Photographers of the American Civil War

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1853, Charles had relocated to the former studio of Harrison and Holmes at 289 Broadway, NYC, in what was then the new photographic industry's epicenter. Lower Manhattan contained the studios of some of the best photographers in the business, such as Henry Ulke, Mathew Brady, Jeremiah Gurney, Edward Anthony and Abraham Bogardus. Competition was fierce so "Professor" Rees passed himself off as a European political refugee with an innovative "German method of picture making." This method employed a division of labor in which all the process' steps were done by a so-called "expert." To compete, Charles cut his prices on portraits to twenty-five cents for a 1/9th plate and sixty-two cents with a case, a low price even by 1850 standards. After only a little more than two years in business, Charles moved from New York City. By 1859, 30 y.o. Charles, with his brother Edwin, returned to the soon-to-be capital of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia and again set up shop. They called their new studio "Rees' Steam Gallery." At the beginning of the Civil War, the influx of politicians and particularly soldiers meant a dramatic increase in business, and the brothers were kept busy with hundreds of new recruits flocking to their gallery. Caught up in the patriotic fervor of the time, Charles soon joined the 19th Virginia Militia, a regiment made up of shopkeepers, railroad workers and local firemen, who were used primarily as prison guards, but who were also used in extreme emergencies. As the war progressed, acute shortages of everything was the norm and most retail shops in Richmond, including Rees' studio, eventually closed down altogether. As Grant advanced on Petersburg on April 3, 1863, Richmond was evacuated. General Ewell ordered Richmond's warehouses put to the torch. The fires soon got out of control and engulfed the entire business district, including the Rees Brothers' studio. However, almost as soon as the fires were put out rebuilding soon began and Rees was back in business at a new studio named "Rees & Bro." at 913 Main Street. Then, in 1880, for reasons not entirely clear Charles relocated his studio to Petersburg, Virginia, setting up shop at the J. E. Rockwell Gallery on Sycamore Street. Charles Rees died in 1914 at the age of 84 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery with his wife Minerva and sons Eddie and Charles Jr. The Rees studio would continue operating under his only surviving child, James Conway Rees. James lived until 1955 and was one of the few men left who might have remembered the Civil War and his father's work during that conflict. With the coming of the Great Depression, the Rees Studio in Petersburg took its last photograph and closed its doors.

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deaths of 28 year-old Jane and his 7-week-old son David. In 1856, David moved to Springfield, Ill., taking a job as a machinist for the Great Western Railroad. His home was just one block from the residence of Abraham Lincoln. Soon after, Knox relocated his family to Washington, D.C. The first reference to Knox working at the Mathew B. Brady studio is a September 21, 1862, telegram sent from the Antietam battlefield by Alexander Gardner, addressed to "David Knox Brady Gallery", Washington. Knox was likely trained there by Gardner in the use of a large format camera. Historians don't know exactly when Knox left Brady's employ to Join Alexander Gardner's new competing firm. Returns for the June–July 1863 Draft Registration show Knox as a 42-year-old photographer, very near Gardner's gallery. Four of Knox's wartime negatives were included in "Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War." He is probably best known for his iconic plate, "13 inch mortar Dictator, in front of Petersburg, Va." Like his colleagues John Reekie and the Gardner brothers, Knox was an officer of the Washington, D.C., Saint Andrews Society, a Scottish relief organization. On May 7–10, 1868 the Crow, Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho, signed treaties at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory which were attested to by "Alex. Gardner" and "David Knox" establishing that Knox was engaged there in picture taking with Gardner. In 1870 David Knox and his wife Marion moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where he had apparently finished with photography to pursue regular employment as a machinist. He became head of the Union Pacific Railroad machinist shops. David died on November 24, 1895, and is buried with Marion at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Omaha, Nebraska.

529:, corner of Broadway and Bleecker St. In 1864, he was awarded a contract by Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs, for photographic work along the lines of the railroads in US. possession, in Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee. During this time, Coonley also produced the Nashville series for Edward Anthony. Coonley was also very likely responsible for at least fourteen photos archived at the Library of Congress, depicting the April 14, 1865, Fort Sumter Flag-Raising Ceremony, though he's cited as the author of just one. The photographic evidence suggests the Anthony Co. photographer used a stereo camera with a drop-shutter, utilizing two camera locations inside the fort. The only view inside Fort Sumter that actually depicts the garrison flag being raised is the work of photographer William E. James. From 1865 to 1871 Coonley managed C.J. Quinby's Charleston, S.C. gallery, with George N. Barnard joining as a partner in 1868. Coonley is known to have operated a business at 78 Broughton Street, Savannah, Georgia, dealing in Chromos, engravings and paintings, as well as manufacturing frames and publishing of stereoviews and photographs. Some years later, Cooley spent time in Nassau, Bahamas, at the request of Governor-General, Sir William Robinson. He returned to New York in 1881 and took a position as operator for J.M. Mora. In 1886 Coonley returned to Nassau, establishing a successful business there until 1904, when he sold out and returned to New York. Seventy-two year old Coonley would continue to spend his winters in the Bahamas. A December 1915 article on his death published in the New York 807:

not listed in the New York city directories until 1843, when he appears as a daguerreian at 189 Broadway. In the 1850s "Gurney's Daguerreian Gallery" offered mammoth daguerreotype prints from double full size plates. In 1852, he took time off to recover from a common illness of the daguerreian trade, mercury vapor poisoning. In 1857 Gurney was listed in the New York City Directory at 359 Broadway, in partnership with C.D Fredericks. In 1860, he was listed as a "photographist" at 707 Broadway, in business as "J. Gurney and Son." Gurney and son Benjamin advanced paper photography with the use of the "Chrystalotype" process. Jeremiah Gurney is probably best known for his having taken a photograph of Abraham Lincoln in an open coffin April 24, 1865, as the President's body lay in state in City Hall, New York City. The episode caused much distress to Mary Lincoln, who had forbid the taking of any photographs of her husband's corpse. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton was furious and succeeded in confiscating all of the existing prints and negatives but one (That print, secreted away by Lincoln secretary John Hay was rediscovered in 1952 at the Illinois State Historical Library by 14-year-old Ronald Rietveld). In 1874 Gurney's partnership with his son was dissolved. In his memoirs, Gurney stated that in 1895, at 83 years old, "I am currently semi-retired from the photographic arts industry, living here in Coxsackie with my daughter Martha. Jeremiah Gurney died that same year.

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1859 to about 1867. Albert seems to have been the driving force behind the brothers' Civil War images. He and his friend Emanuel Leutze obtained passes in October 1861 from Gen. Winfield Scott to travel, photograph and sketch along the Potomac River outside of Washington, D.C. They took 19 stereoview photographs of war-time Washington, D.C., and its nearby defenses. The photographs of defenses showed Union pickets near Lewinsville, Virginia and scenes at Camp Griffin, which was near Lewinsville. Troops photographed include the 43rd Regiment New York Volunteers and the 49th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. These images were published by the Bierstadt Brothers in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Edward ran a temporary studio in Langley near the 43rd New York's quarters at Camp Griffin. There he joined other photographers, including George Houghton, who took some iconic photographs of the Vermont Brigade in Northern Virginia. Washington, D.C., was not the brothers' only foray into Civil War photography. They published 8 views of the Metropolitan (Sanitary) Fair that took place in New York City in April 1864. Albert Bierstadt had an exhibit at the fair featuring Native American culture. After the partnership broke up around 1867 Albert pursued his career as an artist and became a member of the Hudson River school of artists. He is best known for his dramatic paintings of the Western United States. Edward and Charles continued independent careers as photographers.

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high-volume studio, they had reached a national audience with their advertised "largest and most varied assortment of stereoscopic instruments and pictures ever offered in this country." By then, both had joined the Lafayette Artillery, Durbec having risen to the rank of colonel. It was also at this time that O&D produced documentary photographs of the city and its vicinity, including their singularly historic, antebellum scenes of plantations and slave life. Following the Federal surrender of Fort Sumter on April 14, 1861, Osborn would visit the fort and its surrounds on at least two occasions, taking at least 43 stereo images of the battle's aftermath, in what is the largest known group of Confederate images of the war, and which is considered the most comprehensive photographic record of a Civil War engagement ever made. Today, thirty-nine are known to exist. Their friendship would outlast their Charleston business however, which the war and damaging fires had brought to an end by February 1862. Then, in September 1863, in response to Gen. Thomas Jordan's desire to document what "Southern troops could endure", Osborn and fellow artist George S. Cook volunteered to photograph the interior of Fort Sumter, which had been shelled by Union batteries into a shapeless mass. Little did the enterprising partners know that one result of this visit would be the first combat photographs in history.

337:, which contains 61 Imperial size, albumen prints embracing scenes from the occupation of Nashville, the great battles around Chattanooga and Lookout Mountain, the campaign of Atlanta, the Great March to the Sea, and the Great Raid through the Carolinas. He continued to photograph after the war, operating studios in Charleston, S.C. and Chicago. His Chicago studio was destroyed by the historic fire of 1871. In 1880 Barnard sold his Charleston studio and moved to Rochester, New York. From 1881 to 1883 he was the distinguished spokesman for George Eastman's line gelatine dry plates. Barnard ventured into his own short lived dry plate manufacturing concern with Robert H. Furman in 1882–83. In 1884, the Barnards moved to Painesville, Ohio and opened a studio with partner, local artist Horace Tibbals, which utilized their own manufactured dry plates. In 1888, George closed his business and his family moved to Gadsden, Alabama. In 1892, he moved for the last time to Cedarville, near Syracuse, New York, where he maintained his interest in photography, taking pictures of friends and family, and taking yearly class pictures of the school children. George Barnard died on February 4, 1902, at the home of his daughter, in Onondaga. He was 82. He is buried in Gilbert Cemetery in 941:

Regiment soldiers to Hilton Head, South Carolina in February 1862 and stayed through April or May 1862. His photography studio on the island of Hilton Head, South Carolina, comprised a tent set up in a sandy cotton field. He took at least one more trip to the same area that extended from April 22 to the end of May, 1863. The glass plate negatives he used measured 5 x 8 inches. Photographic prints were sold at his Concord, NH gallery for one dollar each. Moore produced more than 60 photographs of the South. The images include extensive coverage of the Third New Hampshire Regiment, but are not limited to that. He photographed scenes around Hilton Head, the 6th Connecticut, Signal Corps, 1st Massachusetts Cavalry, navy ships and sailors. Military operations were not his only interest. Scenes of plantations and recently freed slaves fill out his portfolio. He photographed cotton processing and slave quarters on Hilton Head, J.E. Seabrook's plantation on Edisto Island, and "contrabands" harvesting sweet potatoes at Hopkinson's Plantation on Edisto Island. Moore continued as a photographer in Concord, NH after the war. In 1900 he moved to Buffalo, New York closer to his daughter Alice. He died in 1911 in Buffalo, but is buried in his hometown of Concord, NH.

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above his store located next door to the Arsenal. He sold his photographic business in May 1864 with the intent of returning to the North. He reappeared in Beaufort in 1865, where he opened a mercantile and simultaneously advertised himself as "Photographer, Department of the South", doing contract work for the government. Cooley advertised in the local paper an inventory of over two thousand different negatives, views taken from Charleston, S.C, to St. Augustine Fla., which included card, stereoscopic and large 11X14 views taken for the government. Cooley also opened galleries in Hilton Head, S.C. and Jacksonville, Florida. In 1866 he had also established himself as an auctioneer and a town marshal, with his office at the Beaufort Hotel in Beaufort. His account book indicates he sold bread and foodstuffs to various businesses as well as to the General Hospital and the Small Pox Hospital. He eventually returned home to Hartford, Connecticut in 1869, where he offered at his gallery, an "exhibition of beautiful Stereopticon Views." Sam passed on 15 May 1900 (age 78) and is buried at Old North Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.

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Mississippi, and the "Great West." Western images included the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad and portraits of Indians. Carbutt may be best recognized for his significant contributions to the advancement of photographic processes in the 19th century and early 20th century. He was among the earliest photographers to experiment with magnesium light (January 1865), he experimented with dry plates as early as 1864 and began producing commercial dry plates in 1879. Carbutt and Dr. Arthur W. Goodspeed produced the earliest X-ray photographs in February 1896. Thus it is no wonder that his biographer William Brey barely mentions his Civil War photographs. The largest known output of Civil War photographs by Carbutt are 40 or so stereoviews of the 134th Illinois Infantry camped at Columbus, Kentucky. The 134th was a 100-day unit that were in Columbus from June 1864 until October 1864. Lincoln's funeral train was photographed by Carbutt as it passed through Chicago on May 1, 1865, and he followed the train to Springfield where he obtained photographs of Lincoln's home. The last of the great

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remarkable photograph of the 1st Indiana H.A. is just one of many made in Baton Rouge during its occupation by Union forces. After federal forces occupied Baton Rouge in May 1862, Lytle developed a lucrative photographic relationship with the U.S. Army and Navy. Besides providing studio portraits for members of the occupying forces, Lytle photographed the occupying army encampments around Baton Rouge as well as the Navy's West Gulf Blockading Squadron under Admiral James Glasgow Farragut and the Mississippi River Squadron. Many of Lytle's civil war era works are preserved in the 'Andrew D. Lytle's Baton Rouge' Photograph Collection at Louisiana State University. Lytle's studio was so successful during the civil war that he was able to buy property with buildings near the Louisiana Governor's Mansion, which became the Lytle family home for the next sixty years. As Louisiana emerged from Reconstruction, Lytle was joined in the business by his son Howard, operating under the name of Lytle Studio and, later, Lytle & Son.

