Polish Corridor - Knowledge

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made by Polish officials and added "as a result, the ill-will between Polish and German nationalities and the irritation due to Polish intolerance towards the German inhabitants in the Corridor (now under their rule), far worse than any former German intolerance of the Poles, are growing to such an extent that it is impossible to believe the present settlement (borders) can have any chance of being permanent. ... It can confidently be asserted that not even the most attractive economic advantages would induce any German to vote Polish. If the frontier is unsatisfactory now, it will be far more so when it has to be drawn on this side (of the river) with no natural line to follow, cutting off Germany from the river bank and within a mile or so of

2858: 30: 9566: 3009: – though it is also true that some of the central authorities tacitly tolerated local initiatives against the German population." While there were demonstrations and protests and occasional violence against Germans, they were at a local level, and officials were quick to point out that they were a backlash against former discrimination against Poles. There were other demonstrations when Germans showed disloyalty during the 22: 3272:

journalists on 10 November 1938, Hitler complained that his peace propaganda stressing that his foreign policy was based upon the peaceful revision of the Treaty of Versailles had been too successful with the German people, and he called for a new propaganda campaign intended to stoke a bellicose mood in Germany. Notably, the enemies Hitler had in mind in his speech was not Poland, but rather France and Britain.

3173: 3862: 1400: 3357:. German newspapers in Danzig and Nazi Germany played an important role in inciting nationalist sentiment: headlines buzzed about how Poland was misusing its economic rights in Danzig and German Danzigers were increasingly subjugated to the will of the Polish state. At the same time, Hitler also offered Poland additional territory as an enticement, such as the possible annexation of 2929:, claims that the actions of Polish state officials after the corridor's establishment followed "a course of assimilation and oppression". As a result, a large number of Germans left Poland after 1918: according to Wolff, 800,000 Germans had left Poland by 1923, according to Gotthold Rhode, 575,000 left the former province of Posen and the corridor after the war, according to 4056:. "Brandenburg, by the acquisition of Eastern Pomerania besides other territories within the empire was firmly established on the Baltic, though a Polish corridor running between Eastern Pomerania and East Prussia to Danzig denied her all she desired", page 174, author Stanley Mease Toyne. Ayer Publishing 1970 3427:

a list of terms that would allegedly ensure peace in regard to Poland. Danzig was to return to Germany and there was to be a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor; Poles who had been born or had settled there since 1919 would have no vote, while all Germans born but not living there would. An exchange of

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wrote on 30 April 1939 that Hitler sought: "...a mortgage on Polish foreign policy, while itself retaining complete liberty of action allowing the conclusion of political agreements with other countries. In these circumstances, the new settlement proposed by Germany, which would link the questions of

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According to Richard Blanke, 421,029 Germans lived in the area in 1910, making up 42.5% of the population. Blanke has been criticized by Christian Raitz von Frentz, who has classified his book as part of a series on the subject that has an anti-Polish bias; additionally Polish professor A. Cienciala

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by 1778 there were 277 Protestant and 58 Catholic teachers employed in the Bromberg region (the present-day Bydgoszcz) with strong preference being given to those who could speak Polish in addition to their native German. Frederick's instruction to his successor to acquire a knowledge of Polish also

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to Germany in October 1938, only to be invaded by Germany in March 1939. Some felt that the Danzig question was inextricably tied to the problems in the Polish Corridor and any settlement regarding Danzig would be one step towards the eventual loss of Poland's access to the sea. Hitler's credibility

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question is settled, that is the end of Germany's territorial claims in Europe". Almost immediately following the agreement, however, Hitler reneged on it. The Nazis increased their requests for the incorporation of the Free City of Danzig into Germany, citing the "protection" of the German majority

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says that a number of them were civil servants with no roots in the province and around 378,000, and this is to a lesser degree is confirmed by some German sources such as Hermann Rauschning. Lewis Bernstein Namier raised the question as to whether many of the Germans who left were actually settlers

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can be adequately protected by securing for them freedom of trade across the corridor, whereas it would be impossible to give an adequate outlet to the inhabitants of the new Polish state (numbering 25,000,000) if this outlet had to be guaranteed across the territory of an alien and probably hostile

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An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international

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in July 1920, the Polish authorities tried to prevent traffic through the Corridor, interrupting postal, telegraphic and telephone communication. On March 10, 1920, the British representative on the Marienwerder Plebiscite Commission, H. D. Beaumont, wrote of numerous continuing difficulties being

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It has been estimated that during his reign 300,000 individuals settled in Prussia.... While the commission for colonization established in the Bismarck era could in the course of two decades bring no more than 11,957 families to the eastern territories, Frederick settled a total of 57,475.... It

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Blanke says that official encouragement by the Polish state played a secondary role in the German exodus. Christian Raitz von Frentz notes "that many of the repressive measures were taken by local and regional Polish authorities in defiance of Acts of Parliament and government decrees, which more

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established a further 154,000 colonists, including locals, in the provinces of Posen and West Prussia before World War I. Military personnel were included in the population census. A number of German civil servants and merchants were introduced to the area, which influenced the population status.

