Dwarf planet - Knowledge

7993: 10607: 2259:, Varda, and Salacia suggest that they never did differentiate, or if they did, it was only in their deep interiors, not a complete melting and overturning that involved the surface. Their surfaces could remain quite cold and uncompressed even as the interior becomes warm and collapses. The liberation of volatiles could further help transport heat out of their interiors, limiting the extent of their internal collapse. An object with a cold, relatively pristine surface and a partially collapsed interior should exhibit very distinctive surface geology, with abundant thrust faults indicative of the reduction in total surface area as the interior compresses and shrinks. 297:, which may thus be considered a borderline case. Of these ten, two have been visited by spacecraft (Pluto and Ceres) and seven others have at least one known moon (Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, and Salacia), which allows their masses and thus an estimate of their densities to be determined. Mass and density in turn can be fit into geophysical models in an attempt to determine the nature of these worlds. Only one, Sedna, has neither been visited nor has any known moons, making an accurate estimate of mass difficult. Some astronomers include many smaller bodies as well, but there is no consensus that these are likely to be dwarf planets. 3583: 176: 52: 3540: 1554:

as the asteroids and Kuiper belt objects). A celestial body may have a dynamic (planetary) geology at approximately the mass required for its mantle to become plastic under its own weight, which results in the body acquiring a round shape. Because this requires a much lower mass than gravitationally dominating the region of space near their orbit, there are a population of objects that are massive enough to have a world-like appearance and planetary geology, but not massive enough to clear their neighborhood. Examples are Ceres in the asteroid belt and Pluto in the Kuiper belt.

522: 3559: 3565: 363: 1862: 3533: 3527: 3483: 3515: 3497: 3547: 3509: 3503: 3477: 3571: 67: 3521: 3553: 7999: 1730:, and enough plasticity will allow high elevations to sink and hollows to fill in, a process known as gravitational relaxation. Bodies smaller than a few kilometers are dominated by non-gravitational forces and tend to have an irregular shape and may be rubble piles. Larger objects, where gravity is significant but not dominant, are potato-shaped; the more massive the body, the higher its internal pressure, the more solid it is and the more rounded its shape, until the pressure is enough to overcome its 347: 161: 8962: 146: 114: 99: 84: 1686: 10759: 131: 2327:

many criteria, and is therefore italicized. Charon, a moon of Pluto that was proposed as a dwarf planet by the IAU in 2006, is included for comparison. Those objects that have absolute magnitude greater than +1, and so meet the threshold of the joint planet–minor planet naming committee of the IAU, are highlighted, as is Ceres, which the IAU has assumed is a dwarf planet since they first debated the concept.

3687: 10783: 10583: 3799: 10735: 10595: 3827: 10771: 3813: 10747: 509:, rejects the current IAU definition of planet, both in terms of defining dwarf planets as something other than a type of planet, and in using orbital characteristics (rather than intrinsic characteristics) of objects to define them as dwarf planets. Thus, in 2011, he still referred to Pluto as a planet, and accepted other likely dwarf planets such as Ceres and Eris, as well as the 571:, as part of a three-fold classification of planets, and he and many of his colleagues continue to classify dwarf planets as a class of planets. The IAU decided that dwarf planets are not to be considered planets, but kept Stern's term for them. Other terms for the IAU definition of the largest subplanetary bodies that do not have such conflicting connotations or usage include 3782:, both Pluto and Charon were considered planets in a binary system. The IAU currently says Charon is not considered a dwarf planet but rather a satellite of Pluto, though the idea that Charon might qualify as a dwarf planet may be considered at a later date. Nonetheless, it is no longer clear that Charon is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Also, the location of the 2294:, similar to Pluto, Eris, and Makemake, but in contrast to smaller bodies. This suggests that the threshold for dwarf planethood in the trans-Neptunian region is a diameter of ~900 km (thus including only Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, and Sedna), and that even Salacia may not be a dwarf planet. A 2023 study of 2145:, with thousands more beyond. This was one of the reasons (keeping the roster of 'planets' to a reasonable number) that Pluto was reclassified in the first place. Research since then has cast doubt on the idea that bodies that small could have achieved or maintained equilibrium under the typical conditions of the Kuiper belt and beyond. 1758:, which is twice as long on its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has a massive nearby companion, then tidal forces gradually slow its rotation until it is tidally locked; that is, it always presents the same face to its companion. Tidally locked bodies are also scalene, though sometimes only slightly so. Earth's 443:. It became clear that either the larger of these bodies would also have to be classified as planets, or Pluto would have to be reclassified, much as Ceres had been reclassified after the discovery of additional asteroids. This led some astronomers to stop referring to Pluto as a planet. Several terms, including 1611:

and other astronomers argued for a distinction between planets and dwarf planets based on the inability of the latter to "clear the neighbourhood around their orbits": planets are able to remove smaller bodies near their orbits by collision, capture, or gravitational disturbance (or establish orbital

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arose from a conflict between dynamical and geophysical ideas of what a useful conception of a planet would be. In terms of the dynamics of the Solar System, the major distinction is between bodies that gravitationally dominate their neighbourhood (Mercury through Neptune) and those that do not (such

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The three objects under consideration during the debates leading up to the 2006 IAU acceptance of the category of dwarf planet – Ceres, Pluto and Eris – are generally accepted as dwarf planets, including by those astronomers who continue to classify dwarf planets as planets. Only one of them – Pluto

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Though the definition of a dwarf planet is clear, evidence about whether a given trans-Neptunian object is large and malleable enough to be shaped by its own gravitational field is often inconclusive. There are also outstanding questions relating to the interpretation of the IAU criterion in certain

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The footnote in the original text reads: "For two or more objects comprising a multiple object system. ... A secondary object satisfying these conditions i.e. that of mass, shape is also designated a planet if the system barycentre resides outside the primary. Secondary objects not satisfying these

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A number of bodies physically resemble dwarf planets. These include former dwarf planets, which may still have equilibrium shape or evidence of active geology; planetary-mass moons, which meet the physical but not the orbital definition for dwarf planet; and Charon in the Pluto–Charon system, which

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The trans-Neptunian objects in the following tables, except Salacia, are agreed by Brown, Tancredi et al., Grundy et al., and Emery et al. to be probable dwarf planets, or close to it. Salacia has been included as the largest TNO not generally agreed to be a dwarf planet; it is a borderline body by

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If an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquid on its surface would form a surface of the same shape as the body, apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. The body will have a spherical shape if it does not rotate and an ellipsoidal one if it does.

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IAU Resolution 6a of 2006 recognizes Pluto as "the prototype of a new category of trans-Neptunian objects". The name and precise nature of this category were not specified but left for the IAU to establish at a later date; in the debate leading up to the resolution, the members of the category were

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In 2024, Kiss et al. found that Quaoar has an ellipsoidal shape incompatible with hydrostatic equilibrium for its current spin. They hypothesised that Quaoar originally had a rapid rotation and was in hydrostatic equilibrium, but that its shape became "frozen in" and did not change as it spun down

1874:– has been observed in enough detail to verify that its current shape fits what would be expected from hydrostatic equilibrium. Ceres is close to equilibrium, but some gravitational anomalies remain unexplained. Eris is generally assumed to be a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto. 1557:

Dynamicists usually prefer using gravitational dominance as the threshold for planethood, because from their perspective smaller bodies are better grouped with their neighbours, e.g. Ceres as simply a large asteroid and Pluto as a large Kuiper belt object. Geoscientists usually prefer roundness as

416:, it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates. It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the 6718:

Emery, J. P.; Wong, I.; Brunetto, R.; Cook, J. C.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Stansberry, J. A.; Holler, B. J.; Grundy, W. M.; Protopapa, S.; Souza-Feliciano, A. C.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Lunine, J. I.; Hines, D. C. (2024). "A Tale of 3 Dwarf Planets: Ices and Organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar

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might not have had time to clear its neighbourhood, and such a body would fit the definition of dwarf planet rather than planet. Indeed, Mike Brown set out to find such an object. The lower limit is determined by the requirements of achieving and retaining hydrostatic equilibrium, but the size or

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Salacia was later found to have a somewhat higher density, comparable within uncertainties to that of Orcus, though still with a very dark surface. Despite this determination, Grundy et al. call it "dwarf-planet sized", while calling Orcus a dwarf planet. Later studies on Varda suggest that its

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have equilibrium shape from having relaxed under self-gravity at some point, though some have since frozen solid and are no longer in equilibrium. Seven are more massive than either Eris or Pluto. These moons are not physically distinct from the dwarf planets, but do not fit the IAU definition

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when referring to it as a dwarf planet. Symbols have been proposed for the next-largest named candidates, but do not have consistent usage among astrologers. The Unicode proposal for Quaoar, Orcus, Haumea, Makemake, and Gonggong mentions the following symbols for named objects over 600 km

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depends not only on the relative masses of the bodies, but also on the distance between them; the barycenter of the Sun–Jupiter orbit, for example, lies outside the Sun, but they are not considered a binary object. Thus, a formal definition of what constitutes a binary (dwarf) planet must be

2278:(JWST) in 2022 suggests that Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar underwent internal melting, differentiation, and chemical evolution, like the larger dwarf planets Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, but unlike "all smaller KBOs". This is because light hydrocarbons are present on their surfaces (e.g. 1972:

The astronomical community commonly refers to other larger TNOs as dwarf planets as well. At least four additional bodies meet the preliminary criteria of Brown, of Tancredi et al., of Grundy et al., and of Emery et al. for identifying dwarf planets, and are generally called dwarf planets by

1588:) in 2000, expressing the likelihood of an encounter resulting in a given deflection of orbit. The value of this parameter in Stern's model is proportional to the square of the mass and inversely proportional to the period. This value can be used to estimate the capacity of a body to 1968:

These five bodies – the three under consideration in 2006 (Pluto, Ceres and Eris) plus the two named in 2008 (Haumea and Makemake) – are commonly presented as the dwarf planets of the Solar System, though the limiting factor (albedo) is not what defines an object as a dwarf planet.

2243:, never fully collapsed into solid planetary bodies and retain internal porosity from their formation (in which case they could not be dwarf planets). They accept that brighter (albedo > ≈0.2) or denser (> ≈1.4 g/cc) Orcus and Quaoar probably were fully solid: 1558:

the threshold, because from their perspective the internally driven geology of a body like Ceres makes it more similar to a classical planet like Mars, than to a small asteroid that lacks internally driven geology. This necessitated the creation of the category of

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Pinilla-Alonso, Noemi; Stansberry, John A.; Holler, Bryan J. (November 22, 2019). "Surface properties of large TNOs: Expanding the study to longer wavelengths with the James Webb Space Telescope". In Dina Prialnik; Maria Antonietta Barucci; Leslie Young (eds.).

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to most likely be dwarf planets as well. Since 2011, Brown has maintained a list of hundreds of candidate objects, ranging from "nearly certain" to "possible" dwarf planets, based solely on estimated size. As of September 13, 2019, Brown's list identifies ten

451:, started to be used for the bodies now known as dwarf planets. Astronomers were also confident that more objects as large as Pluto would be discovered, and the number of planets would start growing quickly if Pluto were to remain classified as a planet. 3623:, while Pluto has water-ice mountains drifting in nitrogen-ice glaciers, as well as a significant atmosphere. Ceres evidently has brine percolating through its subsurface, while there is evidence that Pluto has an actual subsurface ocean. 2301:

shows that it probably has an extremely large crater, whose depth takes up 5.7% of its diameter: this is proportionally larger than the Rheasilvia crater on Vesta, which is the reason Vesta is not usually considered a dwarf planet today.