1234:. Cutting developed a method for adhering the two pieces of glass together using Canada balsam. Though meant as a way to hermetically seal the ambrotypes as a preservation method, the process was ultimately unnecessary as the varnish layer itself worked extremely well as a protectant. In fact, ambrotypes that utilized Cutting's patent are known to exhibit deterioration caused by the technique. Numerous high-profile lawsuits (E. Anthony, J. Gurney, C.D. Fredericks, J. Bogardus) and disputes surrounding the patents may have had an intimidating effect, and discouraged a wider use of "instantaneous" (stop action) photography during the Civil War. Cutting's patented formula featured the chemical component, bromide of potassium, which greatly enhanced the sensitivity of the collodion. When the patent extensions came up for renewal in 1868, the Patent Office decided that the original patents should not have been issued, and the extension was denied. The decision was partly based on evidence found in 775:. Whitney opened his own "Skylight Gallery" in Rochester in 1851, and made regular trips to the New York City studios of Matthew Brady and Jeremiah Gurney in order to study the latest improvements in photography. In 1959, after recovering from the ill effects of cyanide poisoning, Whitney sold his Rochester business and moved to New York City, opening a gallery at 585 Broadway with Andrew W. Paradise, Mathew Brady's "right-hand man." Nevertheless, during the winter of 1861–62, Brady would commission Whitney to take "views of the fortifications around Washington and places of interest for the Government." These would include scenes in and around Arlington, Falls Church and Alexandria, VA. In March 1862, Brady again dispatched Whitney and Brady operator, David Woodbury, to take photographs on the Bull Run battlefield. Whitney also relates that he took views at Yorktown, Williamsburg, White House, Gaines' Mill, and Westover and Berkeley Landings during McClellan's 1055:, and apparently also began his photographic career, operating a daguerreian studio at 92-1/2 Fourth Street. In 1851, he and his aunt moved to New Orleans, and Jay quickly established himself at 19 Royal Street. He preferred working outdoors in his "queer-looking wagon." The new art of wet-plate photography enabled Edwards to distribute his stereoscopic views images throughout New Orleans. Because his stereo cards had a P.O. box number imprinted on the backs, historians have concluded he did not operate his own gallery in New Orleans. However, that changed when he and E. H. Newton Jr. formed a partnership and opened the Gallery of Photographic Art, located at 19 Royal Street. The gallery specialized in "stereoscopic views of any part of the world," and was assisted by New York publisher Edward Anthony and the London Stereoscopic Company. Their diverse inventory included an array of photographic equipment, photographs, 816: 697:(?–1867) was born in Northfield, Vermont. At the outset of war, Browne enlisted in Company C of the 15th Vermont Infantry at Berlin, Vermont. After the end of his two-year enlistment, Brown began working as a freelance camp photographer for the 5th Michigan Cavalry, part of George A. Custer's Michigan brigade. Browne wintered with them in their encampment at Stevensburg, Virginia while taking some of the earliest photographs of Brigadier General Custer. In 1864–65 Browne began doing contract work for Alexander Gardner. In May 1865, Maj. General Henry H. Abbot assigned Browne to photograph the James River water batteries around Richmond, Va., thus "preserving an invaluable record of their wonderful completeness." After the war, Gardner published 120 of Browne's negatives as "View of Confederate Water Batteries on the James River." Browne returned to his native Northfield, Vermont, where he died of consumption ( 453:. Capt. Russell's first photographs were used by Brigadier General Herman Haupt to illustrate his reports. Impressed with his work, on 1 March 1863, Haupt arranged to have Russell detached from his regiment and assigned to the United States Military Railroad Construction Corps, making Russell one of only two, Federal non-civilian Civil War photographers (Pvt. Philip Haas). In his embedded capacity, Russell not only photographed transportation subjects for the War Department, but also likely moonlighted by selling battlefield negatives to the Anthonys. In fact, Russell took over a thousand photos in two and a half years, some of which were distributed exclusively to President Lincoln. He's probably best known for "Stone wall at foot of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Va." showing dead Confederates of Barksdale's brigade, during the battle of Chancellorsville. Andrew Russell died on September 22, 1902, in 1103: 710: 739:

Federicton, New Brunswick newspaper dated July 7, 1857. The advertisement stated: "SOMETHING NEW just received in Stacy's Ambrotype room" and advertised stereoscopes and other photographic needs. George Stacy had a storefront at 691 Broadway in New York City, from 1861 to 1865. His earliest confirmed stereoviews are a series he took of the Prince of Whales' visit to Portland, ME. on Oct. 20, 1860. In June 1861 Stacy recorded his renown Fortress Monroe series, where his future brother in law Colin Van Gelder Forbes was serving with Duryee's Zouaves (5th NYVI) at the time. An industry census shows that Stacy was still marketing stereoviews in 1870. However, he's also listed as a farmer in that and the 1880 census, while living in Paterson N.J. It's likely that photography was his winter activity, whereas farming was taken up during the warmer months.

1043: 1090:", an escaped slave from a Louisiana plantation, who came into the Union lines at Baton Rouge. The pair went to Port Hudson, La. in the summer of 1863 and photographed the hard-fought siege of that city. After the fall of Port Hudson on July 8, McPherson & Oliver photographed the captured, Confederate fortifications. In August 1864, following the capture of Fort Morgan on Mobile Bay, Alabama, McPherson & Oliver made a comprehensive photographic record of that installation. In 1864 they moved to New Orleans and operated a gallery at 133 Canal Street. On April 26, 1865, "J. Oliver, 132 Canal, photographer" appeared as number 3490 a second district of New Orleans military draft list. In 1865 they dissolved their partnership. McPherson carried on with his own gallery at 132 Canal St. until his death from 58: 208:, however by 1853 many at the Iowa colony were sick and dying of tuberculosis (then called "consumption") and the Clydesdale company was dissolved. In 1856, Alex, his brother James and seven others, including Alex's wife, Margaret (1824–?), his son Lawrence (1848–?), his daughter Eliza (1850–?) and his mother Jane, immigrated to the United States. Colleague James Gibson may have been one of the party. Alex sought out the renown Mathew Brady for employment, who hired him to manage the Washington City studio. Gardner's business acumen and expertise at wet-plate photography and particularly the "Imperial Print", a 17 by 21 inch enlargement, brought Brady enormous success. With some reluctance, Brady agreed to let Gardner negotiate with Anthony Co. publishing of the increasingly popular 2-inch X 3.5-inch " 542: 1120: 24: 959: 1026: 449:(1829–1902), was born in Walpole, New Hampshire, the son of Harriet (née Robinson) and Joseph Russell. He was raised in Nunda, New York. He took an early interest in painting, and in addition to executing portraiture for local public figures, he was drawn to railroads and trains. During the first two years of the Civil War, Russell painted a diorama used to recruit soldiers for the Union Army. On 22 August 1862, he volunteered at Elmira, New York, mustering in the following month as a captain in Company F, 141st New York Volunteer Regiment. In February 1863, Russell, who had become interested in the new art of photography, paid free-lance photographer Egbert Guy Fowx $ 300 to teach him 631: 513: 504:" photography. Roche lived well off his many royalties, and continued as technical advisor to the company, sharing his knowledge, wisdom and anecdotes with readers of Anthony's Bulletin up until his death in 1895. Roche is probably best known for, and counts among his many accomplishments, the roughly 50 stereoviews taken on April 3, 1865, following the fall of Petersburg, Virginia. These include the "death studies", at least 20 stereoviews of the dead, allegedly taken inside Fort Mahone The War Department contracts guaranteed the Anthonys the stereo negatives, while furnishing the government with the large format plates. 929: 1328: 1415: 748: 1068: 156:

accumulate as many war views as possible, with the understanding that in the not too distant future a photomechanical means of reproduction would be possible. With this end in mind, Brady made, exchanged, borrowed and copied prints and negatives. If there were duplicate views to be had, he bought those. In light of Brady's practice, it is not surprising therefore, that a very large number of war views in his vast collection, that were not actually his, came to be associated almost exclusively with his name. Nearly every photograph associated with the struggle seemed to be a "photograph by Brady."

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collection of Brady cartes-de-visite and war negatives, received by them as compensation for Brady's continued indebtedness. From the War Department, the collection devolved to the U.S. Signal Corps, and in 1940 it was accessioned by the National Archives. On January 15, 1896, Brady died penniless in the charity ward of Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. However, in his last days, Brady did not die in isolation. He was visited and comforted often, by friends and admirers up until the very end. His funeral was largely financed by the friends of his adopted regiment, the 7th NYSM.

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Tysons evacuated town, as did most of the residents, prior to the Rebel shelling and occupation on July 1. Working in the wake of the July visits to the battlefield by Alexander Gardner and Mathew B. Brady, the Tyson brothers, now fully equipped to take views in the field, by December were offering their "Photographic Views of the Battle-Field of Gettysburg." Then, on November 19, the brothers recorded a number of historic views of the procession to the dedication of the Soldier's National Cemetery, one of which captured President Lincoln on horseback.

418: 1457: 1607: 859:." By 1852, forty-four year old Haas was an accomplished wet-plate photographer, with a studio in New York City "near the corner of White Street." On September 23, 1861, fifty-three year old Haas enlisted with the 1st N.Y. Engineers, claiming he was forty-three. Haas was mustered on January 17, 1862, as a 2nd Lt. in Company A. Special Order No. 248, dated July 15, 1862, Hilton Head, Port Royal, detailed Haas for "special service at headquarters." In 1863, Haas and newly acquired assistant Washington Peale were taking photographs of 687: 1517: 1562: 887: 1577: 1637: 967: 1502: 762:, Gutekunst produced a series seven large plates of exquisite quality, including the first image of local hero John L. Burns. An elegant portrait of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant stirred national interest and further set the "Dean of American Photographers" apart from his contemporaries. By 1893 he had been in business almost forty years and was residing in the upscale suburb of Germantown. Gutekunst suffered from Bright's Disease, which may have precipitated a fall down some stairs eight weeks before his death. 1427: 36: 439: 496:, taking the first complete set of Central Park stereoviews published by them. Many, early Anthony stereoviews by Roche were published on fragile glass which, not surprisingly, are today extremely rare. Over the years, Roche was Anthony Co.'s principal photographer and senior advisor and one of their most valuable assets, developing many patents for the company's products and processes. Arguably, Roche's most important patent (241,070) was taken out in 1881 for a silver bromide-sensitized gelatin, " 144:, was born in Warren County, New York. Brady would spend his fortune to accumulate photos of the war. In the early 1840s, Brady was a manufacturer of "jewel cases" for daguerreotypes in New York City. By 1844 he had opened his own daguerreian gallery at 205 Broadway, the "New-York Daguerreian Miniature Gallery", having with Edward Anthony in 1840 received instruction from Prof. Samuel B. Morse for a fee of $ 50. Still in his 20s, Brady's next goal was to establish at his hall of fame, a 1197:, Ohio. He is unique in that he was able to secretly construct a wet-plate camera using a pine box, pocket knife, tin can, and spyglass lens. Smith acquired chemicals from the prison hospital to use for the photographic process. He used the camera clandestinely to photograph other prisoners at the gable end of the attic of cell block four. No other prison had an on-site photographer providing images for the imprisoned to send home. His contribution is well presented in David R. Bush's 1370: 204:. When he was twenty-one he left the jeweler's shop for a job on the Glasgow Sentinel as a reporter. After only a year of reporting he was appointed editor of the Sentinel. A love of chemistry soon led him to experiment with photography. Deeply disturbed by the exploitation of the working class, and in the spirit of the early cooperative movements in Scotland, Gardner organized a utopian venture in the US called the "Clydesdale Joint Stock Agricultural and Commercial Company" in 1316: 559: 287: 1169: 1059:, melainotypes, portrait enlargements, pastel, oil, and watercolor prints. Edwards undertook one of the earliest wartime photo expeditions by venturing into the field in April 1861. He followed Confederate units from New Orleans to Pensacola, Fl., as they mobilized against Fort Pickens. Edwards advertised 39 views at "$ 1 per copy." Two were reproduced as woodcuts in Harper's Weekly in June, though Edwards received no credit. Afterwards, Edward was apparently out of business. 270:. The two editions consisted of two leather-bound volumes each. Both volumes contained 50 tipped-in, imperial size albumen prints each, with accompanying pages of descriptive, letterpress. At $ 150 per set however, it was not the success Gardner had hoped. When asked about his work he said, "It is designed to speak for itself . . As mementos of the fearful struggle through which the country has just passed, it is confidently hoped that it will possess an enduring interest." 1487: 1622: 1355: 426:

him. Gibson may have emigrated to America with Alexander Gardner, who was also from Scotland. Gibson's first documented trip into the field was when he accompanied George N. Barnard to the Bull Run battlefield in March 1862. He worked with Gardner at Gettysburg and partnered with him at Sharpsburg, but Gibson's own greatest legacy was the wide array of photographs he took while on the Virginia peninsula, in particular his poignant, landmark photo of the wounded at

783:, 2733) is on March 27, 1863, during which time he documented the Southern Plains Indian Delegation inside the White House's well lit conservatory (2734, 2735). In addition to Anthony's post-war views with back label attributions to Whitney & Paradise, Whitney is also listed as working with a Mr. Beckwith in Norwalk, Connecticut. from 1865 to 1871, and then alone in Norwalk from 1873 to 1880. Lastly he can be placed in Wilton, Connecticut from 1879 to 1886. 1592: 6371: 1343: 1385: 1547: 350: 313:, and as a child moved to upstate New York. After a brief career in hotel management, he opened a daguerreotype studio in Oswego, New York, becoming nationally known for his portraits. It is not known where Barnard learned his trade. On July 5, 1853, Barnard photographed the conflagration at the Ames flour mills in Oswego, producing what may be the first American "news" photograph. In 1854 he moved his operation to Syracuse, New York, and began using the 1185:

cameras used wet-plate collodion glass-plate negatives with fairly long exposure times. Photographing in the field, a photographer needed a darkroom wagon nearby for preparing the wet plates for exposure and developing them after exposure before they dried. Without a darkroom wagon, a photographer would have required a system of runners or horsemen to relay the wet plates between his studio, the photographic site in the field, and back to his studio.

