792:
704:
388:
1442:, Missouri, is historically one among several (North) Midland cities, but it has developed some unique features of its own distinguishing it from the rest of the Midland. The area around St. Louis has been in dialectal transition throughout most of the 1900s until the present moment. The eldest generation of the area may exhibit a rapidly-declining merger of the phonemes
499:
20:
646:. Likely inherited from Scots-Irish influence, this features ranges from D.C., Maryland, southern Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, West Texas, and the Midland dialect regions within Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Studied best of all in southern Pennsylvania, this feature may be declining.
29:, the strict Midland dialect region comprises the cities represented here by circles in red (North Midland) and orange (South Midland). In the past, linguists considered the Midland dialect to cover an even larger area, extending eastward through Pennsylvania to the Atlantic Ocean. The color blue on this map indicates the
1545:
study, the St. Louis
Corridor's one-generation period of embracing the NCS was followed by the next generation's "retreat of NCS features from Route 66 and a slight increase of NCS off of Route 66", in turn followed by the most recent generations' decreasing evidence of the NCS until it disappears
1540:
Even more complicated, however, there is evidence that these
Northern sound changes are reversing for the younger generations of speakers in the St. Louis area, who are re-embracing purely Midland-like accent features, though only at a regional level and therefore not including the aforementioned
333:
accent regions. In Labov et al.'s newer study, the "Midland" essentially coincides with Kurath's "North
Midland", while the "South Midland" is now considered as largely a portion, or the northern fringe, of the larger 20th-century Southern accent region. Indeed, while the lexical and grammatical
313:
based their 1960s research only on lexical (vocabulary) characteristics, with Carver et al. determining the
Midland non-existent according to their 1987 publication and preferring to identify Kurath's North Midland as merely an extension of the North and his South Midland as an extension of the
334:
isoglosses encompass the
Appalachian Mountains regardless of the Ohio River, the phonological boundary fairly closely follows along the Ohio River itself. More recent research has focused on grammatical characteristics and in particular a variable, possible combination of such characteristics.
1626::263): "The Midland does not show the homogeneous character that marks the North in Chapter 14, or defines the South in Chapter 18. Many Midland cities have developed a distinct dialect character of their own Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St Louis are quite distinct from the rest of the Midland"
118:. The boundaries of Midland American English are not entirely clear, being revised and reduced by linguists due to definitional changes and several Midland sub-regions undergoing rapid and diverging pronunciation shifts since the early-middle 20th century onwards.
793:
226:
distinct from the North and the South and later even focused on an internal division: North
Midland versus South Midland. However, 21st-century studies now reveal increasing unification of the South Midland with a larger mid-20th-century
705:
1324:
Today, the
Midland is considered a transitional dialect region between the South and Inland North; however, the "South Midland" is a sub-region that phonologically speaking fits more with the South and even employs some
41:, which show variation between the Midland and Inland North dialects. The distinction between the North and South Midland regions is that the South Midland shows a tendency for extra features usually associated with
1546:
altogether among the youngest speakers. Thus, due to harboring two different dialects in the same geographic space, the "Corridor appears simultaneously as a single dialect area and two separate dialect areas".
2156:
238:
Early 20th-century boundaries established for the
Midland dialect region are being reduced or revised since several previous subregions of Midland speech have since developed their own distinct dialects.
1415:, with the raising environments including nasals (m, n, ŋ), voiceless fricatives (f, unvoiced th, sh, s), and voiced stops (b, d, g). Weaker forms of this pattern are shown by speakers from nearby
337:
The original
Midland dialect region, thus, has split off into having more of a Southern accent in southern Appalachia, while, the second half of the 20th century has seen the emergence of a unique
1399:, have a phonological pattern quite distinct from the surrounding area (Boberg and Strassel 2000), while younger speakers now align to the general Midland accent. The older Cincinnati short-
267:, and the Appalachian regions of Kentucky, Tennessee, and all of West Virginia. A decade later, Kurath split this into two discrete subdivisions: the "North Midland" beginning north of the
829:
Phonologically, the South
Midland remains slightly different from the North Midland (and more like the American South) in certain respects: its greater likelihood of a fronted
1412:
1093:
Many other grammatical constructions are also reported to varying degrees, predominantly of Scots-Irish origin, that could hypothetically define a Midland dialect, such as:
730:) is fronter than in many other American accents, particularly those of the North; the phoneme is frequently realized as a diphthong with a central nucleus, approximating .
1529:
dialect, best recognized today as the Chicago accent. This 20th-century St. Louis accent's separating quality from the rest of the Midland is its strong resistance to the
363:—centered on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; and Wilmington, Delaware—aligns to the Midland phonological definition except that it strongly resists the
2160:
1554:
Rather than a proper Southern accent, several cities in Texas can be better described as having a Midland U.S. accent, as they lack the "true" Southern accent's full
3495:
1558:
deletion and the oft-accompanying Southern Vowel Shift. Texan cities classifiable as such specifically include Abilene, Austin, San Antonio and Corpus Christi.
541:
is consistently in a transitional phase throughout most of the Midland region, showing neither a full presence nor absence of the merger. This involves a vowel
1513:
Since the mid-1900s (namely, in speakers born from the 1920s to 1940s), however, a newer accent arose in a dialect "corridor" essentially following historic
3347:
3287:
2316:
Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern White Accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),
667:
91:
5717:
375:
that is similar to New York City's, though still unique. Certain vocabulary is also specific to the Mid-Atlantic dialect, and particularly to its
502:
Based on Labov et al.; averaged F1/F2 means for speakers from the (North) Midland (excluding Western Pennsylvania and the St. Louis corridor).
3488:
3382:
2355:
441:. Its chief distinguishing features, however, also make it a separate dialect from the Midland one. These features include a completed
1537:(NCS). In the 20th century, Greater St. Louis therefore became a mix of Midland accents and Inland Northern (Chicago-like) accents.
5852:
5822:
3481:
595:), as in the North. For this reason, one of the names for the boundary between the dialects of the Midland and the North is the "
309:
1268:
in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, western Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma, central Illinois, northern Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania;
468:. The Western Pennsylvania accent, lightheartedly known as "Pittsburghese", is perhaps best known for the monophthongization of
5933:
2241:
1636:
5888:
5879:
5846:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5605:
3432:
3217:
2199:
1380:
575:
boundary: A well-known phonological difference between Midland and Northern accents is that in the Midland, the single word
5894:
5873:
5867:
5834:
5828:
5562:
5524:
3745:
3452:
2525:
2410:
5945:
5939:
3550:
2933:
1383:
was extremely "non-Southern" in sound (as well as being highly unique), spoken throughout the South Carolina and Georgia
1156:, particularly in the East Midland (Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania), for a barn built into a hill with two-level access
5754:
4306:
3038:
1521:) from Chicago southwest to St. Louis. Speakers of this modern "St. Louis Corridor"—including St. Louis, Fairbury, and
1090:
is sing a song". This has been especially well-studied in southern Ohio, though it is widespread throughout the nation.