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It is believed that the lesser of these evils is preferable, and that the Corridor and Danzig should be ceded to Poland, as shown on map 6. East Prussia, though territorially cut off from the rest of Germany, could easily be assured railroad transit across the Polish corridor (a simple matter as

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noted was "... a formal gesture of political and diplomatic obeisance to Berlin, separating them from any other past or prospective international ties, and having nothing to do with the Soviet Union at all". In late 1938–early 1939, Hitler had decided upon war with Britain and France, and having

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28 June 1919. Articles 27 and 28 of the treaty ruled on the territorial shape of the corridor, while articles 89 to 93 ruled on transit, citizenship and property issues. Per the terms of the Versailles treaty, which was put into effect on 20 January 1920, the corridor was established as Poland's

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minority. in 1905, Kashubians numbered about 72,500. After the occupation by Nazi Germany, a census was made by the German authorities in December 1939. 71% of people declared themselves as Poles, 188,000 people declared Kashubian as their language, 100,000 of those declared themselves Polish.

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In 1939, Nazi Germany made another attempt to renegotiate the status of Danzig; Poland was to retain a permanent right to use the seaport if the route through the Polish Corridor was to be constructed. However, the Polish administration distrusted Hitler and saw the plan as a threat to Polish

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of Pomorze, Wiktor Lamot, stressed that "the part of Pomorze through which the so-called corridor runs must be cleansed of larger German holdings". The coastal region "must be settled with a nationally conscious Polish population. ... Estates belonging to Germans must be taxed more heavily to

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that he wanted to turn the Anti-Comintern Pact into a military alliance, and spoke of his desire to have Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Romania sign the Anti-Comintern Pact so "all our energies can be directed against the Western democracies". In a secret speech before a group of 200 German

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Social and linguistic isolation: While the population was mixed, only Poles were required to be bilingual. The Germans usually did not learn Polish. When Polish became the only official language in Polish-majority provinces, their situation became difficult. The Poles shunned Germans, which

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Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen

2933:, 800,000 Germans had left between 1918 and 1926, contemporary author Alfons Krysinski estimated 800,000 plus 100,000 from East Upper Silesia, the contemporary German statistics say 592,000 Germans had left by 1921, other Polish scholars say that up to a million Germans left. Polish author 3349:) and railway through the Polish Corridor, effectively annexing Polish territory and connecting East Prussia to Danzig and Germany proper, while cutting off Poland from the sea and its main trade route. If Poland agreed, in return they would extend the non-aggression pact for 25 years. 1494:

and the surrounding areas), situated to the east of the corridor, was a semi-independent German speaking city-state forming part of neither Germany nor Poland, though united with the latter through an imposed union covering customs, mail, foreign policy, railways as well as defence.

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appeared at the Foreign Office and sought an audience with Ribbentrop. Five hours later he was shown in, and since he did not have the negotiating authority demanded by Hitler, Ribbentrop briefly dismissed him with the information that he would inform the "Führer" of this. Thus the

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Butler, Rohan, MA., Bury, J.P.T., MA., & Lambert M.E., MA., editors, Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, 1st Series, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1960, vol.x, Chapter VIII, "The Plebiscites in Allenstein and Marienwerder January 21 - September 29, 1920",

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Danzig and of the passage across the Corridor with counterbalancing questions of a political nature, would only serve to aggravate this mortgage and practically subordinate Poland to the Axis and the Anti-Comintern Bloc. Warsaw refused this in order to retain its independence."

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was especially active in seeking support from the Allies. Dmowski argued that an independent Poland needed access to the sea on demographic, historical and economic grounds as he maintained that a Poland without access to the sea could never be truly independent. After the war

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encourage them voluntarily to turn over land for settlement. Border counties ... particularly a strip of land ten kilometers wide, must be settled with Poles. German estates that lie here must be reduced without concern for their economic value or the views of their owners".

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The whole of Poland's transport system ran towards the mouth of the Vistula. ... 90% of Polish exports came from her western provinces. ... Cutting through of the Corridor has meant a minor amputation for Germany; its closing up would mean strangulation for

3516:. The census of 1910 showed that there were 528,000 Poles (including West Slavic Kashubians) compared to 385,000 Germans in the region. The census included German soldiers stationed in the area as well as public officials sent to administer the area. Since 1886, a 2490:

in the official census in fact identified as Poles). The Poles did not want the Polish population to remain under the control of the German state, which had in the past treated the Polish population and other minorities as second-class citizens and had pursued

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has described Blanke's views as sympathetic to Germany. In addition to the military personnel included in the population census, a number of German civil-servants and merchants were introduced to the area, which influenced the population mix, according to

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as a whole had between 36% and 43% ethnic Poles in 1910, depending on the source (the lower number is based directly on German 1910 census figures, while the higher number is based on calculations according to which a large part of those people counted as

3887:, including Danzig, were put under Polish administration. The conference did not debate about the future of the territories that were part of western Poland before the war, including the corridor. It automatically became part of the reborn state in 1945. 5512:"In fact from Hitler to Hans we find frequent references and Jews as Indians. This, too, was a long standing trope. It can be traced back to Frederick the Great, who likened the 'slovenly Polish trash' in newly reconquered West Prussia to Iroquois." 3304:

Poland sign the Anti-Comintern Pact was intended to protect Germany's eastern border while the Wehrmacht turned west. In November 1938, Hitler ordered his Foreign Minister Ribbentrop to convert the Anti-Comintern Pact, which had been signed with the

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In 1925 the Polish government enacted a land reform program with the aim of expropriating landowners. While only 39% of the agricultural land in the Corridor was owned by Germans, the first annual list of properties to be reformed included 10,800

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increased the German character of the population in the monarchy's provinces to a very significant degree.... in West Prussia where he wished to drive out the Polish nobility and bring as many of their large estates as possible into German hands.

