229:
78:
25:
499:. Among aerobic bacteria, plasmalogens occur in myxobacteria, and their plasmanylethanolamine desaturase (CarF) required to generate the vinyl ether bond, and hence plasmalogen, is conserved as TMEM189 in humans (and animals). Plasmalogens have been shown to have a complex evolutionary history based on the fact that their biosynthetic pathways differ in aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
406:
The lack of good methods to assay plasmalogen has created difficulties for scientists to assess how plasmalogen might be involved in human diseases other than RCDP and
Zellweger spectrum, in which the involvement is certain. There is some evidence in humans that low plasmalogens are involved in the
336:
gene must be mutated in order for disease to manifest. Unlike the peroxisome biogenesis disorders, other aspects of peroxisome assembly in RCDP2 and RCDP3 patients are normal as is their ability to metabolize very long chain fatty acids. Individuals with severe plasmalogen deficiencies frequently
1842:
Meikle, Peter J.; Wong, Gerard; Tsorotes, Despina; Barlow, Christopher K.; Weir, Jacquelyn M.; Christopher, Michael J.; MacIntosh, Gemma L.; Goudey, Benjamin; Stern, Linda; Kowalczyk, Adam; Haviv, Izhak; White, Anthony J.; Dart, Anthony M.; Duffy, Stephen J.; Jennings, Garry L. (November 2011).
1774:
Meikle, Peter J.; Wong, Gerard; Barlow, Christopher K.; Weir, Jacquelyn M.; Greeve, Melissa A.; MacIntosh, Gemma L.; Almasy, Laura; Comuzzie, Anthony G.; Mahaney, Michael C.; Kowalczyk, Adam; Haviv, Izhac; Grantham, Narelle; Magliano, Dianna J.; Jowett, Jeremy B. M.; Zimmet, Paul (2013-09-27).
315:
are autosomal recessive disorders often characterized by impaired plasmalogen biosynthesis. In these cases, the peroxisomal enzyme GNPAT, necessary for the initial steps of plasmalogen biosynthesis, is mislocalized to the cytoplasm where it is inactive. In addition, genetic mutations in the
291:
the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens is finally formed. The protein corresponding to plasmanylethanolamine desaturase has been identified and is called CarF in bacteria and PEDS1 (TMEM189) in humans (and animals). Plasmenylcholine is formed from 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol by
2108:
Winnikoff, Jacob R.; Milshteyn, Daniel; Vargas-Urbano, Sasiri J.; Pedraza-Joya, Miguel A.; Armando, Aaron M.; Quehenberger, Oswald; Sodt, Alexander; Gillilan, Richard E.; Dennis, Edward A.; Lyman, Edward; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Budin, Itay (2024-06-28).
259:
at the sn-1 position. This is followed by the exchange of the acyl group for an alkyl group by AGPS. The 1-alkyl-DHAPdihydroxyacetone phosphate is then reduced to 1-O-alkyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycerophosphate (GPA) by an acyl/alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate
1882:
Sutter, Iryna; Klingenberg, Roland; Othman, Alaa; Rohrer, Lucia; Landmesser, Ulf; Heg, Dierik; Rodondi, Nicolas; Mach, Francois; Windecker, Stephan; Matter, Christian M.; LĂĽscher, Thomas F.; von
Eckardstein, Arnold; Hornemann, Thorsten (March 2016).
219:
stain used in this nuclear staining method and gave rise to colored compounds inside the cytoplasm of the cells. Plasmalogens were named based on the fact that these colored compounds were present in the "plasmal" or inside of the cell.
538:
cells and tissues differ in plasmalogen levels. Although the consequences of these potential differences are unknown, cross-species differences in tissue plasmalogens could influence organ functions and multiple biological processes.
1922:
Tonks, Katherine T.; Coster, Adelle CF; Christopher, Michael J.; Chaudhuri, Rima; Xu, Aimin; Gagnon-Bartsch, Johann; Chisholm, Donald J.; James, David E.; Meikle, Peter J.; Greenfield, Jerry R.; Samocha-Bonet, Dorit (April 2016).
1980:
Tham, Yow Keat; Huynh, Kevin; Mellett, Natalie A.; Henstridge, Darren C.; Kiriazis, Helen; Ooi, Jenny Y.Y.; Matsumoto, Aya; Patterson, Natalie L.; Sadoshima, Junichi; Meikle, Peter J.; McMullen, Julie R. (March 2018).
187:
are plasmalogens. Even more striking is the fact that 32% of the glycerophospholipids in the adult human heart and 20% in brain and up to 70% of myelin sheath ethanolamine glycerophospholipids are plasmalogens.
1567:
Zou, Yilong; Henry, Whitney S.; Ricq, Emily L.; Graham, Emily T.; Phadnis, Vaishnavi V.; Maretich, Pema; Paradkar, Sateja; Boehnke, Natalie; Deik, Amy A.; Reinhardt, Ferenc; Eaton, John K. (September 2020).
2020:
Montero-Bullon, Javier-Fernando; Aveiro, Susana S.; Melo, Tânia; Martins-Marques, Tânia; Lopes, Diana; Neves, Bruna; Girão, Henrique; Rosário M Domingues, M.; Domingues, Pedro (September 2021).
1316:
Werner, ER; Keller, MA; Sailer, S; Lackner, K; Koch, J; Hermann, M; Coassin, S; Golderer, G; Werner-Felmayer, G; Zoeller, RA; Hulo, N; Berger, J; Watschinger, K (7 April 2020).
145:
at sn-1 can be C16:0, C18:0, or C18:1 (saturated and monounsaturated), and the lipid attached to the acyl group at sn-2 can be C22:6 ω-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) or C20:4 ω-6 (
1723:
Gu, Jinxin; Chen, Lixue; Sun, Ran; Wang, Jie-Li; Wang, Juntao; Lin, Yingjun; Lei, Shuwen; Zhang, Yang; Lv, Dan; Jiang, Faqin; Deng, Yuru; Collman, James P.; Fu, Lei (2022).
1217:"An animal cell mutant with a deficiency in acyl/alkyl-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase activity. Effects on the biosynthesis of ether-linked and diacyl glycerolipids"
191:
Although the functions of plasmalogens have not yet been fully elucidated, it has been demonstrated that they can protect mammalian cells against the damaging effects of
180:
Plasmalogens are found in numerous human tissues, with particular enrichment in the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. In human heart tissue, nearly 30–40% of
248:(alkyl-glycerone phosphate synthase) on the luminal side of the peroxisomal membrane. These two enzymes can interact with each other to increase efficiency. Therefore,
138:(acyl group) linked lipid at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, chemically designated 1-0(1Z-alkenyl)-2-acyl-glycerophospholipids. The lipid attached to the
1885:"Decreased phosphatidylcholine plasmalogens – A putative novel lipid signature in patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction"
1259:
Gallego-GarcĂa A, Monera-Girona AJ, Pajares-MartĂnez E, Bastida-MartĂnez E, PĂ©rez-Castaño R, Iniesta AA, Fontes M, Padmanabhan S, ElĂas-Arnanz M (2019).
969:
Moser, A. B.; Steinberg, S. J.; Watkins, P. A.; Moser, H. W.; Ramaswamy, K.; Siegmund, K. D.; Lee, D. R.; Ely, J. J.; Ryder, O. A.; Hacia, J. G. (2011).
293:
446:, it is not clear if this is causal or correlative. A study with mice concluded that plasmalogens can eliminate aging-associated synaptic defects.
203:
Plasmalogens were first described by
Feulgen and Voit in 1924 based on studies of tissue sections. They treated these tissue sections with acid or
81:
Example of an ethanolamine plasmalogen with the characteristic vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and an ester linkage at the sn-2 position
1684:"Reactive Chlorinating Species Produced by Myeloperoxidase Target the Vinyl Ether Bond of Plasmalogens IDENTIFICATION OF 2-CHLOROHEXADECANAL"
287:
forms 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-GPEtn. After dehydrogenation at the 1- and 2-positions of the alkyl group by an electron transport system and
2327:
927:
Gorgas, K.; Teigler, A.; Komljenovic, D.; Just, W. W. (2006). "The ether lipid-deficient mouse: Tracking down plasmalogen functions".
1625:
Xin S, Mueller C, Pfeiffer S, Kraft VA, Merl-Pham J, Bao X, Feederle R, Jin X, Hauck SM, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schick JA (March 2022).
1983:"Distinct lipidomic profiles in models of physiological and pathological cardiac remodeling, and potential therapeutic strategies"
1176:"Alkyldihydroxyacetone-P synthase. Solubilization, partial purification, new assay method, and evidence for a ping-pong mechanism"
2183:
1528:"Inactivation of ether lipid biosynthesis causes male infertility, defects in eye development and optic nerve hypoplasia in mice"
1100:"Alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase form a protein complex in peroxisomes"
825:
Messias, Márcia
Cristina Fernandes; Mecatti, Giovana Colozza; Priolli, Denise Gonçalves; De Oliveira Carvalho, PatrĂcia (2018).
1020:
Farooqui, A. A.; Horrocks, L. A. (2001). "Plasmalogens: Workhorse lipids of membranes in normal and injured neurons and glia".
46:
33:
2317:
2309:
2301:
1322:
gene encodes plasmanylethanolamine desaturase which introduces the characteristic vinyl ether double bond into plasmalogens"
522:) have differences in their plasmalogen composition. Total RBC plasmalogen levels were found to be lower in humans than in
325:
241:
89:
304:
plasmalogens to 1-O-(1Z-alkenyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycerol that can be modified by choline phosphotransferase and CDP choline.
207:
as part of a method to stain the nucleus. This resulted in the breakage of the plasmalogen vinyl-ether bond to yield
245:
64:
1063:
Brites P, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ (March 2004). "Functions and biosynthesis of plasmalogens in health and disease".
2288:
2283:
2278:
435:
288:
312:
1499:
Braverman NE, Steinberg SJ, Fallatah W, et al. (2020). Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al. (eds.).
741:
Fuchs B (May 2015). "Analytical methods for (oxidized) plasmalogens: Methodological aspects and applications".
619:
Wallner S, Schmitz G (September 2011). "Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species".
422:
There is some evidence from humans and animals that there are reduced levels of plasmalogens in the brain in
1725:"Plasmalogens Eliminate Aging-Associated Synaptic Defects and Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Mice"
195:. In addition, they have been implicated as being signaling molecules and modulators of membrane dynamics.
1526:
Rodemer C, Thai TP, Brugger B, Kaercher T, Werner H, Nave KA, Wieland F, Gorgas K, Just WW (August 2003).
149:), (both are polyunsaturated acids). Plasmalogens are classified according to their head group, mainly as
2176:
534:. Gene expression data from all these species caused the authors to speculate that other human and great
423:
1925:"Skeletal muscle and plasma lipidomic signatures of insulin resistance and overweight/obesity in humans"
2354:
408:
256:
2256:
398:
bond. Several researchers are currently investigating the impact of chlorinated lipids on pathology.
1423:
Braverman, NE; Moser, AB (September 2012). "Functions of plasmalogen lipids in health and disease".
656:"Shotgun lipidomics in substantiating lipid peroxidation in redox biology: Methods and applications"
337:
show abnormal neurological development, skeletal malformation, impaired respiration, and cataracts.
88:
of biochemical relevance are divided into three subclasses based on the substitution present at the
2231:
2155:
1682:
Albert, Carolyn J.; Crowley, Jan R.; Hsu, Fong-Fu; Thukkani, Arun K.; Ford, David A. (2001-06-29).
154:
706:
Braverman NE, Moser AB (September 2012). "Functions of plasmalogen lipids in health and disease".
1982:
1884:
577:"Preparation of marine plasmalogen and selective identification of molecular species by LC-MS/MS"
450:
449:
More recently, population studies have also associated lower circulating plasmalogen levels with
265:
192:
2478:
2169:
1215:
James PF, Lake AC, Hajra AK, Larkins LK, Robinson M, Buchanan FG, Zoeller RA (September 1997).
454:
431:
1139:
Hardeman D, van den Bosch H (November 1989). "Topography of ether phospholipid biosynthesis".
2430:
1844:
458:
391:
169:
2022:"Cardiac phospholipidome is altered during ischemia and reperfusion in an ex vivo rat model"
453:. Animal studies have also demonstrated lower cardiac plasmalogen levels under settings of
2251:
2246:
1788:
1581:
1333:
1272:
1258:
827:"Plasmalogen lipids: Functional mechanism and their involvement in gastrointestinal cancer"
296:. As there is no plasmenylcholine desaturase choline plasmalogens can be formed only after
85:
1900:
1379:
Lee TC (November 1998). "Biosynthesis and possible biological functions of plasmalogens".
8:
2236:
2210:
1261:"A bacterial light response reveals an orphan desaturase for human plasmalogen synthesis"
184:
157:
plasmalogens (plasmenylethalomines) Plasmalogens should not be confused with plasmanyls.
150:
2151:
1792:
1777:"Plasma Lipid Profiling Shows Similar Associations with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes"
1585:
1337:
1276:
2412:
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1957:
1924:
1819:
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1724:
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1569:
1356:
1317:
1298:
1045:
997:
970:
853:
826:
766:
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655:
542:
Plasmalogens form a major component in the cell membranes of deep-sea animals like the
443:
341:
284:
119:
2110:
1392:
1192:
1175:
898:
632:
2222:
2130:
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1002:
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204:
42:
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1994:
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1432:
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1228:
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936:
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797:
770:
750:
715:
675:
667:
628:
588:
146:
2111:"Homeocurvature adaptation of phospholipids to pressure in deep-sea invertebrates"
2086:
1627:"MS4A15 drives ferroptosis resistance through calcium-restricted lipid remodeling"
971:"Human and great ape red blood cells differ in plasmalogen levels and composition"
268:
membranes. All other modifications occur in the endoplasmatic reticulum. There an
1998:
1801:
1476:
1459:
1436:
1076:
940:
754:
719:
412:
383:
352:
273:
2037:
671:
228:
2448:
1860:
1642:
1326:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1033:
802:
785:
348:
324:
genes can result in plasmalogen deficiencies, which lead to the development of
255:
The first step of the biosynthesis is catalyzed by GNPAT. This enzyme acylates
216:
161:
1741:
1593:
1500:
885:
Nagan, N.; Zoeller, R. A. (2001). "Plasmalogens: Biosynthesis and functions".
843:
2472:
2392:
2134:
2071:"The appearance, disappearance and reappearance of plasmalogens in evolution"
1948:
1868:
1810:
1233:
1216:
987:
470:
439:
165:
110:
2126:
1570:"Plasticity of ether lipids promotes ferroptosis susceptibility and evasion"
1346:
1285:
1260:
2196:
2107:
2094:
2055:
2006:
1966:
1908:
1828:
1760:
1709:
1700:
1683:
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1611:
1553:
1512:
1485:
1444:
1365:
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1125:
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1041:
1006:
948:
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811:
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689:
640:
602:
301:
1987:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1845:"Plasma Lipidomic Analysis of Stable and Unstable Coronary Artery Disease"
1400:
1242:
1201:
1160:
786:"Plasma/Serum Plasmalogens: Methods of Analysis and Clinical Significance"
2383:
2369:
2340:
1544:
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371:
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142:
139:
104:
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2453:
2019:
543:
523:
511:
483:
474:
395:
367:
297:
249:
237:
98:
1940:
415:. One study showed that plasmalogen levels are reduced in people with
531:
519:
507:
261:
2070:
328:(RCDP) type 2 or 3, respectively. In such cases, both copies of the
2417:
2204:
1460:"Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies"
478:
366:
Plasmalogen alkyl chains have been shown to promote or inhibit the
356:
212:
208:
93:
2443:
783:
527:
515:
181:
1425:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
1097:
784:
Maeba R, Nishimukai M, Sakasegawa S, Sugimori D, Hara H (2015).
1921:
1098:
Biermann J, Just WW, Wanders RJ, Van Den Bosch H (April 1999).
502:
Recently, it has been demonstrated that the red blood cells of
252:
without AGPS activity have a reduced GNPAT level and activity.
575:
Yamashita S, Honjo A, Aruga M, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T (2014).
114:. Of these, the alkyl and alkenyl moiety in each case form an
77:
2192:
1881:
1464:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
929:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
503:
135:
115:
926:
574:
416:
269:
1979:
1525:
1498:
968:
340:
Deficits in plasmalogen levels contribute to pathology in
272:
group is placed at the sn-2 position by an alkyl/acyl GPA
1315:
535:
481:
they have been found in many anaerobic species including
160:
Plasmalogens are commonly found in cell membranes in the
1841:
1681:
1254:
1252:
236:
Biosynthesis of plasmalogens begins with association of
1624:
469:
In addition to mammals, plasmalogens are also found in
394:
of plasmalogens at the sn-1 chain by reacting with the
1249:
1214:
1138:
1062:
1773:
546:, enhancing molecular resistance to high pressure.
130:(alkenyl moiety with vinyl ether linkage at sn-1).
1849:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
1566:
280:phosphatase to form 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol.
964:
962:
960:
958:
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1418:
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1414:
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1410:
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918:
916:
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705:
618:
2177:
1722:
1501:"Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 1"
1407:
2062:
1451:
884:
1173:
913:
869:
374:, depending on their degree of saturation.
244:(glycerone phosphate acyl transferase) and
2184:
2170:
2191:
2154:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2045:
1956:
1818:
1800:
1750:
1740:
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1601:
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1284:
1232:
1191:
1115:
996:
986:
852:
842:
801:
679:
653:
592:
401:
351:show similar alterations like arrest of
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
2068:
419:who smoked compared with non-smokers.
411:, which is an important complication of
382:During inflammation, neutrophil-derived
276:and the phosphate group is removed by a
227:
76:
1775:Maya-Monteiro, Clarissa Menezes (ed.).
2471:
377:
359:and defects in central nervous system
2165:
1901:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.003
740:
211:. In turn, the latter reacted with a
153:plasmalogens (plasmenylcholines) and
326:rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata
18:
2026:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
1378:
654:Hu C, Wang M, Han X (August 2017).
118:bond, which makes for two types of
13:
1458:Wanders, R.; Waterham, H. (2006).
1174:Brown AJ, Snyder F (August 1982).
14:
2490:
2145:
633:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.008
1117:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00295.x
289:plasmanylethanolamine desaturase
264:located in both peroxisomal and
232:Pathway of plasmalogen synthesis
23:
16:Subclass of Glycerophospholipids
2101:
2013:
1973:
1915:
1875:
1835:
1767:
1716:
1688:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1675:
1618:
1560:
1519:
1492:
1372:
1309:
1208:
1167:
1132:
1091:
1056:
313:Peroxisome biogenesis disorders
223:
818:
777:
734:
647:
568:
1:
2087:10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.003
1393:10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00107-6
1193:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34205-4
899:10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00003-0
561:
1999:10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.12.003
1802:10.1371/journal.pone.0074341
1507:. University of Washington.
1477:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.010
1437:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.008
1153:10.1016/0005-2760(89)90315-9
1077:10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.12.010
975:Lipids in Health and Disease
941:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.038
831:Lipids in Health and Disease
755:10.3109/10715762.2014.999675
720:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.008
464:
436:Niemann–Pick disease, type C
307:
175:
126:(alkyl moiety at sn-1), and
7:
2232:-ethanolamine/cephalin (PE)
2038:10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101037
672:10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.030
549:
424:neurodegenerative disorders
10:
2495:
2355:Platelet-activating factor
2075:Progress in Lipid Research
1861:10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.234096
1643:10.1038/s41418-021-00883-z
1034:10.1177/107385840100700308
887:Progress in Lipid Research
803:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.03.005
473:and single cell organisms
409:bronchopulmonary dysplasia
294:choline phosphotransferase
257:dihydroxyacetone phosphate
198:
2439:
2426:
2408:
2401:
2382:
2365:
2339:
2268:
2221:
2203:
1742:10.3389/fmolb.2022.815320
1594:10.1038/s41586-020-2732-8
844:10.1186/s12944-018-0685-9
390:, which causes oxidative
283:Using CDP-ethanolamine a
2156:Medical Subject Headings
1234:10.1074/jbc.272.38.23540
988:10.1186/1476-511X-10-101
37:may need to be rewritten
2127:10.1126/science.adm7607
1347:10.1073/pnas.1917461117
1286:10.1126/science.aay1436
451:cardiometabolic disease
266:endoplasmatic reticulum
193:reactive oxygen species
134:are plasmenyls with an
2237:-choline/lecithin (PC)
1701:10.1074/jbc.M101447200
455:dilated cardiomyopathy
402:Possible disease links
233:
170:cardiovascular systems
82:
2431:Lysophosphatidic acid
2211:Glycerophospholipids/
2069:Goldfine, H. (2010).
530:, but higher than in
459:myocardial infarction
231:
80:
1381:Biochim Biophys Acta
1141:Biochim Biophys Acta
1065:Biochim Biophys Acta
708:Biochim Biophys Acta
594:10.5650/jos.ess13188
185:glycerophospholipids
86:Glycerophospholipids
2121:(6703): 1482–1488.
1793:2013PLoSO...874341M
1586:2020Natur.585..603Z
1338:2020PNAS..117.7792W
1277:2019Sci...366..128G
432:Parkinson's disease
378:During inflammation
120:ether phospholipids
2413:Inositol phosphate
2269:Phosphoinositides:
1729:Front. Mol. Biosci
1545:10.1093/hmg/ddg191
1022:The Neuroscientist
444:multiple sclerosis
342:Zellweger syndrome
285:phosphotransferase
234:
83:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2378:
2377:
2213:Phosphoglycerides
1941:10.1002/oby.21448
1855:(11): 2723–2732.
1631:Cell Death Differ
1332:(14): 7792–7798.
1271:(6461): 128–132.
428:Alzheimer disease
388:hypochlorous acid
355:, development of
278:phosphatidic acid
205:mercuric chloride
75:
74:
67:
47:lead layout guide
2486:
2406:
2405:
2219:
2218:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2139:
2138:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1804:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1694:(26): 23733–41.
1679:
1673:
1672:
1654:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1496:
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1479:
1455:
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1405:
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1376:
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1359:
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1313:
1307:
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1288:
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1236:
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1171:
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1119:
1095:
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1060:
1054:
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1017:
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1010:
1000:
990:
966:
953:
952:
924:
911:
910:
882:
867:
866:
856:
846:
822:
816:
815:
805:
781:
775:
774:
738:
732:
731:
703:
694:
693:
683:
651:
645:
644:
621:Chem Phys Lipids
616:
607:
606:
596:
572:
147:arachidonic acid
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
43:improve the lead
27:
26:
19:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2458:
2435:
2422:
2397:
2374:
2361:
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2331:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2264:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2106:
2102:
2067:
2063:
2018:
2014:
1978:
1974:
1920:
1916:
1889:Atherosclerosis
1880:
1876:
1840:
1836:
1772:
1768:
1721:
1717:
1680:
1676:
1623:
1619:
1580:(7826): 603–8.
1565:
1561:
1538:(15): 1881–95.
1524:
1520:
1497:
1493:
1470:(12): 1707–20.
1456:
1452:
1421:
1408:
1387:(2–3): 129–45.
1377:
1373:
1314:
1310:
1257:
1250:
1227:(38): 23540–6.
1213:
1209:
1172:
1168:
1137:
1133:
1096:
1092:
1071:(2–3): 219–31.
1061:
1057:
1018:
1014:
967:
956:
935:(12): 1511–26.
925:
914:
883:
870:
823:
819:
782:
778:
739:
735:
704:
697:
652:
648:
617:
610:
573:
569:
564:
552:
467:
413:premature birth
404:
384:myeloperoxidase
380:
353:spermatogenesis
310:
274:acyltransferase
240:matrix enzymes
226:
201:
178:
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2449:Phosphocholine
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2399:
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2396:
2395:
2389:
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2376:
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2346:
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2329:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2252:-inositol (PI)
2249:
2247:-glycerol (PG)
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:External links
2144:
2141:
2140:
2100:
2081:(4): 493–498.
2061:
2012:
1993:(3): 219–234.
1972:
1935:(4): 908–916.
1914:
1874:
1834:
1766:
1715:
1674:
1637:(3): 670–686.
1617:
1559:
1518:
1491:
1450:
1431:(9): 1442–52.
1406:
1371:
1308:
1248:
1207:
1186:(15): 8835–9.
1166:
1131:
1090:
1055:
1028:(3): 232–245.
1012:
954:
912:
893:(3): 199–229.
868:
817:
776:
749:(5): 599–617.
743:Free Radic Res
733:
714:(9): 1442–52.
695:
646:
608:
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217:sulfurous acid
200:
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73:
72:
32:The article's
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2479:Phospholipids
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2194:
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2016:
2008:
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1996:
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1968:
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1533:
1532:Hum Mol Genet
1529:
1522:
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1505:GeneReviews®
1502:
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1104:Eur J Biochem
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
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1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
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984:
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946:
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934:
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923:
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864:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
836:
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828:
821:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
790:Adv Clin Chem
787:
780:
772:
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764:
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748:
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638:
634:
630:
627:(6): 573–89.
626:
622:
615:
613:
604:
600:
595:
590:
587:(5): 423–30.
586:
582:
578:
571:
567:
557:
554:
553:
547:
545:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
497:
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
471:invertebrates
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Down syndrome
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
407:pathology of
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:knockout mice
345:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
281:
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263:
258:
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230:
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206:
196:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
106:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:sn-1 position
87:
79:
69:
66:
58:
55:December 2023
48:
45:and read the
44:
38:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2349:
2341:Ether lipids
2242:-serine (PS)
2152:Plasmalogens
2118:
2114:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2029:
2025:
2015:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1932:
1928:
1917:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1577:
1573:
1562:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1504:
1494:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1428:
1424:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1268:
1264:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1110:(2): 492–9.
1107:
1103:
1093:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1025:
1021:
1015:
978:
974:
932:
928:
890:
886:
834:
830:
820:
793:
789:
779:
746:
742:
736:
711:
707:
663:
659:
649:
624:
620:
584:
580:
570:
541:
501:
494:
488:
482:
468:
448:
421:
405:
392:chlorination
381:
365:
347:Plasmalogen-
346:
339:
333:
329:
321:
317:
311:
302:ethanolamine
282:
254:
235:
224:Biosynthesis
202:
190:
179:
159:
132:Plasmalogens
131:
127:
123:
109:
103:
97:
84:
61:
52:
41:Please help
36:
34:lead section
2402:Metabolites
2384:Sphingosine
2370:Cardiolipin
2350:Plasmalogen
1895:: 130–140.
1221:J Biol Chem
1180:J Biol Chem
666:: 946–955.
556:Ether lipid
524:chimpanzees
512:chimpanzees
496:Veillonella
490:Megasphaera
396:vinyl ether
372:ferroptosis
361:myelination
250:fibroblasts
238:peroxisomal
2454:Citicoline
2032:: 101037.
1735:: 815320.
1515:. NBK1270.
1147:(1): 1–8.
660:Redox Biol
581:J Oleo Sci
562:References
544:comb jelly
532:orangutans
520:orangutans
508:great apes
484:Clostridia
475:protozoans
426:including
368:cell death
298:hydrolysis
96:backbone:
2135:0036-8075
1949:1930-7381
1869:1079-5642
1811:1932-6203
1669:239025829
1303:203717749
837:(1): 41.
796:: 31–94.
465:Evolution
386:produces
308:Pathology
262:reductase
209:aldehydes
176:Functions
128:plasmenyl
124:plasmanyl
2473:Category
2418:Inositol
2386:backbone
2318:PI(4,5)P
2310:PI(3,5)P
2302:PI(3,4)P
2207:backbone
2205:Glycerol
2095:20637230
2056:34169155
2007:29217479
1967:26916476
1909:26773473
1829:24086336
1781:PLOS ONE
1761:35281262
1710:11301330
1661:34663908
1612:32939090
1554:12874108
1513:20301447
1486:17055078
1445:22627108
1366:32209662
1295:31604315
1126:10215861
1085:15164770
1050:85868497
1042:11499402
1007:21679470
949:17027098
907:11275267
863:29514688
812:26231485
763:25536419
728:22627108
690:28494428
641:21723266
603:24717546
550:See also
528:gorillas
516:gorillas
479:bacteria
477:. Among
357:cataract
213:fuchsine
94:glycerol
2444:Choline
2115:Science
2047:8207217
1958:6585800
1929:Obesity
1820:3785490
1789:Bibcode
1752:8906368
1652:8901757
1603:8051864
1582:Bibcode
1401:9795186
1357:7149458
1334:Bibcode
1320:TMEM189
1273:Bibcode
1265:Science
1243:9295290
1202:7096336
1161:2804060
998:3129581
981:: 101.
854:5842581
771:5443009
681:5423350
199:History
182:choline
162:nervous
111:alkenyl
92:of the
2289:PI(5)P
2284:PI(4)P
2279:PI(3)P
2257:glyco-
2193:Lipids
2158:(MeSH)
2133:
2093:
2054:
2044:
2005:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1907:
1867:
1827:
1817:
1809:
1759:
1749:
1708:
1667:
1659:
1649:
1610:
1600:
1574:Nature
1552:
1511:
1484:
1443:
1399:
1364:
1354:
1301:
1293:
1241:
1200:
1159:
1124:
1083:
1048:
1040:
1005:
995:
947:
905:
861:
851:
810:
769:
761:
726:
688:
678:
639:
601:
504:humans
493:, and
442:, and
168:, and
166:immune
2259:(GPI)
1665:S2CID
1318:"The
1299:S2CID
1046:S2CID
767:S2CID
526:, or
370:from
330:GNPAT
318:GNPAT
242:GNPAT
143:ether
140:vinyl
136:ester
116:ether
105:alkyl
2275:PIP
2131:ISSN
2091:PMID
2052:PMID
2003:PMID
1991:1863
1963:PMID
1945:ISSN
1905:PMID
1865:ISSN
1825:PMID
1807:ISSN
1757:PMID
1706:PMID
1657:PMID
1608:PMID
1550:PMID
1509:PMID
1482:PMID
1468:1763
1441:PMID
1429:1822
1397:PMID
1385:1394
1362:PMID
1291:PMID
1239:PMID
1198:PMID
1157:PMID
1145:1006
1122:PMID
1081:PMID
1069:1636
1038:PMID
1003:PMID
945:PMID
933:1763
903:PMID
859:PMID
808:PMID
759:PMID
724:PMID
712:1822
686:PMID
637:PMID
599:PMID
518:and
506:and
457:and
417:COPD
334:AGPS
322:AGPS
270:acyl
246:AGPS
108:and
99:acyl
2328:PIP
2295:PIP
2123:doi
2119:384
2083:doi
2042:PMC
2034:doi
1995:doi
1953:PMC
1937:doi
1897:doi
1893:246
1857:doi
1815:PMC
1797:doi
1747:PMC
1737:doi
1696:doi
1692:276
1647:PMC
1639:doi
1598:PMC
1590:doi
1578:585
1540:doi
1472:doi
1433:doi
1389:doi
1352:PMC
1342:doi
1330:117
1281:doi
1269:366
1229:doi
1225:272
1188:doi
1184:257
1149:doi
1112:doi
1108:261
1073:doi
1030:doi
993:PMC
983:doi
937:doi
895:doi
849:PMC
839:doi
798:doi
751:doi
716:doi
676:PMC
668:doi
629:doi
625:164
589:doi
536:ape
332:or
320:or
300:of
2475::
2195::
2129:.
2117:.
2113:.
2089:.
2079:49
2077:.
2073:.
2050:.
2040:.
2030:27
2028:.
2024:.
2001:.
1989:.
1985:.
1961:.
1951:.
1943:.
1933:24
1931:.
1927:.
1903:.
1891:.
1887:.
1863:.
1853:31
1851:.
1847:.
1823:.
1813:.
1805:.
1795:.
1783:.
1779:.
1755:.
1745:.
1731:.
1727:.
1704:.
1690:.
1686:.
1663:.
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