2325:
2286:
490:, is the only major Northern city to change its affiliation to Midland by now using the Western Pennsylvania accent.
975:+ comparative": Speakers throughout the Midland (except central and southern Illinois and especially Iowa) may use "
5772:
4745:
3602:
2837:
785:
330:
5261:
4311:
3801:
3694:
3085:
2881:
1285:
322:
73:
25:
4104:
1562:, in particular, has been reported in some speakers to show the South Midland (but not the Southern) variant of
1326:
421:
and much of central Pennsylvania is, for many purposes, an extension of the South Midland; it is spoken also in
325:
largely on phonological (sound) characteristics and re-identified the Midland area as a buffer zone between the
5161:
4218:
3664:
3504:
3402:
2842:
2348:
2307:
1277:
5246:
243:, the original home state of the Midland dialect, is one such area and has now formed such unique dialects as
5071:
4735:
4159:
3442:
3135:
3097:
516:
354:
865:. Southern Indiana is the northernmost extent of this accent, forming what dialectologists refer to as the "
271:
valley area and extending westward into central Indiana, central Illinois, central Ohio, Iowa, and northern
199:
at its western extreme. Certain areas outside the core also clearly demonstrate a Midland accent, including
5707:
3912:
3726:
3437:
3090:
2910:
2727:
2548:
1352:
412:
338:
283:; and the "South Midland", which extends south of the Ohio River and expands westward to include Kentucky,
248:
1563:
1555:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1459:
1451:
1443:
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1372:
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830:
811:
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767:
758:
751:
743:
734:
723:
714:
691:
671:
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643:
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611:
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507:
503:
475:
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400:
396:
87:
83:
54:
46:
5694:
5570:
5433:
3674:
3632:
3627:
2813:
2803:
2401:
2368:
2364:
2244:
43rd NWAV. School of Literature's, Cultures, and Linguistics. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
1534:
1933:
5036:
4679:
4666:
4604:
4439:
4316:
3397:
3112:
2970:
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1836:
1364:
697:
200:
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5994:
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2903:
2861:
2832:
2764:
2732:
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1607:
1518:
1514:
1475:
950:
To a lesser degree, a small number of other verbs have been reportedly used in this way too, such as
842:
783:
695:
426:
326:
259:
The dialect region "Midland" was first labeled in the 1890s, but only first defined (tentatively) by
228:
42:
263:
in 1949 as centered on central Pennsylvania and expanding westward and southward to include most of
5481:
5041:
4845:
4179:
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3592:
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3102:
3056:
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4403:
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4044:
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3684:
3229:
3207:
3011:
2708:
2677:
2555:
115:
111:
69:
4086:
3125:
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5840:
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5459:
5235:
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4998:
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4656:
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4184:
4154:
4129:
3905:
3806:
3649:
3427:
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3107:
2820:
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2508:
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2033:
1522:
526:
442:
364:
212:
172:
5951:
4093:
4065:
3420:
1482:
would be "I farty-four". Also, some St. Louis speakers, again usually the oldest ones, have
5735:
5671:
5633:
5628:
5387:
5193:
5156:
4969:
4889:
4810:
4725:
4410:
4124:
3856:
3679:
2849:
2742:
2682:
2560:
2533:
2450:
1281:
958:. As seen in these examples, it is also acceptable to use this construction with the words
418:
376:
342:
244:
126:
4079:
8:
5957:
5623:
5491:
5361:
5214:
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3716:
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3016:
3001:
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2793:
2632:
1467:
360:
34:
5031:
4072:
2299:
Language variation and change in the American Midland: A new look at 'Heartland' English
1854:
5906:
5552:
5501:
5228:
5207:
5186:
5179:
5166:
5102:
5026:
4860:
4784:
4697:
4612:
4566:
4538:
4369:
4278:
4169:
4144:
4119:
4034:
3979:
3898:
3811:
3781:
3582:
3337:
3304:
3239:
3222:
3077:
2898:
2445:
2435:
2133:
2116:
850:
834:
487:
125:, these general characteristics of the Midland regional accent are firmly established:
50:
5084:
826:, etc.) often has a lower nucleus than the Northern accents just above Midland region.
5900:
5276:
5271:
5120:
5061:
5056:
5021:
5016:
5006:
4777:
4750:
4740:
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4457:
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4396:
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4339:
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3989:
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3919:
3849:
3786:
3567:
3342:
3327:
3299:
3259:
3051:
2988:
2737:
2513:
2477:
2321:
2303:
2282:
2012:
1420:
304:
288:
5618:
5613:
3033:
2081:
222:
Early 20th-century dialectology was the first to identify the "Midland" as a region
5924:
5912:
5858:
5661:
5590:
5575:
5532:
5368:
5338:
5333:
5296:
5286:
5256:
5128:
5051:
4928:
4896:
4882:
4875:
4825:
4802:
4763:
4720:
4661:
4643:
4625:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4506:
4374:
4301:
4291:
4267:
4253:
4232:
4149:
4007:
3997:
3926:
3877:
3836:
3776:
3771:
3534:
3523:
3462:
3415:
3367:
3294:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3023:
2996:
2854:
2774:
2719:
2617:
2599:
2586:
2423:
2418:
1471:
1367:, clearly has all the defining features of a mainstream Midland accent. The vowels
884:
663:
422:
284:
232:
160:
146:
132:
107:
38:
1995:
1723:
Matthew J. Gordon, “The West and Midwest: Phonology,” in Edgar W. Schneider, ed.,
5656:
5643:
5542:
5397:
5291:
5281:
5133:
5091:
4946:
4917:
4910:
4868:
4855:
4850:
4840:
4835:
4820:
4632:
4496:
4364:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4174:
4164:
4015:
3974:
3826:
3821:
3763:
3587:
3473:
3332:
3234:
3172:
3142:
2950:
2825:
2646:
2622:
2594:
2565:
2538:
2503:
2390:
2297:
1937:
1179:
869:
Apex" of the South Midland, with the accent locally known as the "Hoosier Twang".