3432:, with full powers, was to arrive in Berlin and accept these terms by noon the next day. The British Cabinet viewed the terms as "reasonable," except the demand for a Polish plenipotentiary, which was seen as similar to Czechoslovak President 2533:

on November 7, 1933: "The Poles are the Nation of the Vistula, and their settlements extend from the sources of the river to its estuary. ... It is only fair that the claim of the river-basin should prevail against that of the seaboard."

4779: – "This report was origin of the famous Polish corridor to the Baltic which the Commission proposed on ethnographic grounds as well as to give Poland her promised free and secure access to the sea", John Brown Mason, page 50 2325: 1883: 1502:

to Germany in the late 13th century, the area of Eastern Pomerania with the strategically important port of Gdańsk remained a narrow strip of land giving Poland access to the Baltic Sea and was also sometimes referred to as a corridor.

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Institutions in Weimar Germany supported and encouraged German minority organizations in Poland, in part radicalized by the Polish policy towards them, in filing close to 10,000 complaints about violations of minority rights to the

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under German control meant cutting off millions of Poles from their commercial outlet and leaving several hundred thousand Poles under German rule, while granting such access meant cutting off East Prussia from the rest of Germany.

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Denmark: Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, e.g., in the article about railways: ("the German railway network was reduced due to territorial concessions following the war and is cut in two separate parts by the Polish corridor.")

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politician and later opponent Hermann Rauschning wrote that 10% of Germans were unwilling to remain in Poland regardless of their treatment, and another 10% were workers from other parts of the German Empire with no roots in the

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were to leave Poland) so that German nationalists would realize that their view of the temporary state of Polish western border was wrong. To Lippelt this was partially a reaction to the German claims and partially

3528:. In 1921 the proportion of Germans in Pomerania (where the Corridor was located) was 18.8% (175,771). Over the next decade, the German population decreased by another 70,000 to a share of 9.6%. There was also a 3428:

minority populations between the two countries was proposed. If Poland accepted these terms, Germany would agree to the British offer of an international guarantee, which would include the Soviet Union. A Polish

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delivered by the Nazis in late August, after the orders had already been given to attack Poland on September 1, 1939. Nevertheless, at midnight on August 29, von Ribbentrop handed British Ambassador Sir

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This seemed to conflict with Hitler's plans to turn Poland into a satellite state and with Poland's rejection of the Anti-Comintern Pact, and his desire either to isolate or to gain support against the

1419: 3144:. The same applied to Catholic monasteries. Later, the German Empire bought up land in an attempt to prevent the restoration of a Polish majority in Polish inhabited areas in its eastern provinces. 7859: 7457: 7437: 2473:

and 20,000,000 Poles in Poland proper will probably have but a hampered and precarious commercial outlet". The Prussian census of 1910 showed that there were 528,000 Poles (including West Slavic

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State-employed Germans such as judges, prosecutors, teachers and officials left as Poland did not renew their employment contracts. German industrial workers also left due to fear of lower-wage

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sovereignty, practically subordinating Poland to the Axis and the Anti-Comintern Bloc while reducing the country to a state of near-servitude as its entire trade would be dependent on Germany.

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Hitler used the issue of the status city as pretext for attacking Poland, while explaining during a high-level meeting of German military officials in May 1939 that his real goal is obtaining

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without roots in the area - Namier remarked in 1933 "a question must be raised how many of those Germans had originally been planted artificially in that country by the Prussian Government."

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in 1871. Thus the Polish Corridor was not an entirely new creation: the territory assigned to Poland had been an integral part of Poland prior to 1772, but with a large degree of autonomy.

4411:"Mapa rozsiedlenia ludności polskiej: z uwzględnieniem spisów władz okupacyjnych w 1916 r. [Map of the distribution of Polish population: taking into account the censuses of 1916]" 4570: 4503: 2579:

as well as his anti-Polish attitude directed against what he defined as the "aggressive, antisemitic and warmongerily imperialist" part of Poland, wrote in a newspaper article in 1933:

2546:, Poland's economic independence would be illusory. Around 60.5% of Polish import trade and 55.1% of exports went through the area. The report of the Polish Commission presented to the 2441:

The ethnic situation was one of the reasons for returning the area to the restored Poland. The majority of the population in the area was Polish. As the Polish commission report to the

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for Germany, isolating Poles from their Allies in the West and afterwards attacking Poland, thus avoiding the repeat of the Czech situation, where the Western powers became involved.

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Avalon Project : The French Yellow Book : No. 113 - M. Coulondre, French Ambassador in Berlin, to M. Georges Bonnet, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, April 30, 1939

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announced the return to the pre-war borders of 1914. Despite popular pressure and occasional local actions, perhaps as many as 80% of Germans emigrated more or less voluntarily.