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either 1¢, 2¢, 3¢, or 5¢, depending on the price of the photo (1–10¢, 10–25¢, 25–50¢, 50–$ 1 respectively). However, there was not a special stamp created for photography, so, US revenue stamps originally intended for Bank Checks, Playing Cards, Certificates, Proprietary, Bills of Lading, &c. were used. Largely due to the lobbying efforts of Alexander Gardner, Mathew Brady, Jeremiah Gurney and Charles D. Fredericks, the tax was repealed in 1866.

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photographed the Gettysburg battlefield for Brady, returning on November 19 to take "pictures of the crowd and Procession" (Nov. 23, 1863 letter to sister Eliza). In the summer of 1864, Woodbury photographed Grant's Headquarters Command for Brady, who had replaced Alexander Gardner as official photographer. On April 24, Woodbury assisted J.F. Coonley on the steps the Treasury Building, for the purpose of photographing the

1472: 846: 216:"Photographer to the Army of the Potomac" was used by him to the end of the war. In the year 1862, Gardner and his operators photographed the 1st Bull Run battlefield, McClellan's Peninsula Campaign, and the battlefields of Cedar Mountain and Antietam. Since the battlefields of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville were Union defeats and remained in enemy hands, Northern photographers were unable to reach the fields. 994:, where he raised a family. Cook's status as one of the South's most famous photographers was due in part to his visit to Fort Sumter on Feb. 8, 1861, which resulted in the first mass marketing of cartes-de-visite, a photograph of the fort's commander, Maj. Robert Anderson. A successful portrait business that survived the war, and the systematic documentation of Union shelling of Charleston and in particular, 606: 124: 1143:. His portraiture of Native Americans were part of a systematic effort to document members of treaty delegations who came to Washington, D.C. After the Civil War broke out, operating out of Richmond, Vannerson continued making portraits of famous Confederate general officers, using his preferred method, the "salt" print. He is best known for his portrait photographs of Confederate generals 220:

Gardner himself in 1867 acknowledged in a deposition that though a photograph be identified on the mount as a "Photograph by A. Gardner" for example, it simply meant that it was printed or copied in his gallery, and he was not necessarily the photographer. The split seems more likely to have grown out of Brady's incompetent business practices and his failure to regularly meet his payroll.

364:. As a teenager, he was employed by Mathew Brady and worked for him continuously from 1856 to late 1862, when he was hired by Alexander Gardner as "superintendent of my map and field work." In the winter of 1861–62, O'Sullivan was dispatched to document Gen. Thomas W. Sherman's Port Royal, S.C. operations. In July 1862, O'Sullivan followed the campaign of Gen. 317:. In 1859, Barnard joined Edward Anthony's firm. At the outbreak of war, Barnard was working for Mathew Brady in Washington, D.C., and New York City. Barnard, besides doing portraits and photographing the troops around Washington, D.C., was among Brady's initial corps of photographers, who were sent into the field to photograph the battlefields of Northern 864:

25, 1863, but continued taking photographs for the War Department. After 1863, the trail of his life grows thin. Of particular historic significance is the pair's "Unidentified camp", recognized in the year 2000 by South Carolina, author Jack Thompson to be among the world's very first photographs of actual combat. It depicts monitor-class ironclads and

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photographs were long regarded with extreme disfavor in the South after the rebellion, most were disposed of. Fortunately, this was not the case for the many cherished family portraits of Confederate servicemen who lived and died during the war. These remarkable photographs are among the last known record of who they were and what they looked like.

430:. Several years after the war, before a court could rule on Gibson's 1868 civil suit against business partner, Mathew Brady (Gibson also sued Gardner), he heavily mortgaged Brady's failing Washington Gallery, which he partly owned (50%) and managed from Sept. 1864, left for Kansas with the cash, and was never heard from again. 1086:

photographers in occupied cities, the pair quickly adapted to the occupation. This arrangement had the benefit of being able to procure photography supplies through special arrangements with the military. McPherson & Oliver are probably best known for "The Scourged Back", their sensational, widely published portrait of "

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improving and enlarging the scope of the co-operative life insurance business model of the "Washington Beneficial Endowment Association." Gardner continued with his involvement in the "Masonic Mutual Relief Association", becoming its president in 1882, and the St Andrews Society, a Scottish relief organization.

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comprehension of those terrible battles. In the 1868 census, Brown was listed as a photographer at the Medical Museum. By 1870, Brown was promoting and instructing others in the use of the "Porcelain Print" process, which was patented by photographer Egebert Guy Fowx. In 1872 Brown was elected Secretary of

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the story of Lytle as "camera spy for the Confederacy" was born. Other than this tale, told fifty years after the fact to a journalist, there is no record any espionage by Lytle. The photographic equipment of the time, including that used by Lytle, involved bulky cameras and large, heavy tripods. The

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David B. Woodbury (1839–1879) was arguably the best of the artists who stayed with Brady through the war. In March 1862, Mathew Brady sent Woodbury and Edward Whitney out to photograph the 1st Bull Run battlefield, and in May, views of the Peninsula Campaign. In July 1863, Woodbury and Anthony Berger

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Charles Richard Rees (January 26, 1825 – 1914) was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania to German immigrants Bernard and Sarah Rees. Charles started his career as a daguerreotypist in Cincinnati around 1850. In 1851, Charles and his brother Edwin opened a studio in Richmond, Virginia near the Capitol. By

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in America to learn the "new art" of daguerreian photography. Gurney was taught the process by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1839, who explained to Gurney that "What you will have to allow for is the initial outlay . . And there is of course my fee." The fee was thought to have been fifty dollars. Gurney was

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Mathew Brady's unequaled fame derived from his shrewd ability at self-promotion and a strong determination to succeed as the foremost portrait photographer of his day. He would also become known as the most prominent photographer of the American Civil War. From the very beginning Brady determined to

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In September 1862, Northern photographic studios were required to purchase an annual license. By August 1864, photographers would have to buy revenue stamps as well. The "Sun Picture" tax on photographs was instituted by the Office of Internal Revenue as a means to help finance the war. The tax was

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In 1858, James M. Osborn (1811–1868), a 47 year old daguerreian, native of New York, living in Charleston, S.C., joined forces with 22 year old Charleston native, Frederick Eugene Durbec (1836–1894). Both were soon to become among the war's first photographers. By 1860, from their state-of-the-art,

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siege operations on Morris Island. The pair are credited with dozens of views of the activities of the Union Army in South Carolina during the Civil War, including Folly Island, Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, Lighthouse Inlet and Morris Island. Haas resigned his commission due to ill health on May

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Samuel Abbot Cooley (1821–1900), from Connecticut, surfaced in the Beaufort area before the war as a photographer. He stayed in the occupied area as a sutler and photographer for X Corps, employing his large format, drop-shutter and twin lens stereo cameras. By 1863 Cooley had a photographic studio

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In the first months of the war, southern "artists" actively documented in the field through their images. In fact, a Southerner took the first photographs of the war inside Fort Sumter. However, as a consequence of the war and rampant inflation most were soon out of business. Unfortunately, as war

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battlefields of Virginia. Their guide on that occasion was none other than Lt. George E. Chancellor, Co. E, 9th Va. Cav., after whose family the battlefield is named. Though new to the field of photography, Brown did respectable work, producing a number of stereo photographs that have aided in our

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At the end of the Civil War, O'Sullivan was made official government photographer for the Clarence King (1867, 68, 69, 72), Isthmus of Darien (Panama 1870) and George Wheeler (1871, 73, 74) Expeditions respectively, during which time he married fellow photographer, William Pywell's sister Laura in

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In the fall of 1861, Gardner took a position as official photographer on the staff of General George B. McClellan, the commander of the Army of the Potomac, and was given the honorary rank of captain. This particular assignment lasted until McClellan's demotion in November 1862; however, the title

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provided the initial opportunity to photograph an engagement between opposing armies, however Brady returned with no known photographs from the battlefield. Following the Federal rout, he arrived back in Washington, D.C., the day after the battle and was photographed at his studio wearing a soiled

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Jay Dearborn Edwards (1831–1900), a New Hampshire native, was born Jay Dearborn Moody, on July 14, 1831. After the death of his father in 1842, young Jay was sent to St. Louis to live with an aunt, at which time his surname was changed to Edwards. By age 17, he was a lecturer on the pseudoscience

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firing on Fort Moultrie in defense of monitor U.S.S. Weehawken, grounded off Cummings Point. For unknown reasons, the historic stereoview was not marketed until 1880, when it was finally offered for sale by Cook's son, George LaGrange Cook. Sadly, Cook's extensive collection, mainly consisting of

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The Bierstadt Brothers consisted of Edward (1824–1906), Charles (1828–1903) and Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902) who immigrated with their parents to New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1831 from Solingen, Germany. The Bierstadt brothers opened a photographic gallery in New Bedford which they operated from

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John Carbutt (1832–1905) was born in Sheffield, England. His first stop in the New World was Canada. The Chicago, Illinois city directory of 1861 is the first to bear his name in the United States. During the 1860s in Chicago, Carbutt was a prolific producer of stereoviews of Chicago, the Upper

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James F. Gibson (1828/29–?), perhaps the least recognized of the war's most significant photographers was also one of the least known. In 1860, Scotsman Gibson's name appeared with that of his wife Elizabeth in the Washington, D.C., census, and the city directory showed that Mathew Brady employed

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In 1875, the civic-minded Gardner worked at the Washington City Metropolitan Police Department, copying nearly a thousand daguerreotypes to be used as "mug shots", the forerunner of the "Rogues Gallery." In 1879, Alexander Gardner formally retired from photography, devoting his remaining years to

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While it is true that in the beginning, at his own expense, the enterprising Mathew Brady secured the necessary permissions from the War Department for the purpose of documenting the "rebellion", it would largely be others, particularly those photographers who were under the direct supervision of

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was the most widely covered conflict of the 19th century. The images would provide posterity with a comprehensive visual record of the war and its leading figures, and make a powerful impression on the populace. Something not generally known by the public is the fact that roughly 70% of the war's

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George Oscar Brown (?–?) Active 1860–1889. Information on Brown is scant. In April 1866, under the direction of Dr. Reed Bonteceau, Brown, at the time just a hospital steward at the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C., was hired as an assistant cameraman by the museum's photographer, William

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Edward Tompkins Whitney (1820–1893) In 1844, Whitney, born in New York City, quit the jewelry business to learn the daguerreotype process from Matrin M. Lawrence, before moving to Rochester New York in 1846, as an operator in the studio of Thomas Mercer. In 1850, J. W. Black of Boston instructed

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David Knox (1821–1895) was born in Renfrew, Scotland. In 1849, with wife Jane older brother John and John's wife Elizabeth, machinist Knox emigrated to America, taking a machinist job in New Haven, Connecticut. Knox became a naturalized citizen on March 22, 1855, just five years after the tragic

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Jacob Frank "Jay" Coonley (1832–1915) New York Ambrotypist, Coonley was originally a landscape painter who early on learned the trade from George N. Barnard. He managed Edward Anthony's stereoscopic print shop until 1862, taking assignments in Pennsylvania, New York and Washington, D.C. When war

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In September 1867 Gardner closed his gallery, and with his son Lawrence and assistant William R. Pywell set out to photograph along the proposed route of the U.P.R.R., taking photographs along the 35th parallel, from Wyandotte to Hays Kansas. After finishing his assignment on October 19, Gardner

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documentary photography was captured by the twin lenses of a stereo camera. The American Civil War was the first war in history whose intimate reality would be brought home to the public, not only in newspaper depictions, album cards and cartes-de-visite, but in a popular new 3D format called a "

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Henry P. Moore (1835–1911) was born in Goffstown, New Hampshire. His family moved to Concord, New Hampshire when Henry was seven. By 1862 Moore was a "well known" photographer in Concord, New Hampshire. His entrance into Civil War photography occurred when Moore followed the Third New Hampshire

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Isaac Griffith (1833–1913) and Charles John (1838–1906) Tyson. were residents of Gettysburg, Pa. in July 1863; however, the Tysons' "Tyson's Excelsior Photographic Gallery" wasn't as yet properly equipped to take photographs in the field, for which there was basically no demand at the time. The

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William D. McPherson (? – October 9, 1867) and J. Oliver (?–?) The southern photographers were active in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the 1860s. McPherson & Oliver's business was exclusively Confederate, until Union forces occupied Baton Rouge in May 1862. Like other Southern

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Note: The famous "exploding shell" photo falsely attributed to Cook is in reality a painting by C.S.A. Lt. John R. Key, based on three half stereos taken by Cook inside Fort Sumter on Sept. 8, 1863. Experts had overlooked the fact that no camera of the time was capable of taking the wide angle

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in 1880, and his older son, George LaGrange Cook, took charge of the studio in Charleston. In Richmond, Cook bought up the businesses of photographers who were retiring, or moving from the city. He thus amassed the most comprehensive collection of prints and negatives of the former Confederate

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George Stacy (1831–1897) George Stacy was a Civil War, field photographer and later a prolific publisher of stereoviews, not necessisarily his own. The first reference to George Stacy being a photographer may be in New Brunswick Canada. A photographer by that name placed and advertisement in a

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By May 1863, Gardner had opened his own studio in Washington City with his brother James, taking with him many of Mathew Brady's former staff. Circumstantial evidence suggests that Gardner's split with Brady was not caused by any altruistic concerns over the proper citation in published works.

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By war's end, Brady estimated he had spent $ 100,000 to amass more than 10,000 negatives that the public no longer showed an interest in. In 1875, the War Department came to Brady's relief and purchased for $ 25,000 the remainder of Brady's collection. Anthony Company possessed another immense

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Andrew David Lytle (1858–1917) was an itinerant photographer in Cincinnati, Ohio, who worked throughout the mid-South. In 1858, he opened a studio on Main Street in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and for the next half-century recorded the places, events and faces of Louisiana's capital city. Lytle's

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in action off Morris Island, South Carolina. A September 8, 1863, date has been suggested for the photo, however during that action the 17-gun frigate was engaging Fort Moultrie at close range and out of view of the Federal camps which were 4 miles away. In fact, it was Southern photographer

678:. Six years later, he was the official photographer of the 1873 Yellowstone Expedition to survey a route for the Northern Pacific Railroad along the Yellowstone River, under the overall command of Colonel David S. Stanley, with Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer as second in command. 1180:, purchased most of the surviving negatives Baton Rouge photographer Andrew Lytle had created during the Federal occupation of Baton Rouge. The agent also spoke to Howard Lytle about the role his father had played in the war. From that conversation and the subsequent write up in 779:. Whitney personally appears in an unusually large number of photographs from 1861 to 1863, and while there is no question that Whitney took photographs for Brady, alas, there are no wartime views specifically ascribed to him. Whitney's last documented self-portrait (Anthony, 1013:

capital known to exist. Cook remained an active photographer for the remainder of his life. In 1891, one year before George's death, George Jr. joined his father and younger brother Huestis in Richmond. After George Jr's death in 1919, Huestis took over the Richmond studio.

259:. Gardner, with the assistance of O'Sullivan, also took photographs of the execution of Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt and David Herold as they were hanged at Washington Penitentiary on July 7, 1865. Four months later, Gardner photographed the execution of 673:

of Alexandria, Va. Between September and October 1867, Pywell assisted Alexander Gardner during the "Kansas Pacific Railway Survey" across the 39th parallel, from Wyandotte, Kansas to Fort Wallace in western Kansas. The result would be Gardner's folio sized album

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The results of the efforts of all Civil War photographers can be seen in almost all of the history texts of the conflict. In terms of photography, the American Civil War is the best covered conflict of the 19th century. It presaged the development of the wartime

148:. "From the first, I regarded myself as under obligation to my country to preserve the faces of its historic men and mothers." Brady returned to New York in May 1852 after a long absence in Europe. While there he sought treatments for an undisclosed illness ( 1208:

Itinerant (traveling) photographers received permission from a commanding general to establish themselves within an encampment, primarily for the lucrative purpose of making portraits for the soldiers, which could then be sent to loved ones as a memento.

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Philip Haas (1808–1871) and Washington Peale (1825–1868) While but little is known of Haas' early personal history, almost nothing is known about Peale. In 1839–40, Haas, a lithographer based in Washington, D.C., endeavored to learn the new art of the

227:

and Petersburg operations were mostly photographed by Gardner's employee Timothy O'Sullivan, "supervisor of my map and field work." By June 1864, the designation of official photographer for Grant's headquarters command had devolved to Mathew Brady.

873:, who was taking combat action photographs from the parapet of Fort Sumter on September 8, while he himself was being shelled by monitor "Weehawken", grounded off Cummings Point. A more plausible opportunity for Haas and Peale to have captured 574:. Reekie was active in Virginia, taking views at Dutch Gap and City Point, and in and around Petersburg, Mechanicsville and Richmond. Reekie's probably best known for his scenes of the unburied dead, on the battlefields of Gaines' Mill and 1139:(1827–?) In 1857, Julian Vannerson was a daguerrean portrait artist and principal operator for the James Earle McClees gallery in Washington, D.C., at 308 Pennsylvania Avenue. In 1859 Vannerson's autographed prints were published in 849:

Fort Sumter, reduced to a shapeless pile of rubble, photographed by Haas & Peale across an active front (Note the Confederate flag flying above the parapet), soon after the evacuations of batteries Greg and Wagner on Sept. 7,

665:(1843–1887) worked for both Mathew Brady and Alexander Gardner. Pywell's photographs are an important and integral part of the historic photographic record of the American Civil War. Three fine negatives are credited to Pywell in 159:

At the beginning of the war, Mathew Brady secured the necessary permissions, purchased rugged cameras and traveling "darkrooms", and sent his employees out to begin documenting the struggle, all at his own personal expense. The

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John Reekie was an officer of the Saint Andrews Society, a Scottish relief organization in Washington, D.C., as was Alexander and James Gardner and David Knox. Reekie died on April 6, 1885, of pneumonia and was buried in

152:?). In 1856, seeing the tremendous potential for reproducible, enlarged prints and their purpose for the illustrated newspapers, Brady hired photographer and businessman, Alexander Gardner for his Washington City studio. 1102: 998:

added to Cook's fame. Then, on September 8, 1863, he and business partner James Osborn photographed the inside of Fort Sumter, and as luck would have it, also captured the developing naval action in the harbor, Federal

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villages of the southwest, and were instrumental in attracting settlers to the West. In 1875 O'Sullivan returned to Washington, D.C., where he spent the last years of his short life as the official photographer of the

41:

USS New Ironsides and five monitor-class warships engaging Forts Wagner and Gregg in Charleston harbor, S.C., in what is one of the world's first combat action photographs, taken in (September 5/6 1863.Haas &

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Illustrated in: Frassanito, William A., E474.65.F7 (P&P) Antietam: The Photographic Legacy of America's Bloodiest Day, E474.65.F7 (P&P). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 31, with comments on pages

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in action would have been the extended period from September 5–6, when for 36 straight hours the ironclads engaged batteries Wagner and Gregg (top photo), prior to the Rebel evacuations on September 7.

3042:"The case of the missing photographers: Haas and Peale" Kaplan, Milton, 1980, in "A Century of Photographs 1846–1946", Selected from the Collections of the Library of Congress, Washington. pp. 51–57 2812: 1008:

portraits of notable Southern personalities, was lost on Feb. 17, 1865, when his Columbia, S.C. studio was destroyed during the firestorm that engulfed the capital city. Cook moved his family to

3669:– One hundred mounted, numbered albumen photographs of the operations of the Army of the Potomac, accompanied by a page of descriptive letterpress, published in 1866 by Philp & Solomons. 173:

Alexander Gardner, who would follow the armies and ultimately fulfill the difficult task of recording for posterity a timely, consecutive photographic history of the American Civil War.

903:. The Illinois soldiers' homes at Chicago and Cairo, Illinois required continued funding, and the fair helped cover other continuing expenses of the Northwestern Sanitary Commission. 521:

erupted, Coonley remained in Washington, photographing generals soldiers, statesman and the like. In 1862 he briefly moved to Philadelphia to open the portrait gallery partnership of

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Half stereo detail of George Chancellor on the Wilderness Battlefield, standing at some Confederate breastworks near Palmer's field on the Orange Turnpike – George Oscar Brown, 1866

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and an avid collector of Civil War prints for the MOLLUS, many of which have long since vanished, along with their negatives, and are today found only in these three scrap books.

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termed "piratical stealing". In 1870 H.R. 1714 was passed by the 41st Congress. The interpolations made in the new law were due primarily to the influence of Alexander Gardner.

1432: 618:, "the plates being exposed with a drop shutter, this being the nearest thing to an instantaneous exposure with a wet plate." David B. Woodbury died December 30, 1866, in 1642: 1612: 2224: 2202: 1405: 49: 1651: 302:. Albumen print by George Barnard, 1866. Digitally restored. A distinctive attribute of Barnard's work was to superimpose clouds into an otherwise overexposed sky. 5858: 1522: 5313: 5308: 1582: 1333: 372:. In July 1863, he reached the pinnacle of his career when he took pictures at Gettysburg, PA., most notably, "The Harvest of Death". In 1864, following Gen. 5318: 1390: 1375: 1238:

book, "The History and Practice of Photography." Snelling in 1853 had described the use of the same key ingredients found in Cutting's high-speed, emulsion.

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battlefield, almost a year after the battle. This photograph is notable for being one of relatively few images depicting black soldiers at work in the war.

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duster and sword (see photo). Tantalizingly little is known about Brady's life, as he kept no journals, wrote no memoirs and left but few written accounts.

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John Reekie is illustrated in D. Mark Katz, "Witness to an Era. The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner," Viking, New York, 1991, p. 231 (far right)

492:(1826–1895) In 1858, Roche became interested in photography and was listed as an agent at 83 South St. in Brooklyn, New York. In 1862 he went to work for 6445: 5745: 5665: 4193: 2556: 1627: 3927: 3114: 3513: 274:

returned to Washington City and that year published his folio sized anthology, "Across the Continent on the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division."

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Co. B, 9th Miss. in bivouac at Warrington Navy Yard, Pensacola, Fl. The cook is identified as Kinlock Falconer – J.D. Edwards 1861 (LOC B8184-10016)

4188: 3343: 5963: 5938: 5740: 5648: 4198: 3932: 1971: 385: 200:. He became an apprentice silversmith jeweller at the age of fourteen. Soon, Gardner found out that his interests and talents lay in finance and 78:" or "stereoview." Millions of these cards were produced and purchased by a public eager to experience the nature of warfare in a whole new way. 2103:. Framing the West The Survey Photographs of Timothy H. O'Sullivan – Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Library of Congress. Archived from 223:

In July 1863, Gardner and employees James Gibson and Timothy O'Sullivan photographed the fresh battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Grant's

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The number of Civil War photographs that are available contrasts sharply with the scarcity of pictures from subsequent conflicts such as the

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Sixth plate ambrotype of Private John L. Wood, Co. D, 3rd NCIR, showing an "Arkansas Toothpick" and sheath, with initials J.L.W. – Rees, 1861

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Albumen photograph of a group of tents that were a part of Camp Letterman General Hospital, Gettysburg, PA. – Tyson Bros., August 1863.

669:. Pywell was busy in both the Western Theatre as well as in the East, but is probably best remembered for his early photographs of the 6415: 6185: 5948: 5918: 5556: 5485: 4183: 4178: 3562: 1704: 962:

George Cook, half stereo of Federal ironclads firing on Fort Moultrie, Sept 8, 1863 (click to enlarge) – The Valentine, Richmond, Va.

128: 6099: 6034: 4736: 4711: 3947: 3922: 3872: 3852: 409:. Just seven years later, at the young age of 42, O'Sullivan died of tuberculosis at his parents’ home in Staten Island, New York. 406: 2348:"Pages From A Veteran's Notebook", a short autobiography by J. F. Coonley – Wilson's Photographic Magazine, Volume 44 pp. 105-107 1042: 658:

buildings of Price, Birch & Co. 1315 Duke Street, Alexandria, Va., used to hold slaves awaiting auction – William Pywell, 1862

6277: 5993: 5690: 5586: 5438: 4771: 4651: 3862: 2441: 4661: 758:(1831–1917) Pennsylvania photographer, Gutekunst opened two studios in Philadelphia in 1856. On July 9, just six days after the 6425: 6243: 5988: 4731: 4726: 4401: 802:(1812–1895) was born in Coeymans, New York. Gurney, then a jeweler in Saratoga, N.Y. became one of the first, if not the first 4571: 1939:

D. Mark Katz, "Witness to an Era. The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner", Viking, New York, 1991, pp. 215–29 & 262

5815: 4807: 4802: 4666: 4566: 3817: 3497: 2599:. by Craig Heberton IV and Keith B.C. Brady – Center for Civil War Photography "Battlefield Photographer" – August 2018 issue 2509: 57: 1414: 127:

Mathew Brady taken shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run, wearing a sword given to him for defense by a soldier of the

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Doctors of the 5th NYIR simulating an arm amputation on a Zouave soldier inside Fort Monroe, Virginia – George Stacy, 1861

29:

New Ironsides and monitor class ironclads engaging Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, SC. September 8, 1863 - George S.Cook

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McClees' gallery of photographic portraits of the senators, representatives & delegates of the thirty-fifth Congress

6215: 6205: 6190: 5958: 5783: 4812: 4761: 4706: 4671: 4656: 4646: 4631: 4606: 4561: 4546: 4481: 4358: 3807: 3217:. published works at the Library of Congress P&P, including the recently (2015) acquired, Robin Stanford Collection 493: 107: 2291:

for the location of where many of the "death studies" were taken in relation to "Fort Mahone" aka Battery 29 and also

541: 6430: 6327: 6210: 6200: 5928: 5524: 5418: 5295: 4792: 4756: 4676: 4616: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4541: 3972: 3964: 3842: 3786: 3591:

D. Mark Katz, "Witness to an Era. The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner", Viking, New York, 1991, pp. 260–261

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D. Mark Katz, "Witness to an Era. The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner", Viking, New York, 1991, pg. 261

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Harvey, Eleanor Jones (2012). Smithsonian American Art Museum, N.Y.; Metropolitan Museum of Art New York (eds.).

2292: 2227:. United States Military Rail Road Photographic Album, A.J. Russell, Artist Library of Congress P&P, LOT 4336 1984:

D. Mark Katz, "Witness to an Era. The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner", Viking, New York, 1991, pg. 264

1871:

D. Mark Katz, "Witness to an Era. The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner", Viking, New York, 1991, pg. 220

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and became a portrait painter. This proved unprofitable and in 1842 Cook began working with the "new art" of the

970:

Lt. John R. Key's (CSA) "exploding shell" painting, of the interior of Fort Sumter – The Valentine, Richmond, Va.

933: 1851: 1770: 6312: 5631: 5395: 4751: 4716: 4621: 4327: 3857: 3540: 3382:"Pioneer Photographers from the Mississippi to the Continental Divide", Palmquist & Kailbourn 2005, pg. 431 1745: 1724: 3414: 1426: 578:. One of his most well-known, "A Burial Party, Cold Harbor," was included with six others of his negatives in 5670: 5591: 5408: 4874: 4332: 4140: 3517: 1950: 1241:

Another widespread concern of 19th century photographers was the lack of copyright protection, something the

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was held in Chicago in June 1865 and Carbutt was there to photograph the interior and exterior of the second

427: 2753:"Early Photography at Gettysburg", William A. Frassanito, 1995, photos of Isaac & Charles Tyson, pg. 29 1746:

The "Dead on Matthews Hil"Arent Dead" by Bob Zeller Battlefield Photographer Volume XX Issue 3 December 2022

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The "Dead on Matthews Hil"Arent Dead" by Bob Zeller Battlefield Photographer Volume XX Issue 3 December 2022

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John Reekie (1829–1885) was another little known Civil War photographer. A Scotsman, Reekie was employed by

5943: 5685: 5475: 5450: 5162: 4237: 3942: 3882: 2815:. "Scenes from the Battle-Field at Gettysburg, PA." Special Collections, Gettysburg College. Archived from 2706: 1025: 630: 583: 365: 3448:. Special Collections, Hill Memorial Library, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 3278: 1369: 516:

Spectators watching the fight between Hood and Thomas at Nashville, Tennessee, Dec. 15, 1864 - Jay Coonley

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7th New York Regiment picket guard with prisoners, near Lewinsville, Virginia – Edward Bierstadt, 1862

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Rockville Plantation Negro church, Charleston, S.C. (LOC, Robin Stanford Collection) O&D, 1860

6435: 6260: 6144: 6069: 6044: 6039: 6003: 5923: 5621: 5606: 5187: 4471: 4436: 4371: 4312: 4307: 4037: 3554: 3303: 3104:"The stereoviews of the Bierstadt Brothers of New Bedford, Mass.", Joleeta and Tex Treadwell (1998) 2984:. by Steve Woolf – Center for Civil War Photography, 'Battlefield Photographer' – August 2018 issue 1769:. Center for Civil War Photography, John Richter's 3-D Anaglyph Photographs Exhibit. Archived from 1507: 421:"Savage Station, Virginia Union field hospital after the battle of June 27" – Gibson, June 28, 1862 357: 161: 103: 95: 622:, where he had traveled, seeking a milder climate for his declining health caused by consumption. 6248: 5868: 5836: 5831: 5529: 5502: 4894: 4391: 4381: 4153: 4148: 4002: 3442: 3214: 2537:. photo taken at Berlin, MD. Oct 1862 (kneeling at far right), courtesy National Portrait Gallery 2246:

Richmond Again Taken – Reappraising the Brady Legend through Photographs by Andrew Joseph Russell

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Richmond Again Taken – Reappraising the Brady Legend through Photographs by Andrew Joseph Russell

2171:, JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND MOTION PICTURES OF THE GEORGE EASTMAN HOUSE, VOL. 7, NO. 6 JUNE 1958 2104: 1918: 1893: 1591: 478: 232: 824:

Bell. The assignment was primarily to document medical specimens (bones, skulls &c.) on the

6233: 5933: 5507: 5097: 4934: 4909: 4441: 4342: 4257: 3997: 3906: 2772: 2640: 2327: 1342: 928: 747: 462: 2959: 2478: 2419: 1067: 6149: 6049: 5863: 5512: 5465: 5375: 5343: 5050: 5040: 4486: 4476: 4461: 4411: 4366: 4022: 4007: 3900: 3641: 3492:(1. printing ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. xi, xiv–xvi. 3169:"Partners with the Sun: South Carolina Photographers, 1840–1940", Teal, Harvey S. 2001 p. 140 2732: 1668: 1567: 1531: 1306: 1227: 979: 860: 587: 575: 310: 306: 244: 193: 936:" planting sweet potatoes on Hopkinson's Plantation, Edisto Island, S.C. – Henry Moore, 1862 795:

President Lincoln lying in state at New York's City Hall on April 24, 1865 – Jeremiah Gurney

6307: 6159: 6132: 5601: 5380: 5363: 5020: 4516: 4501: 4496: 4466: 4451: 4431: 4049: 3953: 3837: 3393:"Southern Exposure: The Life and Times of C.R. Rees of Richmond, Virginia, by D.A. Serrano" 1471: 533:

stated that Coonley, who had been an invalid for some time, died after attempting suicide.

482: 3478:

V14, No. 2, August 2016, p.3 (Center for Civil War Photography) (courtesy Steven W. Knott)

442:

Confederate Dead behind the Stone Wall at Marye's Height's, Fredericksburg VA. May 3, 1863

8: 6292: 6084: 5973: 5847: 5492: 5445: 5192: 5152: 5137: 5030: 4879: 4551: 4511: 4386: 4347: 4317: 4272: 4232: 3832: 3822: 3600:"Anthony, the Man, the Company, the Cameras", William & Estelle Marder 1982 pp. 68–71 1462: 1282: 1235: 1194: 1094:

in 1867. Samuel T. Blessing, who survived the epidemic, administered McPherson's estate.

755: 730: 377: 338: 2400:"Pages From A Veteran's Notebook" – Wilson's Photographic Magazine Volume 44 pp. 105–107 2248:, by Susan E. Williams, VHS Virginia Magazine of History VOL. 110 No. 4 2002 pp. 458–459 1792: 1123:

United States Army soldiers in formation, Baton Rouge, about 1863, by Andrew David Lytle

266:

In 1865 and 1866, "Lincoln's favorite photographer" published his two-volume anthology,

53:

Pickets cooking their rations. Reserve picket fort near Fredericksburg, December 9, 1862

6138: 6008: 5534: 5519: 5400: 5358: 5330: 5167: 5132: 4979: 4939: 4456: 4426: 4416: 4292: 4287: 4267: 4262: 4242: 3992: 3895: 3812: 3760: 3545: 2643:. "Slave pen, Alexandria, Va." negative by William R. Pywell, Library of Congress. 1862 1230:

and his partner, Isaac A. Rehn, took out three patents that were "improvements" in the

1009: 911: 326: 291: 87: 66: 61:

Picture of alleged "Confederate dead on Matthews Hill, Bull Run" Brady Handy Collection

5112: 2445: 690:

Detail, Confederate battery on James River at Dutch Gap, Va. – William F. Browne, 1865

473: 6380: 5636: 5238: 5172: 5107: 5010: 4929: 4889: 4491: 4297: 4252: 3867: 3493: 2505: 1965: 1360: 1231: 1152: 1004: 975: 874: 865: 772: 719: 694: 686: 501: 450: 446: 417: 314: 263:, commanding officer at the infamous prisoner of war camp in Andersonville, Georgia. 149: 3304:"J.D. Edwards' photos of Confederate soldiers, Pensacola, Fl., c1861, book 2 page 2" 2684: 651: 5248: 5117: 5087: 5082: 5015: 4954: 4949: 4904: 4406: 4396: 4302: 4282: 4277: 4027: 4017: 3977: 2192:, by Susan E. Williams, VHS Virginia Magazine of History VOL. 110 No. 4 2002 p. 444 1673: 1136: 458: 373: 299: 295: 2793:"George Stacy" an article in 'Stereo World', by Keith Brady March/April 2015 issue 886: 396:

1873. O'Sullivan's pictures were among the first to record the prehistoric ruins,

6322: 5611: 5460: 5353: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5213: 5182: 5092: 5035: 5025: 4984: 4012: 3982: 3802: 1552: 1447: 1286: 1255: 1071: 966: 799: 489: 256: 236: 209: 134: 3642:"Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints: Mathew Brady – Biographical Note" 2662: 2370:. The flag actually being raised inside Fort Sumter, Library of Congress P&P 2279:"Anthony, the Man, the Company, the Cameras" – William & Estelle Marder 1982 1994: 1003:

firing on Fort Moultrie. The historic images depict three ironclad monitors and

5390: 5338: 5177: 5142: 5102: 4994: 4974: 4969: 4924: 4203: 4044: 4032: 3692: 3395:. Center for Civil War Photography, Battlefield Photographer – April 2013 issue 2466: 1087: 1078: 870: 662: 438: 248: 35: 6399: 5658: 5258: 5253: 5243: 5218: 5127: 5122: 4964: 4959: 4944: 4914: 4884: 4222: 3847: 3195:. in Battlefield Photographer, by Andy House, CCWP – Vol. 13 issue 1 pp. 3–11 2663:""Across the Continent on the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division" (LOC)" 1683: 1678: 1657:

Hundreds of photographers provided field photo services during the Civil War

1176:

In 1910 an agent for The Reviews of Reviews Company, New York, publisher of

1148: 1144: 987: 896: 856: 397: 361: 2893:"The Memoirs of Jeremiah Gurney", New-York Historical Society, April 1, 1895 2875:. Craig's Daguerreian Registry, Research on American Photographers 1839–1860 609:

Grandreview of the Union Army. Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, D.C. May 1865

388:

in April 1865, and back to Petersburg in May. Fully 45 of the 100 prints in

6127: 6104: 6094: 6089: 5626: 5568: 5480: 5455: 5368: 5348: 5147: 5045: 3252:. in Battlefield Photographer, by Andy House, CCWP – Vol. 13 issue 1 pg. 14 1597: 1278: 1259: 1168: 1091: 698: 558: 286: 240: 2068:"George N. Barnard: Photographer of Sherman's Campaign" – Keith Davis 1990 1756:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller, Bob, 2005 Introduction xvi 1199:

I Fear I Shall Never Leave This Island: Life in a Civil War Prison (2011).

562:"African Americans collecting bones of soldiers killed at Cold Harbor (by 4899: 3937: 3917: 3573:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller, Bob, 2005 Introduction xi 2915: 1537: 1267: 995: 983: 791: 563: 381: 99: 71: 2859:

T.K Treadwell & Wm. C. Darrah: Stereographers of the World: Volume 2

6282: 5157: 4919: 4120: 4115: 2762:"Early Photography at Gettysburg", William A. Frassanito, 1995, pg. 131 2367: 2293:"Federal Picket Line in Front of Fort Hell on the Jerusalem Plank Road" 1263: 1052: 349: 260: 201: 75: 3622: 3245: 3188: 2937: 1193:

Confederate Lieutenant Robert M. Smith was captured and imprisoned at

5546: 3729: 3660: 3392: 3235:"The Blue And Gray In Black And White", Zeller, Bob, 2005, pp. 44–46. 3178:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller, Bob, 2005 pp. 129–131 3160:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller, Bob, 2005 pp. 125–128 3033:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller, Bob, 2005 pp. 130–133 2981: 2713:. Civil War Richmond, an online research project by Michael D. Gorman 2596: 1693: 1155:. Vannerson closed his business and sold his equipment at war's end. 1056: 670: 655: 619: 497: 353:

Incidents of the war: "The Harvest of Death", Gettysburg, July, 1863"

141: 3372:. New Orleans, Louisiana. April 26, 1865 – via Newspapers.com. 3095:"John Carbutt on the Frontiers of Photography", Brey, William (1985) 2156:"The Blue & Gray In Black & White", Bob Zeller 2005, pg. 66. 1921:. Washington:Philp & Solomons (1866) Library of Congress P&P 1896:. Washington:Philp & Solomons (1866) Library of Congress P&P 722:, an apprentice of the Tysons, took over the Tyson gallery in 1868. 181: 5551: 3277:. The Historic New Orleans Collection vol. 25 No. 3. Archived from 2295:. Note these articles are copyrighted and given for reference only] 1688: 1000: 676:

Across the Continent on the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division

454: 369: 318: 197: 2938:"The Memoirs of Jeremiah Gurney – An Illustrated Historical Novel" 751:

Chambersburg Pike, Gettysburg, Pa. July 1863 – Frederick Gutekunst

123: 2409:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller, Bob, 2005 pg. 120 2205:. Early Alexandria studies, Library of Congress P&P, LOT 9209 2183: 1698: 845: 138: 3693:"Barnard's Photographic Views of the Sherman Campaign, ca. 1866" 2916:"Jeremiah Gurney's photo of President Lincoln in an Open Coffin" 1815:

Witness to an Era: The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner

1081:" an escaped slave from Louisiana - McPherson & Oliver, 1863 982:, was not successful in the mercantile business, so he moved to 545:

Interior, Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Florida – Sam Cooley, 1864

6349:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

1274: 401: 3466:

American Photographs: The First Century, Merry A. Foresta 1996

2872: 2577:"Blue and Gray in Black and White", Zeller, Bob, 2005, pg. 144 605: 2685:"Little Bighorn: Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn" 2048:"Barnard's Photographic views of the Sherman Campaign (1866)" 4071: 3506: 255:, who were arrested for conspiring to assassinate President 3490:

Andrew D. Lytle's Baton Rouge : photographs, 1863–1910

3333:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller 2005 pg. 145 3324:

Blue & Gray in Black & White, Zeller 2005 pp. 49–50

2357:"Blue & Gray in Black & White", Zeller 2005 pg. 165 890:

134th Illinois Regiment, Columbus, Kentucky – Carbutt, 1864

638:

in front of Petersburg, Va" – David Knox, September 1, 1864

205: 3443:"Oliver Brice Steel Andrew D. Lytle Photograph Collection" 3055:. combat action photo at Library of Congress P&P. 1863 2342: 1919:""Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War" Volume 2" 1894:""Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War" Volume 1" 3582:

Blue & Gray in Black & White, Zeller 2005 pg. 162

2308:. published work at the Library of Congress P&P. 1865 2125:

Blue & Gray in Black & White, Zeller 2005 pg. 187

1951:"A Eulogy on the Life and Character of Alexander Gardner" 1880:"Blue & Gray in Black & White, Zeller 2005, ch. 5 525:. Six month later, Coonley was back in New York managing 91: 3516:. Civil War 150, Ohio Historical Society. Archived from 3346:. G.H. Suydam Collection, LSU Libraries, Baton Rouge, LA 3272:"The Works [Antebellum] of J.D. Edwards 1858–61" 94:

in history to be photographed, the first four being the

3415:"'Andrew D. Lytle's Baton Rouge' Photograph Collection" 2982:"Almost No One on Earth Could Have Been a Better Guide" 2015:

Blue & Gray in Black & White, Zeller 2005 pg.12

2559:. "published works at the Library of Congress, P&P 2621:. published works at the Library of Congress, P&P 2586:"Blue and Gray in Black and White", Zeller, Bob, 2005 2388:"Partners with the Sun", Harvey S. Teale 2001 pg. 130 3142:. published works at the Library of Congress P&P 3015:. "published work at the Library of Congress P&P 2962:. "published work at the Library of Congress P&P 2802:

Blue & Gray in Black & White, Zeller pg. 112

2481:. "published work at the Library of Congress P&P 2422:. "published work at the Library of Congress P&P 2239: 1997:. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution 3207: 2081:. published work at the Library of Congress P&P 2028:. published work at the Library of Congress P&P 1948: 2850:, March 1884 pp. 122–124 and June 1889 pp. 279–281 2709:View of Confederate Water Batteries on James River 333:. Barnard is best known for his 1866 masterpiece, 1987: 137:(May 18, 1822(?) – January 15, 1896), the son of 6397: 6035:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 2665:. Gardner's Photographic Art Gallery, 1867. 1867 704: 3661:"Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book Of The War" 2805: 2527: 2330:. "negatives at the Library of Congress P&P 5859:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 2918:. Illinois State Historical Library Photograph 2261:. published work @ Library of Congress P&P 580:Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. 3745: 3722:-– Taylor (1839–1901) was an illustrator for 2952: 2765: 2412: 2320: 2251: 667:Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War 390:Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book Of The War 268:Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War 2848:Photographic Times and American Photographer 2775:. published works at the Library of Congress 2699: 1852:"Alexander Gardner [genealogy tree]" 974:The most renowned Southern photographer was 500:." Roche's process would signal the end of " 3296: 3132: 3115:"Slaves of Rebel General Thomas F. Drayton" 3067: 3005: 3002:Philadelphia Photographer v. lX 1872 p. 419 2905:Humphrey's Journal of Photography, May 1852 2837:Craig's Daguerreian Registry, Vol. 1 (2003) 2138:. published work at the Library of Congress 1970:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1285:, and the various colonial wars before the 6446:Cultural history of the American Civil War 3752: 3738: 2396: 2394: 1203: 1158: 2901: 2899: 2867: 2865: 2735:. MyHeritage Ltd. 2012. 17 September 1833 2633: 2165:"Alexander Gardner", by Josephine Cobb – 1913: 1911: 1888: 1886: 1705:The Photographic History of the Civil War 1292: 1178:The Photographic History of the Civil War 1062: 944: 113: 3948:Treatment of slaves in the United States 3714:"James E. Taylor Collection: Scrapbooks" 2549: 2382: 2289:See the Petersburg Project "Fort Mahone" 2180:"Brady's Civil War", Webb Garrison, 2008 2093: 1167: 1118: 1101: 1066: 1041: 1024: 965: 957: 927: 910: 885: 844: 814: 790: 746: 729: 708: 685: 650: 629: 604: 557: 540: 511: 472: 437: 416: 348: 344: 335:Photographic Views of Sherman's Campaign 285: 180: 122: 56: 48: 5691:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 3863:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 3440: 3344:"McPherson & Oliver Albumen Prints" 3264: 3238: 2930: 2391: 2195: 2040: 1097: 6398: 5676:Modern display of the Confederate flag 3759: 3653: 3487: 3436: 3434: 3229: 3107: 3075:"U.S.S. New Ironsides firing her guns" 2974: 2908: 2896: 2862: 2655: 2611: 2499: 2471: 2128: 1908: 1883: 1020: 835:The Maryland Photographic Association. 742: 5894: 5283: 4847: 4070: 3873:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 3771: 3733: 3385: 2725: 1163: 906: 376:'s trail, he photographed during the 185:Alexander Gardner, 1856 self-portrait 81: 3627:The Center for Civil War Photography 3181: 2853: 2589: 2434: 1942: 1785: 681: 646: 600: 595:Glenwood Cemetery (Washington, D.C.) 566:; issued as Stereo #918, April 1865) 433: 281: 231:In April 1865, Gardner photographed 176: 6411:19th-century American photographers 6030:Committee on the Conduct of the War 5706:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3431: 3336: 3077:. Library of Congress P&P. 1863 2887: 2831: 2677: 2597:"Singing the Praises of David Knox" 2360: 2298: 2217: 2071: 2018: 1839:Mathew Brady, Portraits of a Nation 1827:Mathew Brady, Portraits of a Nation 1817:, Viking, New York, 1991, pp. 14–15 1759: 1131: 507: 13: 6441:Works about the American Civil War 6100:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 5895: 5439:impeachment managers investigation 3818:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 3045: 2796: 1188: 1114: 837:Brown's trail is lost after 1873. 786: 468: 412: 108:Second Italian War of Independence 14: 6457: 5525:Reconstruction military districts 3973:Abolitionism in the United States 3928:Plantations in the American South 3843:Origins of the American Civil War 3673: 3634: 3615: 2846:E.T. Whitney's "REMINISCENCES" – 1795:. Dickinson College, Pennsylvania 953: 923: 840: 6416:Photography in the United States 6379: 6370: 6369: 5508:Enforcement Act of February 1871 5481:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 3681:"Panoramic Photographs: Barnard" 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3532: 3481: 3469: 3460: 3407: 3376: 3358: 1650: 1635: 1620: 1605: 1590: 1575: 1560: 1545: 1530: 1515: 1500: 1485: 1470: 1455: 1440: 1425: 1413: 1398: 1383: 1368: 1353: 1341: 1326: 1314: 1299: 765: 536: 146:Gallery of Illustrious Americans 34: 22: 6293:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 6155:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 5716:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3327: 3318: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3098: 3089: 3036: 3027: 2996: 2840: 2787: 2756: 2747: 2580: 2571: 2518: 2493: 2460: 2403: 2351: 2282: 2273: 2174: 2159: 2150: 2119: 2062: 2009: 1978: 1933: 1874: 1865: 1844: 1037: 881: 773:wet-plate collodion photography 725: 586:gathering human remains on the 451:the wet-plate collodion process 321:, and the Peninsula, including 118: 5396:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 3724:Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 2502:The Civil War and American art 1832: 1820: 1807: 1750: 1739: 1729: 1718: 810: 553: 1: 6426:War photographers by conflict 5811:Ladies' Memorial Associations 5513:Enforcement Act of April 1871 5409:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5284: 3539:Wes Cowan (August 21, 2006). 1841:, Robert Wilson, 2013 pg. 230 1712: 705:Isaac G. and Charles J. Tyson 625: 5944:Confederate revolving cannon 5686:Sons of Confederate Veterans 5557:South Carolina riots of 1876 5535:Indian Council at Fort Smith 5486:South Carolina riots of 1876 5451:Knights of the White Camelia 3943:Slavery in the United States 3306:. Huntington Digital Library 2444:. Gil Wilson. Archived from 1221: 771:Whitney in the "new art" of 485:– T.C. Roche, April 3, 1865. 481:soldier inside Fort Mahone, 392:are credited to O'Sullivan. 7: 6298:New York City riots of 1863 6123:Battle Hymn of the Republic 5874:United Confederate Veterans 5711:Children of the Confederacy 5701:United Confederate Veterans 5696:Southern Historical Society 4848: 4328:Price's Missouri Expedition 3798:Timeline leading to the War 3772: 3419:cdm16313.contentdm.oclc.org 2050:. Duke University Libraries 1829:, Robert Wilson, 2013 pg. 4 1669:Early Panoramic photography 1662: 1232:wet-plate collodion process 1172:1st Indiana Heavy Artillery 978:(1819–1902). The native of 315:wet-plate collodion process 10: 6462: 6421:American war photographers 6406:19th-century photographers 6266:Confederate Secret Service 5854:Grand Army of the Republic 5746:Grand Army of the Republic 5564:Southern Claims Commission 3718:Huntington Digital Library 3698:Digital Library of Georgia 2940:. Jeremiah Gurney Blogspot 2687:. Wyoming Tales and Trails 2442:"HISTORY OF ST. AUGUSTINE" 992:Charleston, South Carolina 901:Northwestern Soldiers Fair 90:(1861–1865) was the fifth 6365: 6341: 6254:Confederate States dollar 6226: 6168: 6113: 6065:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 6060:Emancipation Proclamation 6022: 5954:Medal of Honor recipients 5911: 5907: 5890: 5842:Confederate Memorial Hall 5824: 5803: 5761: 5733: 5724: 5644:Confederate Memorial Hall 5617:Confederate History Month 5597:Civil War Discovery Trail 5577: 5498:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 5329: 5304:Reconstruction Amendments 5294: 5290: 5279: 5201: 5070: 5063: 5003: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4843: 4785: 4532: 4525: 4356: 4212: 4171: 4139: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4066: 3963: 3913:Emancipation Proclamation 3881: 3782: 3778: 3767: 3514:"Johnson's Island Prison" 2368:"William E. James' photo" 1949:Joseph M. Wilson (1883). 1613:Isaac & Charles Tyson 1248: 1243:Philadelphia Photographer 584:African American soldiers 523:Coonley & Wolfsberger 6431:19th-century war artists 6328:U.S. Sanitary Commission 6239:Battlefield preservation 6145:Marching Through Georgia 6070:Hampton Roads Conference 6045:Confiscation Act of 1862 6040:Confiscation Act of 1861 5816:U.S. national cemeteries 5622:Confederate Memorial Day 5607:Civil War Trails Program 5476:New Orleans riot of 1866 3706: 3488:Martin, Mark E. (2008). 3476:Battlefield Photographer 1643:Edward Thompkins Whitney 1212: 1182:The Photographic History 861:General Quincy Gilmore's 781:Views in Washington City 616:Grand Review of the Army 428:Savage Station, Virginia 360:(1840–1882) was born in 309:(1819–1902) was born in 192:(1821–1882) was born in 162:First Battle of Bull Run 104:Indian Rebellion of 1857 6249:Confederate war finance 5869:Southern Cross of Honor 5837:1938 Gettysburg reunion 5832:1913 Gettysburg reunion 5530:Reconstruction Treaties 5503:Enforcement Act of 1870 5386:Freedman's Savings Bank 4003:Lane Debates on Slavery 3828:Lincoln–Douglas debates 3549:. Season 4. Episode 9. 2101:"Timothy H. O'Sullivan" 1420:Alexander Gardner, 1863 1406:Frederick Eugene Durbec 1204:Itinerant photographers 1159:Clandestine photography 6308:Richmond riots of 1863 6234:Baltimore riot of 1861 6014:U.S. Military Railroad 5934:Confederate Home Guard 5666:Historiographic issues 5632:Historical reenactment 4131:Revenue Cutter Service 3998:William Lloyd Garrison 3907:Dred Scott v. Sandford 3541:"Civil War POW Photos" 3441:Zachery, Tara (2014). 3120:. J. Paul Getty Museum 1293:Photographer portraits 1173: 1124: 1107: 1082: 1063:McPherson & Oliver 1047: 1030: 971: 963: 945:Southern photographers 937: 916: 891: 851: 820: 796: 752: 735: 714: 691: 659: 639: 610: 567: 546: 527:Clarke's Union Gallery 517: 486: 463:Cypress Hills Cemetery 443: 422: 386:Appomattox Court House 384:. That brought him to 354: 303: 186: 131: 114:Northern photographers 62: 54: 6273:Great Revival of 1863 6150:Maryland, My Maryland 5939:Confederate railroads 5602:Civil War Roundtables 5471:Meridian riot of 1871 5466:Memphis riots of 1866 4023:George Luther Stearns 4008:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 3901:Crittenden Compromise 3215:"Osborn & Durbec" 2813:"Frederick Gutekunst" 1568:Andrew Joseph Russell 1523:William Redish Pywell 1508:Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1321:Mathew B. Brady, 1864 1307:George Norman Barnard 1228:James Ambrose Cutting 1171: 1122: 1105: 1070: 1045: 1028: 980:Stamford, Connecticut 969: 961: 931: 914: 889: 848: 818: 794: 750: 733: 712: 689: 663:William Redish Pywell 654: 633: 608: 561: 544: 515: 476: 441: 420: 358:Timothy H. O'Sullivan 352: 345:Timothy H. O'Sullivan 311:Coventry, Connecticut 307:George Norman Barnard 289: 212:", or visiting card. 184: 129:New York Fire Zouaves 126: 60: 52: 6160:Daar kom die Alibama 6075:National Union Party 5751:memorials to Lincoln 5671:Lost Cause mythology 5376:Eufaula riot of 1874 5364:Confederate refugees 4577:District of Columbia 4204:Union naval blockade 4050:Underground Railroad 3838:Nullification crisis 2079:"Timothy O'Sullivan" 1773:on November 16, 2015 1583:William Morris Smith 1334:William Frank Browne 1098:Charles Richard Rees 1005:U.S.S. New Ironsides 875:U.S.S. New Ironsides 866:U.S.S. New Ironsides 760:Battle of Gettysburg 695:William Frank Browne 483:Petersburg, Virginia 96:Mexican–American War 6318:Supreme Court cases 6085:Radical Republicans 5864:Old soldiers' homes 5848:Confederate Veteran 5774:artworks in Capitol 5493:Reconstruction acts 5354:Colfax riot of 1873 4318:Richmond-Petersburg 3923:Fugitive slave laws 3853:Popular sovereignty 3833:Missouri Compromise 3823:Kansas-Nebraska Act 3685:Library of Congress 3665:Library of Congress 3646:Library of Congress 3284:on December 8, 2015 2819:on December 7, 2015 2467:Library of Congress 2259:"Andrew J. Russell" 2225:"Andrew J. Russell" 2203:"Andrew J. Russell" 2107:on December 8, 2015 2026:"George N. Barnard" 1463:Frederick Gutekunst 1391:Jacob Frank Coonley 1376:Samuel Abbot Cooley 1283:Franco-Prussian War 1021:Osborn & Durbec 756:Frederick Gutekunst 743:Frederick Gutekunst 407:Treasury Department 378:Siege of Petersburg 339:Marcellus, New York 6139:A Lincoln Portrait 6080:Politicians killed 6004:U.S. Balloon Corps 5999:Union corps badges 5779:memorials to Davis 5649:Disenfranchisement 5520:Reconstruction era 5401:Timber Culture Act 5359:Compromise of 1877 4323:Franklin–Nashville 3993:Frederick Douglass 3896:Cornerstone Speech 3813:Compromise of 1850 3761:American Civil War 3546:History Detectives 3370:The Times-Democrat 3053:"Haas & Peale" 3013:"Haas & Peale" 2448:on August 15, 2018 1493:Andrew David Lytle 1348:John Carbutt, 1865 1336:self portrait 1863 1174: 1164:Andrew David Lytle 1125: 1108: 1083: 1048: 1031: 972: 964: 938: 917: 907:Bierstadt Brothers 892: 852: 821: 797: 777:Peninsula Campaign 753: 736: 715: 692: 660: 640: 611: 568: 547: 518: 487: 461:. He is buried in 444: 423: 355: 304: 245:Michael O'Laughlen 187: 132: 88:American Civil War 82:Historical context 67:American Civil War 63: 55: 6393: 6392: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6191:Italian Americans 6176:African Americans 6133:John Brown's Body 5886: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5799: 5798: 5637:Robert E. Lee Day 5381:Freedmen's Bureau 5344:Brooks–Baxter War 5275: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5059: 5058: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4248:Northern Virginia 4194:Trans-Mississippi 4167: 4166: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4057: 3954:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3891:African Americans 3654:Alexander Gardner 3499:978-0-8071-3296-8 3248:Osborn and Durbec 3191:Osborn and Durbec 2873:"Jeremiah Gurney" 2511:978-0-300-18733-5 2306:"Thomas C. Roche" 2136:"James F. Gibson" 1628:David B. Woodbury 1361:George Smith Cook 1153:Stonewall Jackson 1075:The Scourged Back 976:George Smith Cook 720:William H. Tipton 682:William F. Browne 647:William R. Pywell 601:David B. Woodbury 572:Alexander Gardner 447:Andrew J. Russell 434:Andrew J. Russell 380:and the siege of 282:George N. Barnard 225:Overland Campaign 190:Alexander Gardner 177:Alexander Gardner 150:mercury poisoning 98:(1846–1848), the 6453: 6383: 6373: 6372: 6196:Native Americans 6181:German Americans 5974:Partisan rangers 5969:Official Records 5909: 5908: 5892: 5891: 5784:memorials to Lee 5731: 5730: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5280: 5068: 5067: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4845: 4844: 4818:Washington, D.C. 4612:Indian Territory 4572:Dakota Territory 4530: 4529: 4447:Chancellorsville 4238:Jackson's Valley 4228:Blockade runners 4104: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4068: 4067: 4028:Thaddeus Stevens 4018:Lysander Spooner 3978:Susan B. Anthony 3780: 3779: 3769: 3768: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3721: 3702: 3688: 3668: 3649: 3630: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2869: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2733:"Isaac G. Tyson" 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2619:"William Pywell" 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2557:"David Woodbury" 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2535:"David Woodbury" 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2475: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2302: 2296: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1995:"George Barnard" 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1890: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1674:Julian Vannerson 1654: 1639: 1624: 1609: 1594: 1579: 1564: 1549: 1534: 1519: 1504: 1489: 1474: 1459: 1444: 1429: 1417: 1402: 1387: 1372: 1357: 1345: 1330: 1318: 1303: 1236:Henry Snelling's 1195:Johnson's Island 1137:Julian Vannerson 1132:Julian Vannerson 634:"13 inch mortar 508:Jacob F. Coonley 300:Atlanta Campaign 296:Atlanta, Georgia 38: 26: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6436:War photographs 6396: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6353: 6337: 6222: 6186:Irish Americans 6164: 6109: 6018: 6009:U.S. Home Guard 5949:Field artillery 5903: 5902: 5878: 5820: 5795: 5757: 5726: 5720: 5612:Civil War Trust 5579: 5573: 5461:Ethnic violence 5446:Kirk–Holden war 5325: 5286: 5263: 5197: 5055: 4999: 4852: 4827: 4781: 4534: 4521: 4352: 4333:Sherman's March 4313:Bermuda Hundred 4208: 4163: 4135: 4091: 4090: 4054: 4013:J. Sella Martin 3983:James G. Birney 3959: 3877: 3803:Bleeding Kansas 3791: 3774: 3763: 3758: 3712: 3709: 3691: 3679: 3676: 3659: 3656: 3640: 3637: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3557: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2773:"Stacy, George" 