:
5538:
5533:
5516:
5456:
5273:
5143:
4950:
4708:
4602:
3005:
Hitting a moving target: Acquisition of sound change in progress by Philadelphia children
2484:
2456:
2451:
1816:
1072:. However, in Philadelphia some older speakers have a merger (or close approximation) of
683:
663:
587:
6925:
5966:
4625:"Features: How to Speak Philadelphian: Accent on Chris Matthews - Philadelphia Magazine"
4092:
2976:
Factors controlling the acquisition of the Philadelphia dialect by out-of-state children
1476:
remains lowered and lax. Both of these can lead to nonstandard phonemic incidence (see "
308:; this probably began around the time the first generation of this demographic attended
9668:
9637:
9612:
9382:
9362:
9264:
9225:
8867:
8834:
8769:
8752:
8607:
8428:
7975:
7965:
7800:
7446:
7395:
7122:
7101:
7080:
7073:
7060:
6996:
6920:
6754:
6678:
6591:
6506:
6460:
6432:
6263:
6172:
6063:
6038:
6013:
5928:
5873:
5792:
5705:
5675:
5476:
5303:
5219:
4806:
4480:
4247:
4107:"Push and Pull of Immigration: Letters from Home - Johnstown Heritage Discovery Center"
4008:
3985:
3823:
3185:
3070:
3041:
3012:
2983:
2954:
2922:
2890:
2858:
2819:
2784:
2700:
2692:
2648:
2615:
2574:
2464:
2323:
2229:
2039:
1687:
1584:
111:
6978:
2463:, who was born in Philadelphia, speaks with a Philadelphia accent in both English and
1773:, so that it sounds like "wooter" or "wooder"), rather than the more standard English
130:. Philadelphia English is one of the best-studied types of English, as Philadelphia's
9761:
9732:
9699:
9569:
9432:
9317:
9274:
8872:
8857:
8829:
8789:
8581:
8518:
8267:
8043:
8007:
7794:
7170:
7165:
7014:
6955:
6950:
6915:
6910:
6900:
6671:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6511:
6487:
6479:
6452:
6447:
6382:
6351:
6340:
6290:
6248:
6233:
6140:
5883:
5858:
5853:
5813:
5743:
5680:
5461:
4972:
4524:
4314:
4062:
4055:
3710:
3647:
2719:
2622:
2578:
2543:
1968:
youths. The word is commonly used as a greeting or a way to get someone's attention.
1939:
finished all the coffee". This is not exactly the same as the standard construction "
1717:
1554:. This is reportedly a recent development and is one more common among male speakers.
1410:
285:
161:
8563:
7512:
7507:
5034:"All the ways 'Mare of Easttown' turned the Philly region into a national obsession"
3989:
3189:
3130:"The Distribution of a Phonemic Split in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Yet More on Short
2532:
9719:
9332:
8992:
8945:
8897:
8824:
8732:
8722:
8717:
8707:
8553:
8526:
8384:
8304:
8249:
8147:
8129:
8116:
7953:
7948:
7818:
7806:
7752:
7555:
7484:
7469:
7426:
7262:
7232:
7227:
7190:
7180:
7150:
7022:
6945:
6822:
6790:
6776:
6769:
6719:
6696:
6657:
6614:
6555:
6537:
6519:
6442:
6437:
6427:
6400:
6268:
6195:
6185:
6161:
6147:
6126:
6043:
5901:
5891:
5820:
5771:
5730:
5670:
5665:
5428:
5417:
5320:
5315:
5263:
4598:"Philadelphians have a unique accent, with pronunciation evolving over the decades"
4239:
3975:
3967:
3937:
3907:
3859:
3730:
Verma, Mahendra K. (1998). "Sociolinguistics, Language and Society". New Delhi: 94.
3175:
3167:
2704:
2684:
2669:
2599:
2566:
2403:
2401:
The Philadelphia dialect is prominently featured in the 2021 television miniseries
2253:
2212:
2142:
2130:
2017:
1965:
1961:
1743:
1378:
1361:
1346:
1323:
1300:
1285:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1226:
1196:
1171:
1157:
705:
668:
491:
465:
411:
185:
173:
165:
150:
135:
67:
9489:
4728:
4499:
3349:
9689:
9459:
9397:
8862:
8764:
8702:
8672:
8480:
8355:
8176:
8152:
8124:
8095:
8068:
8033:
7920:
7550:
7537:
7436:
7291:
7185:
7175:
7027:
6985:
6840:
6811:
6804:
6762:
6749:
6744:
6734:
6729:
6714:
6526:
6390:
6258:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6068:
6058:
5909:
5868:
5720:
5715:
5657:
5481:
5367:
5224:
2374:
2368:
2275:
These speakers retain slight traces or elements of a rhotic Philadelphia accent:
2206:
1641:
1203:
658:
601:
527:
461:
360:
305:
204:
192:
127:
79:
75:
6028:
2282:— "slightly nasal, Philadelphia-accented voice that can drip with sarcasm"
1494:
Many Philadelphians use a rather high, back, and perhaps even rounded vowel for
9554:
8937:
8852:
8812:
8712:
8536:
8289:
8194:
8184:
8100:
7902:
7812:
7541:
7479:
7441:
7286:
7242:
7237:
7222:
7217:
7094:
7032:
7004:
6970:
6835:
6830:
6724:
6649:
6408:
6395:
6253:
6190:
6180:
6119:
6091:
6008:
5896:
5834:
5827:
5735:
5605:
5466:
5230:
2442:
2257:
2178:
1634:
1448:
vowels: Traditional Philadelphia speech shows lowered and/or laxed variants of
228:
181:
4032:
3863:
3555:
3553:
3486:
2533:"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization"
9780:
9714:
9704:
9653:
9402:
8987:
8902:
8558:
8475:
8416:
8328:
8279:
8157:
8139:
7247:
7160:
7065:
6905:
6855:
6709:
6276:
6098:
6033:
5933:
5757:
5685:
5595:
5471:
5239:
4408:"The Dead Milkmen Swear 'Ronald Reagan Killed The Black Dahlia' in New Video"
4370:""Mad Money" Host Jim Cramer Will Film Show With Villanova Business Students"
2942:
2910:
2878:
2839:
2804:
2636:
2570:
2542:. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68.
2363:
2279:
2242:
2190:
2118:
2024:
1984:
1956:
1645:
1406:
188:
138:
5164:
2772:
Kroch, Anthony (1996). G. R. Guy; C. Feagin; D. Schiffrin; J. Baugh (eds.).
2163:— "speaks in a fast, choppy tone with a distinct Philadelphia accent."
1483:
Labov's research has indicated a tendency toward lowering of the lax vowels
9709:
9544:
9377:
8490:
8338:
8217:
7489:
7474:
7431:
7299:
6850:
6797:
5690:
5506:
5501:
3550:
2412:
2395:
2387:
2301:
2289:
2224:
These speakers, primarily of Irish, Italian, or Jewish ethnicity, show the
2154:
2106:
1952:
83:
71:
4855:"Band of Brothers: William "Wild Bill" Guarnere and Edward "Babe" Heffron"
4329:
3971:
3911:
3400:
3388:
3171:
2688:
2604:
2587:
9579:
9534:
5061:"In defense of the Delco accent, on 'Mare of Easttown' and IRL | Opinion"
4673:"Pennsylvania Gubernatorial Candidate McGinty Muddles Minimum Wage Facts"
3624:
3223:
3201:
3199:
2460:
2446:
2438:
2379:
2285:
2236:
2184:
2172:
2136:
1519:
342:
208:
4704:"Pennsylvania Grudge Match: Iraq Vet Patrick Murphy Battles Old GOP Foe"
2696:
9594:
9469:
9003:
8401:
7893:
7606:
6609:
5491:
4901:"Comic legend Dom Irrera talks Philly, Hollywood and tiny grandmothers"
3596:
Matthew J. Gordon (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).
3350:"The Short 'a' Pattern of Philadelphia among African-American Speakers"
2424:
2362:). Contrary examples exist, such as the character Lynn Sear (played by
2295:
2263:
2247:
2225:
2166:
2124:
1778:
1540:
may be more raised than in other dialects; sometimes it is as high as .
309:
177:
4265:
4251:
3211:
3196:
149:, although it remains a distinct dialect of its own. Philadelphia and
7958:
7560:
5625:
4198:"Philly Via Italy". thirty fourth street magazine. April 17, 2007: 9.
3646:. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG. p. 290.
3461:
3459:
2433:
2202:
2160:
2148:
2112:
1648:
574:. Some speakers even extend this analogically to other words such as
503:
103:
102:. Aside from Philadelphia and the surrounding counties and arguably
7985:
4243:
2945:; Ash, Sharon (1997). C. Bernstein; T. Nunnally; R. Sabino (eds.).
2540:
Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
2317:
2181:— "I don't think I ever realized I had a Philadelphia accent"
2035:
1972:
1605:
169:
87:
35:
3456:
2219:
8922:
8917:
8727:
8073:
8000:
7995:
4291:"The Enduring Mystery of 'Jawn,' Philadelphia's All-Purpose Noun"
3898:
Labov, William (2020). "The Regularity of Regular Sound Change".
3526:
3514:
3376:
2778:
Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science
2064:
63:
4187:. Philadelphia: The Library Company of Philadelphia. p. 86.
3434:
3432:
1663:
appears following low vowels bearing primary word stress (e.g.,
1429:
in Philadelphia as a result of Canadian raising. The raising of
7990:
7970:
7621:
4968:
Propaganda and the Public Mind: Conversations with Noam Chomsky
4822:"Features: How to Speak Philadelphian: Accent on David Brenner"
3625:"The Spread of Raising: Opacity, lexicalization, and diffusion"
2311:
2044:
2027:, e.g. "Joey's hoagies taste different anymore." This sense of
3538:
3151:
Labov, William; Rosenfelder, Ingrid; Fruehwald, Josef (2013).