542:
187:. The currently-documented core of the Midland dialect region spans from central
184:
4134:
429:. Like the Midland proper, the Western Pennsylvania accent features fronting of
5918:
5647:
5585:
5547:
5392:
5348:
5343:
5328:
5323:
5200:
5138:
5110:
5076:
4941:
4936:
4830:
4755:
4514:
4501:
4359:
4296:
4286:
4225:
4197:
4114:
4002:
3940:
3933:
3841:
3711:
3572:
3407:
3322:
3282:
3182:
3006:
2759:
2664:
2654:
2570:
2372:
2296:
Murray, T. E.; Simon, B. L. (2006), "What is dialect? Revisiting the Midland",
2274:
1973:. Accessed on YYYY-MM-DD). Updated by Tom McCoy (2015) and Katie Martin (2018).
1404:
1308:
204:
122:
19:
1970:
1954:
1387:, but it mostly faded out of existence in the first half of the 20th century.
5973:
5353:
5266:
5171:
5011:
4961:
4815:
4382:
4204:
4139:
4039:
3863:
3791:
3701:
3577:
3457:
3372:
3028:
2945:
2886:
2798:
2749:
2627:
2609:
2270:
1559:
1238:
895:
392:
318:
292:
208:
196:
2157:"Gym shoes or tennis shoes? Twitter is running wild over the preferred term"
2098:
1411:
in conservative Cincinnati speech is similar to and originates from that of
5595:
5580:
5537:
5405:
4956:
4903:
3796:
3612:
3607:
2960:
2808:
2687:
1526:
1479:
1423:. Boberg and Strassel (2000) reported that Cincinnati's traditional short-
1416:
264:
240:
30:
486:. Despite having a Northern accent in the first half of the 20th century,
176:
1254:
1071:
1027:", when followed by such a subject. The corresponding examples would be:
979:
260:
5712:
4715:
3597:
2871:
2363:
1949:
Shields, Kenneth. 1997. Positive Anymore in Southeastern Pennsylvania.
1396:
1384:
1168:
675:
604:
387:
268:
223:
33:, which is intruding southward into the middle of this region towards
5666:
3731:
2428:
1439:
1152:
171:
vowels occurs towards the center or even the front of the mouth; the
2123:, Fifth Edition. 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
849:
monophthongization in the South Midland only tends to appear before
341:
in northern Appalachia (centered on Pittsburgh) as well as a unique
2455:
1403:
system is unique in the Midland. While there is no evidence for a
1331:
1259:
1227:
1201:
456:
to a rounded vowel, which also causes a chain shift that drags the
300:
296:
276:
272:
192:
79:
58:
1466:), thus being one of the few American accents to still resist the
1020:
These same speakers may also alternatively use this form to mean "
686:). An increasing number of speakers from central Ohio realize the
3392:
3387:
3197:
2543:
2470:
2465:
1878:
1876:
1216:
1190:
866:
216:
103:
5727:
2460:
2440:
2320:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324,
280:
1873:
1541:
traditional features of the eldest generation. According to a
1431:
similar to those found elsewhere in the Midland and the West.
1930:
1542:
1162:, in the East Midland (Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania), and
883:: A common feature of the greater Midland area is so-called "
149:
1967:
Yale Grammatical Diversity Project: English in North America
1343:. Another possible Appalachian and South Midland variant is
478:
to ), such as the stereotypical Pittsburgh pronunciation of
2021:
Yale Grammatical Diversity Project English in North America
2000:
Yale Grammatical Diversity Project English in North America
1940:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
1612:
A National Map of The Regional Dialects of American English
1210:, particularly in the East Midland (Indiana and Ohio), and
188:
135:
498:
407:
is backer and lower than in the rest of the North Midland.
1428:
1297:
1188:, in the East Midland (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio), for
368:
163:
110:, geographically lying between the traditionally-defined
2121:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1606:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997). "
988:", when followed by a subject. Some examples include:
395:
for speakers from Western Pennsylvania. The merger of
2198:
harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWolframWard2006 (
307:. Kurath and then later Craig Carver and the related
2230:
Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation
1804:
1802:
1800:
1725:
Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean
1082:. For example (with the entire clause in italics): "
78:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2226:
A Convergence of Dialects in the St. Louis Corridor
1780:
The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States
912:+ participle": Many speakers use the construction "
3503:
2232:(NWAV). 43. Article 8. University of Pennsylvania.
1637:American 'Midland' has English dialect all its own
1427:system was giving way among younger speakers to a
231:, while much of the North Midland retains a more "
3665:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
1819:
1817:
1797:
1707:
1705:
1375:are extremely fronted, and yet not so not before
1339:, whereas the rest of the (North) Midland favors
1272:, in eastern Missouri and southern Illinois; and
904:The streets of the city are very crowded anymore.
894:with the meaning "nowadays" in sentences without
529:in transition: The merger of the vowel sounds in
175:is neither fully completed nor fully absent; and
5971:
3532:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1663:
1661:
1533:merger and the most advanced development of the
1139:I cheered last Saturday whenever I won the award
523:-pronouncing), like most North American English.
92:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1727:(Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008), 129–43, 129.
1525:—have gradually developed more features of the
2269:
2253:
2212:
2091:
1965:Maher, Zach and Jim Wood. 2011. Needs washed.
1906:
1894:
1882:
1823:
1814:
1741:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1684:
1667:
1652:
1623:
1594:
1582:
1474:). This merger has led to jokes referring to "
682:) but remains low in other contexts (such as
425:, 10 miles west of the state line, as well as
254:
16:Variety of English spoken in the United States
3489:
2349:
1858:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KGp. p. 22.
1767:A Word Geography of the Eastern United States
1673:
1658:
1316:in Cincinnati and Chicago; also, less often,
2707:
2069:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
2056:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
2295:
2193:
2181:
1982:
1971:http://ygdp.yale.edu/phenomena/needs-washed
1955:https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/455794.pdf
1852:Barbara Johnstone, Barbara; et al. (2015).
1808:
1791:
1753:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1053:This is as much more comfortable as it gets
916:+ past participle". Some examples include:
782:, etc.) is shifting strongly to the front:
3496:
3482:
3383:Comparison of American and British English
2356:
2342:
2102:. Dictionary.com Unabridged, based on the
1351:), though it remains most associated with
493:
2136:. Dictionary of American Regional English
2036:. Dictionary of American Regional English
1778:Kurath, Hans; McDavid, Raven Ioor (1961).
1044:That was as much higher as she could jump
215:; and central and some areas of southern
3076:
2154:
2148:
1730:
1458:) to the sound , while leaving distinct
1049:This is all the more comfortable it gets
1010:This is all the more comfortable it gets
497:
386:
314:South, based on some 800 lexical items.