2771: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2707:"W.F. Browne's 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2328:"Jacob Coonley" 2326: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1854:. genealogy.com 1850: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1586: 1580: 1571: 1565: 1556: 1553:Thomas C. Roche 1550: 1541: 1535: 1526: 1520: 1511: 1505: 1496: 1490: 1481: 1475: 1466: 1460: 1451: 1448:Jeremiah Gurney 1445: 1436: 1430: 1421: 1418: 1409: 1403: 1394: 1388: 1379: 1373: 1364: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1337: 1331: 1322: 1319: 1310: 1304: 1295: 1256:photojournalism 1251: 1224: 1215: 1206: 1191: 1189:Robert M. Smith 1166: 1161: 1134: 1117: 1115:Andrew D. Lytle 1100: 1065: 1040: 1023: 956: 947: 926: 909: 884: 843: 813: 800:Jeremiah Gurney 789: 787:Jeremiah Gurney 768: 745: 728: 707: 684: 649: 628: 603: 591: 556: 539: 510: 490:Thomas C. Roche 471: 469:Thomas C. Roche 436: 415: 413:James F. Gibson 347: 284: 257:Abraham Lincoln 237:George Atzerodt 210:carte-de-visite 179: 135:Mathew B. Brady 121: 116: 84: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 39: 31: 30: 27: 12: 11: 5: 6459: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6333:Women soldiers 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6288:Naming the war 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Campaign Medal 5921: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899:Related topics 5896: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5737: 5735: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5627:Decoration Day 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5583: 5581: 5580:Reconstruction 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5434:second inquiry 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5391:Homestead Acts 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5339:Alabama Claims 5335: 5333: 5331:Reconstruction 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5319:15th Amendment 5316: 5314:14th Amendment 5311: 5309:13th Amendment 5300: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940:J. E. Johnston 4937: 4935:A. S. Johnston 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4875:R. H. Anderson 4871: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4853: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4737:South Carolina 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4712:North Carolina 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4437:Fredericksburg 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4377:Wilson's Creek 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4189:Lower Seaboard 4186: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4045:Harriet Tubman 4042: 4041: 4040: 4033:Charles Sumner 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3868:States' rights 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3689: 3675: 3674:George Barnard 3672: 3671: 3670: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3617: 3616:External links 3614: 3612: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3531: 3520:on May 1, 2016 3505: 3498: 3480: 3468: 3459: 3430: 3406: 3384: 3375: 3357: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3295: 3263: 3237: 3228: 3206: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3131: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3066: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3004: 2995: 2973: 2951: 2929: 2907: 2895: 2886: 2861: 2852: 2839: 2830: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2724: 2698: 2676: 2654: 2632: 2610: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2548: 2526: 2517: 2510: 2492: 2470: 2459: 2433: 2411: 2402: 2390: 2381: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2319: 2297: 2281: 2272: 2250: 2238: 2216: 2194: 2182: 2173: 2158: 2149: 2127: 2118: 2092: 2070: 2061: 2039: 2017: 2008: 1986: 1977: 1941: 1932: 1907: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1813:D. Mark Katz, 1806: 1784: 1758: 1749: 1738: 1728: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1380: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1340: 1338: 1332: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1250: 1247: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1190: 1187: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1133: 1130: 1116: 1113: 1099: 1096: 1064: 1061: 1039: 1036: 1022: 1019: 990:, settling in 955: 954:George S. Cook 952: 946: 943: 925: 924:Henry P. Moore 922: 908: 905: 897:Sanitary Fairs 883: 880: 871:George S. Cook 842: 841:Haas and Peale 839: 812: 809: 788: 785: 767: 764: 744: 741: 727: 724: 706: 703: 683: 680: 648: 645: 627: 624: 602: 599: 555: 552: 538: 535: 509: 506: 470: 467: 435: 432: 414: 411: 346: 343: 331:Harper's Ferry 283: 280: 249:Edman Spangler 178: 175: 120: 117: 115: 112: 83: 80: 40: 33: 32: 28: 21: 20: 19: 18: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6458: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6376: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6303:Photographers 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:Gender issues 6276: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6105:War Democrats 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:Union Leagues 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:Turning point 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964:Naval battles 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727:and memorials 5723: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5587:Commemoration 5585: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429:first inquiry 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349:Carpetbaggers 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:West Virginia 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692:New Hampshire 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4652:Massachusetts 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4392:Hampton Roads 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382:Fort Donelson 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Morgan's Raid 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4223:Anaconda Plan 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4199:Pacific Coast 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933:Positive good 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848:Panic of 1857 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3808:Border states 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3463: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3305: 3299: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3232: 3216: 3210: 3194: 3192: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3141: 3140:"George Cook" 3135: 3116: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3076: 3070: 3054: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2983: 2977: 2961: 2955: 2939: 2933: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2890: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2734: 2728: 2712: 2710: 2702: 2686: 2680: 2664: 2658: 2642: 2636: 2620: 2614: 2598: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2558: 2552: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2480: 2479:"John Reekie" 2474: 2468: 2463: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2369: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2329: 2323: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2276: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2226: 2220: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2177: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2153: 2137: 2131: 2122: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2049: 2043: 2027: 2021: 2012: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1973: 1967: 1952: 1945: 1936: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1877: 1868: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1794: 1788: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1747: 1742: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1684:Daguerreotype 1682: 1680: 1679:Albumen print 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1438: 1435:June 11, 1865 1434: 1433:James Gardner 1428: 1423: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1149:J.E.B. Stuart 1146: 1145:Robert E. Lee 1142: 1138: 1129: 1121: 1112: 1104: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1035: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 988:daguerreotype 985: 981: 977: 968: 960: 951: 942: 935: 930: 921: 913: 904: 902: 898: 888: 879: 876: 872: 867: 862: 858: 857:daguerreotype 847: 838: 836: 831: 827: 817: 808: 805: 801: 793: 784: 782: 778: 774: 766:E. T. Whitney 763: 761: 757: 749: 740: 732: 723: 721: 711: 702: 700: 696: 688: 679: 677: 672: 668: 664: 657: 653: 644: 637: 632: 623: 621: 617: 607: 598: 596: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 565: 560: 551: 543: 537:Sam A. Cooley 534: 532: 531:Evening World 528: 524: 514: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 484: 480: 475: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 440: 431: 429: 419: 410: 408: 403: 400:weavers, and 399: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:New York City 359: 351: 342: 340: 336: 332: 329:, as well as 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 301: 297: 293: 288: 279: 275: 271: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 253:Samuel Arnold 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 226: 221: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 183: 174: 170: 166: 163: 157: 153: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 130: 125: 111: 109: 105: 102:(1853–1856), 101: 97: 93: 89: 79: 77: 73: 68: 59: 51: 37: 25: 16: 6302: 6244:Bibliography 6227:Other topics 6169:By ethnicity 6137: 6090:Trent Affair 5989:Signal Corps 5846: 5569:White League 5456:Ku Klux Klan 5369:Confederados 5296:Constitution 5168:D. D. Porter 5021:Breckinridge 4732:Rhode Island 4727:Pennsylvania 4482:Spotsylvania 4442:Stones River 4422:2nd Bull Run 4372:1st Bull Run 4258:Stones River 4159:Marine Corps 4126:Marine Corps 3965:Abolitionism 3952: 3905: 3723: 3717: 3696: 3684: 3664: 3645: 3635:Mathew Brady 3626: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3544: 3534: 3524:November 25, 3522:. Retrieved 3518:the original 3508: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3450:. Retrieved 3422:. Retrieved 3418: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3350:November 30, 3348:. Retrieved 3338: 3329: 3320: 3310:November 29, 3308:. Retrieved 3298: 3288:November 28, 3286:. Retrieved 3279:the original 3266: 3256:November 26, 3254:. Retrieved 3247: 3240: 3231: 3221:November 24, 3219:. Retrieved 3209: 3199:November 26, 3197:. Retrieved 3190: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3146:November 24, 3144:. Retrieved 3134: 3122:. Retrieved 3109: 3100: 3091: 3081:November 29, 3079:. Retrieved 3069: 3057:. Retrieved 3047: 3038: 3029: 3019:November 27, 3017:. Retrieved 3007: 2998: 2986:. Retrieved 2976: 2966:November 26, 2964:. Retrieved 2960:"G.O. Brown" 2954: 2942:. Retrieved 2932: 2922:November 25, 2920:. Retrieved 2910: 2889: 2877:. Retrieved 2855: 2847: 2842: 2833: 2823:November 26, 2821:. Retrieved 2817:the original 2807: 2798: 2789: 2779:November 24, 2777:. Retrieved 2767: 2758: 2749: 2739:November 27, 2737:. Retrieved 2727: 2717:November 27, 2715:. Retrieved 2708: 2701: 2689:. Retrieved 2679: 2669:November 30, 2667:. Retrieved 2657: 2647:November 24, 2645:. Retrieved 2635: 2625:November 24, 2623:. Retrieved 2613: 2601:. Retrieved 2591: 2582: 2573: 2563:November 25, 2561:. Retrieved 2551: 2541:November 25, 2539:. Retrieved 2529: 2520: 2501: 2495: 2485:November 27, 2483:. Retrieved 2473: 2462: 2450:. Retrieved 2446:the original 2436: 2426:November 25, 2424:. Retrieved 2420:"Sam Cooley" 2414: 2405: 2384: 2374:November 30, 2372:. Retrieved 2362: 2353: 2344: 2334:November 25, 2332:. Retrieved 2322: 2310:. Retrieved 2300: 2284: 2275: 2265:November 28, 2263:. Retrieved 2253: 2245: 2241: 2231:November 28, 2229:. Retrieved 2219: 2209:November 28, 2207:. Retrieved 2197: 2189: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2152: 2142:November 24, 2140:. Retrieved 2130: 2121: 2109:. Retrieved 2105:the original 2095: 2083:. Retrieved 2073: 2064: 2054:November 24, 2052:. Retrieved 2042: 2032:November 30, 2030:. Retrieved 2020: 2011: 2001:November 24, 1999:. Retrieved 1989: 1980: 1954:. Retrieved 1944: 1935: 1925:November 27, 1923:. Retrieved 1900:November 27, 1898:. Retrieved 1876: 1867: 1856:. Retrieved 1846: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1809: 1799:November 30, 1797:. Retrieved 1787: 1777:November 24, 1775:. Retrieved 1771:the original 1761: 1752: 1741: 1731: 1720: 1708:(1911 books) 1703: 1598:George Stacy 1555:, April 1865 1279:Central Asia 1272: 1260:World War II 1252: 1242: 1240: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1192: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1140: 1135: 1126: 1109: 1092:yellow fever 1084: 1074: 1049: 1038:J.D. Edwards 1032: 1015: 973: 948: 939: 918: 900: 893: 882:John Carbutt 853: 834: 830:Spotsylvania 829: 825: 822: 803: 798: 780: 776: 769: 759: 754: 737: 726:George Stacy 716: 699:tuberculosis 693: 675: 666: 661: 641: 635: 615: 612: 579: 569: 548: 530: 526: 522: 519: 488: 445: 424: 394: 389: 356: 334: 305: 298:, after the 276: 272: 267: 265: 241:David Herold 233:Lewis Powell 230: 224: 222: 218: 214: 188: 171: 167: 158: 154: 145: 133: 119:Mathew Brady 85: 64: 15: 6050:Copperheads 5762:Confederate 5654:Black Codes 4980:E. K. Smith 4861:Confederate 4808:New Orleans 4803:Chattanooga 4667:Mississippi 4567:Connecticut 4535:territories 4526:Involvement 4487:Cold Harbor 4477:Fort Pillow 4467:Chattanooga 4462:Chickamauga 4412:Seven Pines 4402:New Orleans 4367:Fort Sumter 4308:Valley 1864 4141:Confederacy 3938:Slave Power 3918:Fire-Eaters 3124:November 3, 3059:December 8, 2879:December 4, 2641:"Slave Pen" 2312:December 7, 2111:December 2, 2085:December 2, 1630:, July 1864 1585:, July 1865 1540:, June 1865 1538:John Reekie 1480:, Nov. 1865 1268:Vietnam War 996:Fort Sumter 984:New Orleans 811:G. O. Brown 701:) in 1867. 588:Cold Harbor 582:It depicts 576:Cold Harbor 564:John Reekie 554:John Reekie 494:Anthony Co. 479:Confederate 382:Fort Fisher 100:Crimean War 72:stereograph 6400:Categories 6283:Juneteenth 5804:Cemeteries 5681:Red Shirts 5592:Centennial 5542:Red Shirts 4950:Longstreet 4880:Beauregard 4823:Winchester 4798:Charleston 4767:Washington 4702:New Mexico 4697:New Jersey 4557:California 4533:States and 4517:Five Forks 4502:Mobile Bay 4472:Wilderness 4452:Gettysburg 4432:Perryville 4417:Seven Days 4348:Appomattox 4273:Gettysburg 4233:New Mexico 4100:Combatants 4075:Combatants 3988:John Brown 3555:Transcript 3424:2016-06-11 3399:October 2, 2988:October 6, 2944:October 4, 2691:October 6, 2603:October 6, 2452:October 6, 1956:August 18, 1858:2017-03-23 1713:References 1478:David Knox 1266:, and the 1264:Korean War 1057:ambrotypes 1053:phrenology 1017:depicted. 934:Contraband 826:Wilderness 671:slave pens 626:David Knox 292:roundhouse 261:Henry Wirz 202:journalism 142:immigrants 76:stereocard 6261:Espionage 6055:Diplomacy 6023:Political 5979:POW camps 5725:Monuments 5552:Scalawags 5547:Redeemers 5285:Aftermath 5234:Pinkerton 5173:Rosecrans 5138:McClellan 5041:Memminger 4777:Wisconsin 4742:Tennessee 4662:Minnesota 4637:Louisiana 4512:Nashville 4457:Vicksburg 4387:Pea Ridge 4338:Carolinas 4293:Red River 4288:Knoxville 4268:Tullahoma 4263:Vicksburg 4243:Peninsula 4215:campaigns 4081:Campaigns 3858:Secession 1694:Ambrotype 1226:In 1854, 1222:Copyright 1001:ironclads 656:Slave pen 620:Gibraltar 502:wet plate 498:dry plate 366:John Pope 6375:Category 6216:Seminole 6206:Cherokee 5959:Medicine 5912:Military 5825:Veterans 5659:Jim Crow 5424:timeline 5219:Ericsson 5202:Civilian 5183:Sheridan 5143:McDowell 5103:Farragut 5088:Burnside 5078:Anderson 5071:Military 5051:Stephens 5011:Benjamin 5004:Civilian 4890:Buchanan 4868:Military 4813:Richmond 4762:Virginia 4707:New York 4682:Nebraska 4672:Missouri 4657:Michigan 4647:Maryland 4632:Kentucky 4607:Illinois 4582:Delaware 4562:Colorado 4547:Arkansas 4507:Franklin 4427:Antietam 4298:Overland 4253:Maryland 4172:Theaters 4078:Theaters 3563:Archived 1966:cite web 1689:Calotype 1663:See also 1645:, c.1862 1615:, c.1863 1600:, c.1864 1525:, c.1862 1510:, c.1864 1495:, c.1902 1465:, c.1900 1450:, c.1869 1378:, c.1864 1363:, c.1856 1309:, c.1866 1287:Boer War 1277:wars in 1010:Richmond 636:Dictator 459:New York 455:Brooklyn 370:Virginia 327:Yorktown 323:Bull Run 319:Virginia 198:Scotland 110:(1859). 106:and the 6342:Related 6211:Choctaw 6201:Catawba 5984:Rations 5929:Cavalry 5791:Removal 5419:efforts 5403:of 1873 5249:Stevens 5244:Stanton 5229:Lincoln 5188:Sherman 5123:Halleck 5113:Frémont 5098:Du Pont 5036:Mallory 4995:Wheeler 4930:Jackson 4910:Forrest 4850:Leaders 4793:Atlanta 4757:Vermont 4677:Montana 4617:Indiana 4592:Georgia 4587:Florida 4552:Arizona 4542:Alabama 4492:Atlanta 4407:Corinth 4359:battles 4303:Atlanta 4283:Bristoe 4184:Western 4179:Eastern 4084:Battles 3883:Slavery 3787:Origins 3773:Origins 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