2736:. He now states that Pirahã does not admit any embedding at all, not even one level deep. He says that words that appear to form a clause in the example are actually a separate unembedded sentence, which, in context, expresses the same thought that would be expressed by a clause in English. He gives evidence for this based on the lack of specialized words for clause-formation, the pattern of coreferring tokens in the purported clause-constructions, and examples where the purported clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by other complete sentences.
2969:
range of topics using a very restricted lexicon). Future research on developing bilingualism (Pirahã-Portuguese) in the community, along the lines of Sakel and Gonçalves, will provide valuable data for the discussion on speakers' grammatical competence (e.g. regarding the effect of culture). Although Gonçalves quotes whole stories told by the Pirahã, Everett (2009) claims that the
Portuguese in these stories is not a literal transcription of what was said, but a free translation from the pidgin Portuguese of the Pirahã.
2877:. This claim is contested by many linguists, who claim that recursion has been observed in Pirahã by Daniel Everett himself, while Everett argues that those utterances that superficially seemed recursive to him at first were misinterpretations caused by his earlier lack of familiarity with the language. Furthermore, some linguists, including Chomsky himself, argue that even if Pirahã lacked recursion, that would have no implications for Chomskyan linguistics.
1218:(the word previously supposed to mean 'one') when there were six spools left, and all four speakers used that word consistently when there were as many as three spools left. Though Frank and his colleagues do not attempt to explain their subjects' difference in behavior in these two experiments, they conclude that the two words under investigation "are much more likely to be relative or comparative terms like 'few' or 'fewer' than absolute terms like 'one'".
1249:, being one of the few cultures (mostly in the Amazon basin and New Guinea) that only have specific words for 'light' and 'dark' if that claim is true. Although the Pirahã glossary in Daniel Everett's Ph.D. thesis includes a list of color words (p. 354), Everett (2006) now says that the items listed in this glossary are not in fact words but descriptive phrases (such as "(like) blood" for "red").
301:
3078:
2729:-lists like "the green wealthy hunchbacked able golfer", and does not allow recursive possessives like "The child's friend's mother's house", a Pirahã sentence must have a length limit. This leads to the additional conclusion that there is a finite number of different possible sentences in Pirahã with any given vocabulary.
2893:(2008) are quoted below. In short, in this study the Pirahã were – by and large – able to match exact quantities of objects set before them (even larger quantities), but had difficulty matching exact quantities when larger quantities were set before them and then hidden from view before they were asked to match them.
1067:) after a pause; is a lateral alveolar–linguolabial double flap that has only been reported for this language, where the tongue strikes the upper gum ridge and then strikes the lower lip. However, it is only used in certain special types of speech performances and so might not be considered a normal speech sound.
2897:
A total lack of exact quantity language did not prevent the Pirahã from accurately performing a task which relied on the exact numerical equivalence of large sets. This evidence argues against the strong
Whorfian claim that language for number creates the concept of exact quantity. Instead, the case
2968:
Everett states that the Pirahã use a very rudimentary
Portuguese lexicon with Pirahã grammar when speaking Portuguese and that their Portuguese is so limited to very specific topics that they are rightly called monolingual, without contradicting Gonçalves (since they can communicate on a very narrow
1797:
Other verbal suffixes indicate that an action is deduced from circumstantial evidence, or based on hearsay. Unlike in
English, in Pirahã speakers must state their source of information: they cannot be ambiguous. There are also verbal suffixes that indicate desire to perform an action, frustration in
2900:
Thus, the Pirahã understand the concept of one (in spite of having no word for the concept). Additionally, they appear to understand that adding or subtracting one from a set will change the quantity of that set, though the generality of this knowledge is difficult to assess without the ability to
1332:
There are several other pronouns reported, such as 'she', 'it' (animal), 'it' (aquatic animal), and 'it' (inanimate), but these may actually be nouns, and they cannot be used independently the way the three basic pronouns can. The fact that different linguists come up with different lists of such
2919:
Everett argues that test-subjects are unable to count for two cultural reasons and one formal linguistic reason. First, they are nomadic hunter-gatherers with nothing to count and hence no need to practice doing so. Second, they have a cultural constraint against generalizing beyond the present,
2761:
Everett's observation that the language does not allow recursion has also been vigorously disputed by other linguists, who call attention to data and arguments from
Everett's own previous publications, which interpreted the "-sai" construction as embedding. Everett has responded that his earlier
2757:
However, as
Everett points out, the language can have recursion in ideas, with some ideas in a story being less important than others. He also mentions a paper from a recursion conference in 2005 describing recursive behaviors in deer as they forage for food. So to him, recursion can be a brain
2782:(Berlin) has performed a phonetic reanalysis of experimental data in which Pirahã speakers were asked to repeat utterances by Everett. Sauerland reports that these speakers make a tonal distinction in their use of "-sai" that "provides evidence for the existence of complex clauses in Pirahã".
1236:
reported that a school had been opened for the Pirahã community where they learn
Portuguese and mathematics. As a consequence, observations involving concepts like the notion of quantity (which has a singular treatment in Pirahã language) became impossible, because of the influence of the new
2976:
studied the use of
Portuguese by a group of Pirahã speakers and reported that, when speaking Portuguese, most Pirahã speakers employ simple syntactic constructions, but some more proficient speakers utilize constructions that could be analysed as complex constructions, such as subordinating
2947:, who lived with the Pirahã for 18 months over several years, writes that "Most men understand Portuguese, though not all of them are able to express themselves in the language. Women have little understanding of Portuguese and never use it as a form of expression. The men developed a
2924:, the absence of recursion in their language entails a lack of counting. That is, it is the lack of need that explains both the lack of counting-ability and the lack of corresponding vocabulary. However, Everett does not claim that the Pirahãs are cognitively incapable of counting.
2898:
of Pirahã suggests that languages that can express large, exact cardinalities have a more modest effect on the cognition of their speakers: They allow the speakers to remember and compare information about cardinalities accurately across space, time, and changes in modality.
1196:
In one, ten spools of thread were placed on a table one at a time and the Pirahã were asked how many were there. All four speakers answered in accordance with the hypothesis that the language has words for 'one' and 'two' in this experiment, uniformly using
2915:
skills. After eight months of enthusiastic but fruitless daily study with
Everett, the Pirahã concluded that they were incapable of learning the material and discontinued the lessons. Not a single Pirahã had learned to count up to ten or even to add 1 + 1.
2862:. Consonants and vowels may be omitted altogether and the meaning conveyed solely through variations in pitch, stress, and rhythm. She says that mothers teach their children the language through constantly singing the same musical patterns.
2758:
property that humans have developed more than other animals. He points out that the criticism of his conclusions uses his own doctoral thesis to refute his knowledge and conclusions drawn after a subsequent twenty-nine years of research.