1608:, are very common in informal conversational speech, so that:
4164:
3502:
3444:
3429:
3364:
2346:
2051:
A similar sandwich toasted in an oven or broiler is called a
2031:
is not specific to the region but is well represented there.
1456:). The Linguistic Atlas researchers recorded lax variants of
1274:
1244:
1160:
3034:
An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English
2949:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 508–573.
1364:
1349:
1326:
1303:
1288:
1259:
1174:
3956:"I'm done my homework—Case assignment in a stative passive"
3942:
Yale Grammatical Diversity Project English in North America
2774:
Dialect and style in the speech of upper class Philadelphia
2517:
2428:
2320:— "Pennsylvania-native Tina Fey showcased the accent"
2081:
1980:
1742:, phonemically matching the South and Midland varieties of
180:
or "heavier" Philadelphia accent is most commonly found in
4780:"On Kellyanne Conway: Or, Hoagiemouth As Lifestyle Choice"
2850:. Vol. 52. Amsterdam: John Bengamins. pp. 1–57.
2378:, the character Sean Nokes (played by Philadelphia native
2344:(specifically heard in Philadelphia-set films such as the
442:, is sometimes fronted though not to the degree seen with
3918:
3831:
3644:
A Handbook of Varieties of English: Morphology and Syntax
3229:
3217:
3205:
3150:
3115:
1008:
In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like
634:
594:
494:
453:
4648:"Mike Mayock talks about Cardale Jones' NFL draft stock"
3476:
3474:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3354:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
3092:
American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast
2304:— "I speak with the accent from a certain area in
2151:— "her distinct Philadelphia accent & swagger"
2133:— "meandering punk rock, and heavy Philly accents"
2121:— "he never tried to dump his Philadelphia accent"
929:
In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (
9398:
Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library
4352:"Comedian David Brenner, 78, was a uniquely Philly guy"
2372:, who speaks with an accurate Philadelphia dialect. In
1690:
can be found, as in New York City, in which words like
3598:
A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology
2092:
1746:(and unlike most New York accents), thus rhyming with
5016:"Watch Tina Fey 'say things in Philly' in 'SNL' skit"
3520:
3471:
3412:
2712:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
2531:
Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008).
2530:
999:, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.
153:
together fall under what Labov describes as a single
9738:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5118:"RESEARCHERS TRACK EVOLUTION OF PHILLY'S ODD ACCENT"
3791:
3577:
3565:
2915:
Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast
2474:
2199:— "Murphy hasn't lost his thick Philly accent"
141:. Philadelphia English shares certain features with
34:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4965:Barsamian, David; Chomsky, Noam (January 1, 2001).
4426:"The Dead Milkmen - Pretty Music for Pretty People"
3954:Fruehwald, Josef; Myler, Neil (December 31, 2015).
2617:
The pronunciation of English in the Atlantic states
2239:— "an accent as thick as a porterhouse steak"
2193:— "McGinty intones in a Philadelphia accent."
2042:" in other parts of the United States, is called a
1413:as well, including intervocalic voiced stops as in
414:leading to a significant difference between, e.g.,
5397:
4054:
2614:
2538:. In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.).
216:vowel (which helps to maintain a contrast between
5559:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
4927:"Gloria Allred: The attorney people love to hate"
4516:
3981:20.500.11820/71d562f0-fbb4-4e7f-9fa9-6cf585900e57
3595:
3181:20.500.11820/6aaeba15-89f6-4419-a930-7694d9463d43
2883:Principles of linguistic change: Internal factors
2844:Exact description of the speech community: Short
1510:, these tendencies toward backing and raising of
1405:. Canadian raising in Philadelphia occurs before
9778:
9293:Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University
5426:
5001:"Concert review: G-Love stirs the special sauce"
4964:
4814:
4046:
4004:"Sorry, New York, 'Yo' Was Born in Philadelphia"
2909:
2588:"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study"
2209:— noted for singing in a "Philly accent."
554:use the lax . The lax and the tense reflexes of
300:split with the more General American tensing of
48:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
5089:"The One Accent Most Actors Won't Even Attempt"
4061:. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam Webster.
3244:"The Phonological Influence on Phonetic Change"
2641:Principles of linguistic change: Social factors
2592:Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology
2220:Lifelong non-rhotic South Philadelphia speakers
1769:(with the first syllable rhyming with the word
933:, etc.) and some learned or less common words (
4943:
4892:
4755:"12 things you didn't know about Philadelphia"
4182:
4170:
3953:
3880:"Philadelphians say 'wooder' and that's that"?
3667:
3665:
3663:
3616:
3610:
3559:
3532:
3508:
3496:
3465:
3450:
3438:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
2711:
1930:+ noun phrase": The grammatical construction "
1674:As in other areas, the interdental fricatives
1012:being tense) and variability is common before
82:, including southeastern Pennsylvania, all of
9019:
7879:
5383:
5194:
5180:
5141:
4645:
4075:
3837:
3702:
2776:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 23–45.
2612:
2314:— "a watered-down Philadelphian accent"
1983:". "Youse" or "youse guys" is common in many
1960:originated in the Philadelphia dialect among
1604:Consonant changes, especially reductions and
1564:Philadelphia forms the core of the one fully
1140:
620:
8237:
4517:Martinez, Pedro; Silverman, Michael (2015).
4330:"Bob Brady Archives - Philadelphia Magazine"
3849:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3343:
3341:
2813:Qualitative analyses of linguistic structure
2613:Kurath, Hans; McDavid, Raven I. Jr. (1961).
2418:
2228:version of the Philadelphia accent local to
2079:Another distinctively Philadelphian word is
1671:being pronounced as "Fluffya" or "Filelfia."
1034:In New Orleans, additionally occurs before
5013:
4450:
4229:
3924:
3660:
3089:
2842:(1989). R. W. Fasold; D. Schiffrin (eds.).
2621:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2157:— "with his curt Philadelphia accent"
1120:used in many other American dialects (See:
9505:National Museum of American Jewish History
9026:
9012:
8913:Comparison of American and British English
7886:
7872:
5390:
5376:
5187:
5173:
5111:
5109:
4837:"From boxing to eye-poking for Larry Fine"
4772:
4523:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 154.
4120:
3709:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 320.
3696:
2493:List of Philadelphia placename etymologies
2250:— "mimic Fine's Philadelphia accent"
1850:, respectively). For some Philadelphians,
1409:, and it is extended to occur before some
1316:Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge
1147:
1133:
925:
923:
921:
919:
627:
613:
106:, the dialect is spoken in places such as
4185:Philadelphia Almanac and Citizen's Manual
3979:
3876:
3803:
3622:
3347:
3338:
3241:
3179:
3144:
2603:
2266:— "distinctive Philadelphia accent"
1994:more often than not, frequently yielding
9033:
8606:
4834:
4824:. Philadelphia Magazine. April 22, 2008.
4498:Rutledge, Stephen (September 22, 2015).
4497:
4451:Fitzpatrick, Frank (December 10, 2009).
4418:
4349:
4288:
4258:
4057:Flappers 2 Rappers: American Youth Slang
3996:
3761:
3235:
2941:
1522:. The evidence suggests the movement of
1122:Historic "short o" before intervocalic r
987:may be lowered and retracted as much as
9298:African American Museum in Philadelphia
5649:
5106:
4898:
4879:
4799:
4746:
4550:
4405:
4052:
3764:"Rhotic and Non-Rhotic English Accents"
3703:Meyerhoff, Miriam; Nagy, Naomi (2008).
3230:Labov, Rosenfelder & Fruehwald 2013
3218:Labov, Rosenfelder & Fruehwald 2013
3206:Labov, Rosenfelder & Fruehwald 2013
3116:Labov, Rosenfelder & Fruehwald 2013
3090:Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben, eds. (2006).
3002:
2974:Payne, Arvilla (1980). W. Labov (ed.).
2811:. New York: Academic. pp. 51–265.
2390:; the characters often use a supposed "
1477:
979:
977:
916:
345:is the raising and diphthongization of
9779:
9358:Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
4924:
4721:
4551:McMANIS, S. A. M. (January 13, 1985).
4386:
4380:
3816:
3641:
3635:
3623:Fruehwald, Josef (November 11, 2007).
3544:
3492:
3480:
3423:
3060:
3036:. Vol. 85. Duke University Press.
3031:
2978:. Orlando: Academic. pp. 143–178.
2745:
2585:
2556:
2415:and others have been mostly positive.
2187:— "With his thick Philly accent"
2139:— Philly accent remains as thick
2127:— "his pronounced Philly accent"
2002:("yiz") rather than the stereotypical
319:
134:is the home institution of pioneering
16:Variety or dialect of American English
9827:Working-class culture in Pennsylvania
9575:Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial
9510:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
9428:Independence National Historical Park
9007:
7867:
5425:
5371:
5168:
5086:
5058:
4701:
4592:
4590:
4478:
4307:
3897:
3819:"The Sound of Philadelphia Fades Out"
3797:
3755:
3729:
3723:
3671:
3583:
3571:
3521:Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008)
2973:
2913:; Karen, Mark; Miller, Corey (1991).
2877:
2838:
2803:
2771:
2667:
2635:
2260:— "the old South Philly accent"
1777:. This is considered by many to be a
1729:
1339:Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story
946:In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs
766:
746:
8983:Non-native pronunciations of English
5144:"The Overlooked Philadelphia Accent"
5142:Trawick-Smith, Ben (July 15, 2011).