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et al. Most of the larger bodies have moons, which enables a determination of their mass and thus their density, which inform estimates of whether they could be dwarf planets. The largest TNOs that are not known to have moons are Sedna,

608:, as Stern had originally intended, distinguished from the other eight that were to be called "classical planets". Under this arrangement, the twelve planets of the rejected proposal were to be preserved in a distinction between eight 591:

for a non-planet is "dumb", but that it was motivated by an attempt by the IAU division III plenary session to reinstate Pluto as a planet in a second resolution. Indeed, the draft of Resolution 5A had called these median bodies

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that are primarily used by astrologers: they were devised by Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts. NASA has used his Haumea, Eris, and Makemake symbols, as well as the traditional astrological symbol for Pluto

2290:), which implies that methane is continuously being resupplied, and that methane would likely come from internal geochemistry. On the other hand, the surfaces of Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar have low abundances of CO and CO 7049: 774:

The category of 'plutoid' captured an earlier distinction between the 'terrestrial dwarf' Ceres and the 'ice dwarfs' of the outer Solar system, part of a conception of a threefold division of the Solar System into inner

513:, as additional planets. Several years before the IAU definition, he used orbital characteristics to separate "überplanets" (the dominant eight) from "unterplanets" (the dwarf planets), considering both types "planets". 2152:

et al. advised the IAU to officially accept Orcus, Sedna and Quaoar as dwarf planets (Gonggong was not yet known), though the IAU did not address the issue then and has not since. Tancredi also considered the five TNOs

328:. Thus Stern and other planetary geologists consider dwarf planets and large satellites to be planets, but since 2006, the IAU and perhaps the majority of astronomers have excluded them from the roster of planets. 490:

Although concerns were raised about the classification of planets orbiting other stars, the issue was not resolved; it was proposed instead to decide this only when dwarf-planet-size objects start to be observed.

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in August 2006. The IAU's initial draft proposal included Charon, Eris, and Ceres in the list of planets. After many astronomers objected to this proposal, an alternative was drawn up by the Uruguayan astronomers

1911:" in media reports. Considered a dwarf planet by the IAU since the adoption of Resolution 5A on August 24, 2006, and named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on September 13 of that year. One known moon. 1894:– discovered February 18, 1930, and announced March 13. Considered a planet for 76 years. Explicitly reclassified as a dwarf planet by the IAU with Resolution 6A on August 24, 2006. Five known moons. 1950:) – discovered by Brown et al. December 28, 2004, and announced by Ortiz et al. on July 27, 2005. Named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on September 17, 2008. Two known moons and one known ring. 2033:

a dwarf planet after observations in 2016, and Simon Porter of the Southwest Research Institute spoke of "the big eight dwarf planets" in 2018, referring to Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong,

1888:. Considered a planet for half a century before reclassification as an asteroid. Considered a dwarf planet by the IAU since the adoption of Resolution 5A on August 24, 2006. Confirmation is pending. 6665:

Souami, D.; Braga-Ribas, F.; Sicardy, B.; Morgado, B.; Ortiz, J. L.; Desmars, J.; et al. (August 2020). "A multi-chord stellar occultation by the large trans-Neptunian object (174567) Varda".

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There are no specific size or mass limits of dwarf planets, as those are not defining features. There is no clear upper limit: an object very far out in the Solar System that is more massive than

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In the immediate aftermath of the IAU definition of dwarf planet, some scientists expressed their disagreement with the IAU resolution. Campaigns included car bumper stickers and T-shirts.

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is more massive than Eris or Pluto, has an equilibrium shape, and is thought to be a captured dwarf planet (likely a member of a binary system), but no longer directly orbits the sun.

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Kiss, C.; Müller, T. G.; Marton, G.; Szakáts, R.; Pál, A.; Molnár, L.; et al. (March 2024). "The visible and thermal light curve of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar".

439:), and some even farther away. Many of these shared several of Pluto's key orbital characteristics, and Pluto started being seen as the largest member of a new class of objects, the 3701:, the next-most-massive body in the asteroid belt after Ceres, was once in hydrostatic equilibrium and is roughly spheroidal, deviating mainly due to massive impacts that formed the 6314: 1935:. These bodies are generally assumed to be dwarf planets, although they have not yet been demonstrated to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and there is some disagreement for Haumea: 770:

was not involved in choosing the word plutoid. ... In fact, a vote taken by the WG-PSN subsequent to the Executive Committee meeting has rejected the use of that specific term..."

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Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan (2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2".

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Comparison of sizes, albedo, and colors of various large trans-Neptunian objects with sizes of >700 km. The dark colored arcs represent uncertainties of the object's size.

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mission, it has been recognized that Ceres is a geologically icy body that may have originated from the outer Solar System. Ceres has since been called an ice dwarf as well.

471: 10510: 10084: 2141:, the largest that is not – to relax into gravitational equilibrium. Researchers thought that the number of such bodies could prove to be around 200 in the 10480: 8200: 3856: 7018: 381:

and Jupiter that for decades were considered to be planets. Between then and around 1851, when the number of planets had reached 23, astronomers started using the word

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it becomes. If such a rotating body were heated until it melts, its shape would not change. The extreme example of a body that may be scalene due to rapid rotation is

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With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine major planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (

5761: 5320: 4090: 2224:) as "near certain" to be dwarf planets, and another 16, with diameter greater than 600 km, as "highly likely". Notably, Gonggong may have a larger diameter ( 4808: 3752:

is a captured dwarf planet, and Ceres formed in the same region of the Solar System as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.) Alan Stern calls planetary-mass moons "

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Calculated using the minimum estimate from 15 objects in its region with at least Sedna's mass, as estimated by Schwamb, Brown, & Rabinowitz (2009).

558:, however, was originally coined as a term for the smallest planets, not the largest sub-planets, and is still used that way by many planetary astronomers. 5011:"Dos uruguayos, Julio Fernández y Gonzalo Tancredi en la historia de la astronomía:reducen la cantidad de planetas de 9 a 8 ...&Anotaciones de Tancredi" 6592:

Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Roe, H. G.; Buie, M. W.; Porter, S. B.; Parker, A. H.; Nesvorný, D.; Benecchi, S. D.; Stephens, D. C.; Trujillo, C. A. (2019).

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Asmar, S. W.; Konopliv, A. S.; Park, R. S.; Bills, B. G.; Gaskell, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Toplis, M. J.; Zuber, M. T. (2012).

5290: 5056: 2133:(TNOs) with icy cores would require a diameter of only about 400 km (250 mi), or 3% the size of Earth – the size of the moons 1915:

The IAU only established guidelines for which committee would oversee the naming of likely dwarf planets: any unnamed trans-Neptunian object with an

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Orcus and Charon probably melted and differentiated, considering their higher densities and spectra indicating surfaces made of relatively clean H

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is arguably a binary dwarf planet. The categories may overlap: Triton, for example, is both a former dwarf planet and a planetary-mass moon.

1802:. This is close to what as of 2019 is believed to be roughly the limit for objects beyond Neptune that are fully compact, solid bodies, with 4572: 3948: 5670: 4251: 3988: 1762:

is tidally locked, as are all the rounded satellites of the gas giants. Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other, as are Eris and

7194: 7121: 6307: 6108: 487:. Beside dropping Charon from the list, the new proposal also removed Pluto, Ceres, and Eris, because they have not cleared their orbits. 10214: 6285: 6201: 4959: 4364: 7249:

Verbiscer, Anne J.; Helfenstein, Paul; Porter, Simon B.; Benecchi, Susan D.; Kavelaars, J. J.; Lauer, Tod R.; et al. (April 2022).

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There are several other schemes that try to differentiate between planets and dwarf planets, but the 2006 definition uses this concept.

5250: 254: 9029: 6875: 4171: 1963:) – discovered March 31, 2005, and announced July 29. Named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on July 11, 2008. One known moon. 1612:

resonances that prevent collisions), whereas dwarf planets lack the mass to do so. Soter went on to propose a parameter he called the

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received planetary symbols, as they were considered to be planets when they were discovered. By the time the others were discovered,

464:) was discovered in January 2005; it was thought to be slightly larger than Pluto, and some reports informally referred to it as the 7382: 5134: 5099: 4463: 1628:

is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone), where

7684: 7291: 6892: 6003:'Pluto is a "dwarf planet" by the above definition and is recognized as the prototype of a new category of trans-Neptunian objects' 5704: 4645: 4607: 4394: 3637:. All three bodies show evidence of once being dwarf planets, and their exploration helps clarify the evolution of dwarf planets. 2650: 7772: 6258: 4882: 8551: 7227: 2252: 2236: 2148:

Individual astronomers have recognized a number of objects as dwarf planets or as likely to prove to be dwarf planets. In 2008,

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mass at which an object attains and retains equilibrium depends on its composition and thermal history, not simply its mass. An

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The masses of given dwarf planets are listed for their systems (if they have satellites) with exceptions for Pluto and Orcus.

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instances. Consequently the number of currently conformed TNOs which meet the hydrostatic equilibrium criterion is uncertain.

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Of bodies smaller than 900 km in diameter, the only ones thought to have albedos much greater than this are fragments in the

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criteria are "satellites". Under this definition, Pluto's companion Charon is a planet, making Pluto–Charon a double planet."

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and Ixion. In particular, Salacia has a known mass and diameter, putting it as a borderline case by the IAU's 2006 Q&A.

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and the planetary working group of the IAU. At the time (and still as of 2023), the only bodies to meet this threshold were

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but neither name was carried forward, perhaps due to objections from geologists that this would create confusion with their

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as part of a three-way categorization of planetary-mass objects in the Solar System: classical planets, dwarf planets, and

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Thomas, Peter C.; Binzelb, Richard P.; Gaffeyc, Michael J.; Zellnerd, Benjamin H.; Storrse, Alex D.; Wells, Eddie (1997).

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is excluded, but is likely on the order of Ceres. The Moon in contrast is 73.5×10, over four times more massive than Eris.

10659: 9760: 6445: 3660: 762:, and a definition: all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets are plutoids. Other departments of the IAU have rejected the term: 9045: 9037: 5771: 5313: 3783: 2545: 9034: 5631: 4988: 4337: 4082: 3871: 483:: They proposed an intermediate category for objects large enough to be round but that had not cleared their orbits of 9052: 9048: 7659: 4812: 3725:

that, like Vesta, is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, but is thought to have been so early in its history due to

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Rommel, F. L.; Braga-Ribas, F.; Ortiz, J. L.; Sicardy, B.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Desmars, J.; et al. (October 2023).

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The Solar System Beyond The Planets in Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences

791:, of which Pluto was the principal member. 'Ice dwarf' also saw some use as an umbrella term for all trans-Neptunian 6475: 3643:

has captured distant images of Triton, Quaoar, Haumea, Eris, and Makemake, as well as the smaller candidates Ixion,

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being just above the expected limit. No other body with a measured mass is close to the expected mass limit, though

10296: 9053: 7655: 5819: 5010: 4779: 4637: 4603: 4121: 3984: 1779: 767: 337: 313: 10823: 6341:"The Albedos, Sizes, Colors, and Satellites of Dwarf Planets Compared with Newly Measured Dwarf Planet 2013 FY27" 4668: 2469: 2430: 312:. Dwarf planets were thus conceived of as a category of planet. In 2006, however, the concept was adopted by the 9824: 616:. Resolution 5B was defeated in the same session that 5A was passed. Because of the semantic inconsistency of a 10833: 10475: 9891: 9725: 7792: 7072: 5345: 4756: 3866: 1916: 1856: 1660:

indicates a planet, and there is again a gap of several orders of magnitude between planets and dwarf planets.