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Initially, the main concern of German diplomacy was not Danzig or the Polish Corridor, but rather having Poland sign the Anti-Comintern Pact, which as the American historian

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of 1919–1921, and the German population feared that Bolshevik forces would control Poland. Migration to Germany was a way to avoid conscription and participation in the war.

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in 1937 into an anti-British military alliance. Starting in October 1938, the main focus on German military planning was for a war against Britain with Hitler ordering the

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reaffirmed this alleged guarantee in December 1938. In the winter of 1938–1939, Germany placed increasing pressure on Poland and Hungary to sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.

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Poland in 1931 declared her commitment to peace, but pointed out that any attempt to revise its borders would mean war. Additionally, in conversation with U.S. President

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The situation regarding the Free City and the Polish Corridor created a number of headaches for German and Polish customs. The Germans requested the construction of an

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Wielka historia Polski t. 4 Polska w czasach walk o niepodległość (1815–1864). Od niewoli do niepodległości (1864 - 1918) Marian Zagórniak, Józef Buszko 2003 page 186.

3231:, as did Poland and other European powers. Despite this, the Nazis were able to achieve their immediate goals without provoking armed conflict: firstly, in March 1938 546: 8033: 2445:

noted on 12 March 1919: "Finally the fact must be recognized that 600,000 Poles in West Prussia would under any alternative plan remain under German rule". Also, as

1386: 1293: 3203:, Polish delegate Filipowicz noted that any continued provocations by Germany could tempt the Polish side to invade, in order to settle the issue once and for all. 3077: 4594: 3259:. Poland refused, as the alliance was rapidly becoming a sphere of influence of an increasingly powerful Germany. On 24 October 1938, the German Foreign Minister 2567:

eventually accepted this argument. The suppression of the Polish Corridor would have abolished the economic ability of Poland to resist dependence on Germany. As

1824:(Leipzig 1831), gives the total population of West Prussia as 700,000 – including 50% Poles (350,000), 47% Germans (330,000) and 3% Jews (20,000). 7594: 7452: 3148:

notes that measures aimed at reversing past Germanization included the liquidation of farms settled by the German government during the war under the 1908 law.

2918:. By 1921 the proportion of Germans had dropped to 18.8% (175,771). Over the next decade, the German population decreased by another 70,000 to a share of 9.6%. 8347: 1091: 427: 40: 8850: 8840: 4410: 1527:

propaganda of the 1920s. Internationally the term was used in English as early as March 1919 and whatever its origins it became a widespread term in English.

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to call for an armed force to secure Germany's remaining eastern territories (some of which contained significant Polish minorities, primarily on the former

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in Pomerelia, gradually evolved into independent dukes, who ruled the duchy until 1294. Before Pomerelia regained independence in 1227, their dukes were

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is an artificial idea, as this land has been Polish for centuries, with a small percentage of German settlers". Poles commonly referred to the region as

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Prominent politicians and members of the German minority were the first to be included on the land reform list and to have their property expropriated.

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who settled in the area after 1886 in order to Germanize it were in some cases given a month to leave, in other cases they were told to leave at once.

1633:. In the 11th century, they created an independent duchy. In 1116/1121, Pomerania was again conquered by Poland. In 1138, following the death of Duke 4175: 4112: 1044: 958: 944: 200: 3105:

in their passport; however, the rigorous inspections by the Polish authorities before and after the sealing were strongly feared by the passengers.

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stated in 1923 that the de-Germanization of these territories had to be ended by vigorous and quick liquidation of property and eviction of German "

8835: 6361: 4167: 4108: 907: 7503: 9274: 7577: 6984: 6842: 4489:"Kaszubi w świetle pruskich danych spisowych w latach 1827-1911. Tabela 24. Procentowy udział Kaszubów w poszczególnych powiatach według korekty" 7493: 6543:"Pokwitowanie dotyczące zakupu wozu mieszkalnego dla Michała Drzymały z 1908 roku - Katalog Skarbów - Skarby Dziedzictwa Narodowego - Polska.pl" 5757: 5284: 5175: 4086: 2974:

said: "Some Germans undoubtedly left because they would not live under the dominion of a race which they had previously oppressed and despised."

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Niepodległość, Tom 21 Pilsudski Institute of America Instytut Józefa Piłsudskiego Poświecony Badaniu Najnowszej Historii Polski., 1988 page 58

5859: 4556:"Kaszubi w świetle pruskich danych spisowych w latach 1827–1911 [Kashubians in the light of Prussian census data in years 1827–1911]" 4228: 3373:. However, Polish leaders continued to fear for the loss of their independence and a fate like that of Czechoslovakia, which had yielded the 2763: 1379: 1076: 1062: 3184:

refused to recognize the eastern borders agreed at Versailles, and refused to follow Germany's acknowledgment of its western borders in the

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Grzegorz Lukomski, The problem of Corridor in the Polish-German relationships and on the international stage 1918 - 1939. A political study

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to have Poland sign the Anti-Comintern Pact. During a visit to Rome on 27–28 October 1938, Ribbentrop told the Italian Foreign Minister