18:
3755:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
626:, traditionally receives an additional
403:is complete for 11 out of 14 speakers;
382:
310:Dictionary of American Regional English
5972:
2315:
1867:
1040:That was all the higher she could jump
1001:That was all the higher she could jump
417:The emerging and expanding dialect of
348:
3531:
3477:
2337:
2159:. Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from
1434:
1407:, the phonetic conditioning of short-
3453:Non-native pronunciations of English
2071:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 100.
2058:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 101.
1912:
890:": It is possible to use the adverb
674:is raised and tensed toward before
515:Rhoticity: Midland speech is firmly
462:vowel into the previous position of
82:. For the distinction between ,
2279:The Atlas of North American English
2155:Sullivan, Mallorie (12 July 2017).
1929:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003.
1855:Pittsburgh Speech and Pittsburghese
23:According to Labov et al.'s (2006)
13:
2318:A Handbook of Varieties of English
1005:That was as high as she could jump
900:Air travel is inconvenient anymore
191:at its eastern extreme to central
183:evidently occurs strongest before
14:
6006:
1035:I held as much tighter as I could
1014:This is as comfortable as it gets
861:may be pronounced something like
5773:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
3603:Inland Northern American English
159:
145:
131:
5755:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
2263:
2247:
2235:
2218:
2206:
2187:
2175:
2126:
2109:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2026:
2005:
1988:
1976:
1959:
1943:
1900:
1888:
1861:
1846:
1829:
1785:
1782:. University of Michigan Press.
1772:
1759:
1747:
1717:
1286:Oklahoma City metropolitan area
1062:: At the start of a sentence, "
74:International Phonetic Alphabet
3505:Languages of the United States
3403:English-based creole languages
1843:. The Washington Post Company.
1837:Catching the Sound of the City
1690:
1646:
1629:
1617:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1278:Indianapolis metropolitan area
1166:, in Illinois and Iowa, for a
1031:I held all the tighter I could
992:I held all the tighter I could
942:so much still needs to be said
1:
3443:List of English-based pidgins
2302:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
2281:. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter.
2254:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
2213:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1907:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1895:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1883:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1824:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1742:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1712:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1697:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1685:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1668:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1653:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1624:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1614:. University of Pennsylvania.
1608:Dialects of the United States
1595:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1583:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1569:
1390:
1381:traditional Charleston accent
1358:
1145:
750:) has a fronter nucleus than
670:and pre-nasal) distribution:
355:Mid-Atlantic American English
5708:Black American Sign Language
5486:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
3727:Western Pennsylvania English
3438:Linguistic purism in English
1478:", although a more accurate
1353:Western Pennsylvania English
1214:, in the South Midland, for
413:Western Pennsylvania English
7:
5502:Navajo Family Sign Language
2539:London & Thames Estuary
1535:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
1470:(while also displaying the
1066:" can be used in place of "
339:Western Pennsylvania accent
255:Original and former Midland
53:, and a glide weakening of
10:
6011:
5718:Puerto Rican Sign Language
3398:English as a lingua franca
2106:. Random House, Inc. 2017.
2067:Metcalf, Allan A. (2000).
2054:Metcalf, Allan A. (2000).
1931:The Harvard Dialect Survey
1769:. University of Michigan.)
1566:deletion mentioned above.
1395:Older English speakers of
1365:Charleston, South Carolina
996:I held as tight as I could
924:the car needs to be washed
873:
766:: among younger speakers,
662:, most commonly follows a
410:
359:The dialect region of the
352:
201:Charleston, South Carolina
43:Southern American dialects
5793:
5764:
5744:
5726:
5693:
5684:
5642:
5604:
5561:
5523:
5514:
5474:
5441:Anishinaabe Sign Language
5432:
5423:
5378:
5316:
5309:
5245:
5147:
5119:
5101:
4997:
4979:
4927:
4801:
4696:
4642:
4603:
4576:
4524:
4487:
4456:
4420:
4325:
4277:
4103:
4053:
4025:
3988:
3950:
3762:
3744:
3690:Southern American English
3670:Pacific Northwest English
3660:Northern American English
3541:
3522:
3511:
3378:Broad and general accents
3360:
3313:
3288:regional and occupational
3268:
3255:
3248:
3160:
3121:
3069:
3047:
2987:
2919:
2784:
2773:
2718:
2700:
2673:
2645:
2608:
2585:
2524:
2486:
2409:
2400:
2389:
2380:
2224:Friedman, Lauren (2015).
1519:Interstate 55 in Illinois
1515:U.S. Route 66 in Illinois
841:vowel reminiscent of the
510:are close but not merged.
427:Clarksburg, West Virginia
321:and his team based their
4468:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
3722:Western American English
3618:Midland American English
3593:General American English
3546:African-American English
2242:"Northern Cities Panel".
2194:Wolfram & Ward (2006
2182:Murray & Simon (2006
2023:. Yale University. 2017.
2002:. Yale University. 2017.
1983:Murray & Simon (2006
1809:Murray & Simon (2006
1792:Murray & Simon (2006
1754:Murray & Simon (2006
1549:
1486:instead of more typical
1379:. Also, the older, more
1329:, for example, favoring
938:So much still needs said
933:they need to be repaired
391:Based on Labov et al., '
377:Philadelphia sub-dialect
367:and traditionally has a
100:Midland American English
5444:Blackfoot Sign Language
3655:New York Latino English
3558:American Indian English
2104:Random House Dictionary
2088:. Word Reference. 2017.
1969:. (Available online at
1510:, becoming ("warsh").
610:: The phoneme sequence
494:Phonology and phonetics
299:, southern Kansas, and
70:phonetic transcriptions
5780:Henniker Sign Language
5703:American Sign Language
5447:Cheyenne Sign Language
4312:Central Siberian Yupik
4307:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
3802:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
3712:Upper Michigan English
3685:Puerto Rican Englishes
2556:Received Pronunciation
2228:. Volume 21. Issue 2.
952:The baby likes cuddled
511:
437:, as well as positive
408:
275:, as well as parts of
229:Southern accent region
203:; the Texan cities of
116:Southern United States
67:This article contains
62:
5482:Hawai'i Sign Language
5465:Ktunaxa Sign Language
5460:Plateau Sign Language
5222:Northern Sierra Miwok
5162:Southern Sierra Miwok
4471:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
4219:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
3707:Transatlantic English
3650:New York City English
3640:New Mexican Englishes
3623:New England Englishes
2750:Multicultural Toronto
1885::255–258 and 262–265)
1835:Kelly, John (2004). "
1765:Kurath, Hans (1949).