1011:, if is counted as a phoneme and there are just two tones; if is not phonemic, there are twelve phonemes, one more than the number found in Rotokas, or eleven among women who uniformly replace /s/ with /h/. (
2806:, known among practically all cultures but not used as a linguistic phoneme. The Pirahã are by now apparently aware of the latter's meaning in other cultures and avoid using the phoneme the with foreigners.
2774:
2753:
Chomsky has replied that he considers recursion to be an innate cognitive capacity that is available for use in language but that the capacity may or may not manifest itself in any one particular language.
4093:
2889:
postulates a relationship between the language a person speaks and how that person understands the world. The conclusions about the significance of Pirahã numeracy and linguistic relativity in Frank
1700:, using a large number of affixes to communicate grammatical meaning. Even the 'to be' verbs of existence or equivalence are suffixes in Pirahã. For instance, the Pirahã sentence "there is a
2768:
attached to the main verb of a clause merely marks the clause as 'old information', and is not a nominalizer at all (or a marker of embedding). More recently, the German linguist
258:. Pirahã is estimated to have between 250 and 380 speakers. It is not in immediate danger of extinction, as its use is vigorous and the Pirahã community is mostly monolingual.
2944:
1193:
actually mean "small quantity" and "larger quantity". Frank et al. (2008) describes two experiments on four Pirahã speakers that were designed to test these two hypotheses.
4131:
2722:
The examples of embedding were limited to one level of depth, so that to say "He really knows how to talk about making arrows", more than one sentence would be needed.
2843:. Although there is no documentation of a prior stage of Pirahã, the close resemblance of the Pirahã pronouns to those of Nheengatu makes this hypothesis plausible.
1333:
pronouns suggests that they are not basic to the grammar. In two recent papers, Everett cites
Sheldon as agreeing with his (Everett's) analysis of the pronouns.
1212:
The second experiment, however, started with ten spools of thread on the table, and spools were subtracted one at a time. In this experiment, one speaker used
2790:
Everett, over the course of more than two dozen papers and one book about the language, has ascribed various surprising features to the language, including:
2802:
variation, including two very rare sounds, and . Both are reported to be used as phonemes in only this language, but the latter is similar to the sound of
3288:
265:. The controversy is compounded by the sheer difficulty of learning the language; the number of linguists with field experience in Pirahã is very small.
2739:
Everett stated that Pirahã cannot say "John's brother's house" but must say, "John has a brother. This brother has a house." in two separate sentences.
1083:: in men's speech, word-initial and are interchangeable. For many people, and may be exchanged in some words. The sequences and are said to be in
3240:
2973:
2742:
According to Everett the statement that Pirahã is a finite language without embedding and without recursion presents a challenge for proposals by
2769:
405:
variation as great as in Pirahã and Rotokas, different linguists may have very different ideas as to the nature of their phonological systems.
4178:
4041:
3393:
3932:
3620:
2750:—on the grounds that if these proposals are correct, all languages should show evidence of recursive (and similar) grammatical structures.
1157:"parent" although Pirahã has no gendered alternative), and they appear not to keep track of relationships any more distant than biological
3418:
3309:
2570:
Conversely, when the junction of two morphemes creates a double vowel (ignoring tones), the vowel with the lower tone is suppressed:
1020:
261:
The Pirahã language is most notable as the subject of various controversial claims; for example, that it provides evidence against
4068:
1181:), distinguished only by tone. In his 2005 analysis, however, Everett said that Pirahã has no words for numerals at all, and that
3794:
4055:
250:. Due to this, Pirahã can be considered its own language now, as no Mura dialects have survived. Suspected relatives, such as
4116:
3220:
3151:
1099:, he is able to theoretically reduce the number of consonants to seven (or six for women with constant /h/-substitution).
1822:
393:), bringing the number of phonemes to at least twelve. Sheldon (1988) claims three tones, high (¹), mid (²) and low (³).
191:
3499:
366:
and having /h/ invariably substituted for /s/ in female speech. Although such a phenomenon is odd cross-linguistically,
2858:
believes that current research on the language misses much of its meaning by paying little attention to the language's
4171:
3765:
3191:
3128:
5039:
4283:
2955:
that allowed them to communicate with regional populations, mixing words from Pirahã, Portuguese and the Amazonian
949:
711:
2725:
Everett has also concluded that because Pirahã does not have number-words for counting, does not allow recursive
181:
3842:"Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language"
3294:
2920:
which eliminates number-words. Third, since, according to some researchers, numerals and counting are based on
2813:
structure, not allowing for nested recursive sentences like "Mary said that John thought that Henry was fired".
4102:
2762:
understanding of the language was incomplete and slanted by theoretical bias. He now says that the morpheme
4164:
927:
588:
443:
167:
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1096:
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1080:
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978:
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605:
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363:
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436:
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vowel gets inserted between two suffixes if necessary to avoid a consonant-cluster; the vowel is either
4298:
4121:
4037:
689:
662:
521:
514:
457:
224:
4896:
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1023:.) However, many of the phonemes show a great deal of allophonic variation. For instance, vowels are
983:
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818:
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Thomason & Everett (2001) note the pronouns are formally close to those of the Tupian languages
5054:
5044:
4922:
4434:
2732:
Everett has also recently reinterpreted even the limited form of embedding in the example above as
4545:
4111:
2454:
These suffixes undergo some phonetic changes depending on context. For instance, the continuative
4917:
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1845:
797:
742:
551:
528:
4530:
4088:
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315:
4125:
3520:; Rodrigues, Cilene (September 2009). "Evidence and argumentation: A reply to Everett (2009)".
3038:
1938:
According to Sheldon (1988), the Pirahã verb has eight main suffix-slots, and a few sub-slots:
898:
359:, one fewer than Rotokas, or even as few as nine for women, but this requires analyzing as an
3967:
1821:, and commencing. However, despite this complexity, there appears to be little distinction of
4772:
3952:
3776:
3122:
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2859:
1654:
Both the Tupian and Pirahã third-person pronouns can be used as demonstratives, as in Pirahã
875:
820:
570:
557:
348:
262:
4497:
4273:
3077:
Frank, Michael C.; Everett, Daniel L.; Fedorenko, Evelina; Gibson, Edward (September 2008).
1664:"This one sees well: me"). Given the restricted set of Pirahã phonemes, the Pirahã pronouns
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247:
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4313:
4124:— Prof. Daniel Everett discusses the linguistic significance of the language with Prof.
4078:
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3574:
314:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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3335:"Cultural Constraints on Grammar in Pirahã: A Reply to Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues"
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for two spools, and a mixture of the second word and 'many' for more than two spools.
159:
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of words lists in Pirahã, spoken by native speakers (UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive).
4135:
4072:
3792:
Everett, Daniel (1988). "On Metrical Constituent Structure in Piraha Phonology".