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that Hitler had told him Polish frontiers would be guaranteed if the Poles were "reasonable like the Czechs." German State Secretary

1137: 532: 7513: 5435: 3883:, Poland's borders were reorganized at the insistence of the Soviet Union, which occupied the entire area. Territories east of the 3316:

to start building a strategical bombing force capable of bombing British cities. On 17 January 1939, Hitler approved of the famous

2967:. Many Germans had become economically dependent on Prussian state aid as Prussia had fought the "Polish problem" in its provinces. 1372: 1353: 138: 5413:. Studies and monographs. Poznań – Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Zachodnie (Publishing House of the Zachodnia Agencja Prasowa). p. 7. 9417: 8591: 7432: 6695: 6139: 4455: 3132:

various means were used to increase the amount of land owned by Germans at the expense of the Polish population. In Prussia, the

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A Polish-language poster, illustrating the drop in German population in selected cities of western Poland in the period 1910–1931

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An impression of the psychological consequences of the train sealing is given through the relevant paragraphs of the booklet

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for political ends and as part of its revisionist demands, which resulted in Polish countermeasures. Polish Prime Minister

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Data from the 19th century and early 20th century show the following ethnic changes in four main counties of the corridor (

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A Lesson Forgotten: Minority Protection Under the League of Nations: The Case of the German Minority in Poland, 1920-1934

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Page 17, Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna (Gdańsk). Wydział Humanistyczny, Instytut Bałtycki, Instytut Bałtycki (Poland) – 1967

2378:, both sides made bids for Polish support, and in turn Polish leaders were active in soliciting support from both sides. 639: 174: 9427: 8456: 7447: 5920: 4605: 9625: 8353: 4997: 4743: 2718: 2481:) in the region, compared with 385,000 Germans (including troops and officials stationed in the area). The province of 1674: 1305: 1103: 733: 593: 9541: 7508: 6507: 6176: 5030: 8581: 8307: 8272: 7498: 6609: 6322: 6259: 6049: 5981: 5960: 5699: 5667: 5538: 5493: 5432: 5355: 5331: 5266: 5251: 5160: 5127: 4797: 4297: 4262: 4149: 4132: 4070: 3224: 2889:, which he treated with contempt. Frederick also described Poles as "slovenly Polish trash" and compared them to the 2361: 611: 111: 75: 7210: 6576: 8556: 7638: 7253: 6633: 6473:

International history of the twentieth century and beyond Antony Best page 181 Routledge; 2 edition (July 30, 2008)

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fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as

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The Crises of France's East Central European Diplomacy, 1933–1938 – p. 40. Anthony Tihamer Komjathy – 1976

4913: 3517: 2950: 2906: 1323: 837: 785: 673: 647: 643: 618: 394: 9279: 7604: 5813: 3928:-esque stalemate between Poland and Germany eventually leading to a worldwide societal collapse in the 1950s. 1271:, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of 9610: 9605: 9372: 9044: 8566: 8101: 7556: 7406: 7283: 6044:

Goldstein, Erik; Lukes, Igor (12 October 2012). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II. Routledge.

5640: 5586: 4971: 4903: 3309: 2745:, which succeeded in attaching most of the province's territory to Poland by January 1919. This led Weimar's 969: 844: 799: 790: 9402: 9330: 2741:(where even according to the German made 1910 census 61.5% of the population was Polish) was severed by the 8365: 8112: 7611: 7572: 3445: 2786: 2604: 2458: 1670: 1097: 984: 433: 328: 8997: 8957: 2901:

aimed at Germanization after 1832. The Prussians passed laws aiming at Germanization of the provinces of

8603: 7816: 7343: 7230: 7020: 6897: 6626: 4211: 3908: 3248: 2698: 2387: 2383: 900: 707: 146: 105: 9397: 7102: 7092: 7037: 3382:, though some British and French politicians approved of a peaceful revision of the corridor's borders. 2607:, noted that the problem of Polish access to the sea was very difficult because leaving the entirety of 1548:('Gdańsk corridor'); however, reference to the region as a corridor came to be regarded as offensive by 1222: 9437: 9392: 8050: 8045: 7899: 7324: 7293: 6940: 6660: 1230: 949: 352: 307: 9432: 7188: 3814: 3180:

The creation of the corridor aroused great resentment in Germany, and all interwar governments of the

9352: 9300: 8686: 8630: 8175: 4312:, Macmillan Educational Corporation, 1979, p. 195: Pomerelia, independent in 1227 and thereafter 4083: 4024: 3524:

to enforce German settlement while at the same time Poles, Jews and Germans migrated west during the

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compared with assuring port facilities to Poland), and has, in addition, excellent communication via

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Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)

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unbolted. 25 persons, including 12 women and 2 children, were killed, some 30 others were injured.

