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uses a modulated flame for the driver and could be considered related to the plasma loudspeaker. This was explored using the combustion of natural gas or candles to produce a plasma through which current is then passed. These combustion designs do not require high voltages to generate a plasma field,
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In a plasma speaker, as member of the family of massless speakers, these limitations do not exist. The low-inertia driver has exceptional transient response compared to other designs. The result is an even output, accurate even at higher frequencies beyond the human audible range. Such speakers are
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are involved. The ionized air is heated in direct relationship to the modulating signal with surprisingly high fidelity over a wide area. Due to the destructive effects of the (self-sustaining) discharge this cannot be permitted to persist, and automatic systems momentarily shut down transmission
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plasma has a negligibly small mass. Thus, the air remains mechanically coupled with the essentially massless plasma, allowing it to radiate a nearly ideal reproduction of the sound source when the electric or magnetic field is modulated with the audio signal.
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To make the plasma speaker a more widely available product, ExcelPhysics, a
Seattle-based company, and Images Scientific Instruments, a New York-based company, both offered their own variant of the plasma speaker as a
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AUDIO SPEAKER PROTECTION FROM UNSAFE LEVELS OF AMPLIFIER GAIN USING SMOOTH LIMITING ALGORITHMS AND FEEDBACK CONTROL Bethany M. Moatts and Paul D. Muri
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Spring 2009
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of the device, is distorted by physical limitations inherent in its design. These distortions have long been the limiting factor in commercial reproduction of strong high frequencies. To a lesser extent
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was used by Dr. Siegfried Klein who developed a plasma tweeter that was licensed for commercial production by DuKane with the
Ionovac and Fane Acoustics with the Ionofane in the late 1940s and 1950s.
194:. In an intense electrical field these gases can produce reactive by-products, and in closed rooms these can reach a hazardous level. The two predominant gases produced are
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is composed of tiny molecules and with such low mass are unable to move large volumes of air unless the plasma are in large number. So these designs are more effective as
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decomposition of air in earlier generations of plasma tweeters. But the operation of such speakers requires a continuous supply of helium.
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231:. Currently there remain manufacturers in Germany who use this design, as well as many do-it-yourself designs available on the Internet.
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tank to provide the ionization gas. In 1978 Alan E. Hill of the Air Force
Weapons Laboratory in Albuquerque, NM, designed the
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and acts as a massless radiating element. The technique is a much later development of physics principles demonstrated by
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Plasma
Speaker, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 9, September-2014, p572
305:"Design and Evaluation of Electronic Circuit for Plasma Speaker, Severinsen, Daniel, Sen Gupta, Gourab 2013/07/01"
61:, the plasma size varies which in turn varies the expansion of the surrounding air creating sound waves.
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characteristics are also problematic; the reproduction of square waves most stress a speaker cone.
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270:(inadvertently) occurs from the transmitting antenna, where voltages in the tens of thousands
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216:, a commercial helium-plasma tweeter. This avoided the ozone and nitrogen oxides produced by
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designs use the input electrical audio frequency signal to vibrate a significant mass: In a
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A New
Speaker Principle, Saturday Review, Edgar Villchur,1952 Sep 27, page 60-61
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Joseph, James (May 1968). "Flame
Amplification and a better HiFi Loudspeaker".
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455:"Kickstarter Project Empowers Students, Plays the Mario Theme with Plasma"
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In the 1950s, the pioneering DuKane
Corporation produced the air-ionizing
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A similar effect is occasionally observed in the vicinity of high-power
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notable for accuracy and clarity, but not lower frequencies because
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The effect takes advantage of several physical principles: First,
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https://mil.ufl.edu/4924/projects/s09/final/Moatts_Muri.pdf
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251:, and an audio amplifier. The kit is no longer marketed.
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338:"Akustische Erscheinungen am electrischen Flammenbogen"
427:"Plasma, a New Tweeter Technology: Lansche Audio No.8"
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but there has been no commercial products using them.
208:produced a commercial plasma speaker that used a
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415:https://www.ijser.org/paper/Plasma-Speaker.html
382:The Ionophone, L'Onde Electrique, S. Klein,1952
150:from the repeated shaking of sonic vibration.
275:within a few seconds to quench the "flame".
49:which varies air pressure via an electrical
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153:Thus conventional speaker output, or the
64:The plasma is typically in the form of a
247:to provide modulation and a 44 kHz
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115:Comparison to conventional loudspeakers
76:published the same phenomenon in 1898.
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182:Plasma speaker designs ionize ambient
98:plasma, which responds to alternating
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239:kit. The ExcelPhysics variant used a
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142:inherent in its mass resists
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507:Magnetic propulsion devices
441:"The Art of Speaker Design"
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266:radio transmitters when a
214:Plasmatronics Hill Type I
186:which contains the gases
362:10.1002/andp.18983000204
319:"Music in Electric Arcs"
178:Practical considerations
243:to step up voltage, a
134:is coupled to a stiff
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18:Plasma arc loudspeaker
74:Hermann Theodor Simon
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470:Popular Electronics
354:1898AnP...300..233S
264:amplitude-modulated
241:flyback transformer
128:dynamic loudspeaker
106:. Second, this low-
53:instead of a solid
342:Annalen der Physik
285:Singing Tesla coil
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472:. pp. 47–53.
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88:ionization
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229:Ionophone
81:ionophone
79:The term
55:diaphragm
279:See also
188:nitrogen
172:tweeters
155:fidelity
100:electric
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350:Bibcode
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148:fatigue
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