5115:
4998:
4453:"Little left in life of Tim Donaghy"
4399:
3348:Henderson, Anita (January 1, 1996).
3314:
2513:American English regional vocabulary
2270:
2097:
974:
38:. For the distinction between ,
9728:2016 Democratic National Convention
9480:Masonic Temple, Library, and Museum
4992:
4944:Libby Copeland (October 23, 2008).
4899:Amorosi, A.D. (November 22, 2017).
4752:
4679:. February 13, 2014. Archived from
4506:. World of Wonder Productions, LLC.
4500:"#BornThisDay: Musician, Joan Jett"
3290:
3127:
3094:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
2715:The Atlas of North American English
2145:— "thick Philadelphia accent"
2093:Notable examples of native speakers
1597:African-American Vernacular English
472:" has split into two phonemes: lax
382:are rhymes) from most varieties of
13:
9423:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
9308:American Swedish Historical Museum
4646:Craig Lyndall (January 14, 2015).
4587:
4406:Polanco, Luis (November 7, 2014).
4091:. February 3, 2008. Archived from
3121:
2809:The social origins of sound change
2739:
1397:). Consequently, the diphthong in
14:
9838:
9565:Shofuso Japanese House and Garden
9485:Museum of the American Revolution
4925:Rogers, John (October 25, 2010).
4835:Thompson, Gary (April 13, 2012).
4308:Smith, Lynn (December 30, 2002).
4030:
3063:Notes on the Philadelphia dialect
2885:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell.
2643:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell.
1502:; something near . The so-called
1235:borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow
506:(towards ) before the consonants
280:, and some reported weakening of
9760:
9751:
9750:
9585:Wagner Free Institute of Science
9475:Marian Anderson Residence Museum
7667:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
5497:Inland Northern American English
5350:
5349:
5135:
5080:
4358:. Interstate General Media, LLC.
4289:Nosowitz, Dan (March 24, 2016).
3817:Nester, Daniel (March 1, 2014).
3140:. University of Pennsylvania: 1.
3007:. Vol. 9. pp. 249–266.
2586:Duncan, Daniel (June 21, 2016).
2477:
2449:, and several others in the MTV
2115:— "a thick Philly accent."
1631:might be pronounced "shtreets" .
1568:major region of the traditional
1360:
1345:
1322:
1299:
1284:
1270:
1255:
1240:
1170:
1156:
490:
324:
195:among all socioeconomic levels.
76:Philadelphia's metropolitan area
9418:Historical Society of Frankford
7649:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5052:
5026:
5007:
4958:
4937:
4918:
4873:
4847:
4828:
4802:"HIS WIVES AND OTHER STRANGERS"
4793:
4695:
4665:
4639:
4617:
4566:
4544:
4510:
4491:
4472:
4444:
4362:
4343:
4322:
4301:
4282:
4223:
4191:
4176:
4138:
4128:"PhillyTalk.com – Philly Slang"
4099:
4033:"How they Talk in Philadelphia"
4024:
3947:
3930:
3891:
3870:
3843:
3604:
3589:
3326:
3302:
3065:. Vol. 19. pp. 39–42.
2523:
2109:— "Barris' Philly accent"
1800:sounds may be shortened before
1002:
957:
940:
30:International Phonetic Alphabet
9465:La Salle University Art Museum
9303:American Philosophical Society
8933:English-based creole languages
5399:Languages of the United States
4857:. June 1, 2001. Archived from
4800:Buckley, Tom (July 23, 1989).
3611:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3560:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3533:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3509:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3497:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3466:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3451:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3439:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3407:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3395:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3383:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3371:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3333:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3321:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3309:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3297:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3285:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
3278:
2917:. Vol. 3. pp. 33–74.
2559:Journal of English Linguistics
1:
9450:Institute of Contemporary Art
8973:List of English-based pidgins
5087:Adams, Sam (April 16, 2021).
4729:"Bloodhound Gang - Biography"
3852:Language Variation and Change
3562:, pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
3138:Working Papers in Linguistics
3102:
2718:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2409:Delaware County, Pennsylvania
2085:. According to Dan Nosowitz,
1558:
995:in varieties affected by the
155:Mid-Atlantic regional dialect
9550:Rosenbach Museum and Library
9525:Philadelphia's Magic Gardens
9495:National Constitution Center
8968:Linguistic purism in English
7602:Black American Sign Language
7380:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
5621:Western Pennsylvania English
4481:"Labor Confronts Race Issue"
4387:Vadala, Nick (May 6, 2024).
4266:"A Hoagie By Any Other Name"
4183:Kenneth Finkel, ed. (1995).
4171:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
3409:, pp. 173–174, 238–239.
3397:, pp. 173–174, 260–261.
2670:"Transmission and Diffusion"
2498:Western Pennsylvania English
1738:is traditionally pronounced
971:alone in this context have .
288:increasing towards unmarked
7:
9515:Philadelphia History Museum
9440:Independence Seaport Museum
9413:Historic Strawberry Mansion
8069:London & Thames Estuary
7396:Navajo Family Sign Language
5059:Adair, Jim (May 30, 2021).
4882:"The Godfather of Stand-Up"
4487:. Capitol News Company LLC.
3061:Tucker, Whitney R. (1944).
2470:
2334:
1905:may be pronounced with the
1706:is commonly deleted giving
1468:); in word-final position (
261:sound is never "dropped").
10:
9843:
9520:Philadelphia Museum of Art
9393:Glen Foerd on the Delaware
9368:Fabric Workshop and Museum
9348:Eastern State Penitentiary
8928:English as a lingua franca
7612:Puerto Rican Sign Language
5294:Pennsylvania Dutch English
5207:indicate extinct languages
4880:Johnson, Michelle (2003).
4713:. AOL, Inc. Archived from
3600:. De Gruyter. p. 291.
3248:University of Pennsylvania
2503:Pennsylvania Dutch English
1946:
1934:something" means roughly "
1921:
912:
272:, for example in fronting
198:
132:University of Pennsylvania
9797:Languages of Pennsylvania
9746:
9682:
9646:
9603:
9560:Science History Institute
9555:Ryerss Museum and Library
9313:Athenaeum of Philadelphia
9283:
9211:
9153:
9043:
8908:Broad and general accents
8890:
8843:
8818:regional and occupational
8798:
8785:
8778:
8690:
8651:
8599:
8577:
8517:
8449:
8314:
8303:
8248:
8230:
8203:
8175:
8138:
8115:
8054:
8016:
7939:
7930:
7919:
7910:
7687:
7658:
7638:
7620:
7587:
7578:
7536:
7498:
7455:
7417:
7408:
7368:
7335:Anishinaabe Sign Language
7326:
7317:
7272:
7210:
7203:
7139:
7041:
7013:
6995:
6891:
6873:
6821:
6695:
6590:
6536:
6497:
6470:
6418:
6381:
6350:
6314:
6219:
6171:
5997:
5947:
5919:
5882:
5844:
5656:
5638:
5584:Southern American English
5564:Pacific Northwest English
5554:Northern American English
5435:
5416:
5405:
5345:
5329:
5256:
5212:
5202:
5196:Languages of Pennsylvania
5066:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4988:– via Google Books.
4458:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4088:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3877:Fruehwald, Josef (2023).
3864:10.1017/S0954394512000099
3838:Kurath & McDavid 1961
3242:Fruehwald, Josef (2013).
2419:News media and reality TV
2306:northeastern Philadelphia
1425:has actually undergone a
1320:
1297:
1268:
1238:
901:
887:
869:
867:
820:
811:
793:
791:
789:
748:
744:
742:
740:
388:Southern American English
372:Northern American English
329:
290:Northern American English
100:Eastern Shore of Maryland
9408:Hill–Physick–Keith House
9353:Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion
6362:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
5616:Western American English
5512:Midland American English
5487:General American English
5440:African-American English
5284:Inland Northern American
4888:. Fairfax Media Limited.
3944:. Yale University. 2017.
3885:American Dialect Society
3762:Dal Vera, Rocco (1998).
3613:, p. 114–15, 237–38
3547:, pp. 130, 136–137.
3032:Thomas, Erik R. (2001).
2947:Understanding Birmingham
2571:10.1177/0075424208316648
2508:Midland American English
2441:, political commentator
2312:Garrett "G. Love" Dutton
1754:. However, the Northern
1421:. Fruehwald argues that
294:General American English
147:Midland American English
9802:Languages of New Jersey
9792:Culture of Philadelphia
9500:National Liberty Museum
7338:Blackfoot Sign Language
5549:New York Latino English
5452:American Indian English
4574:"Archives - Philly.com"
4350:Morrison, John (2014).
3925:Wolfram & Ward 2006
3678:Philadelphia City Paper
3003:Roberts, Julie (1997).
2668:Labov, William (2007).
2386:or any other region of
1765:is commonly pronounced
1758:has also been reported.
1092:is merged instead with
176:. Today, an especially
86:, counties of northern
60:Delaware Valley English
26:phonetic transcriptions
9388:Germantown White House
9270:Southwest Philadelphia
9260:Northwest Philadelphia
9248:Northeast Philadelphia
8086:Received Pronunciation
7674:Henniker Sign Language
7597:American Sign Language
7341:Cheyenne Sign Language
6206:Central Siberian Yupik
6201:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
5696:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
5606:Upper Michigan English
5579:Puerto Rican Englishes
5337:American Sign Language
5289:Northeast Pennsylvania
5014:O'Neill, Erin (2015).
4933:. Journal Media Group.
4717:on September 24, 2015.
4702:Stone, Andrea (2010).