1523:Springfield, Illinois
837:, and a "glideless"
579:contains the phoneme
501:
390:
295:, southern Missouri,
22:
5930:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
5798:in 2021 in millions)
5736:Samoan Sign Language
5453:Navajo Sign Language
5388:Afro-Seminole Creole
5157:Central Sierra Miwok
4736:North Straits Salish
4160:Mescalero-Chiricahua
3680:Philadelphia English
2911:Western Pennsylvania
1282:southwestern Indiana
920:The car needs washed
843:Southern U.S. accent
393:averaged F1/F2 means
383:Western Pennsylvania
106:or super-dialect of
31:Inland North dialect
5796:(number of speakers
5794:Immigrant languages
5492:Inuit Sign Language
3717:Utah Mormon English
3645:New Orleans English
3563:Appalachian English
3448:Mid-Atlantic accent
3039:Trinidad and Tobago
1841:The Washington Post
1498:is pronounced —and
1468:horse-hoarse merger
1363:Today, the city of
1327:Southern vocabulary
1115:sick at the stomach
1105:(an alternative to
1097:(an alternative to
851:sonorant consonants
361:Mid-Atlantic States
349:Mid-Atlantic region
343:Philadelphia accent
59:sonorant consonants
35:St. Louis, Missouri
5571:Pennsylvania Dutch
5450:Cree Sign Language
5262:Havasupai–Hualapai
5208:Kings River Yokuts
5187:Buena Vista Yokuts
5167:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
3675:Pennsylvania Dutch
3598:High Tider English
3583:California English
2971:Pennsylvania Dutch
1936:2016-04-30 at the
1435:St. Louis corridor
956:She wants prepared
929:They need repaired
512:
488:Erie, Pennsylvania
409:
249:Pittsburgh English
123:early 21st century
63:
45:: notably, strong
5967:
5966:
5789:
5788:
5680:
5679:
5510:
5509:
5424:Manual Indigenous
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5305:
5304:
4680:Northeastern Pomo
4667:Southeastern Pomo
4440:Northern Kalapuya
3740:
3739:
3568:Baltimore English
3471:
3470:
3356:
3355:
3156:
3155:
3065:
3064:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2904:Pacific Northwest
2765:Standard Canadian
2696:
2695:
2641:
2640:
2581:
2580:
1635:Bierma, Nathan. "
1335:as the plural of
1125:to mean the time
1088:Alls I want to do
896:negative polarity
632:⟨a⟩
545:of the "short o"
527:Cot–caught merger
365:cot–caught merger
305:Mississippi River
289:southern Illinois
173:cot–caught merger
6002:
5995:Oklahoma culture
5990:Nebraska culture
5980:American English
5691:
5690:
5662:Louisiana Creole
5521:
5520:
5430:
5429:
5314:
5313:
4605:Plateau Penutian
4433:Central Kalapuya
3760:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3535:American English
3529:
3528:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3368:English language
3253:
3252:
3074:
3073:
3057:Falkland Islands
2956:General American
2929:African-American
2782:
2781:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2386:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2312:
2292:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2095:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1953:72(2). 217–220.
1947:
1941:
1927:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1557:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1472:card-cord merger
1461:
1453:
1445:
1397:Cincinnati, Ohio
1378:
1374:
1370:
1306:for any generic
1123:quarter till two
856:
848:
840:
832:
813:
810:: the diphthong
809:
808:
804:
797:
796:
795:
789:
769:
765:
764:
760:
753:
745:
742:: the diphthong
741:
740:
736:
725:
721:
720:
716:
709:
708:
707:
701:
693:
689:
676:nasal consonants
673:
664:General American
661:
660:
656:
645:
641:
633:
630:sound after the
629:
613:
590:
582:
560:
548:
540:
539:
534:
533:
509:
505:
477:
473:
472:
467:
466:
461:
460:
453:
452:
447:
446:
436:
432:
423:Youngstown, Ohio
406:
402:
398:
285:southern Indiana
233:General American
185:nasal consonants
170:
169:
166:
165:
156:
155:
152:
151:
142:
141:
138:
137:
108:American English
89:
85:
56:
48:
39:Peoria, Illinois
6010:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5797:
5795:
5785:
5760:
5740:
5722:
5686:
5676:
5638:
5600:
5557:
5516:
5506:
5470:
5425:
5411:
5380:
5374:
5301:
5248:
5241:
5143:
5115:
5097:
5042:Northern Paiute
4993:
4989:Coast Tsimshian
4975:
4923:
4797:
4692:
4638:
4599:
4572:
4520:
4483:
4452:
4416:
4321:
4273:
4180:Upper Kuskokwim
4106:
4099:
4049:
4021:
3984:
3946:
3747:
3746:Oral Indigenous
3736:
3732:Yeshiva English
3588:Chicano English
3537:
3518:
3507:
3502:
3472:
3467:
3352:
3309:
3264:
3244:
3152:
3148:Solomon Islands
3117:
3061:
3043:
2975:
2966:New York Latino
2941:American Indian
2921:
2915:
2776:
2769:
2710:
2692:
2678:Channel Islands
2669:
2637:
2604:
2577:
2520:
2482:
2392:
2376:
2362:
2328:
2310:
2289:
2275:Boberg, Charles
2273:; Ash, Sharon;
2266:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2010:
2006:
1996:All the Further
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1951:American Speech
1948:
1944:
1938:Wayback Machine
1928:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1666:
1659:
1655::137, 263, 266)
1651:
1647:
1641:Chicago Tribune
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1552:
1437:
1393:
1361:
1236:, in Ohio, for
1180:window shutters
1148:
1086:was bread" or "
1084:Alls we brought
876:
857:. For example,
855:/m/,/n/,/l/,/r/
806:
805:
791:
790:
762:
761:
754:, approaching .
