901:
846:($ 23,000). National derived most of their large donations in this period from trusts (40%), businesses (26%), private individuals (24%) and anonymous donors (10%) while Labour received large donations from anonymous donors (30%), private individuals (26%), businesses (17%), trade unions (12%) and MPs (10%). The Green Party received the majority of large donations from MPs (70%) and individuals (25%) while Act received the majority of large donations from individuals (45%) and anonymous donors (40%). Large anonymous donations listed in these statistics were received prior to the introduction of the
811:
32:
645:
830:
Of the total sum of large recorded donations (exceeding personal information disclosure thresholds) made to parties between 1996 and 2019, the largest proportion was donated by private donors (25%), followed by millionaires (18%), businesses (13%), trusts (13%) and anonymous donors (13%). The average
796:
party. The amendment, which was passed into law as the
Electoral Amendment Act 2022 and took effect from 2023 also reduced the anonymous donation disclosure threshold from NZ$ 15,000 to NZ$ 5,000 and requires parties to report all donations received, including those under $ 1,500 that were previously
791:
announced that the
Government would be introducing new electoral donation amendment bill which would widen the definition of political donations to include those donated to third-party entities and make it an offence not to report such donations to a party's secretary. This amendment proposal came in
908:
During general election periods, all registered political parties are eligible for funds to broadcast election programmes and advertising. During the 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014 elections total funding for the broadcasting allocation stood at $ 3,212,000 and included an allocation of free broadcasting
761:
exceeds $ 50. A separate return must be filed by a party secretary with the
Electoral Commission within 10 working days of receipt whenever a party receives a donation that: exceeds $ 20,000, or when added to all the donations received from the same donor in the preceding 12 months exceeds $ 20,000.
756:
Anonymous donations to parties and candidates are limited to a maximum of $ 1,500. Donors that wish to donate more than $ 1,500 without revealing their identity to the public or the party can make donations protected from disclosure. A donation protected from disclosure involves the donor paying the
979:
The returns filed by parties are not a comprehensive overview of all donations received by the parties. Only donations that meet criteria set in the
Electoral Act 1993 must be declared on the return. Notably non-anonymous donations under $ 1500 NZD are not recorded in the returns. More information
780:
announced that this was part of the
Government's efforts to combat foreign interference in New Zealand elections, bringing New Zealand in line with Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States which have introduced similar legislation. The legislation does not change the rules that
727:
Like a few other established democracies (e.g. Canada and the United
Kingdom) New Zealand election law stipulates statutory limits for political spending by individuals, groups or organisations that occurs at election times to influence political discourse in general or the outcome of a specific
920:
The funds are distributed to parties by the
Commission according to several quantitative and qualitative statutory criteria including: previous election results, by-election results, party members in parliament prior to dissolution, cross-party relationships, indicators of support (i.e. opinion
748:
There is no upper limit to political contributions made to parties and/ or candidates which are not anonymous, either for election campaign or during specific time periods. Donations by government contractors (and possibly by state-owned enterprises) are allowed, too. Political contributions by
936:
Parties may use the allocation to produce election advertisements and to place advertising on the internet before and after writ day. However, parties must use their own money to place election advertisements on the internet that only appear before writ day. Parties may use their allocation to
760:
Parties are required to file annual financial returns ('donation statements') that disclose the total amount of donations received. The return must include the full name and address of non-anonymous domestic donors whose donation exceeds $ 5,000 and non-anonymous overseas donors whose donation
928:
prohibits parties from using their own money to buy time to broadcast television and radio advertisements. However, production costs for television and radio advertising can be paid for using the allocation or a party’s own funds. Television and radio advertisements can only be broadcast from
736:, advertising spending limits stood at $ 27,500 for political candidates and $ 1,169,000 plus $ 27,500 per electorate for political parties. Individuals and groups not running had spending limits of $ 13,200 although it was possible to increase the amount to $ 330,000 by registering with the
826:
As political parties in New
Zealand are not required to declare non-anonymous donations under $ 1,500, it is not possible to determine the total sum of donations to each party. The Electoral Commission does, however, have data on declared donations from 1996 – 2019.
757:
sum and disclosing their identity (name and address) to the
Electoral Commission, which then passes the donation to the party in installments. Individuals and groups can donate a maximum of $ 48,441 between successive election campaigns by protected disclosure.