3060: 2926: 2686: 2670: 2572: 1005: 953: 856: 750: 712: 601: 212: 6740: 5863: 4232: 3108:

In May 1925, a train passing through the corridor on its way to East Prussia crashed, because the

1634: 8691: 8635: 8330: 8325: 8242: 8107: 8039: 8022: 7914: 7909: 7881: 7427: 6812: 5270: 3025: 2414: 1317: 1299: 1071: 781: 632: 406: 388: 382: 87: 9551: 9315: 9189: 9179: 8782: 8449: 6807: 4152: 4073: 3293: 3092:, now a German exclave, so that it would be less dependent on transit through Polish territory. 3083: 1630: 9480: 8615: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8504: 8278: 8061: 7675: 7543: 7338: 7140: 7025: 6887: 6024: 5347: 5323: 5179: 5119: 3891: 3481: 3260: 2971: 2893:. On the other hand, he encouraged administrators and teachers who could speak both German and 2869:

writes that after First World War ended, the Polish government tried to reverse the systematic

2846: 2833:, refusing to unload ammunition, the Polish Government decided to build an ammunition depot at 2682: 2588:

By 1938, 77.7% of Polish exports left either through Gdańsk (31.6%) or the newly built port of

2568: 2547: 2496: 1467: 691: 9120: 8919: 7461: 7246: 7215: 6291: 6063: 5485: 5479: 4813:

The Danzig Dilemma; a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise: A Study in Peacemaking by Compromise

3468:, which had been tasked with the defence of this region, and captured the corridor during the 9442: 9345: 8905: 8546: 8096: 8066: 7931: 7864: 6869: 6394: 5804: 5689: 4758: 4368: 4135:: "Polish Corridor: International term for Poland's access to the Baltic in 1919–1939." 3048: 3010: 2934: 2830: 2576: 2524: 2520: 2516: 1248: 868: 757: 334: 8745: 8483: 7318: 7131: 7011: 6374: 5999: 5514:

Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-speaking Central Europe, 1860–1930

4930: 4392: 684: 8767: 8620: 8283: 8248: 7894: 7695: 7680: 7348: 6962: 6797: 6649: 5384: 5380: 5366: 4172:

Russians Hoist the German Flag Over Soldau; Say Polish Corridor Will Be Returned to Germany

3870: 3461: 3279:

reported that, "He told me privately, and last night he repeated publicly, that after this

3137: 3039: 2957: 2790: 2730: 2710: 2630: 2478: 2470: 1682: 1329: 1272: 1218: 764: 668: 93: 8890: 8474: 8378:

Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution

7670: 7329: 6760: 4274: 4042:

Then came the acquisition of Prussia (separated from Brandenburg by the "Polish corridor")

3763: 2977:

Germans feared that the Poles would seek reprisals after over a century of harassment and

775: 8: 9515: 9472: 8947: 8875: 8571: 8319: 8186: 8140: 7959: 7949: 7781: 7690: 7665: 7412: 7278: 6935: 5370: 4265:: contains an abundant collection of contemporary sources using Polish or Danzig Corridor 3276: 3256: 3068:, which is certain to vote German. I know of no similar frontier created by any treaty." 2874: 2829:

without a plebiscite. After the dock workers of Danzig harbour went on strike during the

2822: 2642: 2616:

recommended that both the Corridor and Danzig should have been ceded directly to Poland.

2600: 2529: 2446: 2442: 1875: 1848: 1483: 1050: 805: 663: 607: 452: 298: 71: 9241: 8885: 8870: 8645: 8146: 7225: 1210: 1161: 9501: 9459: 9377: 9251: 8942: 8797: 8701: 8295: 8266: 8254: 8203: 8152: 8117: 7954: 7715: 7417: 7263: 7220: 7193: 7183: 7063: 7058: 6925: 6920: 6837: 6802: 6750: 6745: 6566:

Otto Büsch, Ilja Mieck, Wolfgang Neugebauer, Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte, p.42

6356: 6351: 5785: 5112: 4705:"Liczba i rozmieszczenie ludności niemieckiej na Pomorzu w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej" 4670: 4639: 4163: 4103: 3980: 3949: 3876: 3457: 3125: 3044: 3035: 2930: 2768: 2754: 2750: 2625:

and the Baltic Sea. In either case a people is asked to entrust large interests to the

2500: 2403: 1686: 1622: 1524: 1214: 1017: 964: 939: 886: 702: 467: 400: 373: 224: 184: 9569: 9261: 9059: 9039: 9034: 8962: 8900: 8711: 8442: 8016: 7735: 7205: 7114: 6979: 6136: 4892:"Principles and Problems of International Relations" page 608 H. Arthur Steiner – 1940 4868:

Rocznik gdański organ Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauki i Sztuki w Gdańsku – page 100, 1983

168: 9115: 9022: 8865: 8777: 8681: 8640: 8371: 8313: 8289: 8158: 8027: 8004: 7939: 7700: 7685: 7044: 6910: 6849: 6822: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6721: 6605: 6513: 6400: 6297: 6255: 6069: 6045: 5977: 5956: 5926: 5695: 5663: 5592: 5534: 5489: 5428: 5351: 5344:

National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918–1922

5327: 5320:

National identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border, 1918–1922

5290: 5247: 5156: 5123: 5069: 5036: 5003: 4977: 4909: 4793: 4739: 4716: 4445: 4293: 4258: 4145: 4128: 4066: 3974: 3489: 3334: 3289: 3228: 3193: 3002: 2902: 2826: 2738: 2722: 2629:. In the case of Poland they are vital interests; in the case of Germany, aside from 2626: 1971: 1710: 1512: 1499: 1403:

Percentage of Poles living on the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth territories,

1256: 1038: 999: 809: 717: 655: 258: 249: 206: 9494: 9320: 9103: 9049: 9017: 8880: 5846: 4704: 3992: 3219:, took power in Germany in 1933. Hitler at first ostentatiously pursued a policy of 9508: 8721: 8536: 8491: 8341: 8335: 8197: 8123: 8055: 8010: 7847: 7725: 7705: 6974: 6864: 6832: 6772: 3962: 3956: 3917: 3884: 3424: 3387: 3300: 3275:

Following negotiations with Hitler on the Munich Agreement, British Prime Minister

3244: 3185: 2637:

In the end, The Inquiry's recommendations were only partially implemented: most of

2487: 1666: 1226: 1011: 876: 862: 825: 472: 218: 126: 9325: 9310: 9137: 9066: 6224: 6160: 4386: 2142: 1156: 9305: 8895: 8731: 8561: 8541: 8301: 8209: 8164: 8078: 7944: 7921: 7720: 7710: 7660: 7390: 6950: 6817: 6792: 6612: 6381: 6247: 6143: 5896: 5845:('Names, no longer called by anyone'), authored by the liberal German journalist 5616: 5528: 4765: 4354:

Urban Societies in East-Central Europe, pages 190–191, Jaroslav Miller 2008

4090: 3986: 3968: 3429: 3362: 3305: 3181: 3141: 3102: 2915: 2894: 2878: 2726: 2714: 2666: 2508: 2421: 2375: 1892: 1549: 1431: 1423: 1185: 1128: 1082:

Polish-East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)

989: 622: 597: 462: 418:

Polish–East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)

9387: 9219: 7173: 4788:

Anna M. Cienciala, Natalia Sergeevna Lebedeva, Wojciech Materski, Maia A. Kipp,

4199: 4196: 3440: 3264: 2881:

from 1740 to 1786) settled around 300,000 colonists in the eastern provinces of

1854: 9194: 9142: 9091: 8807: 8802: 8772: 8762: 8260: 7776: 7168: 6874: 6735: 5475: 3937: 3925: 3610: 3391: 3338: 3285: 3280: 3268: 3200: 3006: 2978: 2779: 2746: 2662: 2658: 2564: 2504: 2450: 2417: 2399: 1475: 894: 651: 191: 9246: 5922:

Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland 1918-1939

3916:

correctly predicted that the corridor would be the starting point of a future

3746: 1871: 1840: 1197:

regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular

9584: 9007: 8787: 8671: 8420: 8407: 8220: 7826: 7527: 7235: 7080: 6730: 6580: 6462:

A military history of Germany, from the eighteenth century to the present day

6273: 4720: 4290:

One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups

3998: 3505: 3493: 3366: 3220: 3129: 2870: 2857: 2842: 2807: 2706: 2701:, and the subsequent withdrawal of her remaining occupation forces after the 2694: 2492: 2462: 2379: 1743: 1694: 1678: 1482:. At its narrowest point, the Polish territory was just 30 km wide. The 1260: 1198: 833: 817: 727: 45: 33: 29: 16:

Second Polish Republic territory between East Prussia and the rest of Germany

9184: 8586: 6338: 5974:

Fascist Ideology: Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945

4176:

Plan to Give Germany Land Communication Across Polish Corridor to the Baltic

4113:

Plan to Give Germany Land Communication Across Polish Corridor to the Baltic

4018: 3433: 2622: 1557: 9466: 9340: 8706: 7791: 7730: 7642: 7258: 3920:. He depicted the war as beginning in January 1940 and would involve heavy 3895: 3880: 3465: 3354: 3326: 3232: 3216: 3089: 3065: 2922: 2898: 2834: 2799: 2758: 2638: 2555: 2482: 2466: 1859: 1828: 1714: 1706: 1690: 1479: 1150: 1132: 922: 821: 721: 304:

Minor territorial exchanges between East Germany and Poland (1949 and 1951)

292: 288: 160: 9224: 9012: 8716: 5309:

Przegląd zachodni: Volume 60, Issues 3–4 Instytut Zachodni - 2004, page 42

4109:

Outlines Polish "Corridor"; Paris Paper Sketches Proposed Strip to Danzig.

3678: 3556: 2813:

The primarily German-speaking seaport of Danzig (Gdańsk), controlling the

1166: 9412: 9174: 9096: 8792: 7853: 7831: 6892: 5641:(Appendix B. German Population of Western Poland by Province and Country) 5239:

Citizens of Empire: Jews in the Service of the British Empire (1906–1949)

4905:(Appendix B. German Population of Western Poland by Province and Country) 4388:

Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht

3913: 3374: 3370: 3240: 3109: 3097: 2988:

Lower standards of living. Poland was a much poorer country than Germany.

2964: 2654: 2613: 2454: 1879: 1821:

Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht

1815: 1311: 1178: 340: 9086: 8972: 3390:, the French ambassador in Berlin in a dispatch to the Foreign Minister 3188:

of 1925 with a similar declaration with respect to its eastern borders.