738:
737:
718:
717:
703:
702:
687:
658:
657:
631:
537:
536:
531:
530:
496:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
450:
449:
444:
443:
415:
385:
357:
351:
331:Inland Northern
327:Inland Southern
257:
162:
158:
148:
144:
134:
130:
97:
96:
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5801:
5799:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5688:
5685:Manual settler
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5614:Caló (Chicano)
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5497:Keresan Pueblo
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5393:Chinook Jargon
5390:
5384:
5382:
5379:Mixed or trade
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5201:Gashowu Yokuts
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5072:Ute-Chemehuevi
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4792:Upper Chehalis
4788:
4781:
4774:
4771:Lower Chehalis
4767:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4711:Columbia-Moses
4708:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:Cochiti Pueblo
4462:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4190:Western Apache
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4059:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3892:Mohegan-Pequot
3888:
3885:Miami-Illinois
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Boston English
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3410:
3408:Englishisation
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3315:Southeast Asia
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:South Atlantic
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3012:Cayman Islands
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2923:
2922:ethno-cultural
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:Stoke-on-Trent
2511:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2373:Modern English
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2313:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2271:Labov, William
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2217:
2205:
2186:
2174:
2147:
2125:
2108:
2099:Dictionary.com
2090:
2086:Word Reference
2073:
2060:
2047:
2025:
2004:
1987:
1975:
1958:
1942:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1872:
1860:
1845:
1828:
1813:
1796:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1746:
1729:
1716:
1701:
1689:
1672:
1657:
1645:
1628:
1616:
1599:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1551:
1548:
1436:
1433:
1405:phonemic split
1392:
1389:
1360:
1357:
1322:
1321:
1320:in Cincinnati)
1309:athletic shoes
1301:
1298:disposable bag
1290:
1263:
1242:
1231:
1220:
1205:
1194:
1183:
1172:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1091:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1007:
998:
968:
967:
947:
946:
945:
944:
935:
926:
906:
875:
872:
871:
870:
835:pin–pen merger
827:
799:
755:
731:
722:: the phoneme
711:
694:as open front
647:
638:sounding like
602:
601:
600:
587:) rather than
524:
495:
492:
384:
381:
350:
347:
323:1990s research
303:, west of the
256:
253:
213:Corpus Christi
102:is a regional
90:⟩, see
66:
65:
64:
51:pin–pen merger
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6007:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5683:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5513:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5422:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:Valley Yokuts
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:Southern Tiwa
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4911:Tutelo-Saponi
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:Coeur d'Alene
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4687:Northern Pomo
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:Southern Pomo
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:Laguna Pueblo
4479:
4476:
4474:Western Keres
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:Susquehannock
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4390:Neutral Huron
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4317:Chevak Cup’ik
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4240:Plains Apache
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4045:Upper Chinook
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3871:Nawathinehena
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:Texan English
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Maine English
3611:
3609:
3608:Miami English
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Cajun English
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3513:Languages in
3510:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:International
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Torres Strait
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:North-Central
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:New York City
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Ottawa Valley
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:Multicultural
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Black Country
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:West Midlands
2497:
2495:
2494:East Midlands
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2327:3-11-017532-0
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2288:3-11-016746-8
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2163:on 2023-08-31
2162:
2158:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:New York City
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1318:running shoes
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:, often when
1257:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:dessert sauce
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:bank(ed) barn
1150:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
990:
989:
987:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
939:
936:
934:
930:
927:
925:
921:
918:
917:
915:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
882:
878:
877:
868:
864:
860:
852:
844:
836:
828:
825:
821:
817:
800:
794:
787:
781:
777:
773:
756:
749:
732:
729:
712:
706:
699:
685:
681:
677:
669:
665:
652:
648:
637:
625:
621:
617:
609:
606:
603:
598:
594:
586:
578:
574:
571:
570:
568:
564:
556:
552:
544:
528:
525:
522:
518:
514:
513:
500:
491:
489:
485:
481:
455:
440:
428:
424:
420:
414:
394:
389:
380:
378:
374:
372:
366:
362:
356:
346:
344:
340:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:William Labov
315:
312:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:southern Ohio
290:
286:
282:
279:and northern
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
252:
250:
246:
242:
236:
234:
230:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Oklahoma City
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
174:
168:
154:
140:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
81:
77:
75:
71:
60:
52:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
21:
5985:Ohio culture
5778:
5771:
5753:
5745:
5634:Sabine River
5629:Puerto Rican
5581:Plautdietsch
5515:Oral settler
5458:
5406:Mohawk Dutch
5404:
5367:
5360:
5236:Plains Miwok
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5090:
5083:
4968:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4685:
4678:
4657:Eastern Pomo
4652:Central Pomo
4631:
4624:
4592:
4565:
4513:
4477:Acoma Pueblo
4445:
4438:
4431:
4421:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4266:
4261:Upper Umpqua
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4185:Upper Tanana
4155:Lower Tanana
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4054:
4014:
3952:Austronesian
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3906:Narragansett
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3807:Massachusett
3617:
3533:Dialects of
3517:are extinct.
3514:
3213:South Africa
3208:Sierra Leone
2961:Miami Latino
2850:Philadelphia
2838:Inland North
2788:
2743:Newfoundland
2561:West Country
2375:by continent
2317:
2298:
2278:
2264:Bibliography
2249:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2208:
2189:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:the original
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2128:
2120:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2028:
2020:
2017:construction
2014:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1961:
1950:
1945:
1902:
1890:
1868:Thomas (2004
1863:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1831:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1749:
1724:
1719:
1692:
1648:
1640:
1631:
1619:
1611:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1553:
1539:
1530:
1527:Inland North
1512:
1503:
1502:(as well as
1499:
1495:
1480:eye spelling
1463:
1455:
1447:
1438:
1429:nasal system
1424:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1362:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:tennis shoes
1303:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1252:
1249:mango pepper
1248:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:quarter till
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:followed by
1070:" to form a
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
985:
982:
976:
972:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
937:
932:
928:
923:
919:
913:
909:
903:
899:
891:
886:
880:
862:
858:
823:
819:
815:
801:Lowering of
779:
775:
771:
757:Fronting of
747:
733:Fronting of
727:
713:Fronting of
683:
679:
668:"continuous"
650:
644:/ˈwɔrʃɪŋtən/
640:/ˈwɑrʃɪŋtən/
635:
634:, thus with
623:
619:
615:
607:
596:
592:
584:
576:
572:
569:) phonemes.
566:
562:
554:
550:
520:
483:
479:
438:
416:
370:
358:
336:
317:Conversely,
316:
308:
265:Pennsylvania
258:
245:Philadelphia
241:Pennsylvania
237:
221:
178:
120:
99:
98:
86:and ⟨
68:
49:fronting, a
24:
5864:Hindi (0.9)
5672:Angloromani
5624:New Mexican
5553:New England
5194:Coast Miwok
5067:Tübatulabal
4999:Uto-Aztecan
4981:Tsimshianic
4970:Piro Pueblo
4890:Mitchigamea
4846:Omaha–Ponca
4811:Assiniboine
4726:Lushootseed
4578:Palaihnihan
4411:Wenrohronon
4107:Yeniseian?)
