Politics of the United Kingdom

62: 261: 231: 4958: 3630: 135: 547: 4032: 4193:, which was duly granted by the British Government and held on 18 September 2014. When the nationalists came to power in 2011, opinion polls placed support for independence at around 31%, but in 2014, 45% voted to leave the union. In the wake of the referendum defeat, membership of the SNP surged to over 100,000, overtaking the Liberal Democrats as the third largest political party in the UK by membership, and in the general election of May 2015 the SNP swept the board and took 56 of the 59 Westminster constituencies in Scotland (far surpassing their previous best of 11 seats in the late 1970s) and winning more than 50% of the Scottish vote. 4290: 4746:, and in Scotland to elect local councils. The single transferrable vote is a form of proportional representation; the strength of a party in parliament is equal to the number of votes they received during a general election. Areas elect a team of representatives rather than the traditional one; they also represent a larger area. Voters rank their choices; they can rank as many as they choose since parties will run more than one candidate in each area. To be elected, candidates have to receive a specific number of votes, the quota, which is decided based on the number of vacancies and the number of people that can vote. 4012: 160: 419: 4757:. The alternative vote system is designed to deal with vote splitting. Under the first-past-the-post system, a candidate can win even when the majority votes against them if this majority is split over several other candidates. Voters rank the candidates from their preferred to their least preferred; if a candidate is the first choice for more than half of the votes cast, they win. But when there is no majority, the loser is removed, and the second choice becomes the first. This process is repeated until one candidate receives the majority. 4348: 449: 7329: 2476: 387: 7315: 2509: 2578: 4617: 2522: 2491: 6330:(August 2021) Labour has lost significant portions of its vote share to the Green party and the Liberal Democrats. At Labour Conference 2021, several showdowns between the left and right of the party are expected to take place. This includes but is not limited to: a motion to give members power to approve or reject decisions over the Labour whip within the PLP, a potential rejection of the pro-Starmer interim General Secretary 7907:

Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere.

4727:. The system is implemented differently in each of the three locations. The additional member's system used when electing members of parliament is a combination of the first-past-the-post system and the party-list system. Voters are given two ballots: one is for the candidates running to be elected as MP, and the other has a list of parties that are running for a seat in parliament. Voters choose their preferred party. 2857:, as British colonies were re-designated in 1983, which are part of the sovereign territory of the United Kingdom, in most of which aspects of internal governance have been delegated to local governments, with each territory having its own first minister, though the title used may differ, such as in the case of the Chief Minister of Gibraltar, though they remain subject to the Parliament of the United Kingdom (when 6837:(EAEC or Euratom). This meant that the UK would cease to be a member of the EU on 30 March 2019, unless an extension to negotiations wass agreed upon by the UK and EU. The leaving date was subsequently revised by agreement with the EU to be 31 October 2019. This led to a change of prime minister who promised to leave the EU on this date either with a revised deal or with no-deal. 4232: 4701:. The first-past-the-post system elects members to parliament through individual elections in each of the 650 constituencies in the UK. To be elected to the House of Commons, candidates require the biggest share of votes. Each constituency can only elect one member to parliament; voters are given a ballot paper with a list of candidates from which they can select one. 6710:", while supporters are known as "Europhiles". Division over Europe is prevalent in both major parties, although the Conservative Party is seen as most divided over the issue, both whilst in Government up to 1997 and after 2010, and between those dates as the opposition. However, the Labour Party is also divided, with conflicting views over British adoption of the 3239:(i.e., Latin for "first among equals") among their Cabinet colleagues. While the Prime Minister is the senior Cabinet Minister, they are theoretically bound to make executive decisions in a collective fashion with the other Cabinet ministers. The Cabinet, along with the PM, consists of Secretaries of State from the various government departments, the 6225:'. The legality of the suspension of parliament was tested in courts in England and Scotland. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. On 24 September, it ruled unanimously that the prorogation was both justiciable and unlawful. The prorogation was quashed and deemed "null and of no effect". Parliament resumed the next day. 5373:"; winning a majority for the first time ever. Throughout the rest of the twentieth century, Labour governments alternated with Conservative governments. The Labour Party suffered the "wilderness years" of 1951–1964 (three consecutive general election defeats) and 1979–1997 (four consecutive general election defeats). During this second period, 4589:, for criminal cases. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law. Sheriff courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury, known that as Sheriff solemn Court, or with a Sheriff and no jury, known as (Sheriff summary Court). The 5614:), abolishing the House of Lords and replacing it with a 300-member elected Senate, introducing fixed five-year Parliaments, and introducing a National Register of Lobbyists. They also support what they see as greater fairness and social mobility. In the coalition government, the party promoted legislation introducing a 3842:. Often governments will accept changes in legislation in order to avoid both the time delay, and the negative publicity of being seen to clash with the Lords. However the Lords still retain a full veto in acts which would extend the life of parliament beyond the 5-year term limit introduced by the Parliament Act 1911. 3320:. Its constitutional role is to support the Government of the day regardless of which political party is in power. Unlike some other democracies, senior civil servants remain in post upon a change of Government. Administrative management of the department is led by a head civil servant known in most Departments as a 5336:. The unionist tendency is still in evidence today, manifesting sometimes as a scepticism or opposition to devolution, firm support for the continued existence of the United Kingdom in the face of movements advocating independence from the UK, and a historic link with the cultural unionism of Northern Ireland. 6384:

all European countries except for Poland and Latvia. Overall membership to a political party has been in decline since the 1950s. In 1951, the Conservative Party had 2.2 million members, and a year later in 1952 the Labour Party reached their peak of 1 million members (of an electorate of around 34 million).

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the Internal Market Bill—a Bill that contains provisions which, if enacted, would significantly constrain, both legally and as a matter of practicality, the exercise by the devolved legislatures of their legislative competence; provisions that would be significantly more restrictive of the powers of

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general elections as a pro-European, centrist alternative to Labour and the Conservatives. Following some initial success, the SDP did not prosper (partly due to its unfavourable distribution of votes by the First-Past-the-Post electoral system), and was accused by some of splitting the Labour vote.

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Keen, Richard; Audickas, Lukas (3 September 2018). "SNP membership overtakes Conservatives across UK" (PDF). BBC. British Broadcasting Company. p. 13. Retrieved 4 September 2018. "Data from the House of Commons Library shows the SNP has just under 125,500 registered members, compared to 124,000 for

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All political parties have membership schemes that allow members of the public to actively influence the policy and direction of the party to varying degrees, though particularly at a local level. Membership of British political parties is around 1% of the British electorate, which is lower than in

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Corbyn's ouster from a party he led in the last two national elections, in 2019 and 2017, was a stunning rebuke and mark him now as a near-outcast, at least temporarily. The suspension also shines light on a long-running feud within Europe's largest democratic socialist party over its very soul, as

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was appointed prime minister after May stepped down during Brexit negotiations. At one point during 2019 his party had a parliamentary minority for a short period after he ejected a large number of party members, of which some were subsequently allowed to return for the 2019 General election. After

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The Prime Minister, currently Sir Keir Starmer, is the most senior minister in the Cabinet. Their tenure begins when they are appointed by the monarch. The Prime Minister is responsible for chairing Cabinet meetings, selecting Cabinet ministers (and all other positions in His Majesty's government),

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in parliament with no party allegiance. In modern times, this has usually occurred when a sitting member leaves their party, and some such MPs have been re-elected as independents. Between 1950 and 2023, only two new members were elected as independents without having ever stood for a major party:

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was established and changed its name to "The Labour Party" in 1906. After 1918, this led to the demise of the Liberal Party as the main reformist force in British politics. The existence of the Labour Party on the left-wing of British politics led to a slow waning of energy from the Liberal Party,

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The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal

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The UK's membership in the Union has been a major topic of debate over the years and has been objected to over questions of sovereignty, and in recent years there have been divisions in both major parties over whether the UK should form greater ties within the EU, or reduce the EU's supranational

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from the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland, and the Tories were those who opposed it. Generally, the Tories were associated with lesser gentry and the Church of England, while Whigs were more associated with trade, money, larger land holders (or "land magnates"), expansion and tolerance of

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The government has no plans to establish an English parliament or assembly although several pressure groups are calling for one. One of their main arguments is that MPs (and thus voters) from different parts of the UK have inconsistent powers. Currently an MP from Scotland can vote on legislation

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MPs amounted to one less than the combined votes of opposition parties. The government of Boris Johnson then lost a vote, 301 to 328, giving control of the agenda of the house to the MPs, removing the control the government had over the introduction of new laws. The 21 Conservative MPs who voted

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Some coalition government reforms that were proposed were for fixed term parliaments. This piece of legislation consisted of setting a five-year interval between general elections. Another piece of coalition reform that was enacted was the Scottish independence referendum. The result overall was

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but instead include any competence not explicitly retained by the Parliament at Westminster. Powers reserved by Westminster are divided into "excepted matters", which it retains indefinitely, and "reserved matters", which may be transferred to the competence of the Northern Ireland Assembly at a

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and Lords Spiritual. Lords Temporal include appointed members (life peers with no hereditary right for their descendants to sit in the house) and ninety-two remaining hereditary peers, elected from among, and by, the holders of titles which previously gave a seat in the House of Lords. The Lords

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leader of the UK, exercises executive functions that are nominally vested in the sovereign (by way of the Royal Prerogatives). Historically, the British monarch was the sole source of executive powers in the government. However, following the lead of the Hanoverian monarchs, an arrangement of a

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the Scottish Parliament than either EU law or Articles 4 and 6 of the Acts of the Union...The UK Parliament passed the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and the Internal Market Act 2020 notwithstanding that, in each case, all three of the devolved legislatures had withheld consent.

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In 2017, the prime minister, Theresa May, called a general election. She hoped to increase the conservative majority to diffuse party opposition to her deal to leave the EU. In the election, the conservatives lost seats and the Labour party, under Jeremy Corbyn, gained 30 seats. This led to a

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but were able to negotiate only a referendum on AV (the alternative vote system is not a form of proportional representation) with the Conservatives. The coalition partners campaigned on opposite sides, with the Liberal Democrats supporting AV and the Conservatives opposing it. The referendum

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where the SNP capitalised on the collapse of the Liberal Democrat support to improve on their 2007 performance to win the first ever outright majority at Holyrood (despite the voting system being specifically designed to prevent majorities), with Labour remaining the largest opposition party.