1462:
1089:
Geddis, Andrew: 'Rethinking the
Funding of New Zealand's Election Campaigns', Policy Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 7; Geddis, Andrew: 'The Electoral (Finance Reform and Advance Voting) Amendment Bill', Policy Quarterly, vol. 6, no.3, 2010, p.
764:
Candidates are required to fill returns on election years that are very similar but have a reduced threshold of $ 1,500 for full disclosure of non-anonymous donations. Unlike party returns, candidate returns also include election expenses.
871:
from 24 big donors in 2022. The ACT Party also raised NZ$ 1.1 million in large donations in 2022. By comparison, the incumbent Labour Party had raised NZ$ 150,000 during that same period including a NZ$ 50,000 donation from the family of
1555:
714:. Only quite recently (1993, 2009) has political funding become an issue of public policy. Now there is direct and indirect funding by public money as well as a skeleton regulation of income, expenditure and transparency.
749:
foreign donors are allowed as long as they do not exceed $ 50. Larger foreign donations, however, are possible if money is funneled through New Zealand businesses trusts or foundations. For instance, in August 2019, the
857:
While no statistically significant change in large reported donations to political parties was observed between 1996 and 2019, large donations to candidates increased by more than a factor of two between 2011 and 2017.
1452:
1040:
924:
Parties may use the allocation to buy advertising time on television and radio, place advertising on the internet and pay for the production costs of television, radio and internet advertising. The
1565:
797:
exempt from reporting requirements. The act also reduced the threshold at which political parties must report large political donations during election years from $ 30,000 to $ 20,000.
831:
size of these large donations was significantly higher for millionaires ($ 1,381,000) and trusts ($ 154,000) compared to private individuals ($ 50,000) and other categories.
834:
When classified by party receiving the donation, the highest average large donations went to small parties outside parliament ($ 96,000) followed by National ($ 55,000),
1165:
814:
A logarithmic plot of private declared donations to parties that have been in the New Zealand parliament from 2011 to 2020. This excludes some parties such as the
1398:
1266:
1190:
466:
193:
1147:
728:
election in particular. In New Zealand spending limits for political parties and candidates (i.e. their campaign spending) do not include some typical
1341:
1100:
1745:
682:
792:
response to the recent acquittal of two defendants involved with the New Zealand First Foundation, a separate fundraising entity connected to the
1128:
1615:
1216:
951:
1757:
1509:
1426:
1370:
1241:
981:
1789:
507:
489:
485:
157:
1751:
471:
1702:
Geddis, Andrew: 'Rethinking the Funding of New Zealand's Election Campaigns', Policy Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 1, 2007, pp. 3–10.
224:
117:
80:
1917:
128:
1316:
850:
in 2007 which introduced limits to anonymous donations. The National Party ceased to receive funding from trusts following the
777:
441:
139:
655:
1929:
1922:
1870:
1291:
675:
554:
773:
In early December 2019, the New Zealand Government passed legislation under urgency to limit foreign donations over NZ$ 50.
819:
549:
188:
1590:
992:
These thresholds were $ 1000 (1996), $ 10,000 (1997-2007), $ 10,000 (2008-2010) and $ 15,000 (2011-2019) in nominal terms
917:. In 2016, the free broadcasting time was abolished and replaced by a $ 750,000 increase in the broadcasting allocation.
881:
843:
1667:
737:
569:
520:
246:
868:
851:
785:
733:
544:
273:
268:
263:
258:
204:
1954:
1902:
1453:"Political donations: Justice Minister Kiri Allan - Govt will close NZ First Foundation loophole for election year"
668:
608:
603:
459:
385:
300:
295:
290:
285:
152:
1782:
446:
429:
380:
239:
234:
113:
76:
1860:
937:
produce internet advertisements, but parties must publish these advertisements both before and after writ day.
707:
351:
900:
631:
369:
135:
1887:
815:
579:
340:
335:
1726:
Vowles, Jack: 'Parties and Society in New Zealand', in: Paul Webb, David Farrell and Ian Holliday (eds.):
497:
176:
44:
1484:
854:
for unknown reasons, however reported an increase in reported donations below the disclosure threshold.
1949:
1897:
1880:
1775:
847:
750:
512:
310:
1834:
753:
received a $ 150,000 donation from Chinese billionaire Lang Lin who owned a business in New Zealand.