3970:Refaluwasch
3857:Gros Ventre
3338:Philippines
3131:New Zealand
3017:Bay Islands
2997:The Bahamas
2920:Social and
2877:New Orleans
2794:New England
2688:Isle of Man
2633:Port Talbot
2534:East Anglia
2451:Northumbria
2140:28 December
2040:28 December
2034:"Bank barn"
1506:) gains an
1476:I farty-far
1421:Springfield
1255:bell pepper
1072:noun phrase
981:" to mean "
557:) and "aw"
261:Hans Kurath
5974:Categories
5885:Urdu (0.5)
5853:Portuguese
5823:Vietnamese
5713:Protactile
5695:Francosign
5362:Chitimacha
5215:Lake Miwok
4716:Halkomelem
4212:Holikachuk
4087:Purisimeño
3832:Potawatomi
3551:Vernacular
3278:Bangladesh
3270:South Asia
3223:Cape Flats
3173:The Gambia
3098:Aboriginal
2934:vernacular
2899:California
2872:High Tider
2867:Appalachia
2728:Aboriginal
2660:South-West
2504:Birmingham
2461:Sunderland
2446:Manchester
2436:Lancashire
2309:9027248966
1714::263, 303)
1699::107, 139)
1570:References
1531:cot–caught
1504:Washington
1391:Cincinnati
1385:Lowcountry
1359:Charleston
1284:, and the
1262:or stuffed
1169:road verge
1146:Vocabulary
898:, such as
649:The short-
636:Washington
624:Washington
605:Epenthetic
519:(or fully
411:See also:
353:See also:
269:Ohio River
235:" accent.
121:As of the
5687:languages
5667:Spanglish
5650:languages
5576:Hutterite
5533:Louisiana
5517:languages
5434:Hand Talk
5426:languages
5381:Languages
5229:Palewyami
5180:Bay Miwok
5149:Yuk-Utian
5027:Kitanemuk
4861:Winnebago
4785:Tillamook
4613:Nez Perce
4567:Apalachee
4539:Chickasaw
4526:Muskogean
4423:Kalapuyan
4370:Tuscarora
4327:Iroquoian
4170:Tanacross
4145:Jicarilla
4120:Deg Xinag
4094:Ventureño
4066:Barbareño
4056:Chumashan
4035:Kathlamet
4027:Chinookan
3980:Tokelauan
3899:Nanticoke
3812:Menominee
3782:Blackfoot
3748:languages
3343:Singapore
3305:Sri Lanka
3260:Hong Kong
3086:variation
3078:Australia
2989:Caribbean
2855:Baltimore
2738:Lunenburg
2683:Gibraltar
2600:Highlands
2478:Yorkshire
2441:Liverpool
2167:31 August
2082:Chuckhole
1440:St. Louis
1314:gym shoes
1208:chuckhole
1197:carry-out
885:positive
879:Positive
845:, though
678:(such as
653:phoneme,
224:lexically
5934:Armenian
5907:Gujarati
5901:Japanese
5765:Isolates
5591:Alsatian
5543:Missouri
5475:Isolates
5317:Isolates
5277:Maricopa
5272:Kumeyaay
5103:Wakashan
5062:Timbisha
5057:Shoshoni
5022:Kawaiisu
5017:Ivilyuat
5007:Comanche
4778:Quinault
4751:Thompson
4741:Okanagan
4731:Nooksack
4698:Salishan
4618:Sahaptin
4594:Atsugewi
4586:Achumawi
4559:Muscogee
4554:Mikasuki
4447:Yoncalla
4397:Nottoway
4355:Onondaga
4340:Cherokee
4279:Eskaleut
4247:Tsetsaut
4130:Gwich’in
4125:Dena'ina
4080:Obispeño
3965:Hawaiian
3960:Chamorro
3920:Powhatan
3850:Etchemin
3787:Cheyenne
3756:Families
3463:Standard
3433:Learning
3421:Nerrière
3412:Globish
3328:Malaysia
3300:Pakistan
3240:Zimbabwe
3168:Cameroon
3002:Barbados
2733:Atlantic
2701:Americas
2618:Abercraf
2587:Scotland
2566:Cornwall
2487:Midlands
2471:Teesside
2466:Tyneside
2456:Pitmatic
2419:Cheshire
2365:Dialects
2277:(2006).
1934:Archived
1597::5, 263)
1349:you ones
1341:you guys
1295:for any
1228:crayfish
1212:chughole
1202:take-out
1186:carry-in
1133:to mean
1131:whenever
1095:what-all
1068:all that
1051:to mean
1042:to mean
1033:to mean
1012:to mean
1003:to mean
994:to mean
940:to mean
931:to mean
922:to mean
614:, as in
484:dahntahn
480:downtown
301:Oklahoma
297:Arkansas
277:Nebraska
273:Missouri
193:Nebraska
127:fronting
112:Northern
84:/ /
80:Help:IPA
5925:Punjabi
5913:Bengali
5889:Persian
5880:Italian
5859:Haitian
5847:Russian
5817:Tagalog
5811:Chinese
5805:Spanish
5746:Kentish
5606:Spanish
5586:Bernese
5548:Muskrat
5369:Tonkawa
5339:Siuslaw
5334:Kutenai
5297:Yavapai
5287:Quechan
5257:Cocopah
5249:Cochimí
5129:Nomlaki
5121:Wintuan
5052:Serrano
5047:O'odham
5032:Luiseño
4947:Picuris
4897:Moneton
4883:Chiwere
4876:Catawba
4826:Hidatsa
4764:Cowlitz
4721:Klallam
4662:Kashaya
4626:Klamath
4549:Koasati
4544:Choctaw
4534:Alabama
4507:Nisenan
4489:Maiduan
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4375:Wyandot
4302:Alutiiq
4292:Inupiat
4268:Wailaki
4254:Tututni
4233:Mattole
4150:Koyukon
4073:Cruzeño
4008:Wichita
3998:Arikara
3990:Caddoan
3927:Quiripi
3913:Pamlico
3878:Mahican
3837:Shawnee
3817:Mi'kmaq
3777:Arapaho
3772:Abenaki
3633:Western
3628:Eastern
3524:English
3515:italics
3393:Engrish
3388:E-Prime
3361:Related
3348:Vietnam
3333:Myanmar
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2647:Ireland
2623:Cardiff
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2134:"Mango"
1811::15–16)
1496:measure
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1129:), and
1121:(as in
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892:anymore
887:anymore
881:anymore
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814:(as in
770:(as in
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746:(as in
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726:(as in
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451:THOUGHT
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72:in the
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5807:(41.3)
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5619:Isleño
5563:German
5525:French
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5310:Others
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5247:Yuman–
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5092:Tongva
5085:Cupeño
4929:Tanoan
4918:Woccon
4869:Biloxi
4856:Stoney
4851:Quapaw
4841:Mandan
4836:Lakota
4821:Dakota
4803:Siouan
4746:Salish
4644:Pomoan
4633:Molala
4497:Konkow
4365:Seneca
4350:Oneida
4345:Mohawk
4335:Cayuga
4175:Tolowa
4165:Navajo
4105:Dené(–
4040:Tsinúk
4016:Kitsai
3975:Samoan
3827:Ojibwe
3822:Munsee
3416:Gogate
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3235:Uganda
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2655:Dublin
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2324:
2306:
2285:
1560:Austin
1494:—thus
1450:) and
1417:Dayton
1347:(from
1253:green
1251:) for
1175:blinds
1137:(e.g.