3423:
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489:
91:
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other than terms for light and dark (though this is disputed in commentaries by
172:
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4891:
4846:
4841:
4747:
4623:
4414:
4244:
3982:"Number as a Cognitive Technology: Evidence from Pirahã Language and Cognition"
3980:
Frank, Michael; Everett, Daniel L.; Fedorenko, Evelina; Gibson, Edward (2008).
3963:
3749:
3733:
3639:
3517:
3495:
3441:
3359:
3167:
3079:"Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition"
3024:
2907:
Being concerned that, because of this cultural gap, they were being cheated in
1084:
501:
390:
116:
4144:
4140:
3758:
The Pirahã Language and Syntactic Theory: Description, Perspectives and Theory
3658:
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4361:
4045:
3824:
3707:
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1818:
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242:; all others having died out in the last few centuries as most groups of the
239:
99:
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1810:
1511:
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535:
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232:
123:
3902:(1974). "Some Morphophonemic and Tone Perturbation Rules in Mura-Pirahã".
3444:(June 2009). "Pirahã Culture and Grammar: A Response to Some Criticisms".
3027:; Rodrigues, Cilene (June 2009). "Pirahã Exceptionality: A Reassessment".
143:
4030:
3557:
Pica, Pierre; Lemer, Cathy; Izard, Véronique; Dehaene, Stanislas (2004).
2933:
2874:
1841:
430:
418:
243:
228:
62:
1499:
includes a preposition "to", "for", etc. They may all be omitted, e.g.,
4084:
Etnolinguistica.Org: discussion list on native South American languages
3807:
3754:
A Língua Pirahã e a Teoria da Sintaxe: Descrição, Perspectivas e Teoria
3590:
3558:
3535:
3459:
3052:
2817:
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inventories of any known language and a correspondingly high degree of
2505:
1806:
1246:
451:
423:
344:
4156:
3887:
3482:
4676:
4094:
Unlocking the Secret Sounds of Language: Life Without Time or Numbers
3178:. Vol. 1. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 315–317.
2962:
2832:
2799:
2733:
2726:
1314:
402:
336:
152:
136:
1676:
are what one would expect if the Tupian pronouns were borrowed, and
4117:
Audio sample of sung Pirahã — two boys singing about a day's events
3915:
3860:
3827:(1984). "On the Relevance of Syllable Onsets to Stress Placement".
3293:(Television documentary). Smithsonian Channel. 2012. Archived from
3259:
2912:
2821:
2616:
within another, the embedded clause is turned into a noun with the
1814:
1143:
Everett (2005) says that the Pirahã culture has the simplest known
356:
199:
42:
4083:
3876:
Everett, Keren (1998). "Acoustic Correlates of Stress in Pirahã".
1748:, means that the speaker actually observed the event in question:
4234:
3559:"Exact and Approximate Arithmetic in an Amazonian Indigene Group"
2795:
1798:
completing an action, or frustration in even starting an action.
1794:(The suffix -sai turns a verb into a noun, like English '-ing'.)
1263:
1158:
1144:
640:
195:
3394:"Recursion and Human Thought: Why the Pirahã Don't Have Numbers"
300:
4958:
2952:
2810:
2613:
1226:
52:
2932:
Everett states that most of the remaining Pirahã speakers are
2911:, the Pirahã people asked Daniel Everett to teach them basic
2908:
2851:
374:
does indeed exhibit an unusual distribution in the language.
3882:(Published version of University of Pittsburgh M.A. thesis.)
1153:(pronounced ), is used for both 'mother' and 'father' (like
381:
of Pirahã, at least two of which are phonemic (marked by an
4122:
BBC Radio 4, The Material World: The Language of the Piraha
3979:
3076:
1701:
865:
1742:, a category lacking in English grammar. One such suffix,
1169:
According to Everett in 1986, Pirahã has words for 'one' (
198:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3682:"Acquiring complexity: The Portuguese of some Pirahã men"
3241:"Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã"
1790:"Hoaga'oai caught a pa'ai fish (I know because I saw it)"
4132:
Daniel Everett: Endangered Languages and Lost Knowledge
3760:] (Ph.D. thesis) (in Portuguese). Editora Unicamp.
3515:
3022:
2901:
label sets of arbitrary cardinality using number words.
1787:
Hoaga'oai s/he {a species of fish} catch-ing-(I_saw_it)
4089:
NPR: Tribe Helps Linguist Argue with Prevailing Theory
2612:
Everett originally claimed that in order to embed one
4103:
Brazil's Pirahã Tribe: Living without Numbers or Time
3556:
1587:, which the Mura had once used as contact languages:
1336:
Sheldon (1988) gives the following list of pronouns:
1007:
The number of phonemes is at most thirteen, matching
615:
Everett posits that is an allophone of the sequence
3888:"Experimental Evidence for Complex Syntax in Pirahã"
3483:"Experimental evidence for complex syntax in Pirahã"
2870:, if real, falsifies the basic assumption of modern
3370:
3135:
2880:
2785:
1245:There is also a claim that Pirahã lacks any unique
377:The "ten phoneme" claim also does not consider the
3966:; Everett, Daniel L. (2001). "Pronoun Borrowing".
3411:
3208:
3171:
1164:
3969:Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society 27
1510:For possession, a pronoun is used in apposition (
355:. There is a claim that Pirahã has as few as ten
5031:
1491:Pronouns are prefixed to the verb, in the order
1130:
1118:
4112:New Yorker article 'The Interpreter' (abstract)
3962:
3732:
2927:
2604:For further details, see Sheldon's 1988 paper.
1622:
312:about how the tone notations map to each other.
3822:
3640:"Review of Daniel Everett: How language began"
3358:Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
3234:
3232:
2993:Could also be analysed as 'white' and 'black'.
1607:
1091:Because of its variation, Everett states that
1077:occurs as before , and "sometimes" elsewhere.
1053:: the nasal after a pause, the trill before
4172:
3904:International Journal of American Linguistics
3621:"Encyclopedia — Indigenous Peoples of Brazil"
401:When languages have inventories as small and
2763:
2617:
2527:
2509:
2461:
2455:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2392:
2378:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2324:
2304:
2284:
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2254:
2244:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2105:
2095:
2078:
2068:
2049:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1949:
1832:
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1500:
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1448:
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1406:
1392:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1324:
1318:
1308:
1302:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1221:There is no grammatical distinction between
1213:
1204:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1148:
1147:system of any human culture. A single word,
1124:
1112:
1095:is not a stable phoneme. By analyzing it as
992:
960:
934:
906:
883:
855:
828:
804:
776:
749:
722:
696:
669:
282:
275:
238:Pirahã is the only surviving dialect of the
4060:Encyclopedia of Indigenous People in Brazil
3357:
3229:
3200:
3160:
3142:Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023).