364:
1875:
1865:
839:
584:
539:
328:
217:
1912:
1892:
1839:
574:
564:
229:
61:
22:
1829:
1560:
1457:
863:
559:
436:
170:
123:
106:
904:
Electoral Commission broadcasting allocations for the major political parties of New Zealand.
1719:
Tham, Joo-Cheong: 'Regulating Political Contributions. Another View from Across the Tasman',
925:
1556:"National raises 'unprecedented' $ 2.3m war chest from richlist donors before election year"
1010:
The Green Party has a policy requiring MPs to tithe 10% of their pre tax salary to the party
502:
93:
8:
1817:
1733:
Wilson, John F.: Donations to Political Parties: Disclosure Regimes, 2004; available at:
774:
699:
357:
1065:
401:
946:
810:
649:
416:
183:
1798:
1346:
914:
889:
793:
711:
406:
145:
1705:
Geddis, Andrew: 'The Electoral (Finance Reform and Advance Voting) Amendment Bill',
1641:
1166:"Jacinda Ardern admits political party 'foreign donation ban' won't close loopholes"
1130:
Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns: A Handbook on Political Finance
626:
1823:
1812:
930:
729:
344:
880:. In addition, the Green Party raised NZ$ 122,000 through tithes from co-leaders
822:
that received considerable sums on some years, however failed to enter parliament.
1844:
885:
835:
1762:
1734:
1712:
Orr, Graeme: 'Public Money and Electioneering. A View from across the Tasman',
703:
475:
197:
31:
1943:
877:
867:
reported that the National Party had raised NZ$ 2.3 million to fund their
1375:
1342:"Government to ban foreign donations to political parties and candidates"
1148:"New Zealand bans foreign political donations amid interference concerns"
68:
781:
allow foreign donations to political parties via New Zealand companies.
788:
86:
873:
54:
1767:
1399:"Foreign donations to political parties to be banned in New Zealand"
1101:"Limits on election-related spending begin – New Zealand Parliament"
1695:
Edwards, Bryce: 'Political Finance and Inequality in New Zealand',
1541:
Patterns of political donations in New Zealand under MMP:1996-2019
921:
polls) and the need to provide a fair opportunity to all parties.
1427:"Government to ban foreign donations of above $ 50 under urgency"
1403:
1371:"Government to ban foreign donations of above $ 50 under urgency"
1543:(Technical report). Institute for Governance and Policy Studies.
732:(e.g. opinion polling, travel costs, consultancy fees). At the
980:
regarding what is required on the returns can be found on the
1191:"Lin Lang: A billionaire horse exporter's change in fortunes"
973:
910:
1730:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 409–37.
1136:. Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 2014.
892:
party received a NZ$ 35,000 donation from Tom Bowker.
1616:"'Outdated' election addresses on RNZ, TVNZ scrapped"
1538:
706:
and other forms of funding received by politician or
1728:
Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies
1425:
Cooke, Thomas Coughlan and Henry (2 December 2019).
1369:Coughlan, Thomas; Cooke, Henry (3 December 2019).
1642:"Electoral Com. Broadcasting Allocation Decision"
1217:"Donations protected from disclosure | Elections"
1941:
1001:Excluding millionaires, anonymous donors and MPs
1591:"About the broadcasting allocation | Elections"
1510:"Party donations and loans by year | Elections"
1242:"Party donations and loans by year | Elections"
1783:
1368:
952:2005 New Zealand election funding controversy
676:
1763:Parliament disclosure regimes for donations
1292:"Rules for candidate donations | Elections"
1790:
1776:
683:
669:
1754:– International IDEA, Strömsborg, Sweden
1748:– International IDEA, Strömsborg, Sweden
1553:
1539:Anderson, Thomas; Simon Chapple (2020).
899:
809:
1450:
316:Political funding and election expenses
1942:
1723:, vol. 6, no. 3, 2010, pp. 26–30.
1716:, vol. 6, no. 3, 2010, pp. 21–25.
1699:, vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 4–17.
1797:
1771:
1752:2012 Political Party Finance Database
1746:2003 Political Party Finance Database
1585:
1583:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1424:
1396:
467:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
1554:Coughlan, Thomas (18 January 2023).
1123:
1121:
1709:, vol. 6, no.3, 2010, pp. 3–7.
1066:"Publications | International IDEA"
800:
13:
1580:
1527:
1465:from the original on 2 August 2022
805:
722:
521:New Zealand and the United Nations
14:
1966:
1758:Publications | International IDEA
1739:
1451:Trevett, Claire (1 August 2022).