807:(FACE)
719:(GOAT)
690:vowel
659:(TRAP)
622:, and
620:squash
599:line".
585:caught
563:caught
543:merger
517:rhotic
454:merger
369:short-
281:Kansas
211:, and
209:Austin
177:short-
157:, and
88:
37:, and
5960:(0.2)
5958:Khmer
5954:(0.2)
5948:(0.2)
5946:Hmong
5942:(0.3)
5940:Greek
5936:(0.3)
5927:(0.3)
5921:(0.3)
5919:Tamil
5915:(0.4)
5909:(0.4)
5903:(0.5)
5897:(0.5)
5891:(0.5)
5882:(0.5)
5876:(0.5)
5870:(0.9)
5861:(0.9)
5855:(0.9)
5849:(1.0)
5843:(1.1)
5837:(1.2)
5831:(1.4)
5825:(1.5)
5819:(1.7)
5813:(3.4)
5648:mixed
5596:Texas
5538:Métis
5349:Yuchi
5344:Washo
5329:Karuk
5324:Haida
5139:Wintu
5111:Makah
5077:Yaqui
4942:Kiowa
4937:Jemez
4831:Kansa
4756:Twana
4515:Chico
4502:Maidu
4360:Osage
4297:Aleut
4287:Inuit
4226:Lipan
4198:Cahto
4115:Ahtna
4003:Caddo
3941:Wiyot
3934:Unami
3842:Yurok
3764:Algic
3695:Older
3458:Plain
3373:Basic
3295:Nepal
3283:India
3183:Kenya
3178:Ghana
3143:Palau
3103:South
2946:Cajun
2887:Texas
2882:Older
2862:South
2833:North
2809:Maine
2628:Gower
2610:Wales
2526:South
2411:North
2256::126)
2196::128)
1897::266)
1870::308)
1826::268)
1744::135)
1687::259)
1670::182)
1585::277)
1550:Texas
1543:UPenn
1517:(now
1460:/oʊr/
1332:y'all
1245:mango
902:, or
820:reign
788:]
784:[
776:strut
748:mouth
700:]
696:[
612:/wɑʃ/
567:stalk
555:stock
471:MOUTH
459:STRUT
373:split
76:(IPA)
5646:and
5354:Zuni
5267:Ipai
5037:Mono
5012:Hopi
4962:Tewa
4957:Taos
4816:Crow
4383:Erie
4205:Eyak
4140:Hupa
3864:Loup
3792:Cree
3249:Asia
3126:Fiji
3113:West
3029:Saba
2894:West
2814:West
2804:East
2367:and
2322:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2215::61)
2200:help
2184::28)
2169:2023
2142:2017
2117:Dope
2042:2017
2015:alls
2013:The
1985::16)
1909::94)
1564:/aɪ/
1556:/aɪ/
1500:wash
1484:/eɪ/
1464:four
1452:/ɑr/
1444:/ɔr/
1419:and
1371:and
1369:/oʊ/
1293:sack
1274:coke
1270:soda
1247:(or
1234:dope
1225:for
1199:for
1177:for
1160:berm
1135:when
1127:1:45
1107:woke
1099:what
1064:alls
1060:Alls
964:like
962:and
960:want
914:need
910:Need
859:fire
847:/aɪ/
839:/aɪ/
833:, a
831:/oʊ/
816:face
812:/eɪ/
803:/eɪ/
780:what
752:/aɪ/
744:/aʊ/
735:/aʊ/
728:goat
724:/oʊ/
715:/oʊ/
688:TRAP
684:fact
616:wash
535:and
506:and
476:/aʊ/
435:/aʊ/
433:and
431:/oʊ/
399:and
329:and
247:and
195:and
189:Ohio
114:and
55:/aɪ/
47:/oʊ/
26:ANAE
4904:Ofo
4135:Hän
3797:Fox
2371:of
2119:".
2084:".
2019:".
1998:".
1839:".
1794::1)
1756::2)
1639:."
1610:."
1508:/r/
1492:/ʒ/
1488:/ɛ/
1456:far
1448:for
1377:/l/
1373:/u/
1337:you
1266:pop
1113:),
1109:or
1101:),
1080:was
1078:or
954:or
863:far
824:day
772:bug
768:/ʌ/
759:/ʌ/
692:/æ/
680:fan
672:/æ/
655:/æ/
642:or
628:/r/
593:cot
589:/ɑ/
581:/ɔ/
565:or
559:/ɔ/
553:or
551:cot
547:/ɑ/
532:LOT
508:/ɔ/
504:/ɑ/
482:as
465:LOT
445:LOT
405:/ʌ/
401:/ɔ/
397:/ɑ/
5976::
1914:^
1875:^
1816:^
1799:^
1732:^
1704:^
1675:^
1660:^
1355:.
1280:,
1141:).
1117:,
1076:is
1025:as
986:as
983:as
853::
822:,
818:,
778:,
774:,
618:,
597:on
577:on
573:On
379:.
345:.
291:,
287:,
251:.
219:.
207:,
150:aʊ
143:,
136:oʊ
3497:e
3490:t
3483:v
2357:e
2350:t
2343:v
2291:.
2202:)
2171:.
2144:.
2115:"
2080:"
2044:.
2011:"
1994:"
1643:.
1425:a
1409:a
1401:a
1312:(
971:"
966:.
908:"
798:.
786:ɜ
710:.
698:a
666:(
651:a
608:R
521:r
474:(
371:a
179:a
167:/
164:ʌ
161:/
153:/
147:/
139:/
133:/
94:.
61:.
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