5607:' was first used officially in 1868, though it had been in use colloquially for decades beforehand. The Liberal Party formed a government in 1868 and then alternated with the Conservative Party as the party of government throughout the late-nineteenth century and early-twentieth century. 12337: 4200:

and leader of the SNP following the country's rejection of independence in September 2014, and was succeeded in both roles by the deputy First Minister and deputy leader of the SNP, Nicola Sturgeon. Also in the wake of the referendum, Lamont stood down as Scottish Labour leader and

3301:. The minister may also be supported by a number of junior ministers. In practice, several government departments and ministers have responsibilities that cover England alone, with devolved bodies having responsibility for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, (for example – the 4842:" because parliamentary politics is dominated by the Labour Party and Conservative Party, while the Liberal Democrats used to hold a significant number of seats (but still substantially less than Labour and the Conservatives), and several small parties (some of them regional or 8058:, responsible for many of the leading judgments relating to the first two decades of devolution, regarded the legislation's terms as deliberately confrontational: 'this Parliament can do what it likes, but a different approach is essential if the union is to hold together'. 5954:, one of the British National Party's two MEPs. In 2022, following the collapse of the BNP, a plethora of prominent ex-BNP members rapidly began coalescing around the British Democrats. It is currently the only far-right UK political party with any elected representation. 5553:

The Scottish National Party won the third-largest number of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election, winning 56 MPs from the 59 constituencies in Scotland having won 50% of the popular vote. This was an increase of 50 MPs on the result achieved in 2010.

3942:, which is raised where certain policies for England are set by MPs from all four constituent nations whereas similar policies for Scotland or Wales might be decided in the devolved assemblies by legislators from those countries alone. Alternative proposals for English 4807:

The use of the first-past-the-post to elect members of Parliament is unusual among European nations. The use of the system means that when three or more candidates receive a significant share of the vote, MPs are often elected from individual constituencies with a

5725:, from 2010 until the 2024 UK general election (the party previously had an MP in 1992; Cynog Dafis, Ceredigion, who was elected on a joint Plaid Cymru/Green Party ticket). In the 2024 UK general election the Greens won four seats. It also has three seats on the 3150:

with an absolute majority of seats in the House of Commons is chosen to be the Prime Minister. If no party has an absolute majority, the leader of the largest party is given the first opportunity to form a coalition. The Prime Minister then selects the other

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Following the vote to leave the European Union, Nigel Farage offered his own resignation as leader, something he had campaigned for since 1992. A leadership contest also took place in the Green Party, which led to the joint election on 2 September 2016 of

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Taken as a whole, the Internal Market Act imposes greater restrictions upon the competences of the devolved institutions than the provisions of the EU Single Market which it replaced, in spite of pledges to use common frameworks to address these issues.

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with a mandate to call for a new independence referendum after the failed one in 2014. Proponents of a new referendum particularly cite Brexit as changing the political situation, thus leading Scots to be more pro-independence than in 2014. As an issue,

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as their leader in 1980, and he responded to dissatisfaction within the Labour Party by pursuing a number of radical policies developed by its grassroots members. In 1981, several centrist and right-leaning Labour MPs formed a breakaway group called the

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as it was announced to last 23 days instead of the usual 4 or 5 days. It would end the current session of the Parliament that had been running for 2 years and prevent further parliamentary debate. The government stated that it was nothing to do with

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by the Labour Party, which was founded in 1900 and formed its first minority government in 1924. Since that time, the Labour and Conservative parties have been dominant, with the Liberals (later Liberal Democrats) being the third-largest party until

5578:. After the 2011 Scottish parliamentary election, the SNP won enough seats to form a majority government, the first time this had ever happened since devolution was established in 1999. It won 64 of 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament in the 4132:, as well as 'regional' politics and development, has contributed to forces pulling against the unity of the state. This was clearly demonstrated when – although some argue it was influenced by general public disillusionment with Labour – the 3230:"Prime Minister" chairing and leading the Cabinet began to emerge. Over time, this arrangement became the effective executive branch of government, as it assumed the day-to-day functioning of the British government away from the sovereign. 7958:

That phase of joint working was significantly damaged by the UK Internal Market Act, pushed through by the Johnson government in December 2020...the Act diminishes the authority of the devolved institutions, and was vehemently opposed by

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or even the declaration of war. The powers are delegated from the monarch personally, in the name of the Crown, and can be handed to various ministers, or other officers of the Crown, and can purposely bypass the consent of Parliament.

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by unions and members alike, a debate over PR and a significant debate over the loss of members and their subscription fees since Corbyn's expulsion which has left the party in a dire state regarding its activist and financial bases.

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The Liberal Democrats were founded in 1988 by an amalgamation of the Liberal Party with the Social Democratic Party, but can trace their origin back to the Whigs and the Rochdale Radicals who evolved into the Liberal Party. The term

4900:, Make Votes Count Coalition, and Fairshare. The boundary commission for England has also suggested in its 2023 boundary review that constituency lines should be redrawn to allow constituencies to have a similar number of residents. 4417:(IRA), its legislative powers were exercised by the UK government, which effectively had power to legislate by decree. Laws that would normally be within the competence of the Assembly were passed by the UK government in the form of 4124:

The public take part in Parliament in a way that is not the case at Westminster through Cross-Party Groups on policy topics which the interested public join and attend meetings of alongside Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs).

5740:, it returned 29 MEPs. The MEPs were elected representatives of the party until 11pm on 31 January 2020 when the UK left the European Union and the position of British MEPs was subsequently abolished. It was reconstituted into the 5219:(DUP) who got 10 seats in the House of Commons, allowing the Conservative Party to remain in government. The Conservatives won a majority government in 2019, taking 365 seats and forming the first majority government since 2015–17. 9268: 5292:

saw the Conservative Party lose over half their seats gained in 1992, and saw the party re-align with public perceptions of them. The Conservatives lost all their seats in both Scotland and Wales, and was their worst defeat since

5266:" outlined a new "Conservative" philosophy of reforming ills while conserving the good. Though Peel's supporters subsequently split from their colleagues over the issue of free trade in 1846, ultimately joining the Whigs and the 12643: 6755:. After the referendum, it was debated as to how and when the UK should leave the EU. On 11 July 2016, the Cabinet Office Minister, John Penrose failed to deliver a final answer on whether it would be at the disposal of the 6097:

plunged the Labour Party into crisis and resulted in a motion of no confidence in the party leader Jeremy Corbyn being passed by the party's MPs in a 172–40 vote, which followed a significant number of resignations from the

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which has consequently assumed third place in national politics. After performing poorly at the general elections of 1922, 1923 and 1924, the Liberal Party was superseded by the Labour Party as being the party of the left.

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No data could be collected for the four parties of Northern Ireland: the DUP, UUP, SDLP, and Sinn Féin. However, in January 1997, it was estimated that the UUP had 10,000 – 12,000 members, and the DUP had 5,000 members.

6252:, removing them from the party. This included long-standing members of the party. Johnson called for a general election and following a few attempts succeeded in getting a vote approving an election through parliament. 5675:. Sinn Féin MPs had 7 MPs elected at the 2019 election, but Sinn Féin MPs traditionally abstain from the House of Commons and refuse to take their seats in what they view as a "foreign" parliament. The unionist parties 6346:

won the right to form a Scottish coalition government in May 2021. The precise arrangement is loose and allows the Greens freedom to criticise official SNP policy on key areas of disagreement. However, it provides

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on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union, called for by David Cameron, led to his resignation, the appointment of a new prime minister Theresa May, and divided opinion on Europe amongst the party.

3372: 3736:. A government is not formed by a vote of the House of Commons, it is a commission from the monarch. The House of Commons gets its first chance to indicate confidence in the new government when it votes on the 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10900: 10890: 10885: 7241: 5915:

the party increased their number of seats to 6. The party built up its support through opposing the war in Iraq and fighting for policies such as free school meals and an end to prescription charges. In the

5709:, they joined Labour as the junior partner in a coalition government, but have fallen down to the third-largest party in the Assembly after the 2011 Assembly elections, and have become an opposition party. 4708:(the bloc vote) is also used for some local government elections in England and Wales. The plurality system is a simple way of election; the winner requires only to gain more votes than any other candidate. 10910: 6844:

on 31 January 2020, beginning a transition period that was set to end on 31 December 2020. During the 11-month transition period, the UK and EU negotiated their future relationship which resulted in the

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In the last few general elections, voter mandates for Westminster in the 30–40% ranges have been swung into 60% parliamentary majorities. No single party has won a majority of the popular vote since the

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as co-leaders, who took over the role in a job-share arrangement. Lucas, was previously leader until 2010 and is the party's only MP. Strategic cross-party alliances have been initiated, including a "

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in the House of Commons (which by implication does not require a majority behind it, given that skilled minority governments can and do survive for long periods); or (b) form a government capable of

9196: 5073:, a right-wing to far-right party, currently has five MPs, all elected in the 2024 general election. It was formerly known as the Brexit Party and is a supplantation of the now extraparliamentary 4483:, comprising the same members as the Supreme Court, is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the UK overseas territories, and the British crown dependencies. 10935: 5087:

party, has had continuous representation in Parliament since 1974, and currently hold four of the 32 Welsh seats. They currently have four MPs. Plaid has the third highest number of seats in the

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meant direct rule was restored in 1972. Support for nationalist parties in Scotland and Wales led to proposals for devolution in the 1970s, though only in the 1990s did devolution happen. Today,

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Several local parties contest only within a specific area, a single county, borough or district. Examples include the Better Bedford Independent Party, which was one of the dominant parties in

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The SNP has enjoyed parliamentary representation continuously since 1967. Following the 2007 Scottish parliamentary elections, the SNP emerged as the largest party with 47 MSPs and formed a

3477:. The First Minister then appoints their Ministers (now known as Cabinet Secretaries) and junior Ministers, subject to approval by the Parliament. The First Minister, the Ministers (but not 11893: 11613: 8605: 5304:

After thirteen years in opposition, the Conservatives returned to power as part of a coalition agreement with the Liberal Democrats in 2010, going on to form a majority government in 2015.

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was elected to replace her. Murphy was the leader until the general election in 2015 in which he lost his seat in Westminster. After the defeat, he resigned his position and her deputy MSP

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and continuing many of Thatcher's neoliberal policies. This, coupled with the professionalising of the party machine's approach to the media, helped Labour win a historic landslide at the

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The present dispute within the Labour party is likely causing the leftist political coalition to further fragment since the catastrophic result in 2019. Polling generally indicates that

5943:. At their peak they had 58 local councillors. However, the early 2010s saw the BNP's support collapse and became fractured, resulting in them losing all elected representation by 2018. 5019:

The Liberal Party was one of the two dominant parties (along with the Conservatives) from its founding until the 1920s, when it rapidly declined in popularity, and was supplanted on the

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is used to refer only to that part of the British Realm, or sovereign British territory, which is governed directly by the British Government, and not via local subsidiary governments,

5301:(UUP) to select joint candidates for European and House of Commons elections; this angered the DUP as by splitting the Unionist vote, republican parties will be elected in some areas. 4421:

rather than legislative acts. There has been a significant decrease in violence over the last twenty years, though the situation remains tense, with the more hard-line parties such as

6661: 5140:(UUP; who currently hold one seat), and the right-wing unionist Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV; who have one seat), all hold seats in the House of Commons. Sinn Féin has a policy of 5425:(SDP), a move which split Labour and is widely believed to have made the Labour Party unelectable for a decade. The SDP formed an alliance with the Liberal Party which contested the 3966:, who was an MP for a Scottish constituency until the 2015 general election, introduced some laws that only affect England and not his own constituency. This anomaly is known as the 10685: 10121: 8915: 5990:

was founded in 2002 and advocates England having its own parliament. The party's candidate was elected mayor of Doncaster in 2009, before resigning from the party in February 2013.

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became Leader of the Labour Party following Smith's sudden death from a heart attack in 1994. He continued to move the Labour Party towards the "centre" by loosening links with the

5461:, and moderated many of the party's policies. Despite these changes, as well as electoral gains and also due to Kinnock's negative media image, Labour was defeated at the 1987 and 7018: 4896:

elected from "top-up lists." However, no action was taken by the Labour government at the time. There are several groups in the UK campaigning for electoral reform, including the

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gained legislative power over some forms of taxation between 2012 and 2016. Their power over economic issues is significantly constrained by an act of parliament passed in 2020.

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who try to ensure they vote according to party policy. If the government has a large majority, then they are very unlikely to lose enough votes to be unable to pass legislation.

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hard-left "Corbynistas" pushing for radical change duke it out with a more moderate wing more ideologically aligned with Tony Blair, the centrist former Labour prime minister.

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Members of the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru work together as a single parliamentary group following a formal pact signed in 1986. This group currently has 49 MPs.

6798:, but unanimously ruled against the Scottish government's claim in respect of devolution that they had a direct say in the decision to trigger Article 50. Consequently, the 6066:, which contains things that seem to be impossible or too absurd to implement – usually to highlight what they see as real-life absurdities. It is effectively regarded as a 2849:, in the immediate vicinity of the UK, are strictly-speaking subject to the Crown (i.e., the Monarch) but not part of the sovereign territory of the United Kingdom (though 2728:, in which the Conservative Party won an outright majority of seats, 330 of the 650 seats in the House of Commons, while their coalition partners lost all but eight seats. 2641:, whose leadership are formally appointed by the King to act in his name. However, the King may only appoint individuals that are members of and have the confidence of the 12818: 6201:

by forcing the EU to modify the current proposed deal. The move is unprecedented in British politics and caused debate in the media, an attempt to stop it in the Scottish

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in the House of Commons, something which majority governments are expected to be able to do. In exceptional circumstances the monarch asks someone to 'form a government'

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Plaid Cymru has enjoyed parliamentary representation continuously since 1974 and had 4 MPs elected at the 2019 general election, though one was suspended. Following the

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following this election. Nationalism (support for breaking up the UK) has experienced a dramatic rise in popularity in recent years, with a pivotal moment coming at the

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since September 2015. The SNP maintained its position in Scotland, the party was just short of an overall majority at the Scottish parliamentary elections in May 2016.

3412: 3411: 11676: 11651: 4919:. The Conservatives gained the most seats (ending 13 years of Labour government) and the largest percentage of the popular vote but fell 20 seats short of a majority. 3014:, the prime minister, also has weekly meetings with the sovereign, where they may express their feelings, warn, or advise the prime minister in the government's work. 2886: 5736:

was founded in January 2019, with leader Nigel Farage (former retired UKIP leader). It initially had 14 MEPs, all of whom had been elected as members of UKIP. In the

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After winning the largest number of seats and votes in the 2015 general election, the Conservatives under David Cameron, remained ahead of the Labour Party, led by

5274:, Peel's version of the party's underlying outlook was retained by the remaining Tories, who adopted his label of Conservative as the official name of their party. 11633: 11093: 11088: 8156: 6752: 6086: 3962:

which affects only England but MPs from England (or indeed Scotland) cannot vote on matters devolved to the Scottish parliament. Indeed, the former Prime Minister

3830:. This allows it to delay legislation if it does not approve it for twelve months. However, the use of vetoes is limited by convention and by the operation of the 2564: 2440: 1263: 714: 9401: 8889: 8842: 5258:

After becoming associated with repression of popular discontent in the years after 1815, the Tories underwent a fundamental transformation under the influence of

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oppose bishops sitting in the House of Lords. The movement to end the Church of England's status as the official state religion of the United Kingdom is known as

2998:. Though he takes little direct part in government, the Crown remains the fount in which ultimate executive power over government lies. These powers are known as 11681: 10857: 10845: 10833: 10821: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 7205: 7076: 6726: 5936: 5830: 5737: 4931: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 17: 8120: 4451:

The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system due to it being created by the political union of previously independent countries with the terms of the

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The Labour Party won the second-largest number of seats in the House of Commons at the 2019 general election, with 202 seats overall, 60 seats less than 2017.

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2005 general election results by age group: voters for Conservative (blue), Labour (red), Lib Dem (yellow), other parties (green); and those not voting (grey).

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was founded in 2008 and has contested several local elections and parliamentary constituencies. It has no elected representatives at any level of governance.

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which was agreed on 24 December 2020 just days before the end of the transition period. The UK ended the transition period which ended the incorporation of

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became leader of the party and leader of SLP in Holyrood. In 2017 she unexpectedly resigned and was replaced as Scottish Labour leader by the English-born

554: 8709: 4888:(also called alternative vote plus or AV+) in parliamentary elections. Under this proposal, most MPs would be directly elected from constituencies by the 12200: 12165: 12155: 10973: 10716: 4938:

on whether to change parliamentary elections from first-past-the-post to AV. Electoral reform was a major priority for the Liberal Democrats, who favour

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journalist, stood as an anti-corruption independent candidate, and the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties withdrew their candidates from the election.

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and that there would still be "ample time" for debate before Brexit happens. Opponents believed that parliament had been suspended to force through a

12558: 11873: 11666: 7071: 6631: 5846: 5610:

The Liberal Democrats are a party with policies on constitutional and political reforms, including changing the voting system for general elections (

4405:

The Assembly has authority to legislate in a field of competences known as "transferred matters". These matters are not explicitly enumerated in the

3610:. There are also devolved Scottish and Welsh parliaments and a devolved assembly in Northern Ireland, with varying degrees of legislative authority. 3139: 2137: 2133: 1284: 9674: 3826:

The House of Lords currently acts to review legislation initiated by the House of Commons, with the power to propose amendments, and can exercise a

12160: 11721: 11005: 10953: 10245: 10107: 7448: 7217: 6993: 6921: 5177:. Others have had their whip revoked or have resigned from their political party. Six independent MPs were elected at the 2024 UK general election. 5166: 3698: 1403: 456: 9810: 8943: 8332: 5377:, who became Leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, made a fundamental change to Conservative policies, turning the Conservative Party into an 3724:

or 'confidence and supply' arrangement. This option is only ever taken at a time of national emergency, such as war-time. It was given in 1916 to

3416: 12150: 11578: 10130: 9242: 7028: 6741: 5611: 4952: 4935: 4638: 2389: 1258: 699: 100: 8816: 12446: 12257: 11773: 10867: 10850: 10838: 10826: 10709: 10630: 8654: 7211: 7065: 4988:

movement or party, which began in 1678. Today it is still colloquially referred to as the Tory Party and members/supporters are referred to as

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resigned from his peerages days after becoming prime minister in 1963, and the last prime minister before him from the Lords left in 1902 (the

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for the central core of the Civil Service. This is because most Government Departments have headquarters in and around the former Royal Palace

1624: 709: 6055:, launched in March 2009 and described as a "non-party party", is an umbrella organisation seeking to increase the number of independent MPs. 3913:

to exercise certain constitutionally guaranteed and defined functions and cannot be unilaterally abolished by acts of the central parliament.

12222: 11868: 11646: 9085: 7453: 7193: 7178: 7172: 5654: 5277:

The Conservatives were in government for eighteen years between 1979 and 1997, under the leadership of the first-ever female prime minister,

4916: 4871: 4430: 3990: 2365: 2067: 1447: 963: 883: 299: 3958:, including all five Cornish MPs. England is therefore governed according to the balance of parties across the whole of the United Kingdom. 13082: 12553: 12332: 11936: 11151: 10387: 10037: 9136: 7393: 5874:

was a political party formed and disbanded in 2019. It had five MPs, four of whom were elected as Labour MPs, and one as Conservative MPs.

5312:. The Conservative Party is the only party in the history of the United Kingdom to have been governed by a female prime minister. In 2019, 3368: 3164: 2830: 2557: 2420: 2115: 2042: 2011: 968: 878: 9111: 8086: 6301:

was passed. The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020 at 11 p.m. GMT and entered a transition period, set to finish on 31 December 2020.

5324:, as attested to by the party's full name, the Conservative and Unionist Party. This resulted in the merger between the Conservatives and 5222:

The Conservative Party can trace its origin back to 1662, with the Court Party and the Country Party being formed in the aftermath of the

4101:

was on 12 May 1999. The parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of its roles is to hold the

3364: 12498: 12309: 10983: 7383: 7235: 6963: 6649: 4275: 4267: 3354: 3260: 2924: 2754:

and Northern Ireland each possess a legislature and executive, with devolution in Northern Ireland being conditional on participation in

2385: 2172: 1794: 719: 320: 9644: 12508: 12451: 11983: 11926: 7229: 6103: 5928: 5496:

party, a process which delivered three general election victories but alienated some of its core base; leading to the formation of the

3417: 2337: 1600: 648: 110: 5148:(UUP), Alliance Party and the SDLP are considered the five major political parties in Northern Ireland, holding the most seats in the 12847: 11741: 10963: 10771: 10766: 10761: 7511: 7506: 6983: 6846: 6261: 5706: 4151: 3690: 2865:

logically refers to a local government area, though the national government performs the role of local government within that area).

2312: 2297: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 469: 9346: 7682: 3413: 3397: 12493: 12352: 12304: 11015: 7493: 7403: 7284: 7059: 6123: 5842: 5787: 4686: 4263: 4072: 3982: 3365: 3199: 2282: 2277: 1746: 1324: 729: 4981:

has the second largest party membership, but a smaller number of MPs as it only fields candidates for constituencies in Scotland.

115: 13117: 12074: 11883: 11714: 9857: 8023:"The Anglo-British imaginary and the rebuilding of the UK's territorial constitution after Brexit: unitary state or union state?" 7423: 7398: 7033: 6764: 5619: 4480: 4395: 4351: 3434: 3409: 2763: 2758:. The British government remains responsible for non-devolved matters and, in the case of Northern Ireland, co-operates with the 2550: 2108: 1775: 1688: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 191: 45: 9019: 9001: 8768: 3686:, there are currently 11 independent MPs, who have either chosen to leave their political party or have had the whip withdrawn. 12835: 12409: 12138: 12106: 11946: 11931: 11921: 11746: 11736: 11726: 11699: 10600: 10148: 7223: 6609: 5354: 4765: 4694: 4690: 3641: 3603: 3143: 2646: 2317: 2302: 2215: 2180: 2157: 2085: 1656: 1638: 738: 641: 493: 440: 10018:

Prospect Magazine – UK based political magazine focussing on British and international politics, cultural essays and arguments

7651: 5207:, returning 330 MPs, enough for an overall majority, and went on to form the first Conservative majority government since the 2537: 12528: 12101: 7082: 7008: 4190: 3659: 3655: 3532: 3392: 3383: 3378: 3358: 3355: 3240: 2791: 2759: 2500: 2430: 2342: 2332: 2322: 2267: 2185: 2075: 1583: 498: 431: 10005: 12395: 12217: 11878: 11851: 11062: 10756: 10732: 8423: 8248: 7433: 6779: 6756: 6657: 6625: 6267: 6185: 5940: 5826: 5517: 5485: 5462: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5382: 5370: 5294: 5289: 5208: 5204: 5186: 5182: 5155: 5060: 5056: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5000:(SDP), a right-wing Labour breakaway movement formed in 1981. The Liberals and SDP had contested elections together as the 4904: 4867: 4859: 4532: 3705: 3683: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3414: 3302: 3256: 3215: 3146:

most likely to be able to form a Government with the support of that House. In practice, this means that the leader of the

3135: 3003: 2878: 2725: 2620: 2350: 2237: 2227: 2190: 2150: 2120: 2095: 2057: 1819: 1739: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 561: 294: 9771: 9591: 7864:

Keating, Michael (2 February 2021). "Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom".

5308:

resigned as prime minister in July 2016, which resulted in the appointment of the country's second female prime minister,

4911:(no single party was able to command a majority in the House of Commons). This was only the second general election since 3415: 3390: 3385: 3359: 12568: 12513: 12456: 12375: 12319: 12287: 12121: 11806: 11571: 11279: 10701: 9955: 8055: 7919: 7043: 6787: 6760: 6059: 6006: 5969: 5768: 5760: 4544: 4472: 4382:. The Assembly is based on the principle of power-sharing, in order to ensure that both communities in Northern Ireland, 3850: 3294: 2977: 2327: 2292: 2287: 2247: 2232: 2222: 2205: 2200: 2195: 1472: 538: 260: 230: 201: 61: 9873: 8372: 7839: 6165:

won the leadership of the conservative party following the resignation of May. He became the prime minister by default.

5488:, after eighteen consecutive years of Conservative rule. Some observers say the Labour Party had by then morphed from a 3410: 3394: 12543: 12523: 12466: 12431: 12079: 12047: 12011: 11209: 10475: 10463: 10221: 10215: 10139: 9883: 7418: 7373: 7104: 6973: 6890: 5684: 5466: 5133: 5129: 4743: 4068: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3361: 2822: 2783: 2307: 2272: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2242: 2210: 1799: 529: 364: 71: 5825:. UKIP had become an emerging alternative party among some voters, gaining the third-largest share of the vote in the 12538: 12436: 12091: 12084: 11951: 11916: 11901: 11801: 9549: 7866: 7478: 7289: 7038: 7023: 6988: 6936: 6916: 6826: 6687: 6686:(EU) that it evolved into; British citizens, and other EU citizens resident in the UK, between 1979 and 2019 elected 6173: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5878: 5853: 5579: 5074: 4777: 4773: 4664: 4414: 4155: 4147: 3406: 3404: 3381: 2167: 1725: 1334: 1329: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 682: 591: 518: 105: 8742: 4646: 3398: 3396: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3362: 3360: 12623: 12175: 12133: 12057: 12052: 11956: 11834: 11144: 10560: 10301: 10203: 7521: 7428: 7378: 7088: 6834: 6768: 6488: 6331: 5998: 5718: 5623: 5470: 4326: 4322: 4302: 4060: 3869: 3619: 3516: 3466: 3401: 3348: 3282: 3156: 3129: 3002:

and can be used for a vast amount of things, such as the issue or withdrawal of passports, to the dismissal of the

2934: 2874: 2642: 1751: 1551: 1546: 1277: 372: 252: 186: 167: 3886:

has an assembly. Each can have its powers broadened, narrowed or changed by an act of the UK Parliament. Both the

3407: 3375: 12686: 12503: 12441: 12367: 12062: 11911: 11858: 11821: 11786: 11760: 11661: 10781: 10742: 10046: 10020: 9566:"United Kingdom Independence Party Limited (a company limited by guarantee) report and accounts 31 December 2020" 7488: 7363: 7247: 7138: 7053: 6968: 6099: 5893: 5618:– funding for schools directed at the poorest students to give them an equal chance in life. They also supported 5235: 5005: 4970: 4606: 3647: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3252: 2755: 2709: 2628: 2435: 678: 660: 627: 5036:

gained 64 seats and are, once again, the third-largest party in the House of Commons, with a total of 72 seats.

2684:

2023 the 22nd most electorally democratic in the world. Since the 1920s, the two dominant parties have been the

12633: 12421: 12347: 12242: 12195: 12111: 11991: 11781: 11564: 11545: 11229: 8292: 8164: 7975: 7458: 7408: 7151: 6311:

In October 2020, Corbyn was suspended from the Labour Party over his comments about antisemitism. According to

6214: 5783: 5641:. After the 2015 elections, the conservative government continued with a single party rather than a coalition. 5008:

movement or party (which began at the same time as the Tory Party and was its historical rival) as well as the

4985: 4642: 3974: 3846: 3629: 3486: 3405: 3402: 3317: 2971: 2930: 2739: 2608: 1971: 1684: 1652: 1516: 1314: 1294: 395: 222: 141: 128: 9453: 9168: 6197:

and prevent parliament from being able to thwart the government's plan. Others argued that it facilitated the

5599:

The Liberal Democrats won the fourth largest number of seats at the 2019 general election, returning 11 MPs.

3399: 3369: 13075: 12842: 12648: 12578: 12548: 12518: 12483: 12385: 12357: 12275: 12183: 12067: 11846: 11596: 11504: 11254: 10161: 9920: 9900: 7269: 5932: 5513: 5144:

and their MPs refuse to take their seats in Parliament, and have done so since 1918. The DUP, Sinn Féin, the

4769: 3831: 3248: 3219: 3160: 2513: 1760: 1521: 268: 5230:, a name that has stuck despite the official name being 'Conservative'. The term "Tory" originates from the 4410:

future date. Health, criminal law and education are "transferred" while royal relations are all "excepted".

3408: 12961: 12885: 12857: 12803: 12606: 12596: 12533: 12488: 12461: 12314: 12299: 11996: 11971: 11906: 11796: 11426: 10590: 9995: 9772:"Brexit Day recap: Article 50 officially triggered on historic day as Theresa May warns: 'No turning back'" 8974: 8038: 7800: 7756: 7551: 7541: 7348: 6998: 6617: 6026: 6010: 5422: 5114:). The exception being one MP as of the 2024 UK general election who is an independent. The right-wing and 4997: 4754: 4442: 4390:, participate in governing the region. It has power to legislate in a wide range of areas and to elect the 4330: 4318: 4310: 4298: 4016: 3905:

system, in which sub-parliaments or state parliaments and assemblies have a clearly defined constitutional

3755: 3512: 2854: 2495: 2355: 1939: 1838: 1768: 1755: 1731: 1562: 1557: 9944: 7628: 4455:

guaranteeing the continued existence of Scotland's separate legal system. Today the UK has three distinct

12852: 12830: 12798: 12793: 12775: 12716: 12638: 12628: 12563: 12426: 12390: 12188: 11966: 11605: 11519: 11471: 11341: 11336: 11137: 9910: 9678: 9512: 9371: 7536: 7048: 7013: 6613: 6298: 6181: 5994: 5634: 5497: 5282: 4939: 4923: 4839: 4528: 4379: 4283: 3935: 3917: 3403: 3105: 3011: 2916: 2405: 1965: 1824: 1631: 665: 596: 273: 134: 10078: 9801: 9565: 6236: 5790:

constituency in 2001 on a platform opposing the closure of Kidderminster hospital. He later established

5393:. For all of the 1980s and most of the 1990s, Conservative governments under Thatcher and her successor 3461:. In the 2024–25 financial year, its annual budget was almost £60 billion. The government is led by the 3190:), the executive (called "the government") is drawn from and is answerable to Parliament – a successful 2712:

tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a

12912: 12813: 12653: 11045: 10580: 10487: 10375: 10227: 10030:

British Politics – the only academic journal devoted purely to the study of political issues in Britain

8916:"Phillip Lee quits Tories: Boris Johnson loses working majority after Bracknell MP defects to Lib Dems" 7561: 7546: 7274: 6900: 6387:

The table below details the membership numbers of political parties that have more than 5,000 members.

6239:

of the house to join the Liberal Democrats. This meant that the combined votes of the Conservative and

6002: 5772: 5680: 5575: 4506: 4464: 4391: 4197: 4143: 3985:

in 1998, but further plans were abandoned following rejection of a proposal for an elected assembly in

3548: 3462: 3117: 2845:. The United Kingdom is also responsible for several dependencies, which fall into two categories: the 2526: 1844: 1493: 1437: 1289: 655: 606: 30: 9057:"POLITICO Poll of Polls – British polls, trends and election news for the United Kingdom and Scotland" 3017:

According to the uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom, the monarch has the following powers:

13048: 12808: 12613: 12586: 12096: 11976: 11476: 11301: 11078: 10666: 10640: 10610: 10457: 10442: 10289: 10191: 9840:"Questions and Answers on the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020" 9839: 9039:"Former British Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn suspended over comments about anti-Semitism report" 8944:"PBrexit vote result: Boris Johnson demands election after rebel MPs seize control of Commons agenda" 7531: 7526: 7279: 6621: 6504: 6240: 6155: 6139: 5965: 5897: 5822: 5660: 5536: 5216: 5149: 5118: 5004:

for seven years previously. The modern Liberal Party had been founded in 1859 as an outgrowth of the

4851: 4739: 4705: 4446: 4426: 4406: 4371: 4359: 4342: 4250:

with power to make legislation and vary taxes. The Parliament comprises 60 members, who are known as

4031: 3595: 3579: 3556:

have powers closer to those already devolved to Scotland. The Northern Ireland Executive is led by a

3553: 3195: 2670: 2375: 2370: 1829: 1812: 1789: 1709: 1698: 1442: 1398: 575: 8664: 8557: 8463: 6786:, announced that Article 50 would be invoked by "the first quarter of 2017". On 24 January 2017 the 5361:

Following two brief spells in minority governments in 1924 and 1929–1931, the party was part of the

4475:

come into being in October 2009 that took on the appeal functions of the Appellate Committee of the

12946: 12476: 12116: 11863: 11481: 11443: 11039: 10645: 10615: 10605: 10570: 10537: 8437: 7556: 7468: 7294: 6926: 6875: 6233: 6111: 6014: 5958: 5947: 5904: 5838: 5001: 4897: 4893: 4731: 4712: 4627: 4586: 4574: 4375: 4084: 3925: 3921: 3816: 3792: 3306: 3286: 2906: 2048: 1780: 1319: 546: 174: 146: 6229: 3950:, which had hitherto been considered the region most in favour of the idea, with the exception of 3775:. It is currently midway through extensive reforms, the most recent of these being enacted in the 13091: 13004: 12825: 12760: 12471: 12128: 11401: 10499: 10425: 10351: 10265: 10179: 10167: 8127: 8090: 7985: 7116: 6958: 6895: 6745: 6675: 6471: 6423: 6372: 6271: 6037: 5748: 5548: 5501: 5198: 5040: 4978: 4965:

Since the 1920s the two main political parties in the UK, in terms of the number of seats in the

4885: 4881: 4846:) trailed far behind in the number of seats, although this changed in the 2015 general election. 4831: 4631: 4271: 4133: 4117:. A degree of domestic authority, and all foreign policy, remains with the British Parliament in 4080: 3776: 3524: 2826: 2771: 2685: 2681: 2601: 2590: 2415: 1672: 1643: 1577: 1452: 478: 6245: 6217:. It was reported by many media sources that the move takes the UK one more step towards a full 5531:" branding and won the 1997 election with an overall landslide victory. Under "New Labour", the 5251:. They sought to bring about a more equal society, and are considered by modern standards to be 4289: 3511:

have more limited powers than those devolved to Scotland, although following the passing of the

2724:

held office from 2010 until 2015, the first coalition since 1945. The coalition ended following

12941: 12006: 11371: 11331: 11311: 11291: 11194: 10431: 10357: 10283: 10239: 10173: 9056: 8094: 7264: 7253: 6880: 6858: 6772: 6304:

In January 2020, the Labour Party began the process of electing a new leader. On 4 April 2020,

6094: 5980: 5973: 5924: 5594: 5362: 5329: 5223: 5162: 5059:

had 48 MPs in the House of Commons. This number was significantly reduced to just 9 MPs in the

3946:

government have stalled, following a poorly received referendum on devolved government for the

3737: 3662:(MP) to the House of Commons at general elections and, if required, at by-elections. As of the 2902: 2762:. Devolution of executive and legislative powers may have contributed to increased support for 2717: 2713: 1977: 1356: 634: 214: 9539: 5043:

was the third-largest party. They gained 56 seats in 2015. Founded in 1934, the SNP advocates

4325:

on 3 March 2011, making it possible for it to legislate without having to consult the British

3838:). Persistent use of the veto can also be overturned by the Commons, under a provision of the 13096: 12936: 12892: 12755: 12341: 11509: 11306: 10635: 10469: 10295: 10233: 9722: 9652: 8609: 7708: 7334: 7110: 6931: 6722: 6590: 6439: 6368: 6353: 6222: 6210: 5814: 5676: 5532: 5474: 5298: 5212: 5145: 5137: 5044: 4874:– a party that came in second in the popular vote came out with the largest number of seats. 4536: 4367: 4251: 4118: 4106: 4011: 3967: 3947: 3939: 3857: 3712:. The monarch normally asks a person commissioned to form a government simply whether it can 3634: 3458: 3450: 3438: 3312:

Implementation of the Minister's decisions is carried out by a permanent politically neutral

3191: 3168: 3152: 2920: 2767: 2480: 2360: 1948: 1864: 1309: 5106:, 17 of 18 MPs are from parties that only contest elections in Northern Ireland (except for 12956: 12897: 12862: 12750: 12723: 12234: 11529: 11514: 11461: 11431: 11386: 11381: 11356: 11214: 10565: 10525: 10493: 10481: 9985: 9486: 8450: 7774: 7353: 7098: 6718: 6671: 6653: 5920:

it lost all of its MSPs but remains politically active and continues to contest elections.

5489: 5390: 5378: 5248: 5211:. The Conservatives won only 318 seats at the 2017 general election, but went on to form a 5181:

After two years of being a minority government, the Conservatives gained a majority in the

4496: 3835: 3804: 3721: 3575: 3298: 3183: 3054: 2938: 2732: 2697: 1704: 1694: 1430: 1235: 1230: 181: 11499: 10731: 10099: 9513:"ALBA PARTY Annual Report and Statement of Accounts for the year ended 31st December 2022" 9482: 8396: 6809:

Invocation of Article 50 by the United Kingdom government occurred on 29 March 2017, when

6062:(OMRLP) was founded in 1983. The OMRLP are distinguished by having a deliberately bizarre 5047:

and has had continuous representation in Parliament since 1967. The SNP currently leads a

4943:

resulted in the Conservatives' favour, and the first-past-the-post system was maintained.

8: 13033: 12951: 12929: 12924: 12907: 12902: 12880: 12770: 12728: 11421: 11411: 11361: 11321: 11274: 11269: 11259: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11219: 11204: 11199: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 10595: 10413: 10342: 8843:"Boris Johnson: MPs will have 'ample' time to debate Brexit despite Parliament shut down" 8339: 8222: 8208: 8034: 7875: 7343: 6691: 6313: 6198: 5886: 5818: 5567: 5239: 5122: 5115: 5111: 5096: 5052: 5048: 4716: 4682: 4383: 4314: 4162:

This election result prompted the leader of the three main opposition parties to resign.

4102: 4052: 4040: 4020: 4006: 3887: 3839: 3564: 3520: 3470: 3428: 3321: 3290: 3109: 2942: 2882: 2803: 2787: 2775: 2705: 2701: 2662: 2605: 2090: 1897: 1667: 1606: 1511: 1506: 1467: 1416: 196: 83: 9154: 8318: 6180:. Although this measure is common for incoming governments to allow time to prepare the 5434:

The SDP eventually merged with the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Democrats in 1988.

3938:. However, senior politicians of all main parties have voiced concerns in regard to the 2841:, has been adopted by other countries, especially those that were formerly parts of the 13028: 12984: 12765: 12743: 12738: 12706: 12618: 11791: 11524: 11466: 11406: 11396: 11376: 11366: 11351: 11346: 11326: 11296: 11264: 11249: 11224: 11160: 10665:

candidates stand jointly with the Labour Party. 5 independent MPs work together in the

10662: 10531: 9224: 7980: 7949: 7897: 6850: 6520: 6177: 5889:

and are the junior partner in the SNP/Green coalition. They also 35 local councillors.

5668: 5604: 5509: 5505: 5325: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5020: 4993: 4992:. The Liberal Democrats (or "Lib Dems") were founded in 1988 by an amalgamation of the 4809: 4800: 4788: 4413:

While the Assembly was in suspension, due to issues involving the main parties and the

4110: 3994: 3986: 3796: 3729: 3591: 3325: 3235: 3187: 2912: 2898: 2846: 2838: 2815: 2693: 2677: 2638: 2631: 1921: 1857: 1804: 1647: 1371: 601: 380: 93: 3142:, guided by the strict convention that the Prime Minister should be the member of the 3057:(though capital punishment is abolished, this power is still used to change sentences) 13043: 12989: 12591: 11436: 11391: 11316: 11286: 11033: 10585: 10277: 10157: 9700: 9545: 8772: 8717: 8186: 7953: 7901: 7463: 7358: 7299: 7145: 6906: 6795: 6407: 6283: 6249: 5987: 5861: 5493: 5450: 5374: 5345: 5278: 5126: 5084: 4974: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4792: 4761: 4698: 4502: 4418: 4387: 4355: 4347: 4279: 4091: 3788: 3733: 3694: 3490: 3442: 3202:. In practice, members of parliament of all major parties are strictly controlled by 3163:

and approximately 100 ministers in total comprise the government. In accordance with

3045: 2999: 2807: 2795: 2689: 2637:

Under the United Kingdom's parliamentary system, executive power is exercised by the

2594: 1834: 1486: 1482: 1477: 332: 311: 285: 159: 9936:(Jan 1960) 10#1 pp 3–13. A survey of political oratory in Britain from 1730 to 1960. 8890:"'Boris the dictator': How Europe's newspapers reported on suspension of parliament" 7581: 6740:, signed in December 2007. This was despite the Labour government promising in 2004 5968:(WEP) was founded in 2015. The party gained its first elected representation in the 13038: 13021: 13016: 12999: 12979: 12785: 11638: 11025: 9862: 9426: 9319: 8659: 8042: 7989: 7939: 7887: 7879: 7388: 6854: 6737: 6371:" ranking 18th worldwide with an overall score of 8.28 out of a maximum of 10. The 6339: 6202: 6131: 6067: 5834: 5833:. In 2014 UKIP gained its first ever MP following the defection and re-election of 5672: 5321: 5231: 5103: 4966: 4889: 4877: 4835: 4750: 4735: 4582: 4556: 3955: 3902: 3883: 3808: 3800: 3709: 3502: 3478: 3113: 2987: 2946: 2736: 2612: 2145: 2033: 2025: 2004: 1988: 1590: 1541: 1391: 1381: 351: 281: 9748: 9402:"Women's Equality party runs consultation on self-identification for trans people" 8867: 8631: 8504: 8270: 8047: 8022: 7883: 7821:

The formal request from the monarch is either to (a) form a government capable of

6308:

was elected leader of the Labour Party with 56.2% of the vote in the first round.

5976:. The party has no other elected representation at any other level of governance. 4957: 3328:, which are separate operational organisations reporting to Departments of State. 2794:

44.7% of voters voted for independence versus 55.3% against. In Northern Ireland,

12711: 12601: 12292: 12252: 10669: 10650: 10510: 10369: 10363: 10331: 10082: 10058: 10041: 10024: 9538:

Denver, David; Fisher, Justin; Ludlam, Steve; Pattie, Charles (18 October 2013).

7935: 7320: 6885: 6600:, then known as The Brexit Party, claimed to have 115,000 registered supporters. 6552: 6364: 6357: 6348: 6343: 6030: 6022: 5882: 5865: 5726: 5386: 5333: 4984:

The modern day Conservative Party was founded in 1834 and is an outgrowth of the

4908: 4855: 4827: 4796: 4724: 4518: 4452: 4210: 3978: 3943: 3827: 3772: 3679: 3244: 3203: 3147: 3097: 2983: 2892: 1916: 1714: 1361: 1343: 619: 242: 88: 9825: 9210: 8794: 8686: 8121:

Briefing Paper. United Kingdom Internal Market Bill: Implications for Devolution

7607: 12324: 12205: 12143: 11704: 11587: 10256: 8528:"George Galloway defeated by Labour's Naz Shah as tactics backfire in Bradford" 8116: 8082: 8070: 8018: 7161: 6830: 6810: 6683: 6194: 6135: 6045: 6041: 5791: 5722: 4476: 4456: 4374:. The Assembly is a unicameral body consisting of 90 members elected under the 4255: 4171: 4129: 4064: 3785: 3780: 3749: 3651: 3607: 3176: 2995: 2842: 2650: 2586: 2462: 1982: 1677: 1570: 1566: 410: 10063: 7944: 7923: 7242:

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

6048:, which controlled a single seat in the British Parliament from 2001 to 2010. 5247:

were a group of more extreme reformists who were also heavily involved in the

3433:

The Scottish Government is responsible for all issues that are not explicitly

3263:. Cabinet meetings are typically held weekly, while Parliament is in session. 3035:

The power to grant or refuse Royal Assent to bills (making them valid and law)

13111: 12380: 11941: 11839: 11829: 11628: 11623: 10673: 10620: 10575: 10519: 9086:"Which policy motions are being backed by groups for Labour conference 2021?" 8721: 8078: 7829:

a majority in the Commons, which by implication requires a majority behind it

7473: 6941: 6802:

empowering the prime minister to invoke Article 50 was passed and enacted by

6794:

by a majority that the process could not be initiated without an authorising

6279: 6275: 6162: 6079: 6018: 5630: 5615: 5398: 5313: 5305: 5244: 5170: 5141: 5009: 4927: 4590: 4523: 4206: 4183: 4175: 4167: 3898: 3823:

in which the state purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion.