1118:
895:
768:
1317:"After the election | Elections"
970:Anonymous to the receiving party
696:Political funding in New Zealand
643:
609:History of voting in New Zealand
604:Political history of New Zealand
30:
1689:
1660:
1634:
1608:
1547:
1502:
1477:
1444:
1418:
1397:Small, Zane (3 December 2019).
1390:
1362:
1334:
1309:
1284:
1259:
1234:
1209:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
1267:"Donations exceeding $ 30,000"
1183:
1158:
1140:
1093:
1083:
1058:
1033:
1019:Above $ 15,000 in 2020 dollars
964:
708:political party in New Zealand
1:
1485:"New electoral finance rules"
1026:
717:
743:
7:
1045:Parliamentary Cousel Office
940:
177:54th New Zealand Parliament
10:
1971:
1668:"Broadcasting Allocations"
158:State services departments
1853:
1805:
957:
189:House of Representatives
1955:Politics of New Zealand
442:Territorial authorities
23:Politics of New Zealand
1830:Grassroots fundraising
1561:The New Zealand Herald
1458:The New Zealand Herald
905:
869:2023 election campaign
864:The New Zealand Herald
823:
820:New Conservative Party
784:In early August 2022,
650:New Zealand portal
486:Diplomatic missions of
1697:New Zealand Sociology
926:Broadcasting Act 1989
903:
848:Electoral Finance Act
813:
734:2020 general election
394:Courts Martial Appeal
1672:Electoral Commission
1041:"Electoral Act 1993"
982:elections.nz website
861:In 18 January 2023,
738:Electoral Commission
247:Electoral Commission
107:Executive Government
94:Realm of New Zealand
1818:Corporate donations
842:($ 40,000) and the
700:political donations
205:Official Opposition
114:List of governments
1568:on 17 January 2023
1154:. 3 December 2019.
947:Electoral Act 1993
906:
824:
417:Law of New Zealand
251:Recent elections:
184:King-in-Parliament
1950:Political funding
1937:
1936:
1799:Political finance
1622:. 20 October 2016
1350:. 3 December 2019
1347:Radio New Zealand
1105:www.parliament.nz
890:New Zealand First
794:New Zealand First
730:election expenses
712:election campaign
693:
692:
632:Nuclear-free zone
508:Visa requirements
460:Foreign relations
407:Waitangi Tribunal
225:Political parties
153:Executive Council
146:Christopher Luxon
1962:
1881:Party foundation
1824:Follow the money
1813:Campaign finance
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1721:Policy Quarterly
1714:Policy Quarterly
1707:Policy Quarterly
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1664:
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1629:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1551:
1545:
1544:
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1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
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1187:
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1138:
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1135:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1097:
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1087:
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1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1037:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
977:
971:
968:
801:Sources of funds
786:Justice Minister
775:Justice Minister
685:
678:
671:
648:
647:
646:
555:Environmentalism
447:Community boards
430:Local government
345:Helen Winkelmann
240:Electoral reform
235:Electoral system
77:Governor-General
71:
34:
18:
17:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1849:
1845:Party subsidies
1835:Party broadcast
1801:
1796:
1742:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1648:. 18 April 2005
1646:www.scoop.co.nz
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1614:
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1528:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
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1433:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1395:
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1367:
1363:
1353:
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1335:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
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1275:
1273:
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1223:
1215:
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1198:
1189:
1188:
1184:
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1159:
1146:
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1141:
1133:
1127:
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1119:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
978:
974:
969:
965:
960:
943:
898:
888:. Finally, the
886:Marama Davidson
808:
806:Private funding
803:
771:
746:
725:
723:Spending limits
720:
689:
660:
656:Other countries
644:
642:
637:
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622:
614:
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599:
591:
590:
589:
534:
526:
525:
517:
498:Nationality law
494:
482:
462:
452:
451:
432:
422:
421:
411:
397:
390:
352:Court of Appeal
331:
321:
320:
305:
278:
220:
210:
209:
180:
179:
173:
163:
162:
109:
99:
98:
67:
57:
47:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1930:European Union
1927:
1926:
1920:
1918:United Kingdom
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
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1847:
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1837:
1832:
1827:
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1741:
1740:External links
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769:Reform history
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751:National Party
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742:
724:
721:
719:
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710:to pay for an
704:public funding
691:
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490:in New Zealand
481:
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