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Ortiz, J. L.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Sicardy, B.; Benedetti-Rossi, G.; Bérard, D.; Morales, N.; et al. (2017).

5280: 10000: 9896: 3846: 10413: 10500: 10055: 10035: 9930: 8223: 5210: 4939: 2615: 2580: 2510: 385:(from Greek, meaning 'star-like' or 'star-shaped') for the smaller bodies and began to distinguish them as 10418: 9050: 5911:

Nimmo, Francis; et al. (2017). "Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images".

1624:), that represents an experimental measure of the actual degree of cleanliness of the orbital zone (where 528:

showing the IAU Executive Committee conception of the types of bodies in the Solar System (except the Sun)

10575: 10101: 10030: 9995: 9028: 9022: 7765: 5815: 4018:"Moons Are Planets: Scientific Usefulness Versus Cultural Teleology in the Taxonomy of Planetary Science" 230:

Dwarf planets are capable of being geologically active, an expectation that was borne out in 2015 by the

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being a borderline case both for the 2006 Q&A expectations and in more recent evaluations, and with

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As of 2024, only two missions have targeted and explored dwarf planets up close. On March 6, 2015, the

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is "a perfectly good word" that has been used for these bodies for years, and that the use of the term

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In the 1990s, astronomers began to find objects in the same region of space as Pluto (now known as the

212: 7855: 5968: 4729: 1988:) – discovered June 5, 2002, and announced October 7 of that year. One known moon and two known rings. 671: 10813: 10333: 10308: 10118: 6893:"Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission" 5463: 2239:, that dark, low-density bodies smaller than about 900–1000 km in diameter, such as Salacia and 325: 9046: 7566: 1738:. Then, a body is as round as it is possible to be, given its rotation and tidal effects, and is an 1698: 10828: 10624: 10229: 6538: 5693: 5526: 5393: 4985:

Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, Series Tertia – official newspaper of the IAU General Assembly 2006

3779: 341: 321: 6018: 4511: 3756:", one of three categories of planet, together with dwarf planets and classical planets. The term 3539: 10313: 10140: 9787: 9691: 9598: 9298: 9148: 9039: 9030: 7967: 7320: 7008: 4568: 3939: 3897: 3710: 2194: 2014: 1735: 1672: 274: 208: 181: 175: 17: 7698: 5658: 5158: 4278: 3973: 10818: 10808: 10318: 10256: 10204: 10194: 10179: 10130: 9990: 9920: 9336: 9024: 8965: 7758: 7182: 7110: 6197: 6041: 3900:

criterion of a dwarf planet cannot be confirmed unless a spacecraft directly visits the object.

3851: 3841: 3633:

has been imaged by Cassini and before that by Voyager 2, which also encountered Neptune's moon

2190: 2130: 1908: 1340:). All other known objects in these populations have smaller discriminants than the one shown. 466: 10239: 9044: 9036: 9033: 6281: 5851: 4965: 4368: 799:

of the outer Solar System; one attempted definition was that an ice dwarf "is larger than the

227:, which for decades was regarded as a planet before the "dwarf" concept was adopted in 2006. 10803: 10684: 10611: 10485: 10338: 10301: 10189: 10184: 8984: 5596: 196: 51: 10353: 6846: 6791: 6688: 6017:. Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University). Archived from 5258: 5090:"International Astronomical Union 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes" 4312: 4305: 10246: 10199: 9856: 9308: 9273: 9268: 9162: 9113: 9086: 9042: 9021: 7981: 7863: 7844: 7618: 7606: 7496: 7423: 7374: 7334: 7262: 6971: 6907: 6872: 6842: 6787: 6738: 6684: 6608: 6508: 6362: 6161: 6066: 5930: 5870: 5545: 5482: 5412: 4864: 4399: 4216: 4175: 4041: 3722: 3709:

craters after it solidified. Its dimensions are not consistent with it currently being in

3665: 3603: 3532: 3526: 3404: 2871: 2813: 2706: 2421: 2391: 2375: 2206: 2202: 2193:

with diameters then thought to be greater than 900 km (the four named by the IAU plus

2042: 2038: 2004: 1991: 1881: 1840: 1731: 1727: 1035: 521: 425: 374: 290: 286: 282: 237: 119: 104: 57: 9025: 9023: 7251:"The Diverse Shapes of Dwarf Planet and Large KBO Phase Curves Observed from New Horizons" 5967:

Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Park, R.S.; Ermakov, A.; et al. (September 2018).

4453: 8: 10787: 10698: 10587: 10425: 10398: 10348: 10152: 9610: 9303: 9155: 8914: 8894: 8884: 8874: 8864: 8757: 8612: 8602: 8529: 8519: 8467: 8457: 8417: 8384: 8354: 8344: 8154: 8114: 8071: 7953: 7888: 7363: 6042:"The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation" 5454: 5312:

Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; et al. (September 12, 2017).

5124: 5089: 5039: 4981:"Comments & discussions on Resolution 5: The definition of a planet – Planets Galore" 3804: 3738: 3652: 3514: 3496: 3482: 3344: 2676: 2315: 1924: 1897: 1714: 1249: 454: 262: 151: 9506: 9385: 7610: 7500: 7427: 7378: 7338: 7266: 6975: 6923: 6911: 6742: 6612: 6512: 6366: 6165: 6070: 5934: 5874: 5549: 5486: 5416: 4868: 4633: 4599: 4220: 4045: 3508: 432:, it became evident that it was a different kind of body from any of the other planets. 10775: 10763: 10678: 10548: 10495: 10373: 10343: 10251: 10064: 9195: 9026: 8904: 8735: 8725: 8715: 8705: 8676: 8666: 8644: 8622: 8592: 8582: 8509: 8499: 8489: 8437: 8374: 8364: 8334: 8314: 8284: 8262: 8252: 8209: 8174: 8144: 8134: 8124: 8081: 7622: 7596: 7520: 7447: 6989: 6961: 6832: 6805: 6777: 6728: 6700: 6674: 6632: 6380: 6352: 6229: 6179: 6151: 6100: 6056: 5946: 5920: 5886: 5850:

Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (2019).

5708: 5561: 5535: 5500: 5472: 5428: 5402: 5203: 4698:. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. Archived from 4458: 4367:. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. Archived from 4232: 4206: 4057: 4031: 3876: 3818: 3726: 3564: 3502: 3476: 2806: 2181: 2163: 2100: 2073: 1601: 777: 9479: 9442: 6250: 5557: 5495: 5458: 4851: 3520: 1782:

2006 press release question-and-answer section estimated that objects with mass above

498:(the discoverer of Eris) agrees with the reduction of the number of planets to eight. 10538: 10108: 10050: 9841: 9730: 9656: 9591: 9320: 8572: 8562: 8447: 8304: 8294: 7926: 7626: 7512: 7451: 7439: 7217: 6993: 6984: 6949: 6809: 6704: 6636: 6624: 6384: 6104: 6092: 5890: 5718: 5361: 5224: 5214: 5179: 5169: 5165: 4847: 4316: 4268: 4236: 4196: 4061: 4013: 3744: 3598: 3588: 3255: 2796: 2350: 2256: 2211: 2089: 2083: 2054: 1861: 1751: 1577: 1536: 1424: 812: 247: 232: 9562: 6183: 5966: 5950: 5588: 5565: 5504: 5432: 3558: 2314:, which is too oblate for its current spin. Iapetus is generally still considered a 501:

NASA announced in 2006 that it would use the new guidelines established by the IAU.

10739: 10599: 10403: 10393: 10286: 10261: 9671: 9641: 9486: 9360: 9200: 9065: 8556: 8427: 8324: 8164: 8061: 7883: 7850: 7614: 7524: 7504: 7431: 7342: 7270: 6979: 6915: 6850: 6795: 6746: 6692: 6616: 6534: 6516: 6499: 6433: 6404: 6401: 6370: 6169: 6082: 6074: 5938: 5878: 5797: 5757: 5623: 5584: 5553: 5490: 5450: 5420: 5353: 5246: 5232: 5187: 5069: 5047: 5043: 4872: 4853:

Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes

4699: 4538: 4260: 4224: 4049: 4022: 3861: 3832: 3753: 3487: 2801: 2172: 2149: 1920: 1774: 887: 580: 510: 495: 480: 409: 362: 309: 7714: 6854: 6800: 6765: 6696: 6308:"Report of Division F "Planetary Systems and Astrobiology": Annual Report 2022-23" 5350:

Ice Worlds of the Solar System: Their Tortured Landscapes and Biological Potential

3787:

established before Pluto and Charon are formally defined as binary dwarf planets.

1694: 620:

not being a planet due to the failure of Resolution 5B, alternative terms such as

10470: 10368: 10276: 10167: 10145: 9942: 9886: 9876: 9666: 9646: 9615: 9603: 9557: 9545: 9449: 9432: 9392: 9370: 9365: 8855: 7998: 7973: 7959: 7907: 7732: 7703: 7482:"Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary–planet gravitational encounter" 6919: 6879: 6750: 6620: 6520: 5942: 5882: 5521: 4485: 4390: 4053: 3952: 3385: 3325: 3277: 3140: 2787: 2711: 2641: 2030: 1763: 1747: 1640: 685: 66: 7146: 6497:

Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. A. (2008). "Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System?".

2045:. The IAU itself has called Quaoar a dwarf planet in a 2022–2023 annual report. 1447:

is Soter's planetary discriminant, which he finds greater than 100 for planets.

10454: 10234: 10224: 10162: 10025: 9952: 9913: 9834: 9807: 9661: 9635: 9525: 9496: 9474: 9464: 9454: 9407: 8543: 8236: 8045: 8027: 7893: 7721: 6375: 6340: 6339:

Sheppard, Scott S.; Fernandez, Yanga R.; Moullet, Arielle (November 16, 2018).

6174: 6139: 5013:(in Spanish). Science and Research Institute, Mercedes, Uruguay. Archived from 4148: 4017: 3606:, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet. On July 14, 2015, the 3546: 3052: 2980: 2681: 2646: 2500: 2356: 2311: 2221: 2138: 2114: 2049: 2011:) – discovered February 17, 2004, and announced two days later. One known moon. 1803: 1333: 294: 6437: 5852:"The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ( 5357: 5074: 5051: 4877: 4780:"Pluto's Planet Title Defender: Q & A With Planetary Scientist Alan Stern" 3570: 734: 10797: 10553: 10533: 10113: 9846: 9829: 9650: 9567: 9530: 9501: 9491: 9459: 9437: 9417: 9380: 9353: 9348: 9343: 8014: 7805: 7800: 6628: 6568: 5785: 5753: 5446: 5228: 5183: 3775: 3771: 3749: 3718: 3714: 3634: 3630: 3552: 3196: 3096: 2996: 2396: 2268: 1919:

brighter than +1 (and hence a minimum diameter of 838 km at the maximum

1884:– discovered January 1, 1801, and announced January 24, 45 years before 1726:

Enough internal pressure, caused by the body's gravitation, will turn a body

1710: 1325: 800: 525: 417: 413: 355: 7435: 7073:"Out of this World: New Astronomy Symbols Approved for the Unicode Standard" 4980: 4341: 10751: 10631: 10617: 10408: 10363: 10020: 9903: 9797: 9737: 9720: 9540: 9518: 9469: 9427: 9412: 9397: 9222: 9007: 8246: 8241: 7869: 7516: 7443: 7361: 7347: 7322: 7292:"China to launch a pair of spacecraft towards the edge of the solar system" 6096: 5388: 3608: 2921: 2271: 2240: 2154: 2134: 2064: 1767: 1608: 792: 783: 640: 506: 484: 470:. As a consequence, the issue became a matter of intense debate during the 242: 220: 31: 7647: 6200:. Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). July 11, 2008. 4264: 346: 10672: 10666: 10449: 10437: 10432: 10383: 10358: 10328: 10323: 10271: 10266: 10091: 10005: 9964: 9925: 9802: 9627: 9550: 9513: 9402: 8231: 8108: 8055: 8050: 7601: 7275: 7250: 6407:. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. 5407: 4541:. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. 4211: 3620: 2611: 2576: 2541: 2506: 2465: 2426: 2368: 2158: 2142: 2068: 2024:) – discovered July 17, 2007, and announced January 2009. One known moon. 1718: 1648: 1621: 1329: 1282: 436: 429: 7508: 6078: 5014: 4113: 628:

were discussed, but there was no consensus among the CSBN to change it.

160: 10691: 10638: 10378: 9957: 9535: 8937: 8791: 8779: 8767: 8745: 8686: 8632: 8272: 8103: 7822: 6573: 6467: 6087: 4843: 3702: 3619:

Ceres displays such evidence of an active geology as salt deposits and

1532: 1416: 1353: 567: 542: 502: 305: 6039: 2264:

density may also be high, though a low density could not be excluded.

1693:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

697: 658: 10652: 10645: 10074: 10040: 9871: 9792: 9715: 9710: 9681: 9422: 9375: 9244: 9227: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8654: 8477: 8394: 8184: 8022: 7945: 5524:(October 15, 2015). "A quantitative criterion for defining planets". 5285: 2283: 1739: 1412: 145: 9676: 7912: 7364:"The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure" 3748:

because they do not directly orbit the Sun. (Indeed, Neptune's moon

758:

On June 11, 2008, the IAU Executive Committee announced a new term,

631:

In most languages equivalent terms have been created by translating

293:. Considerable uncertainty remains over the tenth largest candidate 113: 98: 83: 10705: 10543: 10010: 9866: 9851: 9586: 9293: 9141: 7920: 7815: 7710: 6966: 6950:"Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds" 6837: 6782: 6733: 6679: 6357: 6234: 6156: 6137: 6061: 5925: 5540: 5424: 4863:. Vol. 12. Manchester, UK (published 2002). pp. 205–213. 4641: 4228: 4036: 3706: 3215: 2606: 2287: 1953: 1932: 1907:) – discovered January 5, 2005, and announced July 29. Called the " 1643:

refined Stern and Levison's concept to produce a similar parameter

796: 397: 382: 270: 166: 7248: 5713: 5477: 5281:"Ice Volcanoes and More: Dwarf Planet Ceres Continues to Surprise" 424:. Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large 9947: 9935: 9861: 9254: 9232: 9107: 9092: 8928: 8698: 8095: 7827: 7810: 5793: 5459:"A search for distant solar system bodies in the region of Sedna" 3974:"Definition of a Planet in the Solar System: Resolutions 5 and 6" 3758: 3698: 3491: 2780: 2473: 2434: 1885: 1337: 1179: 1068: 440: 366: 7750: 6015:"Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets" 4307:

Is Pluto a Planet? A Historical Journey through the Solar System

3686: 2129:

At the time Makemake and Haumea were named, it was thought that

596:

but the plenary session voted unanimously to change the name to

130: 10388: 9579: 9574: 9288: 9283: 9249: 9237: 9182: 9134: 9127: 9102: 9097: 8976: 7940: 7934: 7901: 6664: 5348:(October 23, 2019). "Ceres: The First Known Ice Dwarf Planet". 3153: 3109: 2571: 2536: 2307: 2279: 2198: 2034: 2001:) – discovered November 14, 2003, and announced March 15, 2004. 1978: 1940: 1928: 1800:

all borderline cases would need to be determined by observation

1755: 1596:

will eventually clear it. A gap of five orders of magnitude in

1585: 1142: 1105: 751: 278: 266: 216: 136: 89: 7685:

A Visual Introduction to the Dwarf Planets in our Solar System

6222: 5692:

Lineweaver, Charles H.; Norman, Marc (September 28–30, 2009).

4016:; Grundy, W. M.; Sykes, Mark V.; et al. (March 1, 2022). 3470:

Astronomical symbol § Symbols for trans-Neptunian objects

2235:

But in 2019 Grundy et al. proposed, based on their studies of

1651:). It is based on theory, avoiding the empirical data used by 9705: 9278: 9210: 9205: 9120: 9075: 9070: 7877: 6763: 6438:"How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?" 4909:"Sounds of the solar system: probing Pluto's predicted score" 3762:("planetary-mass object") also covers all three populations. 3613: 2943: 2460: 1923:

of 1) was to be named by a joint committee consisting of the

1891: 1216: 961: 924: 804: 405: 401: 351: 258: 224: 72: 5311: 5125:"Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto" 2310:. If so, this would resemble the situation of Saturn's moon 1382:(greater than 1 for planets) by Stern & Levison (2002): 9331: 9215: 9080: 7562: 7222: 7190: 5767: 5694:"The potato radius: A lower minimum size for dwarf planets" 4725: 4429:. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site. April 14, 2004. 3857:

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

2766: 2751: 1759: 998: 421: 378: 204: 10746: 4514:. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site. June 14, 2007. 4174:. Cornell University, Astronomy Department. Archived from 3940:"Dwarf planets are planets, too: Planetary pedagogy after 1796:

the shape ... would normally be determined by self-gravity

9060: 7694: 5129: 5094: 4486:"California Institute of Technology, Retrieved 4-12-2015" 4169: 3629:

had previously orbited the asteroid Vesta. Saturn's moon

200: 6338: 4335: 2124:) – discovered September 22, 2004. One known moon. 1742:

in shape. This is the defining limit of a dwarf planet.

1709:

Comparative masses of the likeliest dwarf planets, with

324:

of bodies orbiting the Sun: planets, dwarf planets, and

7218:"NASA Spacecraft Becomes First to Orbit a Dwarf Planet" 6822: 5701:

Proceedings of 2009 Australian Space Science Conference

5255:

Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight

5038: 4012: 253:

Astronomers are in general agreement that at least the

6594:"Mutual Orbit Orientations of Transneptunian Binaries" 6251:"2007 OR10: Largest Unnamed World in the Solar System" 6138:

Dunham, E. T.; Desch, S. J.; Probst, L. (April 2019).

5849: 5445: 4336:

Phillips, Tony; Phillips, Amelia (September 4, 2006).

4249: 695: 10723: 7555:"Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities" 6717: 6140:"Haumea's Shape, Composition, and Internal Structure" 4803: 4801: 4594: 4592: 4590: 766:...in part because of an email miscommunication, the 546:(narrowly used for sizes between Mercury and Ceres), 7409:"Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm" 4600:"The IAU draft definition of "planet" and "plutons"" 4114:"Changes in a scientific concept: what is a planet?" 3794: 3426: 3381: 3237: 3144: 3131: 3116: 3040: 3034: 2984: 2976: 7323:"Vesta: Spin Pole, Size, and Shape from HST Images" 7010:

Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch führ das Jahr 1804

5969:"Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution" 5816:"'Planet definition' questions & answers sheet" 5579: 5577: 5575: 5319:. Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science. 5057:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

5034: 5032: 4809:"Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'?" 4311:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 3770:

There has been some debate as to whether the Pluto–

1604:and the largest asteroids and Kuiper belt objects. 420:, Ceres, it had only one-fifth the mass of Earth's 7582:"Planetesimals to Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?" 7553:Cook, Jia-Rui C.; Brown, Dwayne (April 26, 2012). 7216:Landau, Elizabeth; Brown, Dwayne (March 6, 2015). 5792:) discusses the discovery that dwarfed Pluto with 5202: 5157: 4811:. News.discovery.com. May 14, 2010. Archived from 4798: 4587: 4512:"Astronomers Measure Mass of Largest Dwarf Planet" 4427:"Hubble Observes Planetoid Sedna, Mystery Deepens" 4304: 4170:Cuk, Matija; Masters, Karen (September 14, 2007). 3694:. Triton is thought to be a captured dwarf planet. 3669:probes has been proposed to visit Quaoar in 2040. 2994: 7033: 6591: 5082: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 2232:) than Pluto's round moon Charon (1212 km). 412:, but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon 10795: 5691: 5572: 5029: 3490:had mostly fallen out of use among astronomers. 1794:would "normally" be in hydrostatic equilibrium ( 9020: 6313:. International Astronomical Union. 2022–2023. 4722:"Hotly-Debated Solar System Object Gets a Name" 2251:O ice. But the lower albedos and densities of 1877:In order of discovery, these three bodies are: 250:are therefore particularly interested in them. 6216: 5516: 5514: 3958: 3690:A monochrome mosaic of Triton, from images by 1850: 728: 9181: 8992: 7766: 7589:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 7479: 7242: 7209: 7139: 6585: 6496: 6273: 6133: 6131: 6129: 5845: 5843: 5841: 4859:. XXIVth General Assembly of the IAU – 2000. 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 733:), meaning "quasi-planets" or "peneplanets" ( 669: 648: 7737:When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets? 6861: 6490: 6428: 6426: 4842: 3586:The dwarf planet Ceres, as imaged by NASA's 2321: 1713:for comparison. The unit of mass is ~10 kg. 718: 708: 682: 656: 637: 532:Names for large subplanetary bodies include 257:are dwarf planets – in rough order of size, 7400: 7371:43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 7215: 6947: 6941: 5703:. 9th Australian Space Science Conference. 5511: 4961:How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming 4451: 4111: 8999: 8985: 7997: 7991: 7773: 7759: 7579: 7355: 7111:"Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols" 6884: 6757: 6658: 6126: 5838: 5810: 5808: 5760:(interviewed astronomer) (June 28, 2007). 5583: 5119: 5117: 5052:"Division III: Planetary Systems Sciences" 4827: 4669:"Online merchants see green in Pluto news" 1666: 1361:, the unit of mass equal to that of Earth 1320:), and of the largest known dwarf planet ( 369:, an asteroid that was once a dwarf planet 7600: 7552: 7346: 7283: 7274: 7015:The Berlin Astronomical Yearbook for 1804 7000: 6983: 6965: 6867:Cowen, R. (2007). Idiosyncratic Iapetus, 6836: 6799: 6781: 6732: 6678: 6460: 6423: 6374: 6356: 6233: 6173: 6155: 6086: 6060: 6033: 5924: 5904: 5712: 5539: 5494: 5476: 5406: 5073: 4953: 4951: 4937: 4876: 4302: 4210: 4035: 1492:the bodies that occupy its orbital zone. 373:Starting in 1801, astronomers discovered 331: 10518:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 7691:October 8, 2021, graphics by Mark Belan) 7580:Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E. (2006). 7070: 7064: 6816: 6396: 6394: 5391:(August 16, 2006). "What is a Planet?". 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 4753:"Unabashedly Onward to the Ninth Planet" 4627: 4625: 4569:"Details Emerge on Plan to Demote Pluto" 4562: 4560: 4250:Jewitt, David; Delsanti, Audrey (2006). 3685: 3581: 2048:More bodies have been proposed, such as 1860: 1506:(greater than 1 for planets) by Margot. 1316:Planetary discriminants of the planets ( 520: 361: 345: 10714:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 9742:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 7473: 7302:from the original on September 29, 2021 7039: 6948:Chen, Jingjing; Kipping, David (2016). 5962: 5960: 5805: 5344: 5239: 5114: 4906: 4888:from the original on September 23, 2015 4755:. New Horizons Web Site. Archived from 3732: 3681: 2137:, the smallest moon that is round, and 14: 10796: 7619:10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058 7480:Agnor, C. B.; Hamilton, D. P. (2006). 7406: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7052:from the original on December 11, 2021 7021:from the original on December 14, 2023 6890: 6279: 6261:from the original on November 23, 2020 6248: 6012: 6006: 5520: 5314:"Dawn at Ceres: What Have we Learned?" 5160:Far-Out Guide to the Icy Dwarf Planets 5155: 5137:from the original on November 23, 2020 4948: 4919:from the original on December 26, 2019 4631: 4466:from the original on February 13, 2017 4407:from the original on November 28, 2022 4395:"Should Pluto Be Considered a Planet?" 4389: 4147:. discoveryofpluto.com. Archived from 4120:(Preprint). University of Pittsburgh. 4093:from the original on February 29, 2020 1281: 1248: 1215: 1178: 1141: 1104: 1067: 1034: 997: 960: 923: 886: 8980: 7754: 7699:Dwarf Planets May Finally Get Respect 7388:from the original on October 20, 2013 7289: 7197:from the original on December 8, 2021 6533: 6466: 6448:from the original on October 18, 2011 6391: 6320:from the original on December 8, 2023 6190: 6114:from the original on November 7, 2020 5985:from the original on January 30, 2020 5910: 5603:from the original on January 22, 2022 5387: 5374: 5293:from the original on October 12, 2019 4957: 4938:Karttunen; et al., eds. (2007). 4750: 4666: 4622: 4567:Britt, Robert Roy (August 19, 2006). 4566: 4557: 4433:from the original on January 13, 2021 4365:"What is the definition of a planet?" 4362: 2718: 1562:to describe this intermediate class. 550:, and (in the transneptunian region) 350:Composite exaggerated-color image of 7006: 6711: 6549:from the original on October 5, 2011 6527: 6288:from the original on October 2, 2018 6242: 5957: 5673:from the original on August 19, 2021 5326:from the original on October 8, 2018 4786:from the original on August 14, 2012 4777: 4728:. September 14, 2006. Archived from 3234: 2742: 2730: 1679: 1565: 807:and icier than a typical asteroid." 7662:from the original on April 17, 2020 7407:Russel, C. T.; et al. (2012). 7127:from the original on March 23, 2022 7095: 7083:from the original on August 6, 2022 5976:European Planetary Science Congress 5900:from the original on April 7, 2019. 5734:from the original on March 10, 2023 5705:National Space Society of Australia 5699:. In Short, W.; Cairns, I. (eds.). 5245: 5200: 5102:from the original on April 29, 2014 4610:from the original on April 29, 2014 4518:from the original on August 7, 2011 4340:. PlutoPetition.com. Archived from 3971: 3661:China National Space Administration 3113: 2721: 723:), but in Japanese they are called 600:The second resolution, 5B, defined 223:. The prototypical dwarf planet is 199:that is in direct orbit around the 24: 9016: 7461:from the original on July 15, 2015 7230:from the original on March 7, 2015 7175: 7163:from the original on April 2, 2020 6411:from the original on July 19, 2011 6204:from the original on July 14, 2007 5763:Julia Sweeney and Michael E. Brown 5707:(published 2010). pp. 67–78. 5656: 5638:from the original on July 19, 2011 5050:; et al. (December 1, 2008). 4991:from the original on July 20, 2011 4978: 4648:from the original on July 23, 2011 4575:from the original on June 28, 2011 4124:from the original on June 11, 2019 4118:Preprints in Philosophy of Science 3994:from the original on June 20, 2009 3872:Lists of small Solar System bodies 3672: 3423: 2306:due to tidal forces from its moon 1847:approach the expected size limit. 304:was coined by planetary scientist 25: 10845: 7780: 7729:(P. Surdas Mohit) August 24, 2006 7678: 7109:Miller, Kirk (October 26, 2021). 7071:Anderson, Deborah (May 4, 2022). 6432: 6400: 6198:"Dwarf Planets and their Systems" 5766:(podcast). Hammer Conversations. 5621: 4987:. Astronomical Institute Prague. 4751:Stern, Alan (September 6, 2006). 4693: 4675:from the original on May 11, 2008 4667:Chang, Alicia (August 25, 2006). 4634:"Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt" 4545:from the original on May 16, 2012 4536: 4492:from the original on May 17, 2012 4142: 3778:. In a draft resolution for the 2267:In 2023, Emery et al. wrote that 579:("having the form of a planet"). 10781: 10769: 10757: 10745: 10733: 10605: 10593: 10581: 9006: 8961: 8960: 7656:International Astronomical Union 7290:Jones, Andrew (April 16, 2021). 7156:. The Unicode Consortium. 2022. 6280:Porter, Simon (March 27, 2018). 6249:Dyches, Preston (May 11, 2016). 5826:from the original on May 7, 2021 5820:International Astronomical Union 5587:; et al. (April 21, 2020). 4638:British Broadcasting Corporation 4632:Rincon, Paul (August 25, 2006). 4604:International Astronomical Union 3985:International Astronomical Union 3825: 3811: 3797: 3602:spacecraft entered orbit around 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3481: 3475: 2318:nonetheless, though not always. 1746:The faster it rotates, the more 1684: 338:Geophysical definition of planet 314:International Astronomical Union 174: 159: 144: 129: 112: 97: 82: 65: 50: 10481:Gravitationally rounded objects 7640: 7573: 7546: 7314: 6561: 6332: 6300: 6226:The Transneptunian Solar System 5997: 5746: 5685: 5650: 5615: 5439: 5338: 5305: 5273: 5194: 5149: 5003: 4972: 4931: 4900: 4771: 4744: 4714: 4687: 4671:. USA Today. Associated Press. 4660: 4530: 4504: 4478: 4452:Brown, Mike (August 16, 2006). 4445: 4419: 4383: 4356: 4329: 4296: 4243: 3912: 3903: 1845:several without a measured mass 1792:radius greater than 400 km 1717:and Pluto dominate. Unmeasured 1600:was found between the smallest 1437:is the body's semi-major axis. 635:more-or-less literally: French 7793:List of possible dwarf planets 4964:. Spiegel & Grau. p. 4907:Service, Tom (July 15, 2015). 4778:Wall, Mike (August 24, 2011). 4190: 4163: 4136: 4105: 4075: 4006: 3933: 3890: 3867:List of possible dwarf planets 3774:system should be considered a 3577: 2029:For instance, JPL/NASA called 1857:List of possible dwarf planets 1766:, and probably also Orcus and 1324:) in each orbital population ( 408:was thought to be larger than 320:-planetary objects, part of a 211:, but insufficient to achieve 13: 1: 7255:The Planetary Science Journal 7048:. Vol. 38. p. 415. 6582:(albedo between 0.2 and 0.5). 5205:Space! The Dwarf Planet Pluto 4087:NASA Solar System Exploration 3926: 3847:Lists of astronomical objects 1616:, designated with the symbol 1484:is the mass of the body, and 404:). For almost 50 years, 7715:Q&A New planets proposal 7648:"Pluto and the Solar System" 7042:"The trans-Neptunian planet" 6920:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025 6825:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6770:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6751:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116017 6667:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6621:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035 6521:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020 5943:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027 5883:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037 5211:Marshall Cavendish Benchmark 4303:Weintraub, David A. (2006). 4054:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768 3494:includes symbols for Quaoar 3049: 2497: 42:Nine likeliest dwarf planets 7: 10576:Outline of the Solar System 10339:Interplanetary medium/space 6891:Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). 6855:10.1051/0004-6361/202348054 6801:10.1051/0004-6361/202346892 6697:10.1051/0004-6361/202038526 5558:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185 5496:10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L45 3790: 1851:Population of dwarf planets 819: 561:Alan Stern coined the term 27:Small planetary-mass object 10: 10850: 10292:Extraterrestrial materials 7559:Jey Propoulsion Laboratory 7079:. The Unicode Consortium. 6985:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/17 5756:(interviewer & host), 5066:Cambridge University Press 4363:Brown, Michael E. (2004). 3736: 3467: 3463: 2276:James Webb Space Telescope 1854: 1670: 1572:Clearing the neighbourhood 1569: 1496: 1441: 1372: 1349: 696: 335: 322:three-way recategorization 29: 10612:Earth sciences portal 10571: 10526: 10463: 10334:Interplanetary dust cloud 10213: 10049: 9979: 9690: 9626: 9319: 9172: 9014: 8956: 8927: 8854: 8542: 8409: 8222: 8199: 8094: 8036: 8013: 8006: 7989: 7836: 7788: 7187:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 7183:"What is a Dwarf Planet?" 6954:The Astrophysical Journal 6878:October 13, 2007, at the 6719:from JWST Spectroscopy". 6569:Haumea collisional family 6539:"Free the Dwarf Planets!" 6255:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6144:The Astrophysical Journal 5659:"Classification of Pluto" 5464:The Astrophysical Journal 5358:10.1007/978-3-030-28120-5 5156:Carson, Mary Kay (2011). 5075:10.1017/S1743921308025398 4878:10.1017/S1539299600013289 4083:"In Depth | 4 Vesta" 3981:IAU 2006 General Assembly 3765: 3403: 3343: 3276: 3214: 3152: 3108: 3050: 2942: 2870: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2786: 2779: 2770: 2760: 2755: 2745: 2705: 2675: 2640: 2605: 2570: 2535: 2498: 2459: 2420: 2390: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2322:Most likely dwarf planets 1637:is deemed to be cleared. 1488:is the aggregate mass of 1345: 1314: 876: 868: 860: 832: 829: 741:variously referred to as 729: 719: 709: 683: 670: 377:and other bodies between 358:. Separation not to scale 326:small Solar System bodies 215:like the eight classical 10625:Local Interstellar Cloud 9337:other near-Earth objects 7561:. Pasadena, California: 7007:Bode, J.E., ed. (1801). 6376:10.3847/1538-3881/aae92a 6345:The Astronomical Journal 6175:10.3847/1538-4357/ab13b3 5527:The Astronomical Journal 5394:The Astronomical Journal 5133:. Paris. June 11, 2008. 4199:The Astronomical Journal 3883: 3862:List of planetary bodies 3780:IAU definition of planet 2112: 2071:by Tancredi et al., and 825:Planetary discriminants 565:, analogous to the term 342:IAU definition of planet 30:Not to be confused with 10588:Solar System portal 10314:Giant-impact hypothesis 9921:Trans-Neptunian objects 7436:10.1126/science.1219381 7017:]. pp. 97–98. 6871:vol. 172, pp. 104–106. 6847:2024A&A...684A..50K 6792:2023A&A...678A.167R 6689:2020A&A...643A.125S 5784:Actress and comedienne 4944:(5 ed.). Springer. 4861:Highlights of Astronomy 3972:IAU (August 24, 2006). 3898:hydrostatic equilibrium 3711:hydrostatic equilibrium 2191:trans-Neptunian objects 2131:trans-Neptunian objects 1976: 1938: 1736:hydrostatic equilibrium 1673:Hydrostatic equilibrium 1667:Hydrostatic equilibrium 1590:clear the neighbourhood 1580:introduced a parameter 1504:clear the neighbourhood 1380:clear the neighbourhood 516: 507:NASA's mission to Pluto 316:(IAU) as a category of 255:nine largest candidates 209:gravitationally rounded 10824:Planetary-mass objects 10476:Possible dwarf planets 10319:Gravitational collapse 10257:Circumstellar envelope 9056: 7743:IYA 2009 Dwarf Planets 7727:The case against Pluto 7348:10.1006/icar.1997.5736 7040:Slipher, V.M. (1930). 6472:"The PI's Perspective" 4539:"What makes a planet?" 4338:"Much Ado about Pluto" 3951:June 27, 2021, at the 3852:List of former planets 3695: 3593: 2261: 1866: 1614:planetary discriminant 1607:Using this parameter, 772: 657: 649: 638: 529: 370: 359: 332:History of the concept 44:and dates of discovery 10834:Concepts in astronomy 10685:Laniakea Supercluster 10302:Sample-return mission 9055: 7797:Former dwarf planets 5597:The Planetary Society 4941:Fundamental Astronomy 4850:(August 7–18, 2000). 4265:10.1007/3-540-37683-6 3689: 3585: 2245: 1973:astronomers as well: 1864: 764: 540:(more general term), 524: 477:Julio Ángel Fernández 365: 349: 197:planetary-mass object 10600:Astronomy portal 10501:Solar System objects 10247:Circumplanetary disk 7147:"Alchemical Symbols" 6929:on December 23, 2018 6543:Mike Brown's Planets 6478:on November 13, 2014 5455:Rabinowitz, David L. 5201:Lew, Kristi (2010). 5017:on December 20, 2007 4958:Brown, Mike (2010). 4172:"Is Pluto a planet?" 4112:Mauro Murzi (2007). 3733:Planetary-mass moons 3682:Former dwarf planets 3616:and its five moons. 3612:space probe flew by 1732:compressive strength 1592:of its orbit, where 472:IAU General Assembly 426:orbital eccentricity 248:Planetary geologists 10699:Observable universe 10496:Solar System models 10426:Protoplanetary disk 10349:Interstellar medium 10309:Frost/Ice/Snow line 7701:(David Kestenbaum, 7687:(Anshool Deshmukh, 7611:2006AREPS..34..193B 7534:on October 14, 2016 7509:10.1038/nature04792 7501:2006Natur.441..192A 7428:2012Sci...336..684R 7379:2012LPI....43.2600A 7339:1997Icar..128...88T 7267:2022PSJ.....3...95V 6976:2017ApJ...834...17C 6912:2010Icar..208..395T 6743:2024Icar..41416017E 6646:on January 15, 2020 6613:2019Icar..334...62G 6537:(August 23, 2011). 6513:2008Icar..195..851T 6470:(August 24, 2012). 6405:"The Dwarf Planets" 6367:2018AJ....156..270S 6166:2019ApJ...877...41D 6079:10.1038/nature24051 6071:2017Natur.550..219O 5935:2017Icar..287...12N 5875:2019Icar..334...30G 5822:. August 24, 2006. 5624:"The eight planets" 5589:"What is a planet?" 5550:2015AJ....150..185M 5487:2009ApJ...694L..45S 5417:2006AJ....132.2513S 5098:. August 24, 2006. 5040:Bowell, Edward L.G. 4869:2002HiA....12..205S 4759:on December 7, 2013 4696:"The Eight Planets" 4606:. August 16, 2006. 4454:"War of the Worlds" 4344:on January 25, 2008 4221:2006AJ....132..290B 4178:on October 12, 2007 4046:2022Icar..37414768M 3805:Solar System portal 3776:double dwarf planet 3739:Planetary-mass moon 2739: 2335: 2334:Orbital attributes 2316:planetary-mass moon 1925:Minor Planet Center 1602:terrestrial planets 1502:is the capacity to 1378:is the capacity to 826: 778:terrestrial planets 737:meaning "almost"). 666:karlikovaya planeta 575:and the older term 430:orbital inclination 10679:Virgo Supercluster 10660:Milky Way subgroup 10491:Natural satellites 10374:Nebular hypothesis 10354:Interstellar space 10344:Interstellar cloud 10252:Circumstellar disc 9842:Near-Earth objects 9726:names and meanings 9057: 7689:Visual Capitalist, 7276:10.3847/PSJ/ac63a6 7193:. April 22, 2015. 5289:. September 2016. 4694:Brown, Michael E. 4537:Brown, Michael E. 4459:The New York Times 4014:Metzger, Philip T. 3877:Solar System belts 3819:Outer Space portal 3743:At least nineteen 3727:radiogenic heating 3696: 3594: 3544:diameter: Salacia 2737: 2333: 1917:absolute magnitude 1867: 1425:astronomical units 824: 530: 505:, the director of 371: 360: 246:mission to Pluto. 10721: 10720: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10539:Lagrangian points 10511:by discovery date 10109:Human spaceflight 10080:historical models 9973: 9972: 9592:S/2015 (136472) 1 8974: 8973: 8952: 8951: 7717:, August 16, 2006 7636:on July 31, 2013. 7569:on July 13, 2015. 7495:(7090): 192–194. 7422:(6082): 684–686. 7046:Popular Astronomy 6402:Brown, Michael E. 6055:(7675): 219–223. 6021:on March 23, 2010 5818:(Press release). 5585:Lakdawalla, Emily 5451:Brown, Michael E. 5447:Schwamb, Megan E. 5367:978-3-030-28120-5 5352:. Springer Cham. 5166:Enslow Publishers 5048:Williams, Iwan P. 4724:(Press release). 4393:(July 21, 2007). 4322:978-0-691-12348-6 4274:978-3-540-37683-5 3754:satellite planets 3562:, Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 3488:planetary symbols 3461: 3460: 2738:Other attributes 2735: 2734: 1706: 1705: 1578:Harold F. Levison 1566:Orbital dominance 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 795:, or for the ice 747:plutonian objects 610:classical planets 310:satellite planets 213:orbital dominance 16:(Redirected from 10841: 10814:1990s neologisms 10786: 10785: 10784: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10750: 10749: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10729: 10715: 10713: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10287:Exozodiacal dust 9977: 9976: 9943:Detached objects 9179: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9019: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8978: 8977: 8964: 8963: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8920: 8910: 8900: 8890: 8880: 8870: 8856:Detached objects 8847: 8845: 8844: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8811: 8809: 8808: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8741: 8731: 8721: 8711: 8701: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8682: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8628: 8618: 8608: 8598: 8588: 8578: 8568: 8535: 8525: 8515: 8505: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8473: 8463: 8453: 8443: 8433: 8423: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8390: 8380: 8370: 8360: 8350: 8340: 8330: 8320: 8310: 8300: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8268: 8258: 8215: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8180: 8170: 8160: 8150: 8140: 8130: 8120: 8087: 8077: 8067: 8011: 8010: 8001: 7995: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7629:. Archived from 7604: 7602:astro-ph/0608417 7586: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7565:. Archived from 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7527:. Archived from 7486: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7413: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7368: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7162: 7151: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7126: 7115: 7106: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6987: 6969: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6922:. Archived from 6897: 6888: 6882: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6840: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6803: 6785: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6736: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6682: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6645: 6639:. Archived from 6598: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6474:. Archived from 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6360: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6159: 6135: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6090: 6064: 6046: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5978:. Vol. 12. 5973: 5964: 5955: 5954: 5928: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5858: 5854:(229762) 2007 UK 5847: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5798:Michael E. Brown 5781: 5779: 5774:on June 26, 2008 5770:. Archived from 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5716: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5581: 5570: 5569: 5543: 5522:Margot, Jean-Luc 5518: 5509: 5508: 5498: 5480: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5410: 5408:astro-ph/0608359 5401:(6): 2513–2519. 5385: 5372: 5371: 5346:Carroll, Michael 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5257:. Archived from 5243: 5237: 5236: 5233:Internet Archive 5208: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5188:Internet Archive 5163: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4979:Bailey, Mark E. 4976: 4970: 4969: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4858: 4840: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4732:on June 29, 2011 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4702:on July 19, 2011 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4596: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4391:Eicher, David J. 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4371:on July 19, 2011 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4310: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4277:. Archived from 4258: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4214: 4212:astro-ph/0512491 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4151:on July 22, 2011 4145:"Pluto Revealed" 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4039: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3993: 3978: 3969: 3956: 3946: 3937: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3835: 3833:Astronomy portal 3830: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3658: 3649: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3485: 3479: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3439: 3437: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3336: 3334: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3303: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3207: 3205: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3043: 3032: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3011: 3009: 2987: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2918: 2916: 2909: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2776: 2740: 2736: 2336: 2332: 2300: 2296:(307261) 2002 MS 2231: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2212:(307261) 2002 MS 2187: 2178: 2169: 2123: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2090:(307261) 2002 MS 2081: 2079: 2078: 2074:(532037) 2013 FY 2062: 2060: 2059: 2055:(307261) 2002 MS 2023: 2010: 2000: 1987: 1962: 1949: 1921:geometric albedo 1906: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1810: 1789: 1787: 1734:and it achieves 1688: 1687: 1680: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1646: 1636: 1635: 1627: 1619: 1599: 1595: 1583: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1501: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1461: 1446: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1422: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1395: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1347: 1346: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1277: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1244: 1242: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1211: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1174: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1137: 1135: 1128: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1100: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1063: 1061: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1030: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1012: 1010: 993: 991: 984: 982: 975: 973: 956: 954: 947: 945: 938: 936: 919: 917: 910: 908: 901: 899: 880: 872: 864: 858: 856: 854: 853: 845: 842: 841: 827: 823: 732: 731: 722: 721: 712: 711: 702: 701: 689: 688: 676: 675: 662: 652: 644: 604:as a subtype of 581:Michael E. Brown 481:Gonzalo Tancredi 463: 178: 163: 148: 133: 116: 101: 86: 69: 54: 21: 10849: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10829:Types of planet 10794: 10793: 10792: 10782: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10744: 10734: 10732: 10724: 10722: 10717: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10606: 10604: 10594: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10567: 10558: 10522: 10459: 10443:vs. Hill sphere 10369:Molecular cloud 10297:Sample curation 10277:Detached object 10216: 10209: 10053: 10045: 9982: 9969: 9914:Neptune trojans 9697: 9695: 9693: 9686: 9622: 9315: 9186: 9168: 9054: 9017: 9010: 9005: 8975: 8970: 8948: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8850: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8405: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8195: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8032: 8002: 7996: 7987: 7832: 7784: 7779: 7748: 7733:James L. Hilton 7704:Morning Edition 7681: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7484: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7288: 7284: 7247: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7113: 7107: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7005: 7001: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6880:Wayback Machine 6866: 6862: 6821: 6817: 6762: 6758: 6716: 6712: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6532: 6528: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6431: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6399: 6392: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6247: 6243: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6136: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5777: 5775: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5657:Jewitt, David. 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5628:gps.caltech.edu 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5582: 5573: 5519: 5512: 5444: 5440: 5386: 5375: 5368: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5261:on July 6, 2008 5244: 5240: 5221: 5199: 5195: 5176: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5044:Meech, Karen J. 5037: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4977: 4973: 4956: 4949: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4856: 4841: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4630: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4565: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4284:on May 25, 2006 4281: 4275: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3953:Wayback Machine 3944: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3768: 3741: 3735: 3684: 3675: 3673:Similar objects 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3580: 3530:, and Gonggong 3472: 3466: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3392: 3390: 3375: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3332: 3330: 3317: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3203: 3201: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3041: 3028: 3026: 3019: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2985: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2914: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2651:resonant – 3:10 2546:resonant – 7:12 2384: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2348: 2343: 2324: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2250: 2227: 2225: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2101:(55565) 2002 AW 2099: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1982: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1905: 1901: 1859: 1853: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1785: 1783: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1707: 1702: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1669: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1644: 1641:Jean-Luc Margot 1630: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1597: 1593: 1581: 1576:Alan Stern and 1574: 1568: 1524: 1523: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1485: 1481: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1420: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1321: 1317: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1257: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1207: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1189: 1187: 1170: 1168: 1161: 1159: 1152: 1150: 1133: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1096: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1026: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1008: 1006: 989: 987: 980: 978: 971: 969: 952: 950: 943: 941: 934: 932: 915: 913: 906: 904: 897: 895: 878: 870: 862: 852: 849: 846: 843: 839: 838: 837: 835: 833: 822: 519: 462: 458: 457:(then known as 344: 336:Main articles: 334: 189: 188: 187: 186: 185: 179: 171: 170: 164: 156: 155: 149: 141: 140: 134: 125: 124: 123: 117: 109: 108: 102: 94: 93: 87: 78: 77: 76: 70: 62: 61: 55: 46: 45: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10847: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10791: 10790: 10778: 10766: 10754: 10742: 10719: 10718: 10615: 10614: 10602: 10590: 10578: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10455:Scattered disc 10452: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10240:Excretion disk 10235:Accretion disk 10232: 10227: 10225:Star formation 10221: 10219: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10114:space stations 10106: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10067: 10061: 10059: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9987: 9985: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9953:Scattered disc 9950: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9700: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9644: 9639: 9632: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9325: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9192: 9190: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9004: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8933: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8836: 8824: 8812: 8800: 8788: 8776: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8695: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8552:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 8548: 8546: 8544:Scattered disc 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8008: 8004: 8003: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7746: 7745: 7739: 7730: 7722:Ottawa Citizen 7718: 7708: 7692: 7680: 7679:External links 7677: 7674: 7673: 7639: 7572: 7545: 7472: 7399: 7373:(1659): 2600. 7354: 7313: 7282: 7241: 7208: 7174: 7138: 7094: 7063: 7032: 6999: 6940: 6906:(1): 395–401. 6883: 6860: 6815: 6756: 6710: 6657: 6584: 6560: 6535:Brown, Michael 6526: 6507:(2): 851–862. 6489: 6459: 6422: 6390: 6331: 6299: 6272: 6241: 6215: 6189: 6125: 6032: 6005: 5996: 5956: 5903: 5855: 5837: 5804: 5745: 5723: 5684: 5649: 5614: 5571: 5510: 5471:(1): L45–L48. 5438: 5425:10.1086/508861 5373: 5366: 5337: 5304: 5272: 5247:Darling, David 5238: 5219: 5213:. p. 10. 5193: 5174: 5148: 5113: 5081: 5028: 5002: 4971: 4947: 4930: 4899: 4826: 4815:on May 5, 2012 4797: 4770: 4743: 4713: 4686: 4659: 4621: 4586: 4556: 4529: 4503: 4477: 4444: 4418: 4382: 4355: 4328: 4321: 4295: 4273: 4242: 4229:10.1086/504422 4205:(1): 290–298. 4189: 4162: 4135: 4104: 4074: 4005: 3957: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3902: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3822: 3808: 3792: 3789: 3767: 3764: 3737:Main article: 3734: 3731: 3721:is a captured 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3654: 3646: 3579: 3576: 3468:Main article: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3443: 3440: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3359: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3328: 3323: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3168: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3068: 3059: 3056: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3012: 3003: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2961: 2958: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2924: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2889: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2831: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2769: 2759: 2754: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719:≈ 11,400 2717: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2682:Scattered disc 2679: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2647:Scattered disc 2644: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2357:Orbital period 2354: 2345: 2340: 2323: 2320: 2297: 2291: 2253:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 2248: 2237:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 2183: 2174: 2165: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2111: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2012: 2002: 1997: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1937: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1895: 1889: 1855:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1671:Main article: 1668: 1665: 1570:Main article: 1567: 1564: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1334:scattered disc 1312: 1311: 1302: 1297: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1055: 1050: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1004: 1001: 995: 994: 985: 976: 967: 964: 958: 957: 948: 939: 930: 927: 921: 920: 911: 902: 893: 890: 884: 883: 875: 867: 859: 850: 847: 831: 821: 818: 705:waesohangseong 518: 515: 460: 333: 330: 180: 173: 172: 165: 158: 157: 150: 143: 142: 135: 128: 127: 126: 118: 111: 110: 103: 96: 95: 88: 81: 80: 79: 71: 64: 63: 56: 49: 48: 47: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10846: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10819:Minor planets 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10809:Dwarf planets 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10767: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10741: 10731: 10730: 10727: 10716: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10661: 10654: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10619: 10613: 10603: 10601: 10591: 10589: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10555: 10554:Tidal locking 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10534:Double planet 10532: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10516: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10486:Minor planets 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10420: 10419:Merging stars 10417: 10416: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10021:Subsatellites 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9981:Hypothetical 9978: 9975: 9966: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9847:Asteroid belt 9845: 9843: 9840: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9721:Minor planets 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9652: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9013: 9009: 9002: 8997: 8995: 8990: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8967: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8944: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8909: 8902: 8899: 8892: 8889: 8882: 8879: 8872: 8869: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8837: 8834: 8825: 8822: 8813: 8810: 8801: 8798: 8789: 8786: 8777: 8774: 8765: 8762: 8755: 8752: 8743: 8740: 8733: 8730: 8723: 8720: 8713: 8710: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8684: 8681: 8674: 8671: 8664: 8661: 8652: 8649: 8642: 8639: 8630: 8627: 8620: 8617: 8610: 8607: 8600: 8597: 8590: 8587: 8580: 8577: 8570: 8567: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8524: 8517: 8514: 8507: 8504: 8497: 8494: 8487: 8484: 8475: 8472: 8465: 8462: 8455: 8452: 8445: 8442: 8435: 8432: 8425: 8422: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8392: 8389: 8382: 8379: 8372: 8369: 8362: 8359: 8352: 8349: 8342: 8339: 8332: 8329: 8322: 8319: 8312: 8309: 8302: 8299: 8292: 8289: 8282: 8279: 8270: 8267: 8260: 8257: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8182: 8179: 8172: 8169: 8162: 8159: 8152: 8149: 8142: 8139: 8132: 8129: 8122: 8119: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8076: 8069: 8066: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8015:Asteroid belt 8012: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7994: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7782:Dwarf planets 7776: 7771: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7298:. SpaceNews. 7297: 7293: 7286: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7212: 7201:September 24, 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7142: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6933:September 25, 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6571:and possibly 6570: 6564: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6493: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6265:September 12, 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6208:September 12, 6203: 6199: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5786:Julia Sweeney 5773: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5754:Julia Sweeney 5749: 5730: 5726: 5724:9780977574032 5720: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622:Brown, Mike. 5618: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5593:planetary.org 5590: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5220:9780761445531 5216: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5175:9780766031876 5171: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4848:Levison, H.F. 4845: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4785: 4782:. Space.com. 4781: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4574: 4571:. Space.com. 4570: 4563: 4561: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4299: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4143:Mager, Brad. 4139: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3823: 3820: 3809: 3806: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3659:. One of the 3657: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3456: 3444: 3441: 3432: 3429: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3372: 3363: 3360: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3293: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3169: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3122: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3037: 3025: 3016: 3013: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2971: 2962: 2959: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2832: 2829: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2782: 2768: 2753: 2741: 2727: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2397:Asteroid belt 2395: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2365:speed (km/s) 2363:Mean orbital 2358: 2352: 2344:Solar System 2342:Region of the 2337: 2331: 2328: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2269:near-infrared 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2223: 2218: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2096: 2085: 2080: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2016: 2013: 2006: 2003: 1993: 1990: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1955: 1952: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1700: 1699:MediaWiki.org 1696: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1661: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1560:dwarf planets 1555: 1552: 1549:The category 1538: 1534: 1531:for units of 1527: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1452: 1443: 1440: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1403: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1360: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:asteroid belt 1322:light purple 1313: 1303: 1298: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1270: 1265: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1167: 1158: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1130: 1121: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1051: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1014: 1005: 1002: 1000: 996: 986: 977: 968: 965: 963: 959: 949: 940: 931: 928: 926: 922: 912: 903: 894: 891: 889: 885: 881: 873: 865: 857: 828: 817: 815: 814: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793:minor planets 790: 786: 785: 784:giant planets 780: 779: 771: 769: 763: 761: 756: 754: 753: 748: 744: 738: 736: 726: 716: 706: 699: 693: 687: 680: 673: 667: 663: 661: 660: 653: 651: 650:planeta enano 645: 643: 642: 634: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:dwarf planets 611: 607: 603: 602:dwarf planets 599: 598:dwarf planet. 595: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 569: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 535: 527: 526:Euler diagram 523: 514: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 492: 488: 486: 485:planetesimals 482: 478: 473: 469: 468: 456: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:asteroid belt 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 391:major planets 388: 387:minor planets 384: 380: 376: 368: 364: 357: 354:and its moon 353: 348: 343: 339: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207:enough to be 206: 202: 198: 194: 183: 177: 168: 162: 153: 147: 138: 132: 121: 115: 106: 100: 91: 85: 74: 68: 59: 53: 37: 33: 19: 10804:Solar System 10788:Solar System 10710:Each arrow ( 10632:Local Bubble 10618:Solar System 10616: 10409:Planetesimal 10364:Kuiper cliff 10092:Space probes 10065:Colonization 9904:Kirkwood gap 9825:Saturn Moons 9738:Planetesimal 9263: 9196:Terrestrials 9187: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9085: 9008:Solar System 7980: 7966: 7952: 7933: 7919: 7900: 7876: 7862: 7843: 7781: 7747: 7720: 7702: 7688: 7664:. Retrieved 7651: 7642: 7631:the original 7592: 7588: 7575: 7567:the original 7558: 7548: 7536:. Retrieved 7529:the original 7492: 7488: 7475: 7463:. Retrieved 7419: 7415: 7402: 7390:. Retrieved 7370: 7357: 7333:(1): 88–94. 7330: 7326: 7316: 7304:. Retrieved 7295: 7285: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7232:. Retrieved 7221: 7211: 7199:. Retrieved 7186: 7177: 7165:. Retrieved 7153: 7141: 7129:. Retrieved 7117: 7085:. Retrieved 7076: 7066: 7054:. Retrieved 7045: 7035: 7023:. Retrieved 7014: 7009: 7002: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6931:. Retrieved 6924:the original 6903: 6899: 6886: 6869:Science News 6868: 6863: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6648:. Retrieved 6641:the original 6604: 6600: 6587: 6563: 6551:. Retrieved 6542: 6529: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6480:. Retrieved 6476:the original 6462: 6452:November 15, 6450:. Retrieved 6441: 6413:. Retrieved 6348: 6344: 6334: 6322:. Retrieved 6302: 6290:. Retrieved 6275: 6263:. Retrieved 6254: 6244: 6228:. Elsevier. 6225: 6218: 6206:. Retrieved 6192: 6147: 6143: 6116:. Retrieved 6052: 6048: 6035: 6023:. Retrieved 6019:the original 6013:Dan Bruton. 6008: 5999: 5987:. Retrieved 5975: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5866: 5862: 5828:. Retrieved 5790:God Said Ha! 5789: 5783: 5776:. Retrieved 5772:the original 5762: 5748: 5736:. Retrieved 5700: 5687: 5675:. Retrieved 5663:ess.ucla.edu 5662: 5652: 5640:. Retrieved 5627: 5617: 5605:. Retrieved 5592: 5531: 5525: 5468: 5462: 5441: 5398: 5392: 5349: 5340: 5328:. Retrieved 5307: 5297:December 19, 5295:. Retrieved 5284: 5275: 5263:. Retrieved 5259:the original 5254: 5241: 5231:– via 5209:. New York: 5204: 5196: 5186:– via 5159: 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5128: 5104:. Retrieved 5093: 5084: 5061: 5055: 5021:February 11, 5019:. Retrieved 5015:the original 5005: 4993:. Retrieved 4984: 4974: 4960: 4940: 4933: 4923:December 26, 4921:. Retrieved 4913:The Guardian 4912: 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4860: 4852: 4817:. Retrieved 4813:the original 4788:. Retrieved 4773: 4761:. 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Retrieved 3980: 3942:New Horizons 3941: 3935: 3914: 3905: 3892: 3769: 3757: 3742: 3697: 3691: 3676: 3664: 3641:New Horizons 3640: 3639: 3626: 3625: 3621:cryovolcanos 3618: 3609:New Horizons 3607: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3473: 3235:≈ 4.2% 3145:≈ 0.66 3132:≈ 2.02 3117:≈ 1560 3051: 2986:0.49 to 0.66 2763:relative to 2748:relative to 2499: 2385:discriminant 2378:eccentricity 2369:Inclination 2329: 2325: 2304: 2272:spectroscopy 2266: 2262: 2246: 2234: 2147: 2128: 2047: 2028: 1971: 1967: 1914: 1909:tenth planet 1876: 1872: 1868: 1799: 1798:), but that 1795: 1772: 1744: 1725: 1662: 1647:(upper case 1639: 1631: 1613: 1609:Steven Soter 1606: 1584:(upper case 1575: 1559: 1556: 1551:dwarf planet 1550: 1548: 1533:Earth masses 1525: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1489: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1450: 1411:in units of 1401: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1365:5.97 × 10 kg 1315: 877: 869: 861: 834: 811: 809: 803:of a normal 788: 787:, and outer 782: 776: 773: 765: 759: 757: 750: 746: 742: 739: 724: 715:waehangseong 714: 704: 691: 678: 665: 655: 647: 636: 633:dwarf planet 632: 630: 625: 621: 618:dwarf planet 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589:dwarf planet 588: 584: 583:stated that 576: 573:quasi-planet 572: 566: 563:dwarf planet 562: 560: 556:Dwarf planet 555: 551: 548:quasi-planet 547: 541: 537: 534:dwarf planet 533: 531: 511:larger moons 500: 493: 489: 467:tenth planet 465: 453: 448: 444: 434: 395: 390: 389:rather than 386: 372: 317: 302:dwarf planet 301: 299: 252: 243:New Horizons 241: 231: 229: 221:Solar System 193:dwarf planet 192: 190: 36: 32:minor planet 10776:Outer space 10764:Spaceflight 10673:Local Sheet 10667:Local Group 10450:Rubble pile 10438:Roche limit 10433:Ring system 10384:Outer space 10359:Kuiper belt 10329:Hill sphere 10324:Hills cloud 10272:Debris disk 10267:Cosmic dust 10051:Exploration 10006:Planet Nine 9991:Fifth giant 9965:Hills cloud 9926:Kuiper belt 9897:exceptional 9813:Trojan camp 7595:: 193–216. 7167:October 19, 7154:unicode.org 7131:October 19, 7118:unicode.org 7077:unicode.org 7056:October 19, 7025:October 19, 6650:October 26, 6468:Stern, Alan 6434:Brown, Mike 6415:January 26, 6324:December 8, 6284:. Twitter. 6118:January 14, 6088:10045/70230 5830:October 16, 5796:astronomer 5642:January 26, 5330:October 12, 5251:"Ice dwarf" 5068:: 149–153. 4995:February 9, 4892:January 26, 4844:Stern, S.A. 4819:November 4, 4790:December 3, 4763:January 26, 4736:January 26, 4706:January 26, 4679:January 25, 4652:January 26, 4549:January 26, 4522:January 26, 4437:January 26, 4375:January 26, 4348:January 26, 4182:January 26, 4155:January 26, 3998:January 26, 3578:Exploration 3568:and Varuna 3524:, Makemake 3424:≈ 1%? 3238:≈ 3.1 3114:≈ 45% 2722:≈ 1.3 2612:Kuiper belt 2577:Kuiper belt 2542:Kuiper belt 2507:Kuiper belt 2466:Kuiper belt 2427:Kuiper belt 2371:to ecliptic 2347:Semi-major 2143:Kuiper belt 1695:Phabricator 1417:metric tons 1330:Kuiper belt 710:왜소행성 / 矮小行星 690:), Chinese 679:kaukab qazm 659:Zwergplanet 594:planetoids, 543:meso-planet 437:Kuiper belt 428:and a high 236:mission to 195:is a small 10798:Categories 10692:Local Hole 10639:Gould Belt 10379:Oort cloud 10215:Formation, 10205:Deep space 10041:Vulcanoids 9958:Oort cloud 9882:first 1000 9818:Greek camp 9716:Meteoroids 9711:Damocloids 9657:Charikloan 8410:Other KBOs 8028:Interamnia 7889:Atmosphere 7856:Atmosphere 7823:Mesoplanet 7538:August 29, 6967:1603.08614 6873:references 6838:2401.12679 6783:2308.08062 6734:2309.15230 6680:2008.04818 6553:August 24, 6482:August 24, 6358:1809.02184 6351:(6): 270. 6282:"#TNO2018" 6235:1905.12320 6157:1904.00522 6062:2006.03113 5926:1603.00821 5758:M.E. Brown 5738:August 11, 5677:August 19, 5607:August 19, 5541:1507.06300 5534:(6): 185. 5141:August 10, 5106:August 10, 4579:August 18, 4037:2110.15285 4030:: 114768. 3927:References 3784:barycenter 3703:Rheasilvia 3592:spacecraft 3480:and Pluto 3427:≈ 1? 3382:15d 18.9h 3042:0.2 to 0.5 2731:< 0.07 2383:Planetary 2230:50 km 2063:by Brown; 1835:10 kg 1817:11 km 1788:10 kg 1657:Π > 1 1634:> 100 1594:Λ > 1 1413:yottagrams 810:Since the 789:ice dwarfs 781:, central 725:junwakusei 703:), Korean 692:ǎixíngxīng 677:), Arabic 672:карликовая 664:, Russian 646:, Spanish 622:nanoplanet 568:dwarf star 503:Alan Stern 496:Mike Brown 306:Alan Stern 10740:Astronomy 10653:Milky Way 10646:Orion Arm 10414:Formation 10399:Migration 10394:Disrupted 10262:Coatlicue 10230:Accretion 10217:evolution 10163:Asteroids 10075:astronomy 10070:Discovery 9931:Cubewanos 9852:Asteroids 9682:Quaoarian 9672:Neptunian 9662:Chironean 9647:Saturnian 9423:Enceladus 8557:Dziewanna 8224:Cubewanos 8007:Candidate 7837:Consensus 7627:119338327 7452:206540168 7306:April 29, 7296:SpaceNews 7261:(4): 31. 7087:August 6, 6994:119114880 6960:(1): 17. 6810:260926329 6705:221095753 6637:133585837 6629:0019-1035 6607:: 62–78. 6385:119522310 6292:March 27, 6150:(1): 11. 6105:205260767 5919:: 12–29. 5891:126574999 5869:: 30–38. 5714:1004.1091 5478:0901.4173 5389:Soter, S. 5286:Space.com 5229:562529871 5184:441945398 4496:April 12, 4400:Astronomy 4237:119386667 4062:240071005 3692:Voyager 2 3512:, Haumea 2788:Rotation 2756:Diameter 2746:Diameter 2284:acetylene 1740:ellipsoid 1433:), where 1415:(10 1404:= 0.0043 1300:< 0.07 797:asteroids 720:왜행성 / 矮行星 654:, German 626:subplanet 612:and four 585:planetoid 577:planetoid 538:planetoid 449:planetoid 445:subplanet 398:asteroids 300:The term 10706:Universe 10544:Moonlets 10124:programs 10097:timeline 10085:timeline 10016:Planet X 10011:Planet V 9948:Sednoids 9936:Plutinos 9909:Centaurs 9887:families 9616:Dysnomia 9604:Xiangliu 9599:Gonggong 9587:Makemake 9546:Kerberos 9433:Hyperion 9371:Callisto 9366:Ganymede 9299:Gonggong 9294:Makemake 9149:Gonggong 9142:Makemake 8966:Category 8929:Sednoids 8201:Twotinos 8096:Plutinos 8046:Chariklo 8038:Centaurs 7968:Gonggong 7921:Makemake 7711:BBC News 7666:July 10, 7660:Archived 7517:16688170 7465:July 15, 7456:Archived 7444:22582253 7392:July 15, 7383:Archived 7300:Archived 7234:March 6, 7228:Archived 7195:Archived 7158:Archived 7122:Archived 7081:Archived 7050:Archived 7019:Archived 6876:Archived 6673:: A125. 6547:Archived 6446:Archived 6409:Archived 6315:Archived 6286:Archived 6259:Archived 6202:Archived 6184:90262114 6109:Archived 6097:29022593 6025:June 13, 5989:July 19, 5980:Archived 5951:44935431 5895:Archived 5824:Archived 5778:June 28, 5729:Archived 5671:Archived 5636:Archived 5601:Archived 5566:51684830 5505:15072103 5457:(2009). 5433:14676169 5321:Archived 5291:Archived 5265:June 22, 5135:Archived 5100:Archived 5064:(T27A). 4989:Archived 4917:Archived 4883:Archived 4784:Archived 4673:Archived 4646:Archived 4642:BBC News 4608:Archived 4573:Archived 4543:Archived 4516:Archived 4490:Archived 4464:Archived 4431:Archived 4405:Archived 4128:April 6, 4122:Archived 4091:Archived 3989:Archived 3949:Archived 3791:See also 3707:Veneneia 3556:, Ixion 3550:, Varda 3506:, Orcus 3500:, Sedna 3278:Gonggong 3216:Makemake 3035:6d 9.3h 2977:6d 9.3h 2793:(hours) 2712:Detached 2642:Gonggong 2616:cubewano 2607:Makemake 2581:cubewano 2511:cubewano 2470:resonant 2431:resonant 2376:Orbital 2360:(years) 2288:ethylene 2195:Gonggong 2150:Tancredi 2084:Sheppard 2031:Gonggong 2015:Gonggong 1954:Makemake 1933:Makemake 1764:Dysnomia 1750:or even 1653:Λ . 1352:Mass in 1338:sednoids 1040:0.00016 820:Criteria 639:planète 441:plutinos 383:asteroid 275:Gonggong 271:Makemake 240:and the 182:Gonggong 167:Makemake 10726:Portals 10527:Related 10506:by size 10195:Neptune 10180:Jupiter 10131:Mercury 10056:outline 10001:Phaeton 9996:Nemesis 9983:objects 9835:Neptune 9808:Jupiter 9788:Trojans 9781:Neptune 9766:Jupiter 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