9382: 9204: 8676: 8666: 8598: 7889: 7821: 7198: 6618: 4180:

Europe Sorest Spot: The Polish Corridor.; The Old German Port of Danzig

4065:

Hartmut Boockmann, Ostpreussen und Westpreussen, Siedler 2002, p. 401,

3513: 3400: 3321: 3252: 3212: 2795: 2543: 2474: 1642: 1626: 1471: 1236: 880: 488: 479: 315: 9209: 9071: 8937: 8932: 8927: 5769:

In the Margin of History, page 45 Lewis Bernstein Namier - (pub. 1969)

4144:

Hartmut Boockmann, Ostpreussen und Westpreussen, Siedler 2002, p. 401,

3661: 3644: 3124:

According to Polish historian Andrzej Chwalba, during the rule of the

3088:('Sea Service East Prussia') in 1922 to provide a ferry connection to 1068:

Polish-East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)

379:

Polish–East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)

9166: 9130: 9076: 9054: 9027: 8977: 7811: 7771: 7152: 7049: 5953:

Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919-1933

4444:(in Polish). Gdańsk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. pp. 35–36. 3712: 3537:

German population in the Polish Corridor as of 1921, per Blanke 1993

3525: 3419: 3358: 3313: 3113: 2803: 2608: 1863: 1832: 1616: 1589: 1579: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1191:

1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland

638:

Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920):

117: 8465: 6484:

Hitlers erster „Blitzkrieg“ und seine Auswirkungen auf Nordosteuropa

5806:"Politische Sanierung" Zur deutschen Politik gegenüber Polen 1925/26 5748:. pp. 32–48. Richard Blanke. University Press of Kentucky, 1993 5411:

Western and Northern territories of Poland : Facts and problems

4834:. Vol. IV. New York: Appeal Printing Company. pp. 224–227. 1487: 1264: 660:

Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918)

9108: 8987: 8967: 8952: 8576: 7786: 7163: 7158: 6225:"The Polish Resistance and the German Press Campaign (August 1–19)" 6161:"The Polish Resistance and the German Press Campaign (August 1–19)" 3780: 3593: 3477: 3345: 3227:

of 1934. In the years that followed, Germany placed an emphasis on

3153: 3133: 3101:), i.e. passengers were not forced to apply for an official Polish 3014: 2890: 2886: 2734: 275: 8434: 4738:. Lexington, KY.: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 244–245. 4324:

page 127, James Clerk Maxwell Garnett, Heinrich F. Koeppler – 1940

4308:

W. D. Halsey, L. Shores, Bernard Johnston, Emanuel Friedman,

4168:

POLISH "CORRIDOR."; Paris Paper Sketches Proposed Strip to Danzig.

3627: 3095:

Connections by train were also possible by sealing the carriages (

2433:

The following arguments were behind the creation of the corridor:

21: 7761: 6512:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 51. 5409:

Leśniewski, Andrzej; et al. (1959). Sobański, Wacław (ed.).

3890:

Many German residents were executed, others were expelled to the

3797: 3729: 3521: 3509: 3157: 3156:

from 32 German landowners and 950 hectares from seven Poles. The

2945:, gives several reasons for the exodus of the German population: 2882: 2818: 2814: 2775: 1867: 1836: 1763: 1717:(including areas which later made up the corridor) is from 1819. 1654: 1268: 1206: 678: 5061: 3284:

as a motive. In November 1938, Danzig's district administrator,

2737:

and parts of eastern Galicia, while at the same time the German

2648: 2369: 890: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7751: 5746:

Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918–1939

5691:

Orphans of Versailles: the Germans in Western Poland, 1918–1939

5516:

David Blackbourn, James N. Retallack University of Toronto 2007

4878:

Do niepodległości 1918, 1944/45, 1989: wizje, drogi, spełnienie

4125:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements

3576: 3317: 3172: 2981:

by the Prussian and German state against the Polish population.

2838: 2757:

territories). The call was answered by the minister of defence

2589: 2410: 1650: 1202: 6602:

Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland 1918-1939

6496:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1979, pp. 79–158, p. 90. 5660:

The German Question Since 1919: An Analysis with Key Documents

5527:

Koch, Hannsjoachim Wolfgang (1978). "6: Frederick the Great".

4736:

Orphans of Versailles. The Germans in Western Poland 1918–1939

3861: 3112:

had been removed from the tracks for a short distance and the

9147: 9002: 8982: 7766: 7756: 5217:

by John Brown Mason, Stanford University Press, 1946, page 49

3943: 3695: 3451: 3418:

A revised and less favorable proposal came in the form of an

3020:

Helmut Lippelt writes that Germany used the existence of the

2461:: "If Poland does not thus secure access to the sea, 600,000 1519:

was first used by Polish politicians, while Polish historian

1491: 1399: 1144: 1109:

Polish-Danish Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement (2018)

271: 48:(green) and German areas in the corridor (German 1910 census) 5448:

by John Brown Mason Stanford university press 1946, page 116

4333:

Arms and Policy, 1939–1944 page 40, Hoffman Nickerson – 1945

8377: 6494:

Die Errichtung der Hegemonie auf dem europäischen Kontinent

6428:

Peter Hoffmann page 37 McGill-Queen's University Press 1996

6212: