406:. Farms belonging to kmiecie were largely self-sufficient, although some of them were, to varying extents, engaged in production for the market. Other, less numerous, sections of the peasantry were the zagrodnicy (Latin: ortulani), or smallholders, and the ogrodnicy, or cottagers, who farmed small plots of land. These two categories of peasants were not able to support themselves and their families from their land, so they earned extra money as hired labourers on their landlords' land, or that of the kmiecie. Apart from the holders of large or small farms, Polish villages were also inhabited by so-called komornicy, landless lodgers who earned wages locally. This group included village craftsmen, while the wealthiest kmiecie included millers and innkeepers
25:
535:
241:, at least in the stereotypes of 19th-century nationalist lore, the magnates often made themselves at home in the capitals and courts of the partitioning powers, while the gentry remained on their estates, keeping the national culture alive (for a preserved, non-magnate example, see
401:
The most important and the most numerous section of the peasantry in late medieval and early modern Poland was the kmiecie (Latin: cmethones), full peasant holders of hereditary farms with an average size in the region under study of half a mansus, which was equivalent to eight
298:(1989), the descendants of Polish landed gentry became politically active, struggling for (and often succeeding in) restoration of land ownership or at least compensation. Attempts to delegitimize the land reform of 1944 have also been made.
197:
who were titled "nobilis" and were allowed to buy and inherit manorial estates and exercise their privileges (such as jurisdiction over their subjects) and monopolies (over distilleries, hunting grounds, etc.). Therefore, in the
291:, landed gentry with larger estates was dispossessed and eliminated as a social group. Many land-owning families were eliminated or had their estates confiscated by the Germans or Soviets, earlier during the war.
267:
was informally recognized and remained an economic and social reality as well as a politically influential group, to a degree greater than hereditary nobility in
European countries with more highly developed
758:
237:". Compared to the situation in England and some other parts of Europe, these two parts of the overall "nobility" to a large extent operated as different classes, and were often in conflict. After the
778:
218:
these restrictions were loosened and finally any commoner could buy or inherit land. This made the 20th-century Polish landed gentry consist mostly of hereditary nobles, but also of others.
614:
579:
644:
554:
574:
629:
604:
564:
185:(1496) restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to hereditary nobility. The non-nobles thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal
619:
599:
803:
433:
732:
727:
667:
284:
737:
682:
662:
722:
672:
501:
677:
753:
793:
712:
707:
717:
697:
89:
288:
61:
692:
687:
569:
702:
454:
42:
68:
420:
243:
203:
75:
763:
108:
494:
234:
768:
57:
876:
46:
861:
458:
256:
594:
549:
856:
487:
295:
866:
372:
639:
808:
609:
584:
559:
932:
788:
783:
624:
332:
82:
813:
798:
319:
35:
182:
634:
589:
524:
323:
189:
for themselves (not an easy task), or had their property taken away. A rare exception was the
238:
215:
194:
8:
225:, contrasting with the much smaller but more powerful group of "magnate" families (sing.
654:
428:
384:
836:
388:
361:"Village court records and peasant credit in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Poland"
846:
534:
376:
315:
937:
510:
190:
128:
380:
926:
831:
472:
T. Chrzanowski, "Dziedzictwo. Ziemianie polscy i ich udział w życiu narodu",
207:
123:
902:
851:
773:
280:
146:
142:
346:
Kmiecie czyli lud pospolity wolny (Kmiecie is the common free people), ...
186:
154:
150:
172:
269:
214:
meaning of the term, i.e. commoners who owned landed estates. With the
892:
841:
331:(in Polish). Vol. I. (3rd? ed.). Leipzig, Saxony, GERMANY:
273:
473:
24:
913:
871:
360:
167:
162:
479:
403:
211:
137:
371:(1). Cambridge, East of England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM:
314:
259:(1921) abolished the legal class of hereditary nobility,
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
432:(Daily newspaper). New York, NY. 23 August 1990.
924:
352:
495:
455:Prawo własności w dekrecie z 6 września 1944.
193:of certain specially privileged "ennobled"
502:
488:
421:"Poland Seeks to Revive Its Stately Homes"
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
358:
289:Polish Committee of National Liberation
925:
483:
285:Polish Land Reform Act passed in 1944
221:They were the lesser members of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
509:
436:from the original on 18 August 2018
13:
14:
949:
533:
235:Magnates of Poland and Lithuania
23:
459:Polskie Towarzystwo Ziemiańskie
250:
34:needs additional citations for
877:List of Polish titled nobility
804:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
448:
413:
359:Guzowski, Piotr (1 May 2014).
308:
244:Dąbrowski Manor in Michałowice
204:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
301:
294:With the liquidation of the
257:March Constitution of Poland
7:
857:Armorial of Polish nobility
320:de Bobrowicz, Jan Nepomucen
10:
954:
373:Cambridge University Press
911:
885:
822:
746:
653:
542:
531:
517:
381:10.1017/S0268416014000101
296:Polish People's Republic
171:) and landed commoners (
161:consisted of hereditary
747:Cultural and historical
157:estates. Historically,
16:Historical social class
794:Sandomierz Voivodeship
525:Coat of arms of Poland
333:Breitkopf & Härtel
316:Niesiecki S.J., Kasper
133:ziemiaństwo, ziemianie
132:
58:"Polish landed gentry"
365:Continuity and Change
272:(and the remnants of
862:Polish coats of arms
754:Augustów Voivodeship
239:Partitions of Poland
206:there was almost no
183:Statutes of Piotrków
43:improve this article
759:Chełmno Voivodeship
668:Kuyavian-Pomeranian
570:Gorzów Wielkopolski
779:Kalisz Voivodeship
429:The New York Times
920:
919:
867:Polish heraldists
837:Heraldic adoption
764:Central Lithuania
283:, because of the
233:in Polish), see "
119:
118:
111:
93:
945:
847:Test of Nobility
733:Warmian-Masurian
537:
504:
497:
490:
481:
480:
465:
464:
452:
446:
445:
443:
441:
425:
417:
411:
410:
397:
395:
356:
350:
349:
342:
340:
330:
312:
141:, "land") was a
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
953:
952:
948:
947:
946:
944:
943:
942:
933:Polish nobility
923:
922:
921:
916:
907:
881:
824:
818:
774:Duchy of Czersk
769:Congress Poland
742:
738:West Pomeranian
649:
538:
529:
513:
511:Polish heraldry
508:
469:
468:
462:
453:
449:
439:
437:
423:
419:
418:
414:
393:
391:
357:
353:
338:
336:
328:
313:
309:
304:
276:mostly gone).
253:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
951:
941:
940:
935:
918:
917:
912:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
895:
889:
887:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
750:
748:
744:
743:
741:
740:
735:
730:
728:Świętokrzyskie
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:Lower Silesian
680:
675:
670:
665:
663:Greater Poland
659:
657:
651:
650:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
546:
544:
540:
539:
532:
530:
528:
527:
521:
519:
515:
514:
507:
506:
499:
492:
484:
478:
477:
467:
466:
447:
412:
351:
325:Herbarz Polski
306:
305:
303:
300:
279:At the end of
252:
249:
149:of hereditary
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
950:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
915:
910:
904:
901:
899:
898:Landed gentry
896:
894:
891:
890:
888:
884:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Heraldic clan
830:
829:
827:
821:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
745:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:Subcarpathian
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:Lesser Poland
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
658:
656:
652:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
545:
541:
536:
526:
523:
522:
520:
516:
512:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
482:
475:
471:
470:
461:
460:
456:
451:
435:
431:
430:
422:
416:
409:
407:
405:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
355:
348:
347:
335:. p. 430
334:
329:(online book)
327:
326:
321:
317:
311:
307:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
255:Although the
248:
246:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
208:landed gentry
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
175:
170:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
125:
124:landed gentry
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
903:Polish names
897:
852:Skartabellat
645:Zielona Góra
476:, Znak, 1995
457:
450:
438:. Retrieved
427:
415:
400:
399:
392:. Retrieved
368:
364:
354:
345:
344:
337:. Retrieved
324:
310:
293:
281:World War II
278:
264:
260:
254:
251:20th century
242:
230:
226:
222:
220:
199:
195:royal cities
177:
173:
166:
158:
143:social group
136:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
463:(in Polish)
265:ziemiaństwo
202:-dominated
187:ennoblement
927:Categories
713:Pomeranian
302:References
270:capitalism
216:Partitions
151:landowners
99:April 2021
69:newspapers
893:Sarmatism
842:Indygenat
809:Pomerania
708:Podlaskie
555:Bydgoszcz
550:Białystok
440:18 August
424:(website)
389:145766720
322:(1846) .
274:feudalism
229:, plural
191:burgesses
178:cmethones
176:; Latin:
159:ziemianie
153:who held
914:Heraldry
872:Szlachta
825:heraldry
789:Kociewie
784:Kashubia
718:Silesian
698:Masovian
655:Regional
625:Szczecin
575:Katowice
518:National
434:Archived
404:hectares
261:szlachta
223:szlachta
200:szlachta
168:szlachta
155:manorial
886:Related
814:Prussia
799:Silesia
640:Wrocław
615:Rzeszów
605:Olsztyn
375:: 118.
287:by the
231:magnaci
212:English
210:in the
181:). The
174:kmiecie
135:, from
122:Polish
83:scholar
938:Gentry
693:Lubusz
688:Lublin
635:Warsaw
610:Poznań
590:Lublin
585:Kraków
580:Kielce
565:Gdynia
560:Gdańsk
543:Cities
474:Kraków
387:
339:13 Oct
227:magnat
163:nobles
138:ziemia
129:Polish
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
823:Noble
703:Opole
630:Toruń
620:Sopot
600:Opole
394:9 Oct
385:S2CID
147:class
90:JSTOR
76:books
678:Łódź
595:Łódź
442:2018
396:2014
341:2014
62:news
377:doi
263:or
247:).
145:or
45:by
929::
426:.
398:.
383:.
369:29
367:.
363:.
343:.
318:;
131::
503:e
496:t
489:v
444:.
408:.
379::
165:(
127:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