4652:waitingfornextyear.com
4211:Cite journal requires
3779:Cite journal requires
3743:Cite journal requires
3266:Cite journal requires
2759:Cite journal requires
2025:positive polarity item
1698:, which begin with an
1589:Philadelphia Main Line
642:North American English
160:According to linguist
23:This article contains
9373:Fairmount Water Works
8280:Multicultural Toronto
7376:Hawai'i Sign Language
7359:Ktunaxa Sign Language
7354:Plateau Sign Language
7116:Northern Sierra Miwok
7056:Southern Sierra Miwok
6365:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
6113:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
5601:Transatlantic English
5544:New York City English
5534:New Mexican Englishes
5517:New England Englishes
4946:"Campaign Curriculum"
4562:– via LA Times.
4053:Dalzell, Tom (1996).
3972:10.1075/LV.15.2.01FRU
3912:10.1353/lan.2020.0001
3172:10.1353/lan.2013.0015
2689:10.1353/lan.2007.0082
2605:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653
2359:A History of Violence
2342:New York City dialect
2258:Edward "Babe" Heffron
2197:Patrick Joseph Murphy
2072:sprinkles are called
997:Low Back Merger Shift
143:New York City English
9036:City of Philadelphia
8441:Western Pennsylvania
7824:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
7692:in 2021 in millions)
7630:Samoan Sign Language
7347:Navajo Sign Language
7282:Afro-Seminole Creole
7051:Central Sierra Miwok
6630:North Straits Salish
6054:Mescalero-Chiricahua
5574:Philadelphia English
5279:Central Pennsylvania
4999:Kark, Chris (2004).
3960:Linguistic Variation
3468:, pp. 178, 180.
3128:Ash, Sharon (2002).
1593:Transatlantic accent
1576:-pronouncing today.
1407:voiceless consonants
546:use the tense , but
468:, historical "short
98:), and the northern
56:Philadelphia English
9590:Woodmere Art Museum
9530:Please Touch Museum
8978:Mid-Atlantic accent
8569:Trinidad and Tobago
7690:(number of speakers
7688:Immigrant languages
7386:Inuit Sign Language
5611:Utah Mormon English
5539:New Orleans English
5457:Appalachian English
5257:Immigrant languages
5213:Indigenous language
4951:The Washington Post
4931:Ventura County Star
4753:Kennedy, Kae Lani.
4709:The Huffington Post
4603:The Washington Post
4479:Smith, Ben (2008).
3672:Quinn, Jim (1997).
3535:, pp. 181–182.
3499:, pp. 175–177.
3385:, pp. 173–174.
2485:Philadelphia portal
2457:Venezuelan American
1570:American East Coast
1504:horse–hoarse merger
1183:
644:
320:Linguistic features
74:and extending into
9455:John Johnson House
9383:Franklin Institute
9265:South Philadelphia
9226:North Philadelphia
9133:Historic Landmarks
8501:Pennsylvania Dutch
7465:Pennsylvania Dutch
7344:Cree Sign Language
7156:Havasupai–Hualapai
7102:Kings River Yokuts
7081:Buena Vista Yokuts
7061:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
5569:Pennsylvania Dutch
5492:High Tider English
5477:California English
5311:Pennsylvania Dutch
4807:The New York Times
4134:on March 23, 2008.
4095:on April 22, 2008.
4009:The New York Times
3824:The New York Times
3684:on January 1, 2012
2465:Venezuelan Spanish
2324:Benjamin Netanyahu
2230:South Philadelphia
2040:submarine sandwich
1730:Phonemic incidence
1585:South Philadelphia
1478:Phonemic incidence
1128:
1086:furry–ferry merger
608:
530:(so, for example,
422:. The fronting of
257:(meaning that the
9774:
9773:
9733:Philadelphia Mint
9700:Independence Hall
9433:Independence Hall
9318:Barnes Foundation
9275:West Philadelphia
9198:Police Department
9178:District Attorney
9128:Sites of interest
9001:
9000:
8886:
8885:
8686:
8685:
8595:
8594:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8434:Pacific Northwest
8295:Standard Canadian
8226:
8225:
8171:
8170:
8111:
8110:
7861:
7860:
7683:
7682:
7574:
7573:
7404:
7403:
7318:Manual Indigenous
7313:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7199:
7198:
6574:Northeastern Pomo
6561:Southeastern Pomo
6334:Northern Kalapuya
5634:
5633:
5462:Baltimore English
5365:
5364:
5116:Loviglio, Joann.
4861:on April 27, 2014
4432:. October 7, 2014
4376:. April 29, 2013.
4315:Los Angeles Times
4012:. August 19, 1993
3716:978-90-272-9075-5
2725:978-3-11-016746-7
2549:978-1-57473-423-2
2308:where I grew up."
2271:Marginal speakers
2098:Lifelong speakers
1988:Northeastern U.S.
1936:have/has finished
1718:Consonant cluster
1627:. Thus, the word
1518:may constitute a
1411:voiced consonants
1375:
1374:
1204:Metropolitan New
1051:
1050:
963:In Philadelphia,
935:alas, carafe, lad
896:as, back, happy,
882:ask, bath, half,
595:tensing of short
466:Baltimore accents
355:cot–caught merger
286:dialect levelling
162:Barbara Johnstone
151:Baltimore accents
9834:
9817:City colloquials
9807:Delaware culture
9787:American English
9764:
9754:
9753:
9695:Carpenters' Hall
9338:Civil War Museum
9333:Betsy Ross House
9323:Bartram's Garden
9037:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9005:
9004:
8898:English language
8783:
8782:
8604:
8603:
8587:Falkland Islands
8486:General American
8459:African-American
8312:
8311:
8246:
8245:
8235:
8234:
7937:
7936:
7928:
7927:
7917:
7916:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7865:
7864:
7585:
7584:
7556:Louisiana Creole
7415:
7414:
7324:
7323:
7208:
7207:
6499:Plateau Penutian
6327:Central Kalapuya
5654:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5429:American English
5423:
5422:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5353:
5352:
5269:African American
5189:
5182:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5003:. ASU Web Devil.
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4711:(Politics Daily)
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4627:. April 22, 2008
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4130:. Archived from
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4060:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4031:Hirsh, Elliott.
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3951:
3945:
3938:Done My Homework
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3814:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3680:. Archived from
3669:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3495:, pp. 1–2;
3490:
3484:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3246:(Dissertation).
3239:
3233:
3232:, p. 30–65.
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3157:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2729:
2708:
2674:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2609:
2607:
2582:
2553:
2537:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2404:Mare of Easttown
2254:William Guarnere
2213:Kellyanne Conway
2143:Johnny Dougherty
2131:The Dead Milkmen
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1966:African American
1962:Italian American
1912:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1757:
1744:American English
1741:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1681:
1677:
1662:
1626:
1614:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1392:
1384:
1379:Canadian raising
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1154:Distribution of
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1116:rather than the
1115:
1111:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1055:Mary–marry–merry
1043:
1041:
1037:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1000:
994:
986:
981:
972:
961:
955:
944:
938:
927:
908:
878:
862:grab, flash, sad
858:
849:
839:dragon, magazine
835:
827:
818:
802:
780:
773:
761:animal, planet,
757:
737:fan, lamb, stand
733:
645:
637:
629:
622:
615:
607:
592:General American
557:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
500:
497:
496:
483:
475:
449:
445:
437:
433:
429:
425:
409:
405:
367:
363:
352:
348:
340:
306:nasal consonants
303:
299:
283:
279:
275:
240:
239:
215:
214:
205:New York accents
186:Italian-American
174:Northern Ireland
166:Northern England
68:American English
62:is a variety or
45:
41:
9842:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9822:Delaware Valley
9777:
9776:
9775:
9770:
9742:
9690:Delaware Valley
9678:
9642:
9599:
9540:RittenhouseTown
9460:John Ruan House
9363:Elfreth's Alley
9328:Belmont Mansion
9279:
9207:
9203:School district
9188:Fire Department
9149:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9002:
8997:
8882:
8839:
8794:
8774:
8682:
8678:Solomon Islands
8647:
8591:
8573:
8505:
8496:New York Latino
8471:American Indian
8451:
8445:
8306:
8299:
8240:
8222:
8208:Channel Islands
8199:
8167:
8134:
8107:
8050:
8012:
7922:
7906:
7892:
7862:
7857:
7691:
7689:
7679:
7654:
7634:
7616:
7580:
7570:
7532:
7494:
7451:
7410:
7400:
7364:
7319:
7305:
7274:
7268:
7195:
7142:
7135:
7037:
7009:
6991:
6936:Northern Paiute
6887:
6883:Coast Tsimshian
6869:
6817:
6691:
6586:
6532:
6493:
6466:
6414:
6377:
6346:
6310:
6215:
6167:
6074:Upper Kuskokwim
6000:
5993:
5943:
5915:
5878:
5840:
5641:
5640:Oral Indigenous
5630:
5626:Yeshiva English
5482:Chicano English
5431:
5412:
5401:
5396:
5366:
5361:
5341:
5325:
5252:
5208:
5198:
5193:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5114:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5012:
5008:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4971:. Pluto Press.
4963:
4959:
4942:
4938:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4897:
4893:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4843:. Press Reader.
4833:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4759:Matador Network
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4683:on May 24, 2015
4671:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4515:
4511:
4496:
4492:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4404:
4400:
4385:
4381:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4310:"He's got game"
4306:
4302:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4232:American Speech
4228:
4224:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4152:. April 4, 2005
4144:
4143:
4139:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3952:
3948:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3896:
3892:
3887:annual meeting.
3875:
3871:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3815:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3670:
3661:
3654:
3640:
3636:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3430:
3426:, pp. 1–2.
3422:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3197:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3020:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2898:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2848:in Philadelphia
2827:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2740:Further reading
2737:
2726:
2672:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2629:
2550:
2535:
2526:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2421:
2396:northern region
2369:The Sixth Sense
2337:
2273:
2222:
2207:Bloodhound Gang
2100:
2095:
1992:vowel reduction
1949:
1941:to be done with
1924:
1732:
1579:Non-rhoticity (
1561:
1547:
1537:
1499:
1460:near . As with
1445:
1441:
1437:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1344:
1325:
1321:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1243:
1239:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1173:
1169:
1168:and prevocalic
1159:
1155:
1153:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1007:
1003:
982:
975:
962:
958:
945:
941:
928:
917:
897:
883:
875:
874:Non-prevocalic
855:
854:Non-prevocalic
799:
798:Non-prevocalic
784:frank, language
762:
754:
730:
729:Non-prevocalic
722:
715:
709:
700:
692:
687:
682:
672:
662:
654:
649:
633:
528:closed syllable
493:
489:
438:, the vowel in
365:
361:
350:
338:
332:
327:
322:
237:
227:) as well as a
212:
201:
193:Delaware Valley
80:Delaware Valley
78:throughout the
53:
52:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9840:
9830:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9812:American slang
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9772:
9771:
9769:
9768:
9758:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9650:
9648:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9609:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9289:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9241:Olney-Oak Lane
9238:
9233:
9223:
9217:
9215:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9145:Transportation
9142:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9125:
9120:
9118:Notable people
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9047:
9045:
9041:
9040:
9031:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9008:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8940:
8938:Englishisation
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8849:
8847:
8845:Southeast Asia
8841:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8760:South Atlantic
8757:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8694:
8692:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8658:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8612:
8610:
8601:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8542:Cayman Islands
8539:
8534:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8467:
8466:
8455:
8453:
8452:ethno-cultural
8447:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8370:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8243:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8144:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8088:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8066:
8060:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8044:Stoke-on-Trent
8041:
8036:
8026:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7934:
7925:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7903:Modern English
7891:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7868:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7738:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7695:
7693:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7582:
7579:Manual settler
7576:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7547:
7545:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7508:Caló (Chicano)
7504:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7421:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7391:Keresan Pueblo
7388:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7287:Chinook Jargon
7284:
7278:
7276:
7273:Mixed or trade
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7259:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7095:Gashowu Yokuts
7091:
7084:
7077:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7001:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6982:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6966:Ute-Chemehuevi
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6879:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6686:Upper Chehalis
6682:
6675:
6668:
6665:Lower Chehalis
6661:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6605:Columbia-Moses
6602:
6596:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6483:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6359:Cochiti Pueblo
6356:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6322:
6320:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6087:
6086:
6084:Western Apache
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5955:
5953:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5786:Mohegan-Pequot
5782:
5779:Miami-Illinois
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:Boston English
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5330:Sign languages
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5134:
5105:
5093:Slate Magazine
5079:
5051:
5040:. June 2, 2021
5025:
5006:
4991:
4977:
4957:
4936:
4917:
4891:
4872:
4846:
4841:Jerusalem Post
4827:
4813:
4792:
4771:
4745:
4720:
4694:
4677:Media Trackers
4664:
4638:
4616:
4586:
4565:
4543:
4529:
4509:
4504:The Wow Report
4490:
4471:
4443:
4417:
4398:
4379:
4361:
4342:
4321:
4300:
4281:
4257:
4244:10.2307/452990
4238:(4): 279–288.
4222:
4213:|journal=
4190:
4175:
4173:, p. 293.
4163:
4137:
4119:
4098:
4074:
4067:
4045:
4023:
3995:
3966:(2): 141–168.
3946:
3929:
3917:
3890:
3869:
3858:(2): 179–202.
3842:
3830:
3802:
3800:, p. 123.
3790:
3781:|journal=
3754:
3745:|journal=
3722:
3715:
3695:
3659:
3652:
3634:
3615:
3603:
3588:
3586:, p. 373.
3576:
3574:, p. 359.
3564:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3511:, p. 183.
3501:
3485:
3483:, p. 145.
3470:
3455:
3453:, p. 238.
3443:
3441:, p. 173.
3428:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3373:, p. 182.
3363:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3268:|journal=
3234:
3222:
3210:
3195:
3143:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3058:
3029:
3000:
2971:
2943:Labov, William
2939:
2911:Labov, William
2907:
2879:Labov, William
2875:
2840:Labov, William
2836:
2805:Labov, William
2801:
2769:
2761:|journal=
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2709:
2683:(2): 344–387.
2665:
2637:Labov, William
2633:
2627:
2610:
2583:
2565:(2): 129–154.
2554:
2548:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2472:
2469:
2443:Chris Matthews
2427:, the host of
2420:
2417:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2283:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2251:
2245:
2240:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2179:Chris Matthews
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
1948:
1945:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1881:In words like
1879:
1790:
1759:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1688:yew–hew merger
1684:
1672:
1632:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1541:
1531:
1492:
1481:
1435:
1427:phonemic split
1389:) but not for
1373:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1296:
1267:
1252:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1001:
973:
956:
939:
937:, etc.) have .
914:
913:
910:
909:
900:
893:
889:
888:
886:
879:
871:
870:
868:
866:
864:
859:
851:
850:
841:
836:
829:
828:
819:
810:
808:
803:
795:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
781:
775:
774:
765:
758:
750:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
734:
726:
725:
718:
711:
703:
696:
676:
666:
656:
651:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
606:
605:
568:camera, family
451:
399:
358:
343:New Englanders
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
266:American South
229:phonemic split
200:
197:
182:Irish-American
46:⟩, see
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9839:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9757:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9722:United States
9718:
9716:
9715:Syng inkstand
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9705:Congress Hall
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9681:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9490:Mütter Museum
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9403:Grumblethorpe
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9249:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9213:Neighborhoods
9210:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9156:
9152:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9029:
9024:
9022:
9017:
9015:
9010:
9009:
9006:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8958:International
8956:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8638:Torres Strait
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8576:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8448:
8442:
8439:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8374:
8373:North-Central
8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8351:New York City
8349:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:Ottawa Valley
8283:
8281:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8202:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8079:Multicultural
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8039:Black Country
8037:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8029:West Midlands
8027:
8025:
8024:East Midlands
8022:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7889:
7884:
7882:
7877:
7875:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7686:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7577:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7407:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7316:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7066:Valley Yokuts
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6846:Southern Tiwa
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6805:Tutelo-Saponi
6802:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Coeur d'Alene
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6581:Northern Pomo
6578:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:Southern Pomo
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:Laguna Pueblo
6373:
6370:
6368:Western Keres
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6298:Susquehannock
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6284:Neutral Huron
6281:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6211:Chevak Cup’ik
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6134:Plains Apache
6131:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5939:Upper Chinook
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5765:Nawathinehena
5762:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5637:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:Texan English
5594:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Maine English
5505:
5503:
5502:Miami English
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Cajun English
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5407:Languages in
5404:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5358:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5247:Susquehannock
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5110:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4995:
4980:
4978:9780745317885
4974:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4817:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4781:
4775:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4698:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4626:
4620:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4575:
4569:
4554:
4547:
4532:
4530:9780544279339
4526:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4447:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4413:
4412:SPIN magazine
4409:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4331:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4295:Atlas Obscura
4292:
4285:
4267:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4205:
4194:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4151:
4147:
4146:"Tony Luke's"
4141:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4108:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4070:
4068:0-87779-612-2
4064:
4059:
4058:
4049:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3927:, p. 90.
3926:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3773:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3737:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:"Phillyspeak"
3668:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3653:3-11-017532-0
3649:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3545:Boberg (2008)
3541:
3534:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3493:Duncan (2016)
3489:
3482:
3481:Boberg (2008)
3477:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3424:Duncan (2016)
3420:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3335:, p. 239
3334:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3311:, p. 173
3310:
3305:
3299:, p. 237
3298:
3293:
3287:, p. 189
3286:
3281:
3273:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3220:, p. 55.
3219:
3214:
3208:, p. 61.
3207:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:(1): 31, 49.
3165:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2628:9780817301293
2624:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:Atlantic City
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2364:Toni Collette
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:Gloria Allred
2278:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:David Brenner
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:Katie McGinty
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:David Brenner
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2062:are known as
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2015:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:working class
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1857:
1853:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1702:cluster, the
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:-vocalization
1637:
1633:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1611:The sibilant
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1532:
1521:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1293:
1279:
1264:
1253:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1192:Pronunciation
1188:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1165:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1011:
1005:
998:
992:
983:The untensed
980:
978:
970:
966:
960:
953:
949:
943:
936:
932:
926:
924:
922:
920:
915:
911:
906:
899:
894:
891:
890:
885:
880:
873:
872:
865:
863:
860:
853:
852:
847:
842:
840:
837:
831:
830:
825:
816:
809:
807:
804:
797:
796:
787:
785:
782:
777:
776:
771:
764:
759:
752:
751:
738:
735:
728:
727:
724:
719:
717:
712:
707:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
685:
680:
677:
675:
670:
667:
665:
660:
659:New York City
657:
652:
647:
646:
643:
639:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
505:
499:
487:
479:
471:
467:
463:
459:
457:
452:
441:
421:
417:
413:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
356:
344:
337:
336:
335:
325:Pronunciation
317:
313:
311:
307:
295:
291:
287:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
255:rhotic accent
252:
248:
244:
234:
231:of the short
230:
226:
225:
221:
210:
206:
196:
194:
190:
189:working-class
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:William Labov
137:
136:sociolinguist
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Atlantic City
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
37:
33:
31:
27:
19:
9721:
9710:Liberty Bell
9545:Rodin Museum
9378:Fort Mifflin
9193:Free Library
9173:City Council
9093:Demographics
9073:Bibliography
9068:Architecture
9062:
8743:South Africa
8738:Sierra Leone
8491:Miami Latino
8380:Philadelphia
8379:
8368:Inland North
8273:Newfoundland
8091:West Country
7905:by continent
7672:
7665:
7647:
7639:
7528:Sabine River
7523:Puerto Rican
7475:Plautdietsch
7409:Oral settler
7352:
7300:Mohawk Dutch
7298:
7261:
7254:
7130:Plains Miwok
7128:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
6984:
6977:
6862:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6579:
6572:
6551:Eastern Pomo
6546:Central Pomo
6525:
6518:
6486:
6459:
6407:
6371:Acoma Pueblo
6339:
6332:
6325:
6315:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6160:
6155:Upper Umpqua
6153:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6079:Upper Tanana
6049:Lower Tanana
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5948:
5908:
5846:Austronesian
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5800:Narragansett
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5701:Massachusett
5573:
5427:Dialects of
5411:are extinct.
5408:
5354:
5299:Philadelphia
5298:
5245:
5238:
5229:
5204:
5151:. Retrieved
5148:15 July 2011
5147:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:
5096:. Retrieved
5092:
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5064:
5054:
5042:. Retrieved
5037:
5028:
5019:
5009:
4994:
4984:February 14,
4982:. Retrieved
4967:
4960:
4949:
4939:
4930:
4920:
4910:February 23,
4908:. Retrieved
4905:Philly Voice
4904:
4894:
4885:
4875:
4865:February 14,
4863:. Retrieved
4859:the original
4849:
4840:
4830:
4816:
4805:
4795:
4785:September 5,
4783:. Retrieved
4774:
4762:. Retrieved
4758:
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4715:the original
4707:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4681:the original
4676:
4667:
4655:. Retrieved
4651:
4641:
4631:February 14,
4629:. Retrieved
4619:
4609:February 14,
4607:. Retrieved
4601:
4579:February 14,
4577:. Retrieved
4568:
4558:February 14,
4556:. Retrieved
4546:
4534:. Retrieved
4519:
4512:
4503:
4493:
4484:
4474:
4464:November 23,
4462:. Retrieved
4456:
4446:
4434:. Retrieved
4430:Punknews.org
4429:
4420:
4411:
4401:
4392:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4345:
4335:February 14,
4333:. Retrieved
4324:
4313:
4303:
4294:
4284:
4274:December 18,
4272:. Retrieved
4260:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4204:cite journal
4193:
4184:
4178:
4166:
4156:February 14,
4154:. Retrieved
4149:
4140:
4132:the original
4122:
4112:February 14,
4110:. Retrieved
4101:
4093:the original
4086:
4077:
4056:
4048:
4038:February 14,
4036:. Retrieved
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
4007:
3998:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3941:
3932:
3920:
3906:(1): 42–59.
3903:
3899:
3893:
3879:
3872:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3833:
3822:
3793:
3772:cite journal
3757:
3736:cite journal
3725:
3705:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3682:the original
3677:
3643:
3637:
3628:
3618:
3606:
3597:
3591:
3584:Labov (2007)
3579:
3572:Labov (2007)
3567:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3488:
3446:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3357:
3353:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3259:cite journal
3251:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3163:
3159:
3146:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3111:
3098:
3091:
3062:
3033:
3004:
2975:
2946:
2914:
2882:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2812:
2808:
2777:
2773:
2752:cite journal
2713:
2680:
2676:
2640:
2616:
2595:
2591:
2562:
2558:
2539:
2524:Bibliography
2450:
2432:
2422:
2413:Kate Winslet
2402:
2400:
2388:South Jersey
2373:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2302:Noam Chomsky
2290:Bruce Willis
2274:
2223:
2155:Joe Kerrigan
2107:Chuck Barris
2101:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2016:
1970:
1955:
1953:interjection
1950:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1862:(pronounced
1855:
1851:
1842:(pronounced
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:rhymes with
1820:
1815:(as in "the
1809:
1808:rhymes with
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:rather than
1770:
1762:
1751:
1750:rather than
1747:
1735:
1695:
1691:
1669:Philadelphia
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1580:
1573:
1469:
1465:
1453:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1338:
1315:
1234:
1210:Philadelphia
1209:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1004:
968:
964:
959:
951:
947:
942:
934:
931:am, can, had
930:
895:
881:
861:
838:
805:
783:
760:
736:
721:Great Lakes
710:Mountain US
674:Philadelphia
673:
600:only before
596:
583:
582:(tense) and
579:
578:. The words
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
485:
480:) and tense
477:
469:
455:
439:
419:
415:
398:are rhymes).
395:
391:
379:
375:
333:
314:
304:only before
263:
258:
250:
246:
242:
232:
223:
219:
202:
159:
154:
90:(especially
84:South Jersey
72:Philadelphia
59:
55:
54:
42:and ⟨
24:
18:
9669:Rittenhouse
9580:Penn Museum
9535:Powel House
9445:Insectarium
9253:River Wards
9236:Upper North
9231:Lower North
9221:Center City
9140:Skyscrapers
8868:Philippines
8661:New Zealand
8547:Bay Islands
8527:The Bahamas
8450:Social and
8407:New Orleans
8324:New England
8218:Isle of Man
8163:Port Talbot
8064:East Anglia
7981:Northumbria
7758:Hindi (0.9)
7566:Angloromani
7518:New Mexican
7447:New England
7088:Coast Miwok
6961:Tübatulabal
6893:Uto-Aztecan
6875:Tsimshianic
6864:Piro Pueblo
6784:Mitchigamea
6740:Omaha–Ponca
6705:Assiniboine
6620:Lushootseed
6472:Palaihnihan
6305:Wenrohronon
6001:Yeniseian?)
5864:Refaluwasch
5751:Gros Ventre
5274:Appalachian
3688:January 16,
3079:|work=
3050:|work=
3021:|work=
2992:|work=
2963:|work=
2931:|work=
2899:|work=
2867:|work=
2828:|work=
2793:|work=
2657:|work=
2461:Sonya Smith
2447:Bam Margera
2439:Joe Bonsall
2380:Kevin Bacon
2286:Kevin Bacon
2237:Joey Bishop
2185:Mike Mayock
2173:Bam Margera
2137:Tim Donaghy
1838:rhyme with
1646:labio-velar
1619:to (as in
1617:palatalized
1520:chain shift
1480:" section).
1381:occurs for
1222:New England
1216:Southern US
1182:by dialect
1088:), so that
948:began, ran,
832:Prevocalic
753:Prevocalic
714:Minnesota,
708:, Northern
684:New England
664:New Orleans
218:words like
9781:Categories
9674:Washington
9595:Wyck House
9470:Lemon Hill
9155:Government
8808:Bangladesh
8800:South Asia
8753:Cape Flats
8703:The Gambia
8628:Aboriginal
8464:vernacular
8429:California
8402:High Tider
8397:Appalachia
8258:Aboriginal
8190:South-West
8034:Birmingham
7991:Sunderland
7976:Manchester
7966:Lancashire
7779:Urdu (0.5)
7747:Portuguese
7717:Vietnamese
7607:Protactile
7589:Francosign
7256:Chitimacha
7109:Lake Miwok
6610:Halkomelem
6106:Holikachuk
5981:Purisimeño
5726:Potawatomi
5445:Vernacular
5304:Pittsburgh
5038:Billy Penn
4393:Philly.com
4356:Philly.com
4150:New Yorker
4083:"My sweet"
3798:Labov 2001
3323:, chpt. 17
3103:References
2732:Chapter 17
2425:Jim Cramer
2353:Invincible
2328:Cheltenham
2296:Jill Biden
2264:Dom Irrera
2248:Larry Fine
2226:non-rhotic
2167:Herb Magee
2125:Jim Cramer
2060:sprinkles,
2021:is used as
1977:Pittsburgh
1899:prostitute
1858:also have
1792:Both long-
1779:shibboleth
1721:reductions
1559:Consonants
892:Otherwise
694:Western US
689:Pittsburgh
679:Midland US
650:consonant
648:Following
390:(in which
374:(in which
276:, raising
120:Wilmington
92:New Castle
70:native to
9163:City Hall
9103:Education
9078:Companies
8873:Singapore
8835:Sri Lanka
8790:Hong Kong
8616:variation
8608:Australia
8519:Caribbean
8385:Baltimore
8268:Lunenburg
8213:Gibraltar
8130:Highlands
8008:Yorkshire
7971:Liverpool
7581:languages
7561:Spanglish
7544:languages
7470:Hutterite
7427:Louisiana
7411:languages
7328:Hand Talk
7320:languages
7275:Languages
7123:Palewyami
7074:Bay Miwok
7043:Yuk-Utian
6921:Kitanemuk
6755:Winnebago
6679:Tillamook
6507:Nez Perce
6461:Apalachee
6433:Chickasaw
6420:Muskogean
6317:Kalapuyan
6264:Tuscarora
6221:Iroquoian
6064:Tanacross
6039:Jicarilla
6014:Deg Xinag
5988:Ventureño
5960:Barbareño
5950:Chumashan
5929:Kathlamet
5921:Chinookan
5874:Tokelauan
5793:Nanticoke
5706:Menominee
5676:Blackfoot
5642:languages
4764:April 30,
4738:April 30,
4687:March 10,
4436:April 30,
3081:ignored (
3071:cite book
3052:ignored (
3042:cite book
3023:ignored (
3013:cite book
2994:ignored (
2984:cite book
2965:ignored (
2955:cite book
2933:ignored (
2923:cite book
2901:ignored (
2891:cite book
2869:ignored (
2859:cite book
2830:ignored (
2820:cite book
2795:ignored (
2785:cite book
2659:ignored (
2649:cite book
2579:146478485
2437:, singer
2434:Mad Money
2407:, set in
2203:Jimmy Pop
2161:Jim Lynam
2149:Joan Jett
2113:Bob Brady
2070:chocolate
1975:" or the
1895:Baltimore
1887:beautiful
1883:gratitude
1852:colleague
1796:and long-
1761:The word
1623:) before
1606:lenitions
1190:Received
806:bag, drag
716:Wisconsin
699:Southern
669:Baltimore
560:bad, mad,
241:(causing
104:Baltimore
9756:Category
9659:Franklin
9633:Phillies
9628:Freedoms
9343:Cliveden
9056:Timeline
8993:Standard
8963:Learning
8951:Nerrière
8942:Globish
8858:Malaysia
8830:Pakistan
8770:Zimbabwe
8698:Cameroon
8532:Barbados
8263:Atlantic
8231:Americas
8148:Abercraf
8117:Scotland
8096:Cornwall
8017:Midlands
8001:Teesside
7996:Tyneside
7986:Pitmatic
7949:Cheshire
7895:Dialects
7828:Armenian
7801:Gujarati
7795:Japanese
7659:Isolates
7485:Alsatian
7437:Missouri
7369:Isolates
7211:Isolates
7171:Maricopa
7166:Kumeyaay
6997:Wakashan
6956:Timbisha
6951:Shoshoni
6916:Kawaiisu
6911:Ivilyuat
6901:Comanche
6672:Quinault
6645:Thompson
6635:Okanagan
6625:Nooksack
6592:Salishan
6512:Sahaptin
6488:Atsugewi
6480:Achumawi
6453:Muscogee
6448:Mikasuki
6341:Yoncalla
6291:Nottoway
6249:Onondaga
6234:Cherokee
6173:Eskaleut
6141:Tsetsaut
6024:Gwich’in
6019:Dena'ina
5974:Obispeño
5859:Hawaiian
5854:Chamorro
5814:Powhatan
5744:Etchemin
5681:Cheyenne
5650:Families
5356:Category
5220:Delaware
5153:June 25,
5127:June 25,
4657:March 5,
4536:July 18,
4485:Politico
4374:MetroMBA
3990:59887277
3900:Language
3190:56451894
3160:Language
2881:(1994).
2807:(1980).
2697:40070845
2677:Language
2639:(2001).
2471:See also
2459:actress
2375:Sleepers
2350:series,
2335:In media
2318:Tina Fey
2074:jimmies.
2036:sandwich
1913:, as in
1891:attitude
1876:/fəˈtiɡ/
1872:/ˈkɑliɡ/
1868:/fəˈtɪɡ/
1864:/ˈkɑlɪɡ/
1775:/ˈwɔtər/
1767:/ˈwʊtər/
1708:/ˈjumən/
1546:, as in
1536:, as in
1508:New York
1199:American
1197:General
1106:horrible
965:bad, mad
898:locality
653:Example
572:catholic
462:New York
460:: As in
349:, as in
170:Scotland
124:Vineland
88:Delaware
40:/ /
36:Help:IPA
9683:Related
9647:Squares
9570:Stenton
9285:Museums
9183:Airport
9098:Economy
9088:Culture
9083:Cuisine
9051:History
8923:Engrish
8918:E-Prime
8891:Related
8878:Vietnam
8863:Myanmar
8733:Nigeria
8728:Namibia
8718:Liberia
8600:Oceania
8582:Bermuda
8554:Jamaica
8481:Chicano
8319:Midland
8305:United
8241:America
8177:Ireland
8153:Cardiff
8125:Glasgow
8074:Cockney
7954:Cumbria
7932:England
7923:Britain
7899:accents
7819:Punjabi
7807:Bengali
7783:Persian
7774:Italian
7753:Haitian
7741:Russian
7711:Tagalog
7705:Chinese
7699:Spanish
7640:Kentish
7500:Spanish
7480:Bernese
7442:Muskrat
7263:Tonkawa
7233:Siuslaw
7228:Kutenai
7191:Yavapai
7181:Quechan
7151:Cocopah
7143:Cochimí
7023:Nomlaki
7015:Wintuan
6946:Serrano
6941:O'odham
6926:Luiseño
6841:Picuris
6791:Moneton
6777:Chiwere
6770:Catawba
6720:Hidatsa
6658:Cowlitz
6615:Klallam
6556:Kashaya
6520:Klamath
6443:Koasati
6438:Choctaw
6428:Alabama
6401:Nisenan
6383:Maiduan
6352:Keresan
6269:Wyandot
6196:Alutiiq
6186:Inupiat
6162:Wailaki
6148:Tututni
6127:Mattole
6044:Koyukon
5967:Cruzeño
5902:Wichita
5892:Arikara
5884:Caddoan
5821:Quiripi
5807:Pamlico
5772:Mahican
5731:Shawnee
5711:Mi'kmaq
5671:Arapaho
5666:Abenaki
5527:Western
5522:Eastern
5418:English
5409:italics
5321:Italian
5316:Spanish
5264:English
5205:Italics
5098:June 3,
5072:June 3,
5044:June 3,
4886:The Age
4733:last.fm
4016:May 22,
2705:6255506
2452:Jackass
2065:jimmies
2053:grinder
2029:anymore
2019:Anymore
1947:Lexicon
1932:be done
1928:Be done
1922:Grammar
1856:fatigue
1813:/ˈɪɡəl/
1683:speech.
1629:streets
1434:speech.
1393:(as in
1385:(as in
1341:, etc.
1318:, etc.
1112:before
1102:Florida
1080:before
1022:imagine
877:/f,θ,s/
857:/b,d,ʃ/
763:Spanish
638:raising
588:Trenton
552:passive
548:passage
544:passing
484:(as in
476:(as in
412:liquids
384:Midland
364:–
351:THOUGHT
339:THOUGHT
310:college
270:Midland
235:vowel,
199:History
108:Reading
64:dialect
28:in the
9766:Portal
9654:Centre
9623:Flyers
9618:Eagles
9605:Sports
9063:Accent
9044:Topics
8946:Gogate
8853:Brunei
8765:Uganda
8748:accent
8723:Malawi
8691:Africa
8666:accent
8621:accent
8564:Samaná
8537:Bequia
8356:accent
8329:Boston
8307:States
8290:Quebec
8250:Canada
8239:North
8195:Ulster
8185:Dublin
8101:Dorset
7959:Barrow
7921:Great
7912:Europe
7846:Hebrew
7789:Telugu
7768:Polish
7762:German
7735:Korean
7729:French
7723:Arabic
7701:(41.3)
7622:BANZSL
7551:Gullah
7538:Creole
7513:Isleño
7457:German
7419:French
7292:Michif
7204:Others
7186:Tiipai
7176:Mojave
7141:Yuman–
7028:Patwin
6986:Tongva
6979:Cupeño
6823:Tanoan
6812:Woccon
6763:Biloxi
6750:Stoney
6745:Quapaw
6735:Mandan
6730:Lakota
6715:Dakota
6697:Siouan
6640:Salish
6538:Pomoan
6527:Molala
6391:Konkow
6259:Seneca
6244:Oneida
6239:Mohawk
6229:Cayuga
6069:Tolowa
6059:Navajo
5999:Dené(–
5934:Tsinúk
5910:Kitsai
5869:Samoan
5721:Ojibwe
5716:Munsee
5225:Munsee
5020:NJ.com
4975:
4527:
4252:452990
4250:
4065:
3988:
3713:
3650:
3250:: 48.
3188:
2722:
2703:
2695:
2625:
2577:
2546:
2455:crew.
2392:Joisey
2356:, and
2045:hoagie
1979:term "
1909:sound
1901:, the
1897:, and
1848:/plɛɡ/
1836:plague
1821:league
1817:Iggles
1810:giggle
1712:/judʒ/
1665:hollow
1566:rhotic
1538:CHOICE
1498:as in
1444:, and
1438:FLEECE
1419:spider
1227:Canada
1104:, and
1098:orange
1094:Murray
1066:, and
1028:, and
1020:as in
1010:avenue
967:, and
954:have .
706:Canada
655:words
602:nasals
576:hamlet
570:, and
522:, and
504:tensed
454:Short-
330:Vowels
224:caught
178:marked
172:, and
126:, and
112:Camden
44:
9664:Logan
9638:Union
9613:76ers
9168:Mayor
9123:Riots
9113:Music
9108:Media
8988:Plain
8903:Basic
8825:Nepal
8813:India
8713:Kenya
8708:Ghana
8673:Palau
8633:South
8476:Cajun
8417:Texas
8412:Older
8392:South
8363:North
8339:Maine
8158:Gower
8140:Wales
8056:South
7941:North
7854:(0.2)
7852:Khmer
7848:(0.2)
7842:(0.2)
7840:Hmong
7836:(0.3)
7834:Greek
7830:(0.3)
7821:(0.3)
7815:(0.3)
7813:Tamil
7809:(0.4)
7803:(0.4)
7797:(0.5)
7791:(0.5)
7785:(0.5)
7776:(0.5)
7770:(0.5)
7764:(0.9)
7755:(0.9)
7749:(0.9)
7743:(1.0)
7737:(1.1)
7731:(1.2)
7725:(1.4)
7719:(1.5)
7713:(1.7)
7707:(3.4)
7542:mixed
7490:Texas
7432:Métis
7243:Yuchi
7238:Washo
7223:Karuk
7218:Haida
7033:Wintu
7005:Makah
6971:Yaqui
6836:Kiowa
6831:Jemez
6725:Kansa
6650:Twana
6409:Chico
6396:Maidu
6254:Osage
6191:Aleut
6181:Inuit
6120:Lipan
6092:Cahto
6009:Ahtna
5897:Caddo
5835:Wiyot
5828:Unami
5736:Yurok
5658:Algic
5589:Older
5231:Unami
4520:Pedro
4269:(PDF)
4248:JSTOR
3986:S2CID
3631:(73).
3629:CUREJ
3186:S2CID
3156:(PDF)
2701:S2CID
2693:JSTOR
2673:(PDF)
2575:S2CID
2536:(PDF)
2366:) in
2347:Rocky
2004:/juz/
2000:/jɪz/
1996:/jəz/
1973:y'all
1844:/vɛɡ/
1832:vague
1824:/lɪɡ/
1806:Eagle
1763:water
1692:human
1649:glide
1642:velar
1548:STRUT
1500:START
1446:DRESS
1415:tiger
1395:mouth
1387:price
1233:Only
1220:some
1214:some
1108:have
1090:merry
1084:(the
1068:merry
1064:marry
1026:magic
993:]
989:[
907:]
903:[
884:glass
848:]
844:[
826:]
822:[
817:]
813:[
772:]
768:[
756:/m,n/
732:/m,n/
536:baths
526:in a
458:split
368:split
366:CLOTH
128:Dover
32:(IPA)
8779:Asia
8656:Fiji
8643:West
8559:Saba
8424:West
8344:West
8334:East
7897:and
7540:and
7248:Zuni
7161:Ipai
6931:Mono
6906:Hopi
6856:Tewa
6851:Taos
6710:Crow
6277:Erie
6099:Eyak
6034:Hupa
5758:Loup
5686:Cree
5240:Erie
5155:2013
5129:2013
5100:2021
5074:2021
5046:2021
4986:2017
4973:ISBN
4912:2023
4867:2017
4787:2019
4766:2017
4740:2017
4689:2016
4659:2015
4633:2017
4611:2017
4581:2017
4560:2017
4538:2015
4525:ISBN
4466:2019
4438:2017
4337:2017
4276:2012
4217:help
4158:2017
4114:2017
4063:ISBN
4040:2017
4018:2010
3785:help
3749:help
3711:ISBN
3690:2012
3648:ISBN
3360:(1).
3272:help
3083:help
3054:help
3025:help
2996:help
2967:help
2935:help
2903:help
2871:help
2832:help
2797:help
2765:help
2730:cf.
2720:ISBN
2661:help
2623:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2518:Jawn
2429:CNBC
2288:and
2256:and
2087:jawn
2082:jawn
2012:/jɪ/
2010:and
2008:/jə/
1998:and
1981:yinz
1964:and
1951:The
1874:and
1866:and
1854:and
1846:and
1834:and
1819:");
1756:/ɑn/
1748:dawn
1740:/ɔn/
1710:and
1700:/hj/
1696:huge
1694:and
1686:The
1678:and
1657:milk
1653:mill
1625:/tr/
1534:/ɔɪ/
1528:/ɔr/
1524:/ɑr/
1516:/ɔr/
1514:and
1512:/ɑr/
1496:/ɑr/
1487:and
1474:/eɪ/
1466:paid
1458:/eɪ/
1442:FACE
1431:/aɪ/
1423:/aɪ/
1417:and
1403:line
1399:like
1391:/aʊ/
1383:/aɪ/
1206:York
1118:/ɔr/
1076:and
1060:Mary
1038:and
1030:jazz
1016:and
1014:/dʒ/
969:glad
952:swam
950:and
564:glad
562:and
550:and
542:and
540:pass
534:and
532:bats
486:bath
482:/eə/
464:and
446:and
444:/oʊ/
440:foot
432:/aʊ/
426:and
424:/oʊ/
420:goal
418:and
416:goat
406:and
404:/oʊ/
396:dawn
394:and
386:and
378:and
312:.
282:/aɪ/
278:/aʊ/
274:/oʊ/
268:and
245:and
222:and
209:high
184:and
145:and
96:Kent
94:and
9720:SS
7901:of
6798:Ofo
6029:Hän
5691:Fox
4240:doi
3976:hdl
3968:doi
3940:".
3908:doi
3860:doi
3176:hdl
3168:doi
2685:doi
2600:doi
2567:doi
2431:'s
2205:of
1915:bee
1911:/i/
1860:/ɪ/
1840:peg
1828:big
1802:/ɡ/
1787:/ʊ/
1783:/ɔ/
1771:put
1752:don
1704:/h/
1680:/ð/
1676:/θ/
1661:/l/
1644:or
1621:she
1615:is
1613:/s/
1552:/u/
1544:/ʌ/
1489:/ɛ/
1485:/ɪ/
1472:),
1470:pay
1462:/i/
1454:eat
1450:/i/
1365:ɔːr
1350:ɔːr
1327:ɔːr
1304:ɔːr
1289:ɑːr
1282:or
1260:ɑːr
1175:ɔːr
1114:/r/
1110:/ɑ/
1082:/r/
1078:/ʌ/
1074:/ɛ/
1062:~,
1040:/z/
1036:/v/
1018:/z/
985:/æ/
834:/ɡ/
801:/ɡ/
779:/ŋ/
640:in
636:/æ/
584:sad
580:mad
556:/æ/
524:/θ/
520:/s/
516:/f/
512:/n/
508:/m/
502:is
478:bat
474:/æ/
448:/u/
436:/ʊ/
428:/u/
408:/u/
380:Don
362:LOT
347:/ɔ/
302:/æ/
298:/æ/
247:gap
243:gas
238:/æ/
220:cot
213:/ɔ/
66:of
58:or
9783::
5146:.
5122:AP
5120:.
5108:^
5091:.
5063:.
5036:.
5018:.
4948:.
4929:.
4903:.
4884:.
4839:.
4804:.
4757:.
4731:.
4706:.
4675:.
4650:.
4600:.
4589:^
4502:.
4483:.
4455:.
4428:.
4410:.
4391:.
4372:.
4354:.
4312:.
4293:.
4246:.
4236:42
4234:.
4208::
4206:}}
4202:{{
4148:.
4085:.
4006:.
3984:.
3974:.
3964:15
3962:.
3958:.
3904:96
3902:.
3883:.
3856:24
3854:.
3821:.
3805:^
3776::
3774:}}
3770:{{
3740::
3738:}}
3734:{{
3676:.
3662:^
3627:.
3552:^
3473:^
3458:^
3431:^
3414:^
3356:.
3352:.
3340:^
3263::
3261:}}
3257:{{
3198:^
3184:.
3174:.
3164:89
3162:.
3158:.
3136:.
3075::
3073:}}
3069:{{
3046::
3044:}}
3040:{{
3017::
3015:}}
3011:{{
2988::
2986:}}
2982:{{
2959::
2957:}}
2953:{{
2927::
2925:}}
2921:{{
2895::
2893:}}
2889:{{
2863::
2861:}}
2857:{{
2824::
2822:}}
2818:{{
2789::
2787:}}
2783:{{
2756::
2754:}}
2750:{{
2699:.
2691:.
2681:83
2679:.
2675:.
2653::
2651:}}
2647:{{
2598:.
2594:.
2590:.
2573:.
2563:36
2561:.
2445:,
2330:."
2232::
2076:)
2055:.
2034:A
2023:a
2014:.
1957:yo
1907:ee
1893:,
1889:,
1885:,
1830:;
1804:.
1736:On
1655:,
1440:,
1275:ɒr
1245:ɒr
1218:,
1212:,
1208:,
1161:ɒr
1124:).
1100:,
1032:.
1024:,
976:^
918:^
723:US
701:US
686:,
681:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
392:on
376:on
168:,
157:.
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
9027:e
9020:t
9013:v
7887:e
7880:t
7873:v
5391:e
5384:t
5377:v
5188:e
5181:t
5174:v
5157:.
5131:.
5102:.
5076:.
5048:.
5022:.
4954:.
4914:.
4869:.
4810:.
4789:.
4768:.
4742:.
4691:.
4661:.
4635:.
4613:.
4583:.
4540:.
4468:.
4440:.
4414:.
4395:.
4339:.
4318:.
4297:.
4278:.
4254:.
4242::
4219:)
4215:(
4160:.
4116:.
4071:.
4042:.
4020:.
3992:.
3978::
3970::
3936:"
3914:.
3910::
3866:.
3862::
3840:.
3827:.
3787:)
3783:(
3766:.
3751:)
3747:(
3719:.
3692:.
3656:.
3523:.
3358:3
3274:)
3270:(
3192:.
3178::
3170::
3134:"
3132:a
3085:)
3056:)
3027:)
2998:)
2969:)
2937:)
2905:)
2873:)
2846:a
2834:)
2799:)
2767:)
2763:(
2734:.
2728:.
2707:.
2687::
2663:)
2631:.
2608:.
2602::
2596:3
2581:.
2569::
2552:.
1926:"
1917:.
1903:i
1878:.
1798:a
1794:e
1789:.
1714:.
1636:L
1599:.
1581:R
1574:r
1530:.
1368:/
1362:/
1353:/
1347:/
1330:/
1324:/
1307:/
1301:/
1292:/
1286:/
1278:/
1272:/
1263:/
1257:/
1248:/
1242:/
1178:/
1172:/
1164:/
1158:/
1148:e
1141:t
1134:v
1070:~
1042:.
991:ä
905:æ
846:æ
824:æ
815:æ
770:æ
691:,
671:,
661:,
628:e
621:t
614:v
597:a
498:/
495:æ
492:/
470:a
456:a
450:.
292:(
259:r
251:a
233:a
50:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.