46:
393:
suggests that
Priapatius had chosen Mithridates as the successor of Phraates. Olbrycht supports this theory, stating that Phraates was by himself not in a position to choose his brother over his sons, due to his short reign. Justin reports that the interests of the country was of higher importance to
287:
suggests that
Priapatius following his death in 170 BC may have been succeeded by an obscure figure named Arsaces IV, who briefly ruled for two years. However, this is rejected by the historian Marek Jan Olbrycht, who calls it "sheer speculation". Since the defeat of Arsaces II against the Greek
316:
in the southwest. Owing to their geographical position, the
Mardians were able to pose a threat to the trade routes stretching from Hyrcania and western Parthia to western Iran. The attack was probably part of the Parthian efforts to expand their domain in Iran proper and secure control over
389:
nomads for a ruler to be succeeded by his brother instead of his son. This practice may have survived amongst the
Arsacids, owing to their nomadic origins. A passage by the 2nd-century Roman historian
317:
Hyrcania. The main aspiration of the
Parthians was to conquer Media, starting with Media Rhagiane. Phraates' attack on the Mardians was successful, conquering the Caspian Gates, as well as the city of
394:
Phraates I than that of his sons, which indicates that he supported the decision made by his father regarding the succession. Phraates I died in 165 or 164 BC, and was succeeded by
Mithridates I.
292:
in 208, the
Parthians had been their subordinate ally. However, with the decline of the Seleucids in the 180s BC, the Parthians were able to reassert much of their former autonomy.
402:
The coins minted under
Phraates were identical to that of his predecessors. The obverse depicts the Arsacid monarch, who is beardless, and wearing a soft cap, known as the
325:. Furthermore, he also reclaimed Hyrcania from the Seleucids. He had a group of Mardians deported to Charax to protect the Caspian Gates, and the
352:, which suggests that Phraates deliberately mounted his campaign during a time where the Seleucids were unable to respond. The Seleucid king
1456:
914:
Strootman, Rolf (2017). "Imperial
Persianism: Seleukids, Arsakids and Fratarakā". In Strootman, Rolf; Versluys, Miguel John (eds.).
1461:
1054:
1471:
786:
970:
927:
904:
882:
858:
839:
818:
771:
750:
804:
727:
1047:
941:
1153:
719:
708:
Brunner, Christopher (1983). "Geographical and
Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy". In
45:
1369:
1185:
1137:
1063:
1014:
795:
378:) was unable to focus on the Parthians, as his reign was marked by conflict, political intrigue, and
1385:
1377:
1361:
1345:
1265:
1113:
1024:
268:
177:
90:
1032:
1466:
1425:
1337:
1273:
1257:
1217:
1040:
1313:
1129:
276:
1241:
1169:
1089:
872:
363:) left Judea to prepare to mount a retaliation campaign against the Parthians, but died near
337:. Phraates' conquests paved the way for his successors to further expand the Parthian realm.
264:
1081:
385:
Phraates notably appointed his brother Mithridates as his successor. It was common amongst
8:
1161:
368:
958:
892:
715:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
390:
284:
937:
966:
923:
900:
878:
854:
835:
814:
781:
767:
746:
723:
212:
146:
345:
318:
305:
165:
412:. On the reverse, there is a seated archer, dressed in an Iranian riding costume.
1225:
1067:
945:
829:
761:
713:
709:
289:
249:
208:
173:
157:
114:
61:
367:
at the end of 164 BC, probably due to disease. His successor, the nine-year-old
988:
851:
Reign of Arrows: The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East
799:
791:
662:
379:
313:
227:
205:
134:
1450:
895:(2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
737:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). "Parthian coins: Kingship and Divine Glory".
1417:
1393:
1177:
386:
353:
1409:
1321:
1289:
1209:
1121:
868:
330:
326:
220:
51:
1329:
1305:
1297:
1281:
1233:
1145:
1097:
1006:
344:
between the Parthians and Seleucids. During this period, the Seleucids
341:
334:
280:
253:
124:
79:
1401:
1249:
1201:
1193:
602:
322:
916:
487:
1353:
1062:
739:
404:
340:
Phraates' western expansion was a transgression of the traditional
309:
169:
874:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
364:
272:
109:
36:
409:
301:
161:
577:
575:
650:
349:
199:
957:
Sinisi, Fabrizio (2012). "The Coinage of the Parthians". In
614:
572:
511:
562:
560:
547:
545:
477:
475:
304:(also known as Amardians), a group of people who lived in
592:
590:
532:
530:
528:
526:
462:
460:
176:. He died in 165/64 BC, and was succeeded by his brother
50:
Coin of a Parthian ruler, possibly Phraates I. Minted at
638:
626:
557:
542:
472:
333:, which gave rise to the name of the historical region
300:
At the start of 165 BC, Phraates attacked the powerful
780:
608:
587:
523:
499:
457:
445:
674:
686:
915:
785:
738:
421:
433:
1448:
963:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
321:, which was close to the Median metropolis of
26:
1048:
942:"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"
235:
160:from 170/168 BC to 165/64 BC. He subdued the
1055:
1041:
922:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 177–201.
805:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
784:; Bosworth, C. E. & Vasmer, R (1991).
759:
481:
44:
913:
891:
668:
656:
408:, which had also been worn by Achaemenid
848:
831:Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)
827:
644:
632:
620:
581:
566:
551:
536:
517:
505:
493:
466:
451:
936:
707:
596:
427:
1449:
956:
736:
692:
680:
671:, pp. 187–188 (see also note 50).
1036:
741:The Parthian Empire and its Religions
267:. Phraates had three other brothers,
950:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
609:Minorsky, Bosworth & Vasmer 1991
150:
27:
897:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
867:
853:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
763:The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire
439:
248:Phraates was the eldest son of the
236:
187:), whom he had appointed his heir.
164:, conquered their territory in the
13:
952:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
14:
1483:
1457:2nd-century BC Parthian monarchs
1462:2nd-century BC monarchs in Asia
849:Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo (2020).
373:
358:
258:
182:
1:
1472:2nd-century BC Iranian people
415:
376: 164 – 161 BC
361: 175 – 164 BC
261: 191 – 176 BC
243:
185: 165 – 132 BC
828:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
496:, p. 223 (see note 87).
18:2nd century BC Parthian king
7:
1439:usurpers or rival claimants
965:. Oxford University Press.
899:. Oxford University Press.
329:in Parthia deported to the
10:
1488:
720:Cambridge University Press
701:
397:
200:
1437:
1077:
1021:
1012:
1003:
982:
263:), who was the nephew of
130:
120:
108:
100:
96:
86:
75:
67:
59:
43:
34:
23:
760:Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021).
295:
226:("gained, earned"). The
219:(𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕), itself from
918:Persianism in Antiquity
813:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
190:
766:. Oxford: Routledge.
722:. pp. 747–778.
659:, pp. 767, 769.
520:, pp. 146, 152.
959:Metcalf, William E.
893:Rezakhani, Khodadad
623:, pp. 159–160.
584:, pp. 224–225.
369:Antiochus V Eupator
1019:170/168–165/64 BC
782:Minorsky, Vladimir
745:. pp. 67–83.
156:) was king of the
54:between 185–132 BC
1444:
1443:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1072:
1071:(247 BC – 224 AD)
1031:
1030:
1022:Succeeded by
972:978-0-19-530574-6
929:978-3-515-11382-3
906:978-0-19-973330-9
884:978-1-61069-391-2
860:978-0-19-088832-9
841:978-90-04-46075-1
820:978-90-04-08112-3
773:978-0-367-48190-2
752:978-3-940598-13-4
308:, which bordered
140:
139:
71:170/168–165/64 BC
1479:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1070:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1004:Preceded by
999:
980:
979:
976:
953:
946:Yarshater, Ehsan
938:Schmitt, Rüdiger
933:
921:
910:
888:
864:
845:
824:
789:
777:
756:
744:
733:
710:Yarshater, Ehsan
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
585:
579:
570:
564:
555:
549:
540:
534:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
470:
464:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
377:
375:
362:
360:
312:in the east and
306:Alborz mountains
262:
260:
239:
238:
203:
202:
186:
184:
168:, and reclaimed
166:Alborz mountains
152:
48:
30:
29:
21:
20:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1154:Mithridates III
1109:(170–165/64 BC)
1073:
1068:Parthian Empire
1061:
1027:
1018:
1015:King of Parthia
1010:
993:
992:
989:Arsacid dynasty
985:
973:
930:
907:
885:
861:
842:
821:
792:Bosworth, C. E.
774:
753:
730:
704:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
667:
663:
655:
651:
643:
639:
631:
627:
619:
615:
607:
603:
595:
588:
580:
573:
565:
558:
550:
543:
535:
524:
516:
512:
504:
500:
492:
488:
482:Ellerbrock 2021
480:
473:
465:
458:
450:
446:
438:
434:
426:
422:
418:
400:
372:
357:
298:
290:Seleucid Empire
257:
246:
209:transliteration
193:
181:
174:Seleucid Empire
158:Arsacid dynasty
115:Arsacid dynasty
62:Arsacid dynasty
55:
25:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:160s BC deaths
1464:
1459:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1370:Parthamaspates
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1186:Mithridates IV
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1138:Mithridates II
1135:
1127:
1119:
1117:(165/4–132 BC)
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
986:
983:
978:
977:
971:
954:
934:
928:
911:
905:
889:
883:
865:
859:
846:
840:
825:
819:
796:van Donzel, E.
778:
772:
757:
751:
734:
728:
703:
700:
698:
697:
685:
683:, p. 280.
673:
669:Strootman 2017
661:
657:Rezakhani 2013
649:
647:, p. 233.
637:
635:, p. 154.
625:
613:
611:, p. 935.
601:
599:, p. 766.
586:
571:
569:, p. 225.
556:
554:, p. 160.
541:
539:, p. 224.
522:
510:
508:, p. 129.
498:
486:
471:
469:, p. 153.
456:
454:, p. 223.
444:
442:, p. 160.
432:
419:
417:
414:
399:
396:
297:
294:
283:evidence from
245:
242:
228:Modern Persian
192:
189:
138:
137:
135:Zoroastrianism
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
57:
56:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1484:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1386:Mithridates V
1384:
1379:
1378:Sinatruces II
1376:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1362:Vologases III
1360:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:Artabanus III
1344:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1277:(36–38/41 AD)
1275:
1272:
1267:
1266:Tiridates III
1264:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:(91–87/80 BC)
1147:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1114:Mithridates I
1112:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1026:
1025:Mithridates I
1017:
1016:
1009:or Arsaces IV
1008:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
981:
974:
968:
964:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
920:
919:
912:
908:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
856:
852:
847:
843:
837:
833:
832:
826:
822:
816:
812:
808:
806:
801:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
769:
765:
764:
758:
754:
748:
743:
742:
735:
731:
729:0-521-24693-8
725:
721:
718:. Cambridge:
717:
716:
711:
706:
705:
695:, p. 68.
694:
689:
682:
677:
670:
665:
658:
653:
646:
645:Olbrycht 2021
641:
634:
633:Overtoom 2020
629:
622:
621:Overtoom 2020
617:
610:
605:
598:
593:
591:
583:
582:Olbrycht 2021
578:
576:
568:
567:Olbrycht 2021
563:
561:
553:
552:Overtoom 2020
548:
546:
538:
537:Olbrycht 2021
533:
531:
529:
527:
519:
518:Overtoom 2020
514:
507:
506:Overtoom 2020
502:
495:
494:Olbrycht 2021
490:
484:, p. 28.
483:
478:
476:
468:
467:Overtoom 2020
463:
461:
453:
452:Olbrycht 2021
448:
441:
436:
429:
424:
420:
413:
411:
407:
406:
395:
392:
388:
387:Central Asian
383:
381:
370:
366:
355:
351:
347:
346:were occupied
343:
338:
336:
332:
331:Caspian coast
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
255:
251:
241:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
197:
188:
179:
178:Mithridates I
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
148:
144:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
91:Mithridates I
89:
85:
82:or Arsaces IV
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
58:
53:
47:
42:
39:
38:
33:
22:
16:
1429:(213–224 AD)
1426:Artabanus IV
1421:(208–228 AD)
1418:Vologases VI
1413:(191–208 AD)
1397:(147–191 AD)
1394:Vologases IV
1389:(129–140 AD)
1373:(116–117 AD)
1365:(110–147 AD)
1357:(109–129 AD)
1338:Vologases II
1274:Artabanus II
1258:Artabanus II
1218:Tiridates II
1178:Phraates III
1133:(127–124 BC)
1125:(132–127 BC)
1105:
1101:(191–170 BC)
1093:(217–191 BC)
1085:(247–217 BC)
1013:
995:
987:
962:
949:
917:
896:
877:. ABC-CLIO.