3141:
2665:
1738:Pirahã also uses suffixes that communicate
1661:
4179:
4165:
1929:
1919:
1817:(reaching a goal) vs. atelic, continuing,
370:has found in researching Pirahã data that
4065:Pirahã Dictionary/ Dicionário Mura-Pirahã
3885:
3697:
3480:
3474:
3436:
3434:
3072:
3070:
3042:
2775:Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
2664:"(S)he really knows how to make arrows" (
1323:to mean "you (plural)", or combined with
1107:Pirahã has a few loan words, mainly from
1034:
4054:- by Professor Marco Antonio Gonçalves (
3795:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
3427:. You ask the questions. 28 August 2006.
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2716:I want-this-very.much you arrow make-ing
1801:There are also a large number of verbal
339:simplest languages known, comparable to
4186:
3930:
3898:
3875:
3839:
3791:
3774:
3748:
3637:
3509:
3440:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3332:
3238:
3206:
3166:
1831:, can mean either 'look' or 'see', and
192:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5032:
3935:[Mura-Pirahã verbal suffixes]
3431:
3144:Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates
3067:
1784:hoagaxóai hi páxai kaopápi-sai-xáagahá
1025:nasalized after the glottal consonants
4160:
4147:of Pirahã, spoken by native speakers.
3775:Everett, Daniel (1986). "Piraha". In
3679:
3007:
2977:conjunctions and complement clauses.
635:Pirahã consonants with example words
3382:
3215:. Pantheon Books. pp. 178–179.
1637:
1117:("cup") is from the Portuguese word
1028:
396:
294:
273:Speakers refer to their language as
219:, is the indigenous language of the
3391:
3307:
2866:Everett claims that the absence of
2831:appears to have been borrowed from
2169:probabilistic/uncertain/completion
1129:("business") comes from Portuguese
1087:with and , at least in some words.
385:and either unmarked or marked by a
281:, and to their own ethnic group as
13:
3878:The Journal of Amazonian Languages
3310:"Linguistics and English Language"
2668:'(S)he really knows arrow-making')
2566:"he possibly may not want a field"
2159:probabilistic/uncertain/execution
2149:probabilistic/uncertain/beginning
335:The Pirahã language is one of the
14:
5066:
4024:
3886:Sauerland, Uli (September 2010).
3787:. Vol. I. Mouton de Gruyter.
3481:Sauerland, Uli (September 2010).
2661:(s)he knows-really arrow make-ing
2600:"he caused the arrow to wound it"
1837:can mean either 'die' or 'kill'.
1443:"it", "they" (inanimate objects)
594:
587:
569:
563:
556:
550:
534:
527:
520:
513:
456:
442:
435:
3933:"Os sufixos verbais Mura-Pirahã"
2881:Pirahã and linguistic relativity
2786:Unusual features of the language
2713:ti xog-i-baí gíxai kahaí kai-sai
1848:with the arguments of the verb.
1704:there" uses just two words; the
1301:These can be serially combined:
1232:A 2012 documentary aired on the
1138:
299:
4001:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.007
3785:Handbook of Amazonian Languages
3726:
3673:
3631:
3613:
3550:
3489:
3351:
3326:
3174:Handbook of Amazonian Languages
3095:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.007
1165:Numerals and grammatical number
4134:(video), presentation for the
3680:Sakel, Jeanette (2012-01-01).
3333:Everett, Daniel (March 2007).
3301:
3281:
2987:
2936:, knowing only a few words of
2824:and others on Everett (2005)).
1825:. For example, the same verb,
1240:
1:
3744:. Cambridge University Press.
3211:Don't Sleep, there are Snakes
3146:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
3127:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3000:
1682:differs only in dropping the
1429:"it", "they" (water animals)
466:
2928:Knowledge of other languages
2607:
1415:"it", "they" (land animals)
1329:'all', as in "we (all) go".
471:The segmental phonemes are:
290:
227:. The Pirahã live along the
7:
3931:Sheldon, Steven N. (1988).
3699:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.409
3239:Everett, Daniel L. (2005).
3207:Everett, Daniel L. (2008).
2199:interrogative2/progressive
2189:interrogative1/progressive
1934:"I give the pencil to you."
1257:
622:Women sometimes substitute
268:
10:
5071:
3170:(July 1, 1986). "Pirahã".
1925:ti gí kapiigaxiítoii hoa-í
1507:"he will send you to me".
1262:The basic Pirahã personal
1237:knowledge on the results.
1102:
4936:
4910:
4897:Paulista General Language
4874:
4799:
4771:
4738:
4715:
4637:
4604:
4496:
4463:
4390:
4352:
4264:
4255:
4215:
4194:
4071:February 2, 2011, at the
3951:: 147–175. Archived from
3659:10.1017/S0022226717000172
3184:10.1515/9783110850819.200
2922:recursion in the language
2868:recursion in the language
2658:hi ob-áaxái kahaí kai-sai
1252:
919:
840:
789:
681:
586:
579:
562:
500:
476:
441:
408:
178:
166:
150:
134:
129:
113:
88:
78:
68:
58:
48:
38:
31:
26:
21:
3840:Everett, Daniel (2005).
3290:The Grammar of Happiness
2980:
2850:, hummed, or encoded in
2118:positive/indicative Ø +
1988:inchoative/incompletive
1882:I milk drink-INTENSIFIER
1840:The verbs are, however,
1691:
1493:SUBJECT-INDOBJECT-OBJECT
5040:Agglutinative languages
4207:Brazilian Sign Language
3742:The Amazonian Languages
3583:10.1126/science.1102085
2945:Marco Antônio Gonçalves
2764:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2574:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2510:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2393:
2379:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2325:
2305:
2285:
2275:
2255:
2245:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2106:
2096:
2079:
2069:
2050:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1968:causative/incompletive
1950:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1720:
1712:
1708:is a suffix on "paca":
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1656:
1561:
1553:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1501:
1477:
1463:
1449:
1435:
1421:
1407:
1393:
1379:
1365:
1351:
1325:
1319:
1315:inclusive and exclusive
1309:
1303:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1149:
1125:
1113:
993:
961:
935:
907:
884:
856:
829:
805:
777:
750:
723:
697:
670:
283:
276:
4079:Mura-Pirahã Dictionary
3910:(4, Part 1): 279–282.
3777:Derbyshire, Desmond C.
3647:Journal of Linguistics
2905:
2746:and others concerning
2500:"he is still sleeping"
2139:probabilistic/certain
1998:inchoative/completive
1885:"I really drink milk."
1844:, with no grammatical
1734:"There's a paca there"
1728:káixihíxao-xaagá gáihí
1131:
1119:
310:is missing information
180:This article contains
4902:Portunhol fronteiriço
4044:February 6, 2012, at
3738:Aikhenvald, Alexandra
2895:
2887:linguistic relativity
2809:An extremely limited
2363:emphatic/reiterative
1978:causative/completive
1660:"I am really smart" (
1503:hi-ti-gixai-biib-ihai
1073:: in women's speech,
1065:apical alveolar nasal
1015:, by comparison, has
263:linguistic relativity
231:, a tributary of the
3849:Current Anthropology
3686:Linguistic Discovery
3638:Francis, N. (2017).
3248:Current Anthropology
2794:One of the smallest
2104:negative/indicative
1780:catch-ing-(I_saw_it)
1229:, even in pronouns.
1017:thirty to forty-five
4188:Languages of Brazil
3781:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
3575:2004Sci...306..499P
3392:Everett, Daniel L.
3308:Everett, Daniel L.
2804:blowing a raspberry
2780:Humboldt University
2685:want-this-very.much
2622:suffix seen above:
2466:after a consonant:
1777:kaopápi-sai-xáagahá
1642:/ahe/; clitic /i-/
1548:"Paita's testicles"
1297:"(s)he, they, this"
1234:Smithsonian Channel
636:
84:250–380 (2009)
5050:Whistled languages
4652:Gavião of Jiparaná
4216:Regional languages
3964:Thomason, Sarah G.
3900:Sheldon, Steven N.
3829:Linguistic Inquiry
3808:10.1007/BF00134230
3536:10.1353/lan.0.0140
3460:10.1353/lan.0.0104
3442:Everett, Daniel L.
3168:Everett, Daniel L.
3053:10.1353/lan.0.0107
2949:contact 'language'
2827:The entire set of
2556:o3ga3i1 so3g-sa3i1
2094:positive/optative
2048:negative/optative
1928:I you pencil give-
1545:Paita he testicles
634:
351:languages such as
5027:
5026:
4870:
4869:
4556:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
4195:Official language
4036:Everett, Daniel.
3949:SIL International
3941:Série Lingüística
3823:Everett, Daniel;
3569:(5695): 499–503.
3222:978-0-375-42502-8
3153:978-3-11-043273-2
2972:In a 2012 study,
2903:(emphasis added)
2829:personal pronouns
2748:universal grammar
2524:⟨t⟩
2520:⟨p⟩
2516:⟨s⟩
2514:(before or after
2018:future/elsewhere
2008:future/somewhere
1772:a species of fish
1731:paca-exists there
1652:
1651:
1645:(3fs), (3.human)
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1247:color terminology
1135:("merchandise").
1063:: the nasal (an
1005:
1004:
610:⟨x⟩
602:
601:
547:
510:
464:
463:
397:Phoneme inventory
333:
332:
206:
205:
188:rendering support
184:phonetic symbols.
5062:
4262:
4261:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4151:Audio recordings
4020:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3959:
3957:
3938:
3927:
3895:
3881:
3872:
3846:
3836:
3819:
3788:
3771:
3745:
3720:
3719:
3701:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3623:. Archived from
3617:
3611:
3610:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3516:Nevins, Andrew;
3513:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3396:. Archived from
3389:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3315:. Archived from
3314:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3270:. Archived from
3245:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3177:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3118:
3113:. Archived from
3074:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3023:Nevins, Andrew;
3020:
2994:
2991:
2767:
2667:
2621:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2465:
2459:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2398:
2396:
2384:
2382:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2330:
2328:
2310:
2308:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2055:
2053:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1955:
1953:
1931:
1921:
1879:ti xíbogi ti-baí
1875:
1836:
1830:
1809:(completed) vs.
1747:
1713:káixihíxao-xaagá
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1639:
1624:
1609:
1590:
1589:
1542:paitá hi xitóhoi
1506:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1485:"they" (human?)
1482:
1480:
1468:
1466:
1454:
1452:
1440:
1438:
1426:
1424:
1412:
1410:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1382:
1370:
1368:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1152:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1098:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1000:
989:
980:
972:
957:
953:
941:
931:
922:
914:
902:
890:
879:
863:
852:
843:
835:
824:
812:
801:
792:
784:
773:
764:
756:
746:
737:
729:
719:
715:
703:
693:
684:
676:
666:
657:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
611:
607:
598:
591:
573:
567:
560:
554:
543:
538:
531:
524:
517:
506:
474:
473:
460:
446:
439:
413:
412:
373:
365:
328:
325:
319:
303:
295:
286:
279:
246:have shifted to
225:Amazonas, Brazil
162:
146:
139:
119:
94:
19:
18:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5055:Tonal languages
5045:Muran languages
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
4932:
4906:
4866:
4795:
4767:
4734:
4711:
4633:
4600:
4492:
4459:
4386:
4348:
4257:
4251:
4211:
4190:
4185:
4136:Rosetta Project
4098:The Independent
4073:Wayback Machine
4052:Pirahã language
4031:Piraha Alphabet
4027:
3984:
3972:
3955:
3936:
3844:
3768:
3740:, eds. (1999).
3734:Dixon, R. M. W.
3729:
3724:
3723:
3678:
3674:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3555:
3551:
3518:Pesetsky, David
3514:
3510:
3500:The Interpreter
3494:
3490:
3479:
3475:
3439:
3432:
3424:The Independent
3417:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3401:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3140:
3136:
3120:
3119:
3075:
3068:
3044:10.1.1.404.9474
3025:Pesetsky, David
3021:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2930:
2885:The concept of
2883:
2788:
2720:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2610:
2602:
2586:
2568:
2554:
2542:
2532:(other cases):
2523:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2484:
2452:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2394:
2380:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2326:
2306:
2286:
2276:
2256:
2246:
2222:
2219:interrogative2
2212:
2209:interrogative1
2202:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2107:
2097:
2080:
2070:
2051:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1951:
1936:
1923:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1813:(uncompleted),
1792:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1736:
1726:
1718:
1694:
1577:
1567:
1559:
1550:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1502:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1436:
1422:
1408:
1394:
1380:
1366:
1352:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1203:for one spool,
1167:
1141:
1105:
1019:, depending on
836:"throat, neck"
609:
469:
411:
399:
329:
323:
320:
313:
304:
293:
271:
213:Pirahá, Pirahán
186:Without proper
158:
142:
135:
120:
115:
109:
95:
92:Language family
90:
81:
80:Native speakers
43:/ʔàpài̯ˈtʃîːsò/
17:
12:
11:
5:
5068:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4974:Haitian Creole
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4918:Brazilian Sign
4914:
4912:
4911:Sign languages
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4875:Interlanguages
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
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4169:
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4154:
4148:
4138:
4129:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4100:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4062:
4049:
4034:
4026:
4025:External links
4023:
4022:
4021:
3995:(3): 819–824.
3977:
3960:
3958:on 2013-10-12.
3928:
3916:10.1086/465324
3896:
3883:
3873:
3861:10.1086/431525
3837:
3825:Everett, Keren
3820:
3802:(2): 207–246.
3789:
3772:
3766:
3750:Everett, D. L.
3746:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3672:
3653:(4): 900–905.
3630:
3627:on 2008-03-03.
3612:
3549:
3530:(3): 671–681.
3508:
3504:The New Yorker
3496:John Colapinto
3488:
3473:
3454:(2): 405–442.
3430:
3419:"Noam Chomsky"
3410:
3381:
3369:
3350:
3325:
3322:on 2006-07-24.
3300:
3297:on 2013-11-18.
3280:
3277:on 2007-03-25.
3260:10.1086/431525
3228:
3221:
3199:
3192:
3159:
3152:
3134:
3117:on 2013-01-04.
3089:(3): 819–824.
3066:
3037:(2): 355–404.
3005:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2974:Jeanette Sakel
2942:anthropologist
2929:
2926:
2882:
2879:
2864:
2863:
2846:Pirahã can be
2844:
2825:
2814:
2807:
2787:
2784:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2609:
2606:
2573:
2572:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2469:
2468:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2436:pastImmediate
2434:
2424:
2403:
2389:
2375:
2361:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2296:
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2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
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2157:
2147:
2137:
2116:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2075:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1940:
1913:
1907:kapiigaxiítoii
1905:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1693:
1690:
1657:hi xobaaxai ti
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1401:"she" (human)
1399:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1373:"you" (sing.)
1371:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1313:to mean "we" (
1299:
1298:
1290:
1276:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1166:
1163:
1140:
1137:
1104:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1085:free variation
1078:
1068:
1058:
1003:
1002:
990:
981:
975:
974:
958:
944:
943:
932:
923:
917:
916:
904:
893:
892:
881:
870:
869:
853:
844:
838:
837:
826:
815:
814:
813:"down (noun)"
802:
793:
787:
786:
774:
765:
759:
758:
747:
738:
732:
731:
720:
706:
705:
694:
685:
679:
678:
667:
658:
652:
651:
648:
643:
632:
631:
620:
613:
600:
599:
592:
585:
583:
577:
576:
574:
561:
548:
540:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
468:
465:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
440:
433:
427:
426:
421:
416:
410:
407:
398:
395:
391:Daniel Everett
337:phonologically
331:
330:
307:
305:
298:
292:
289:
270:
267:
211:(also spelled
204:
203:
190:, you may see
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
156:
148:
147:
140:
132:
131:
130:Language codes
127:
126:
121:
117:Writing system
114:
111:
110:
108:
107:
98:
96:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
16:Muran language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5067:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
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4972:
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4967:
4965:
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4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
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4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
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4818:
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4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
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4562:
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4527:
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4522:
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4509:
4507:
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4495:
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4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
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4471:
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4466:
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4456:
4453:
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4448:
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4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:— article in
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4046:archive.today
4043:
4039:
4035:
4033:(at Omniglot)
4032:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3767:85-268-0082-5
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
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3717:
3713:
3709:
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3700:
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3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3421:. interview.
3420:
3414:
3400:on 2011-10-17
3399:
3395:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3336:
3329:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3203:
3195:
3193:9783110102574
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2856:Keren Everett
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:lingua franca
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2770:Uli Sauerland
2766:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2323:desiderative
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2243:continuative
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1740:evidentiality
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:agglutinative
1689:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:"he" (human)
1386:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1175:) and 'two' (
1173:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1139:Kinship terms
1136:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1001:"bird arrow"
999:
997:
991:
987:
982:
977:
976:
973:"fat (noun)"
971:
969:
965:
959:
951:
946:
945:
942:"should not"
940:
938:
933:
929:
924:
918:
913:
911:
905:
900:
895:
894:
891:"can (noun)"
889:
887:
882:
877:
872:
871:
867:
862:
860:
854:
850:
845:
839:
834:
832:
827:
822:
817:
816:
811:
809:
803:
799:
794:
788:
783:
781:
775:
771:
766:
761:
760:
755:
753:
748:
744:
739:
734:
733:
728:
726:
721:
713:
708:
707:
702:
700:
695:
691:
686:
680:
675:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
653:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
621:
614:
604:
603:
597:
593:
590:
584:
582:
578:
575:
572:
566:
559:
553:
549:
546:
542:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
509:
505:
503:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
475:
472:
459:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
438:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:
406:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
369:
368:Ian Maddieson
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
327:
317:
311:
308:This section
306:
302:
297:
296:
288:
285:
280:
278:
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Mura language
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Pirahã people
218:
214:
210:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
133:
128:
125:
122:
118:
112:
106:
103:
102:
101:
97:
93:
87:
83:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
39:Pronunciation
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4937:Non-official
4923:Ka'apor Sign
4851:
4506:Akwẽ-Xerénte
4299:Enawenê-Nawê
4106:
4097:
4059:
3992:
3988:
3968:
3953:the original
3944:
3940:
3907:
3903:
3891:
3877:
3852:
3848:
3832:
3828:
3799:
3793:
3784:
3757:
3753:
3741:
3727:Bibliography
3689:
3685:
3675:
3650:
3646:
3633:
3625:the original
3615:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3527:
3521:
3511:
3506:, 2007-04-16
3503:
3491:
3476:
3451:
3445:
3422:
3413:
3402:. Retrieved
3398:the original
3377:Sheldon 1988
3372:
3363:
3353:
3342:. Retrieved
3328:
3317:the original
3303:
3295:the original
3289:
3283:
3272:the original
3251:
3247:
3210:
3202:
3173:
3162:
3143:
3137:
3123:cite journal
3115:the original
3086:
3082:
3034:
3028:
2989:
2971:
2967:
2958:Língua Geral
2956:
2931:
2918:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2865:
2816:No abstract
2789:
2773:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2744:Noam Chomsky
2741:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2638:knows-really
2637:
2629:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:si3-ba1-bo3-
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2559:o3ga3i1 so3g
2558:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2453:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2391:reiterative
2386:
2372:
2338:
2318:
2298:
2268:
2238:
2129:declarative
2124:
2119:
2113:
2077:opinionated
2062:
2057:
2043:
1963:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1839:
1823:transitivity
1811:imperfective
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1695:
1653:
1632:/ɡi, ɡixa/
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1512:zero-marking
1509:
1490:
1471:"you" (pl.)
1335:
1331:
1300:
1261:
1244:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1195:
1168:
1142:
1106:
1090:
1043:
1039:
1006:
995:
967:
963:
936:
909:
885:
858:
830:
807:
779:
751:
724:
698:
671:
470:
400:
387:grave accent
383:acute accent
376:
334:
321:
309:
274:
272:
260:
237:
233:Amazon River
216:
212:
208:
207:
179:
151:
104:
32:
4949:Vlax Romani
4928:Terena Sign
4892:Macarrônico
4773:Nambikwaran
4531:Djeoromitxí
4126:Ian Roberts
3855:: 621–646.
3364:WALS Online
2934:monolingual
2875:linguistics
2854:. In fact,
2818:color words
2460:reduces to
2353:conclusive
2253:repetitive
2067:preventive
1874:INTENSIFIER
1842:zero-marked
1716:paca-exists
1241:Color terms
903:(see below)
608:is written
349:Lakes Plain
254:, are also
244:Mura people
229:Maici River
217:Múra-Pirahã
194:instead of
63:Maici River
27:Múra-Pirahã
5034:Categories
4887:Lanc-Patuá
4786:Nambikwara
4717:Chapacuran
4692:Tenetehara
4566:Mẽbêngôkre
4526:Chiquitano
4435:Pará Arára
4420:Hixkaryana
4256:Indigenous
4228:Pomeranian
4202:Portuguese
3880:: 104–162.
3835:: 705–711.
3404:2011-01-06
3344:2018-03-07
3340:. LingBuzz
3001:References
2938:Portuguese
2800:allophonic
2506:epenthetic
2283:intentive
2273:immediate
2087:possible Ø
1948:intensive
1807:perfective
1696:Pirahã is
1575:"my house"
1132:mercadoria
1109:Portuguese
730:"residue"
467:Consonants
403:allophonic
361:underlying
347:) and the
345:New Guinea
324:April 2021
248:Portuguese
33:xapaitíiso
4954:Hungarian
4677:Nheengatu
4672:Munduruku
4662:Kagwahiva
4581:Rikbaktsa
4478:Kashinawa
4334:Wapishana
4274:Asháninka
4258:languages
4038:Home page
3989:Cognition
3924:143707016
3816:170956019
3708:1537-0852
3667:149205857
3498:(2007), "
3254:(4): 11.
3083:Cognition
3039:CiteSeerX
2963:Nheengatu
2961:known as
2872:Chomskyan
2833:Nheengatu
2734:parataxis
2727:adjective
2682:xog-i-baí
2608:Embedding
2594:si3ba1bo3
2581:si3ba1bo3
2575:si-ba-bo-
2486:ai3t-a1b-
2377:emphatic
2303:durative
1846:agreement
1756:Hoaga'oai
1753:hoagaxóai
1596:Nheengatu
1581:Nheengatu
1538:testicles
1497:INDOBJECT
1465:gixaitiso
1326:xogiáagaó
1126:bikagogia
1111:. Pirahã
1046:). Also,
1038:(written
880:initially
868:(fruit)"
825:initially
581:Fricative
508:voiceless
353:Obokuitai
316:talk page
291:Phonology
153:Glottolog
137:ISO 639-3
69:Ethnicity
4989:Romanian
4944:Japanese
4837:Katawixi
4832:Kanamarí
4781:Mamaindê
4740:Tukanoan
4687:Tapirapé
4586:Tapayúna
4561:Maxakalí
4536:Kaingang
4498:Macro-Jê
4488:Yaminawa
4450:Ye'kuana
4367:Jamamadí
4339:Warekena
4309:Mehinaku
4304:Mapidian
4289:Barawana
4266:Arawakan
4069:Archived
4042:Archived
4017:14863459
4009:18547557
3892:LingBuzz
3783:(eds.).
3752:(1992).
3716:62659224
3607:10653745
3599:15486303
3544:16915455
3523:Language
3468:59069607
3447:Language
3360:"Pirahã"
3111:14863459
3103:18547557
3061:15798043
3030:Language
2913:numeracy
2848:whistled
2822:Paul Kay
2709:make-ing
2654:make-ing
2635:ob-áaxái
2504:Also an
2416:present
2203:oxoihiai
2179:stative
1819:repeated
1745:-xáagahá
1599:Tenharim
1585:Tenharim
1569:ti kaiíi
1479:hiaitiso
1345:English
1320:gíxai hi
1304:ti gíxai
1264:pronouns
1258:Pronouns
1223:singular
1159:siblings
1009:Hawaiian
785:"macaw"
757:"macaw"
677:"otter"
485:Alveolar
480:Bilabial
357:phonemes
284:Hiáitihí
277:Apáitisí
269:Endonyms
252:Matanawi
200:Help:IPA
160:pira1253
5014:Chinese
5004:Turkish
4999:Tagalog
4994:Russian
4882:Cafundó
4827:Kadiwéu
4822:Irantxe
4812:Arutani
4725:Oro Win
4606:Nadahup
4596:Xavante
4591:Timbira
4546:Kĩsêdjê
4516:Arikapú
4511:Apinajé
4483:Shipibo
4473:Amawaka
4445:Sikiana
4430:Macushi
4410:Bakairi
4392:Cariban
4382:Zuruahá
4377:Paumarí
4324:Tariana
4314:Palikúr
4279:Atorada
4240:Italian
4235:Hunsrik
4145:Sample2
4141:Sample1
4107:Spiegel
3869:2223235
3591:3839329
3571:Bibcode
3563:Science
3268:2223235
2860:prosody
2839:-based
2796:phoneme
2772:of the
2706:kai-sai
2651:kai-sai
2545:sog-sai
2540:o3ga3i1
2493:ai3ta1b
2478:ai3ta1b
2471:ait-ab-
2412:Slot H1
2343:causal
2125:Slot C2
2063:Slot C1
1803:aspects
1602:Pirahã
1593:Pronoun
1572:I house
1535:xitóhoi
1451:tiatiso
1317:), and
1275:"I, we"
1155:English
1145:kinship
1103:Lexicon
1021:dialect
1013:English
954:before
888:áatahaí
716:before
704:"sand"
701:aahoasi
641:Phoneme
495:Glottal
341:Rotokas
256:extinct
196:Unicode
5019:Slovak
5009:Korean
4984:Polish
4964:French
4959:Arabic
4862:Xukuru
4857:Ticuna
4852:Pirahã
4807:Aikanã
4800:Others
4791:Sabanê
4763:Wanano
4758:Tuyuca
4753:Tukano
4702:Xipaya
4682:Omagua
4657:Juruna
4647:Akwáwa
4639:Tupian
4576:Panará
4551:Krenak
4541:Karajá
4521:Bororo
4465:Panoan
4455:Waiwai
4440:Salumá
4425:Ikpeng
4405:Apalaí
4400:Amonap
4372:Kulina
4354:Arawan
4329:Terêna
4319:Paresi
4284:Baniwa
4245:Talian
4223:German
4015:
4007:
3922:
3867:
3814:
3764:
3714:
3706:
3665:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3542:
3466:
3266:
3219:
3190:
3150:
3109:
3101:
3059:
3041:
2953:pidgin
2940:. The
2891:et al.
2811:clause
2614:clause
2590:ga3-a1
2457:-xii³g
2430:ixaaga
2357:sibiga
2339:Slot H
2319:Slot G
2299:Slot F
2269:Slot E
2239:Slot D
2223:oxoihi
2153:abagai
2044:Slot C
1964:Slot B
1944:Slot A
1910:pencil
1872:drink-
1869:ti-baí
1861:xíbogi
1706:copula
1648:/hi/
1617:/ti/
1495:where
1342:Pirahã
1253:Syntax
1227:plural
1123:, and
939:ahaxai
915:"hoe"
545:voiced
409:Vowels
215:), or
209:Pirahã
173:Pirahã
105:Pirahã
73:Pirahã
59:Region
53:Brazil
22:Pirahã
4979:Greek
4969:Dutch
4847:Ninam
4842:Kwaza
4817:Guató
4748:Cubeo
4730:Wariʼ
4667:Kaiwá
4629:Nadëb
4624:Kakwa
4571:Ofayé
4415:Carib
4344:Waurá
4058:) in
4013:S2CID
3985:(PDF)
3973:(PDF)
3956:(PDF)
3947:(2).
3937:(PDF)
3920:S2CID
3865:S2CID
3845:(PDF)
3812:S2CID
3756:[
3712:S2CID
3692:(1).
3663:S2CID
3643:(PDF)
3603:S2CID
3587:JSTOR
3540:S2CID
3464:S2CID
3338:(PDF)
3320:(PDF)
3313:(PDF)
3275:(PDF)
3264:S2CID
3244:(PDF)
3107:S2CID
3057:S2CID
2981:Notes
2909:trade
2852:music
2701:arrow
2698:kahaí
2690:gíxai
2646:arrow
2643:kahaí
2630:(s)he
2563:sa3i1
2552:sa3i1
2526:) or
2522:, or
2488:xii3g
2463:-ii³g
2440:agaha
2426:past
2420:ihiai
2193:ihiai
2028:past
2002:hoaga
1918:give-
1915:hoa-í
1828:xobai
1815:telic
1769:páxai
1724:there
1721:gáihí
1692:Verbs
1612:/xe/
1565:house
1562:kaiíi
1522:Paita
1519:paitá
1457:"we"
1367:gixai
1310:ti hi
1289:"you"
1286:gíxai
1266:are:
1150:baíxi
1114:kóópo
994:xáapa
988:]
984:[
952:]
948:[
930:]
926:[
901:]
897:[
878:]
874:[
857:xopóo
851:]
847:[
833:oopai
823:]
819:[
806:xísoo
800:]
796:[
772:]
768:[
754:aaxai
745:]
741:[
714:]
710:[
692:]
688:[
674:ibaóí
665:]
661:[
650:Word
646:Phone
490:Velar
431:Close
419:Front
379:tones
124:Latin
4707:Zo'é
4697:Xeta
4362:Deni
4294:Baré
4143:and
4056:UFRJ
4005:PMID
3762:ISBN
3704:ISSN
3595:PMID
3217:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3129:link
3099:PMID
2837:Tupi
2835:, a
2765:-sai
2666:lit.
2619:-sai
2577:ga-a
2548:so3g
2537:ogai
2495:ii3g
2480:ii3g
2473:xiig
2405:Ø +
2347:taio
2247:xiig
2163:abai
2143:ihai
2108:hiab
2098:aati
2071:haxa
1982:boga
1930:PROX
1920:PROX
1864:milk
1834:xoab
1764:s/he
1702:paca
1670:and
1662:lit.
1627:/ne/
1583:and
1359:"I"
1225:and
1187:and
1120:copo
1097:/hi/
1042:and
1032:and
899:ɺ͡ɺ̼
866:inga
626:for
617:/hi/
502:Stop
452:Open
424:Back
364:/hi/
100:Mura
4619:Hup
4614:Dâw
3997:doi
3993:108
3912:doi
3857:doi
3804:doi
3694:doi
3655:doi
3579:doi
3567:306
3532:doi
3502:".
3456:doi
3256:doi
3180:doi
3091:doi
3087:108
3049:doi
2965:."
2951:or
2778:at
2693:you
2596:ga1
2583:ga1
2490:-a1
2395:isa
2381:koi
2367:koi
2327:sog
2277:aha
2213:ihi
2183:ixi
2052:sai
2032:aob
2022:aop
2012:aip
1992:hoi
1972:boi
1952:bai
1902:you
1623:2sg
1608:1sg
1514:):
1307:or
1283:or
1215:hói
1206:hoí
1200:hói
1190:hoí
1184:hói
1178:hoí
1172:hói
1093:/k/
1081:/k/
1075:/s/
1071:/s/
1061:/ɡ/
1055:/o/
1051:/b/
1035:/ʔ/
1029:/h/
979:/h/
956:/i/
921:/s/
912:ixi
908:too
842:/ɡ/
791:/b/
778:kaa
763:/ʔ/
736:/k/
718:/i/
683:/t/
656:/p/
628:/s/
624:/h/
606:/ʔ/
389:in
372:/k/
223:of
182:IPA
168:ELP
144:myp
5036::
4105:—
4011:.
4003:.
3991:.
3987:.
3943:.
3939:.
3918:.
3908:40
3906:.
3890:.
3863:.
3853:46
3851:.
3847:.
3833:15
3831:.
3810:.
3798:.
3779:;
3736:;
3710:.
3702:.
3690:10
3688:.
3684:.
3661:.
3651:53
3649:.
3645:.
3601:.
3593:.
3585:.
3577:.
3565:.
3561:.
3538:.
3528:85
3526:.
3462:.
3452:85
3450:.
3433:^
3384:^
3362:.
3262:.
3252:46
3250:.
3246:.
3231:^
3186:.
3125:}}
3121:{{
3105:.
3097:.
3085:.
3081:.
3069:^
3055:.
3047:.
3035:85
3033:.
3009:^
2674:ti
2627:hi
2561:i3
2550:i3
2529:a³
2518:,
2511:i³
2497:a1
2482:a1
2475:-a
2407:H1
2401:H1
2399:+
2387:H1
2385:+
2373:H1
2371:+
2307:ab
2287:ii
2257:ta
2173:aa
2120:C2
2114:C2
2112:+
2081:ha
2058:C1
2056:+
1899:gí
1891:ti
1853:ti
1805::
1761:hi
1688:.
1679:hi
1673:gi
1667:ti
1554:ti
1530:he
1527:hi
1423:si
1409:ik
1381:hi
1353:ti
1294:hi
1280:gi
1272:ti
1161:.
998:ai
966:ii
962:xí
861:ií
810:ái
782:ai
727:ii
712:tʃ
568:~
555:~
287:.
235:.
4180:e
4173:t
4166:v
4128:.
4075:)
4067:(
4048:)
4040:(
4019:.
3999::
3975:.
3945:9
3926:.
3914::
3894:.
3871:.
3859::
3818:.
3806::
3800:6
3770:.
3718:.
3696::
3669:.
3657::
3609:.
3581::
3573::
3546:.
3534::
3485:.
3470:.
3458::
3407:.
3379:.
3366:.
3347:.
3258::
3225:.
3196:.
3182::
3156:.
3131:)
3093::
3063:.
3051::
2677:I
2333:Ø
2313:Ø
2293:Ø
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2229:Ø
2133:a
2038:Ø
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