873:
869:Kia, Mehrdad
850:
830:
810:
803:
787:"Māzandarān"
762:
740:
714:
688:
676:
664:
652:
640:
628:
616:
604:
597:Brunner 1983
513:
501:
489:
447:
435:
428:Schmitt 2005
423:
403:
401:
384:
354:Antiochus IV
339:
299:
247:
231:
223:
216:
195:
194:
153:
142:
141:
60:King of the
52:Hecatompylos
35:
15:
1410:Vologases V
1333:(78–110 AD)
1322:Vardanes II
1314:Vologases I
1290:Gotarzes II
1237:(2 BC–4 AD)
1229:(2 BC–4 AD)
1210:Phraates IV
1141:(124–91 BC)
1130:Artabanus I
1122:Phraates II
984:Phraates I
800:Pellat, Ch.
693:Curtis 2012
681:Sinisi 2012
382:influence.
269:Mithridates
230:version is
221:Old Iranian
76:Predecessor
1451:Categories
1349:(79–81 AD)
1341:(78–80 AD)
1330:Pacorus II
1325:(55–58 AD)
1317:(51–78 AD)
1306:Vonones II
1301:(49–51 AD)
1298:Meherdates
1293:(40–51 AD)
1285:(40–46 AD)
1282:Vardanes I
1269:(35–36 AD)
1261:(12–35 AD)
1242:Orodes III
1234:Phraates V
1197:(57–38 BC)
1189:(57–54 BC)
1181:(69–57 BC)
1173:(75–69 BC)
1170:Sinatruces
1165:(80–75 BC)
1157:(87–80 BC)
1146:Gotarzes I
1106:Phraates I
1098:Priapatius
1090:Arsaces II
1007:Priapatius
809:Volume VI:
416:References
342:status quo
335:Tabaristan
281:epigraphic
265:Arsaces II
254:Priapatius
244:Background
143:Phraates I
125:Priapatius
80:Priapatius
24:Phraates I
1402:Osroes II
1253:(6–12 AD)
1250:Vonones I
1213:(37–2 BC)
1202:Pacorus I
1194:Orodes II
1082:Arsaces I
998:165/64 BC
834:. Brill.
327:Tapurians
277:Artabanus
224:*Frahāta-
204:) is the
172:from the
104:165/64 BC
87:Successor
1405:(191 AD)
1381:(116 AD)
1354:Osroes I
1245:(4–6 AD)
1162:Orodes I
940:(2005).
871:(2016).
811:Mahk–Mid
802:(eds.).
440:Kia 2016
405:kyrbasia
310:Hyrcania
302:Mardians
252:monarch
250:Parthian
213:Parthian
196:Phraátēs
170:Hyrcania
162:Mardians
151:𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕
147:Parthian
131:Religion
28:𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕
1309:(51 AD)
1221:(32 BC)
1205:(39 BC)
1066:of the
961:(ed.).
948:(ed.).
712:(ed.).
702:Sources
410:satraps
398:Coinage
273:Bagasis
211:of the
201:Φραάτης
110:Dynasty
37:Arsaces
1064:Rulers
994:
969:
926:
903:
881:
857:
838:
817:
798:&
770:
749:
726:
391:Justin
319:Charax
279:. New
232:Farhād
217:Frahāt
154:Frahāt
121:Father
996:Died:
944:. In
790:. In
380:Roman
365:Gabae
350:Judea
323:Rhaga
314:Media
296:Reign
237:فرهاد
215:name
206:Greek
68:Reign
1226:Musa
967:ISBN
924:ISBN
901:ISBN
879:ISBN
855:ISBN
836:ISBN
815:ISBN
768:ISBN
747:ISBN
724:ISBN
285:Nisa
275:and
191:Name
101:Died
348:in
240:).
1453::
807:.
794:;
589:^
574:^
559:^
544:^
525:^
474:^
459:^
374:r.
359:r.
271:,
259:r.
183:r.
149::
1056:e
1049:t
1042:v
975:.
932:.
909:.
887:.
863:.
844:.
823:.
776:.
755:.
732:.
430:.
371:(
356:(
256:(
234:(
198:(
180:(
145:(
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