3820: 3720:

which in the event of no party having a majority requires the formation of a

3675: 3482: 3064: 2991: 2616: 2598: 461: 418: 328: 10069: 8975:"Full list of 21 Tory rebels losing the whip in brutal no-deal Brexit purge" 5560:

At the 2019 general election, the SNP won 48 seats, a net gain of 13 seats.

5557:

At the 2017 general election, the SNP won 35 seats, a net loss of 21 seats.

4559:

and any decision it makes is binding on every other court in the hierarchy.

4105:

to account. The "devolved matters" over which it has responsibility include

3834:: the Lords may not veto the "money bills" or major manifesto promises (see 12247: 11618: 10407: 10313: 10271: 8074: 7971: 7413: 7368: 6945: 6803: 6751:

On 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a

6707: 6679: 6305: 6218: 6169: 6107: 5951: 5771:

following a "sleaze" scandal involving the-then incumbent Conservative MP,

5733: 5571: 5563:

At the 2024 general election, the SNP won 9 seats, a net loss of 38 seats.

5446: 5442: 5417: 5369:. When the war ended the Labour Party won a landslide victory at the 1945 " 5366: 5317:

the election the Tories returned with a majority government under Johnson.

5092: 4912: 4863: 4366:

The government of Northern Ireland was established as a result of the 1998

4306: 4179: 4139: 3963: 3856:

The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom replaced the House of Lords as the

3812: 3764: 3536: 3446: 3313: 2743: 2624: 2018: 1721: 1499: 426: 307: 11556: 10451: 10185: 7993: 6168:

In August 2019, Prime Minister Boris Johnson requested the monarch, Queen

5107: 4593:

provide a local court service with 49 Sheriff courts organised across six

4422: 4321:. Its primary law-making powers were enhanced following a Yes vote in the 3704:

One party usually has a majority in parliament, because of the use of the

3568: 2799: 12733: 12663: 10419: 10307: 10209: 9112:"Momentum to campaign at conference for elected Labour general secretary" 8746: 8478: 7483: 6822: 6818: 6783: 6536: 6147: 5756: 5700: 5664: 5663:(DUP) had 5 MPs elected at the 2024 general election. Founded in 1971 by 5481: 5410: 5402: 5320:

Historically, the party has been the mainland party most pre-occupied by

5309: 5259: 5080: 4843: 4540: 4492: 4460: 4243: 4214: 4098: 3973:

The policy of the British Government in England was to establish elected

3474: 3101: 2811: 2696:

was the other major political party, along with the Conservatives. While

2654: 1907: 1366: 523: 474: 402: 236: 153: 78: 7314: 4531:

are headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the

10381: 10087: 10029: 6733: 6699: 6568: 6360:

voters in particular being favourable to the prospect of independence.

6287: 6206: 6119: 5638: 5528: 5524: 5477: 5406: 5394: 5285: 4594: 4510: 4202: 4136:(SNP) became the largest party in the Scottish Parliament by one seat. 4044: 3761: 3155:

which make up the Government and act as political heads of the various

2658: 1999: 1784: 1349: 10017: 9865:; short scholarly biographies of all the major people who died by 2009 9188:"Our politics is bursting with life – it's the parties that are dying" 7892: 7775:"Scottish Budget 2024 to 2025: Your Scotland, Your Finances - a guide" 7444:

List of elected British politicians who have changed party affiliation

7189:

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

7184:

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

4819:

Elections and political parties in the United Kingdom are affected by

4547:

is the highest court in the land for both criminal and civil cases in

4142:(leader of SNP between 2004 and 2014) made history becoming the first 4083:("first past the post") system, with a further 56 returned from eight 3811:), and the 21 next-most senior bishops. Secular organisations such as 3594:

is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom (i.e., there is

2577: 448: 13011: 12919: 11129: 10998: 10625: 10543: 10197: 9619:"Nigel Farage: Brexit party is ready to fight every Westminster seat" 8710:"Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley voted joint Green party leaders" 6597: 6455: 6063: 6052: 5871: 5857: 5821:

as well as a number of local councillors. UKIP also had a MLA in the

5741: 5454: 5262:, himself an industrialist rather than a landowner, who in his 1834 " 5252: 5070: 4568: 4468: 4163: 4114: 4056: 4024: 3768: 3725: 3599: 3454: 3336: 1993: 1611: 1526: 386: 10672:. Sinn Féin have elected members and offices at Westminster, but as 8296: 7683:"How the independence referendum energised devolution around the UK" 6815:

Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union

5039:

From the 2015 general election until the 2024 general election, the

4616: 3598:), and government is drawn from and answerable to it. Parliament is 2953:

The Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities (EC)

12872: 9595: 6695: 6118:

who eight days later withdrew from the leadership race, to support

5764: 5458: 4578: 4240: 4095: 4048: 3951: 3875: 3159:. About twenty of the most senior government ministers make up the 2747: 2508: 1954: 1879: 1874: 1460: 9880:

The Oxford Handbook of Modern British Political History, 1800–2000

9347:"Exclusive: SNP membership numbers fall again, new figures reveal" 9137:"Majority of UK Labour Party members support indyref2, poll finds" 6662:

Lists of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom

5527:'s election as leader of Labour, the part was reformed under the " 4838:. The UK, like several other states, has sometimes been called a " 4834:, such as first-past-the-post, tend to lead to the development of 12698: 9498: 8409: 7730: 6291: 5013: 4548: 4399: 3931: 3557: 3332: 3305:), or responsibilities that mainly focus on England (such as the 3172: 2834: 2490: 1960: 1302: 9243:"Labour membership falls by 23,000 over Gaza and green policies" 9000:

Walker, Peter; Murphy, Simon; Brooks, Libby (13 December 2019).

7019:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

6706:

powers. Opponents of greater European integration are known as "

4517:

sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of

3993:

in 2004. Unelected regional assemblies remain in place in eight

3874:

Though the British parliament remains the sovereign parliament,

3779:. The house consists of two very different types of member, the 3666:

there are 650 constituencies (there were 646 before that year's

3225:

and formulating government policy. The Prime Minister being the

12994: 11098: 10398: 8868:"Sir John Major joins court case to stop Parliament suspension" 8333:"Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom" 7259: 7156: 6817:, formally delivered by hand a letter signed by Prime Minister 6665: 6190: 5798:

In the 2024 UK general election six independents were elected.

5227: 5088: 5028:, when they lost 49 of their 57 seats. They lost 1 seat in the 4781: 4720: 4226: 4075:

system. As a result, 73 MSPs represent individual geographical

3891: 3508: 3489:

are the Members of the 'Scottish Executive', as set out in the

3266: 2958: 2704:

have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the

2666: 2395: 1595: 10075: 9293: 9002:"Jo Swinson quits as Lib Dem leader after losing her own seat" 8351:, Department for Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved 22 May 2006 7439:

List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use

5203:

The Conservative Party won the largest number of seats at the

4880:

for parliamentary elections has been proposed many times. The

3353: 12971: 10035:

Directgov, main entry point for citizens to the UK government

7652:"UK election results – what does it all mean? As it happened" 7093: 6640:

The UK is divided into a complex system of local governance.

6375:

ranked United Kingdom 22nd worldwide on electoral democracy.

6116:

Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills

5238:

were those who supported the exclusion of the Roman Catholic

4552: 4514: 4513:

principles. The essence of common-law is that law is made by

4313:

were transferred to it. The Senedd had no powers to initiate

4247: 4239:

The Senedd (formerly the National Assembly for Wales) is the

4071:, or MSPs. Members are elected for four-year terms under the 4059:. The Parliament, informally referred to as "Holyrood" (cf. " 3879: 2751: 2521: 1534: 10053: 10034: 8479:"Green Party: Co-leaders hail highest number of councillors" 8438:"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 - House of Commons Library" 8236: 6126:. This was won by Jeremy Corbyn with an increased majority. 6033:

existed from 2009 to 2020, before being relaunched in 2023.

5829:

and the largest share of the vote of any party (27%) in the

5132:(SDLP) (who currently hold two), the centrist non-sectarian 5110:, which contests elections in both Northern Ireland and the 4812:(receiving more votes than any other candidate), but not an 3901:

with a devolved system of government. This contrasts with a

3860:

on civil cases within the United Kingdom on 1 October 2009.

3740:(the legislative programme proposed by the new government). 3473:

nominates a Member to be appointed as First Minister by the

2895:

agreed by commissioners for each parliament on 22 July 1706.

2837:

and other elements. This system of government, known as the

2401:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

10129: 10093: 10072:

The London School of Economics' UK politics and policy blog

9952:

The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Twentieth Century

9749:"Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March" 6911: 6868: 6711: 6143: 5907:(SSP) won its first seat in the Scottish Parliament in the 5688: 5626:

threshold to £10,000, a pre-election manifesto commitment.

5449:

as party leader. Kinnock progressively expelled members of

4182:, leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats was replaced by 3493:. They are collectively known as "the Scottish Ministers". 3285:

known mainly, though not exclusively as departments, e.g.,

3041:

The power to command the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom

2779: 2764:

independence in the constituent parts of the United Kingdom

2452: 1885: 10096:

Interviews and resources about women politicians in the UK

10002:

The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics

9878:

Brown, David, Robert Crowcroft, and Gordon Pentland, eds.

9020:"Leadership and Deputy Leadership election 2020 – Results" 8632:"Doncaster mayor quits English Democrats 'because of BNP'" 8581:"As the BNP vanishes, do the forces that built it remain?" 8453:

Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 August 2008

5353:

The history of the Labour Party goes back to 1900, when a

3324:. The majority of the civil service staff in fact work in 3281:

The Government of the United Kingdom contains a number of

3100:

in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign, King

9941:

The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945

9320:"I'm giving up ownership of Reform UK, says Nigel Farage" 9225:"Parliament UK – Membership of British Political Parties" 7924:"Intergovernmental Relations and the Crisis of the Union" 7582:"two-party system | Features, Advantages, & Problems" 6862: 6841: 6636:

Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom

5961:

has 24 out of the 45 seats in the Tower Hamlets council.

5776: 5297:. In 2008, the Conservative Party formed a pact with the 5136:(who currently hold one seat), the centre-right unionist 5121:(DUP) (who currently hold five seats), the left-wing and 4231: 3981:

was the first of these, established in 2000, following a

2457: 9909:(2003), historical encyclopedia; 4000 entries in 1046pp 9537: 9483:"Scottish Greens state their membership stands at 7,646" 9452:

Burton, Matthew; Tunnicliffe, Richard (30 August 2022).

8817:"What is prorogation and why is Boris Johnson using it?" 8505:"Brexit: Tears and relief as the UK's MEPs bid farewell" 4573:

Scots law, a hybrid system based on both common-law and

4317:

until limited law-making powers were gained through the

4213:. He held the post until quitting in January 2021, with 3519:, the Senedd can now legislate in some areas through an 3194:

will force the government either to resign or to seek a

2959:

The United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union (EU)

2692:. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics, the 715:

Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions

29:"British politics" redirects here. For the journal, see 9592:"Brexit Party reveals 100 'new politics' MP candidates" 8941:

Rayner, Gordon; Sheridan, Danielle (3 September 2019).

8687:"Labour MPs pass no-confidence motion in Jeremy Corbyn" 8655:"Tycoon finances 'X Factor' party to clean up politics" 8451:

Plaid Cymru/Scottish National Party Parliamentary Teams

8069: 7206:

United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo

7077:

International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

6953: 6949: 5939:, and received the fifth-highest share of votes in the 5744:. Reform won 5 seats in the 2024 UK general election. 5738:

2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom

4922:

The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats entered into a

4090:

The current Scottish Parliament was established by the

3934:, therefore, is the only country in the UK not to have 2778:

in 2007 and then went on to win an overall majority of

7123:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

6729:

has shifted the debate over UK relations with the EU.

5801: 5582:

and currently runs a minority government in Scotland.

4486: 2887:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

9991:

Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party

9169:"British democracy in terminal decline, warns report" 8558:"Scottish election: Scottish Socialist Party profile" 7004:

International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol

6979:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

4067:

elected body comprising 129 members who are known as

3209: 3032:

The power to summon, prorogue and dissolve Parliament

705:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

9211:"Can UK political parties be saved from extinction?" 8470: 8087:

UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union

7310: 7133:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

7128:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

6800:

European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017

6356:

is known to cross-cut across party lines, with many

6228:

On the return of parliament the government lost its

5868:

from 2005 to 2010, and again between 2012 and 2015.

5667:, it has grown to become the larger of the two main 5437:

The Labour Party was defeated in a landslide at the

5185:, but lost this majority to the Labour Party in the 4305:

in 1997. On its creation, most of the powers of the

4262:). Members are elected for four-year terms under an 3342: 3038:

The power to commission officers in the Armed Forces

12685: 9388:

As at 31 December 2022 the party had 53,126 members

8021:; Murray, C. R. G.; Davies, Gregory (17 May 2021). 8017: 6643: 3708:, which has been conducive in creating the current 3273:

Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom

2901:, passed by both the Parliament of England and the 9800: 9454:"Membership of political parties in Great Britain" 9186: 8999: 8942: 7650: 7629:"General Election results through time, 1945–2001" 7517:Politics of the United Kingdom in the 19th century 7200:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 7167:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 6717:British nationalists have long campaigned against 6154:minority conservative government supported by the 5841:. They campaign mainly on issues such as reducing 4884:report in October 1998 suggested implementing the 3277:List of government ministers of the United Kingdom 2879:History of the United Kingdom § Victorian era 2722:Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government 694:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies 9451: 8795:"Parliament suspension: Queen approves PM's plan" 8646: 7072:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 6632:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom 5810:exist, but struggle to return MPs to Parliament. 4915:to return a hung parliament, the first being the 3863: 3693:have been drawn from the Commons, not the Lords. 3167:, all ministers within the government are either 3026:The power to dismiss and appoint a prime minister 2941:. The republican southern part of Ireland became 2720:, to deliver a working majority in Parliament. A 1285:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom 13109: 9971:(2nd ed. 2002) 640pp; short articles by scholars 9645:"Europe Wins The Power To Jail British Citizens" 8263: 7449:List of political scandals in the United Kingdom 7218:United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina 6994:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 6922:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 6732:In March 2008, Parliament decided to not hold a 5125:Sinn Féin (who currently hold seven seats), the 4035:The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament. 3465:, assisted by various Ministers with individual 3029:The power to dismiss and appoint other ministers 10064:British Government and Politics on the Internet 8606:"Congleton Town Council East Ward Results 2019" 7605: 7029:International Fund for Agricultural Development 6124:Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions 6021:(a Cornish nationalist party) in Cornwall, the 5729:and over 800 local councillors as of May 2024. 5612:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum 4953:List of political parties in the United Kingdom 4934:, the government committed itself to holding a 4293:The Siambr – the debating chamber of the Senedd 3916:All three devolved institutions are elected by 3186:of government (especially those based upon the 2581:Organisational chart of the UK political system 9870:A Companion to Contemporary Britain: 1939–2000 9480: 9474: 8940: 8373:"Can I vote for the SNP if I live in England?" 8063: 7212:United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission 7066:International Organization for Standardization 6255: 5712: 4677:Various electoral systems are used in the UK: 4429:now holding the most parliamentary seats (see 3791:and number twenty-six: the Five Ancient Sees ( 3140:His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom 710:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 11572: 11145: 10717: 10115: 10059:Official UK parliamentary membership by party 9932:Fairlie, Henry. "Oratory in Political Life," 9823: 9802:"How will the Brexit transition period work?" 9636: 8109: 7454:List of pressure groups in the United Kingdom 7194:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 7179:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 7173:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 6853:into UK law, and ended its membership of the 6142:" and a "Patriotic Alliance", as proposed by 5655:List of political parties in Northern Ireland 5173:who revoked his Labour affiliation after the 5066:Minor parties also hold seats in parliament: 4431:Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland 4170:, Scottish Conservative and Unionist leader, 4146:from a party other than Labour following the 3542: 3082:The power to deploy the Armed Forces overseas 2558: 10066:from the Keele University School of Politics 8241: 8089:. Centre on Constitutional Change (Report). 7709:"Scottish independence referendum – Results" 7394:Electoral registration in the United Kingdom 5927:(BNP) became the official opposition in the 4336: 3760:The House of Lords was previously a largely 3267:Government departments and the Civil Service 3108:and the devolved national authorities – the 2116:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 2043:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2012:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 11586: 10686:List of political parties by representation 9798: 7964: 7918: 7599: 7384:Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom 7236:United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus 6829:in Brussels. The letter also contained the 5900:. They currently have 8 local councillors. 5648: 5465:general elections, and he was succeeded by 5226:. The Court Party soon became known as the 5063:, making the SNP the fourth-largest party. 4645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4189:A major SNP manifesto pledge was to hold a 4166:was succeeded as Scottish Labour leader by 3123: 2925:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 720:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions 11579: 11565: 11152: 11138: 10724: 10710: 10122: 10108: 9969:Twentieth-Century Britain: An Encyclopedia 9794: 9792: 8476: 8157:"Baker seeks end to West Lothian question" 7230:United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia 5929:2006 Barking and Dagenham Council election 5542: 5332:, composed of former Liberals who opposed 4471:. Recent constitutional changes saw a new 4130:resurgence in Celtic language and identity 3954:, where there is widespread support for a 2565: 2551: 1663:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties 1601:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales 10772:European Parliamentary Elections Act 2002 10767:European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 10762:European Parliamentary Elections Act 1993 9817: 9427:"BOARD REPORT & ANNUAL ACCOUNTS 2022" 8424:"Human Rights Act 1988 - overview - Mind" 8046: 8011: 7943: 7912: 7891: 7857: 7512:2020s in United Kingdom political history 7507:2010s in United Kingdom political history 6984:International Civil Aviation Organization 6670:The United Kingdom first joined the then 6262:2020s in United Kingdom political history 5288:(1990–97). Their landslide defeat at the 5192: 4665:Learn how and when to remove this message 3689:In modern times, all prime ministers and 3088:The power to credit and receive diplomats 3050:The power to issue and withdraw passports 1039:European Parliament elections (1979–2019) 9826:"Brexit: What is the transition period?" 9344: 9083: 8502: 7494:United Kingdom common framework policies 7404:Far-right politics in the United Kingdom 7285:World Intellectual Property Organization 7060:International Organization for Migration 6869:International organisation participation 6721:. The strong showing of the eurosceptic 5500:. A subset of Labour MPs stand as joint 4956: 4772:in England, Scotland, and Wales between 4346: 4297:The Welsh Parliament was created by the 4288: 4230: 4073:mixed member proportional representation 4030: 4010: 3654:of broadly equal population by the four 3628: 2576: 10131:Political parties in the United Kingdom 10090:Compiled by a retired English Librarian 9950:Jones, Harriet, and Mark Clapson, eds. 9927:Longman Companion to Britain Since 1945 9917:Britain since 1945: A Political History 9907:The Oxford Companion to British History 9858:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9842:. European Commission. 24 January 2020. 9789: 9266: 9109: 8652: 7863: 7424:Labour Party leadership of Keir Starmer 7399:Far-left politics in the United Kingdom 7034:International Hydrographic Organization 6650:United Kingdom–European Union relations 5972:, winning one local councillor seat on 5794:, the party under which he ran in 2005. 4481:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 3678:– were elected as representatives of a 18:Political history of the United Kingdom 14: 13110: 11159: 9868:Addison, Paul and Harriet Jones, eds. 9675:"UK rebel lawmakers beaten on EU vote" 9642: 9616: 9461:UK Parliament House of Commons Library 9399: 9345:Paterson, Kirsteen (9 February 2024). 8707: 8525: 8237:The Campaign for an English Parliament 8115: 7970: 7801:"Structure and powers of the Assembly" 7621: 7500: 7224:United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone 6610:Local government in the United Kingdom 5817:(UKIP) had one MP and 24 seats in the 4766:party-list proportional representation 4266:, where 40 MSs represent geographical 4000: 3853:to replace the role of the Law Lords. 3642:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 3422: 2645:. The Parliament has two houses: the 2086:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 12684: 11560: 11133: 10705: 10103: 9925:Cook, Chris and John Stevenson, eds. 9813:from the original on 11 January 2022. 9769: 9723:"Blair confirms EU referendum u-turn" 9643:Browne, Anthony (14 September 2005). 9199:from the original on 11 January 2022. 9079: 9077: 9036: 8370: 8154: 7083:International Telecommunication Union 7009:International Development Association 6847:EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 6840:The UK withdrew from the EU at 23.00 6244:against their own government had the 6209:and others to stop it in the English 5416:The Labour Party elected left-winger 4152:governed as a minority administration 3613: 3241:Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain 3233:Theoretically, the Prime Minister is 3076:The power to ratify and make treaties 3063:The power to create corporations via 2760:government of the Republic of Ireland 2726:parliamentary elections on 7 May 2015 2653:. The Parliament is the UK's supreme 2431:United Kingdom and the United Nations 2076:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 11063:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 10757:European Assembly Elections Act 1978 10733:Elections to the European Parliament 9897:British General Elections Since 1945 9832: 9541:British Elections and Parties Review 9372:"statement of accounts, Green Party" 9240: 9110:Rodgers, Sienna (10 December 2020). 8955:from the original on 11 January 2022 8578: 8142: 7754: 7663:from the original on 11 January 2022 7434:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom 6658:Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom 6626:Local government in Northern Ireland 5747:There are usually a small number of 5588: 5156:The Green Party of England and Wales 4946: 4643:adding citations to reliable sources 4610: 4600: 3706:First Past the Post electoral system 3437:to the United Kingdom Parliament at 3257:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 3216:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 3044:The power to appoint members to the 2621:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2151:British National (Overseas) passport 2096:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 2058:British Overseas Territories citizen 1552:2011 referendum on law-making powers 1448:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly 10076:ePolitix – UK Politics news website 9741: 9701:"MPs consider fallout from EU vote" 9677:. CNN. 5 March 2008. Archived from 9400:Brooks, Libby (17 September 2020). 9338: 9267:Wheeler, Brian (5 September 2022). 9084:Chappell, Elliot (11 August 2021). 8464:"General elections - UK Parliament" 8319:"Wales says Yes in referendum vote" 8223:"Prescott pressed on assembly poll" 7044:International Maritime Organization 6603: 6060:Official Monster Raving Loony Party 6040:and led by Bedford's former Mayor, 6007:Socialist Party (England and Wales) 5970:2019 United Kingdom local elections 5802:Non-Parliamentary political parties 5445:was replaced shortly thereafter by 5389:'s Labour government following the 4753:system is used for by-elections in 4545:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 4501:Both English law, which applies in 4487:England, Wales and Northern Ireland 4473:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 4333:in the 20 areas that are devolved. 4217:replacing him the following month. 4191:referendum on Scottish Independence 4087:regions, each electing seven MSPs. 3924:is used in Scotland and Wales, and 3851:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 3624: 3496: 2978:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 1145:Northern Ireland Assembly elections 202:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 24: 10140:Legislatures of the United Kingdom 10070:British Politics and Policy at LSE 9850: 9074: 9037:Booth, William (29 October 2020). 8708:Walker, Peter (2 September 2016). 8503:Harrison, Emma (28 January 2020). 8209:"Blair gets Cornish assembly call" 8187:"No English parliament – Falconer" 7757:"Mystery lifted on Queen's powers" 7374:Conservatism in the United Kingdom 7105:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 6974:International Atomic Energy Agency 6891:Bank for International Settlements 6833:'s intention to withdraw from the 6727:2004 European Parliament elections 6714:whilst in Government (1997–2010). 6294:leader after losing her own seat. 6205:, an attempt by ex-prime minister 6044:. The most notable local party is 5691:also have Commons representation. 5504:candidates due to a long-standing 5467:Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer 5134:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 5130:Social Democratic and Labour Party 4744:Members of the European Parliament 4235:The Senedd building in Cardiff Bay 4069:Members of the Scottish Parliament 4027:, seat of the Scottish Parliament. 3210:The Prime Minister and the Cabinet 3079:The power to declare war and peace 2823:constitution of the United Kingdom 2784:2011 Scottish parliament elections 2676:The British political system is a 25: 13129: 10735:in the United Kingdom (1979–2019) 10011: 9982:(2010), popular history 1945–2005 9824:Tom Edgington (31 January 2020). 9481:Conor Matchett (24 April 2023). 9269:"Tory membership figure revealed" 8477:Mackintosh, Thomas (4 May 2024). 8397:Pact will 'empower NI electorate' 8155:Jones, George (17 January 2006). 7976:"Devolution and the Statute Book" 7922:; McEwen, Nicola (1 March 2021). 7867:Journal of European Public Policy 7479:Referendums in the United Kingdom 7290:World Meteorological Organization 7039:International Labour Organization 7024:International Finance Corporation 6989:International Chamber of Commerce 6937:Food and Agriculture Organization 6917:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 6827:President of the European Council 6778:In October 2016 the Conservative 5918:2007 Scottish Parliament election 5913:2003 Scottish Parliament election 5909:1999 Scottish Parliament election 5879:2021 Scottish Parliament election 5580:2021 Scottish Parliament election 5508:between the Labour Party and the 5075:United Kingdom Independence Party 4415:Provisional Irish Republican Army 4156:2011 Scottish Parliament election 4148:2007 Scottish Parliament election 3743: 3343:Devolved national administrations 3289:. These are politically led by a 1330:Greater London Authority Act 1999 10142:(and their current compositions) 7522:Premiership of Margaret Thatcher 7429:Liberalism in the United Kingdom 7379:Corruption in the United Kingdom 7327: 7313: 7089:International Whaling Commission 6835:European Atomic Energy Community 6644:Former European Union membership 6489:Green Party of England and Wales 6278:, won a large overall majority. 5999:Socialist Party of Great Britain 5719:Green Party of England and Wales 4780:(the last such election before ' 4615: 4527:) to the facts before them. The 3977:with no legislative powers. The 3870:Devolution in the United Kingdom 3674:, of the 650 MPs, all but one – 3620:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3517:2011 Welsh devolution referendum 3349:Devolution in the United Kingdom 3130:Government of the United Kingdom 2935:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2756:certain all-Ireland institutions 2657:; however some powers have been 2643:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2520: 2507: 2489: 2474: 545: 447: 417: 385: 259: 229: 158: 133: 60: 12687:Countries of the United Kingdom 11787:Countries of the United Kingdom 10743:Elections in the United Kingdom 10088:British Government and Politics 10047:Directgov – Guide to Government 9799:Asa Bennett (27 January 2020). 9763: 9715: 9693: 9667: 9610: 9584: 9558: 9531: 9505: 9445: 9419: 9393: 9364: 9312: 9286: 9260: 9234: 9217: 9203: 9179: 9161: 9147: 9129: 9103: 9049: 9030: 9012: 8993: 8967: 8934: 8908: 8882: 8860: 8835: 8809: 8787: 8761: 8735: 8701: 8679: 8653:Gourlay, Chris (8 March 2009). 8624: 8598: 8572: 8550: 8519: 8496: 8456: 8444: 8430: 8416: 8402: 8390: 8364: 8354: 8325: 8311: 8285: 8249:"Scottish Parliament Word Bank" 8229: 8215: 8201: 8179: 8148: 8027:Territory, Politics, Governance 7840:"Bishops in the House of Lords" 7832: 7815: 7793: 7755:Dyer, Clare (21 October 2003). 7489:Socialism in the United Kingdom 7364:Anarchism in the United Kingdom 7248:United Nations Security Council 7139:Organization of American States 7054:International Olympic Committee 6969:Inter-American Development Bank 6682:, and remained a member of the 6367:rated the United Kingdom as a " 6112:Shadow First Secretary of State 6073: 5896:has previously had MLAs in the 5894:Green Party in Northern Ireland 5849:. They no longer have any MPs. 5355:Labour Representation Committee 4971:Conservative and Unionist Party 4607:Elections in the United Kingdom 3650:are divided into parliamentary 3648:Countries of the United Kingdom 3585: 3331:"Whitehall" is often used as a 3253:President of the Board of Trade 2792:2014 referendum on independence 2436:United Nations Security Council 116:Other constitutional principles 13118:Politics of the United Kingdom 11782:Counties of the United Kingdom 11119:Politics of the United Kingdom 11040:Single Transferable Vote (STV) 10691:Politics of the United Kingdom 10054:Official UK parliament website 9617:Walker, Peter (30 June 2019). 8371:Mason, Rowena (3 April 2015). 7767: 7748: 7723: 7701: 7675: 7643: 7574: 7459:Lobbying in the United Kingdom 7419:Post–World War II anti-fascism 7409:Islamism in the United Kingdom 7152:Permanent Court of Arbitration 6215:High Court in Northern Ireland 5767:between 1997 and 2001. He was 5694: 5270:to form what would become the 3882:have devolved parliaments and 3864:Devolved national legislatures 3847:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 2972:Monarchy of the United Kingdom 2955:took effect on 1 January 1973. 2945:(also known as Éire), leaving 2931:Government of Ireland Act 1920 1972:British Indian Ocean Territory 1517:Act of the Scottish Parliament 1315:English votes for English laws 1295:Council of Nations and Regions 54:Politics of the United Kingdom 13: 1: 11094:2016 EU membership referendum 11089:1975 EC membership referendum 11042:(Northern Ireland, 1979–2019) 10601:Justice & Anti-Corruption 9195:. London. 20 September 2012. 8211:. BBC News. 11 December 2001. 8048:10.1080/21622671.2021.1921613 7884:10.1080/13501763.2021.1876156 7567: 7270:World Confederation of Labour 6378: 5950:(BDP) was founded in 2013 by 5933:2008 London Assembly election 5707:2007 Welsh Assembly elections 5514:British co-operative movement 4770:European Parliament elections 4715:is used for elections to the 3928:is used in Northern Ireland. 3832:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 3718:with a parliamentary minority 3658:. Each constituency elects a 3249:Lord President of the Council 3220:Cabinet of the United Kingdom 3085:The power to recognise states 2091:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute 1522:Scottish statutory instrument 1097:Scottish Parliament elections 583:Justices of the Supreme Court 12554:Universal basic income (UBI) 9980:The Making of Modern Britain 9770:Bloom, Dan (29 March 2017). 9241:Helm, Toby (30 March 2024). 8526:Duggan, Emily (8 May 2015). 8039:Regional Studies Association 7552:Premiership of Boris Johnson 7542:Premiership of David Cameron 7349:Politics of Northern Ireland 6999:International Criminal Court 6674:in January 1973 by the then 6618:Local government in Scotland 6221:from its current status of ' 6027:National Health Action Party 5409:, now known collectively as 4816:(50 percent plus one vote). 4443:Courts of the United Kingdom 4436: 4331:Secretary of State for Wales 4319:Government of Wales Act 2006 4311:Secretary of State for Wales 4299:Government of Wales Act 1998 4017:Scottish Parliament Building 3767:chamber, although including 3756:Reform of the House of Lords 3513:Government of Wales Act 2006 3092: 2965: 2875:Post-war Britain (1945–1979) 2855:British Overseas Territories 2356:politics of Northern Ireland 1558:Government of Wales Act 1998 690:UK Parliament constituencies 7: 12559:Water supply and sanitation 12258:Weapons of mass destruction 12243:His Majesty's Naval Service 10094:Women's Parliamentary Radio 9976:A History of Modern Britain 9294:"Liberal Democrats website" 9213:. BBC News. 19 August 2011. 8634:. BBC News. 5 February 2013 7537:Premiership of Gordon Brown 7306: 7049:International Monetary Fund 7014:International Energy Agency 6744:on the previously proposed 6736:on the ratification of the 6614:Local government in England 6299:Brexit withdrawal agreement 6256:Current political landscape 5995:Socialist Labour Party (UK) 5993:Other parties include: the 5860:group that came out of the 5713:Other parliamentary parties 5512:– the political arm of the 5283:Chancellor of the Exchequer 4940:proportional representation 4840:two-and-a-half party system 4585:, for civil cases, and the 4581:. The chief courts are the 4562: 4529:Courts of England and Wales 4380:proportional representation 4284:proportional representation 4094:and its first meeting as a 3936:its own devolved parliament 3918:proportional representation 3728:, and when he declined, to 3261:Ministers without portfolio 2917:Parliament of Great Britain 1966:British Antarctic Territory 1290:Legislative consent motions 432:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 10: 13134: 12654:Stereotypes of the British 11048:(Great Britain, 1979–1994) 11046:First-past-the-post (FPTP) 11036:(Great Britain, 1999–2019) 10946:Constituencies (1999–2020) 10581:Christian Peoples Alliance 10561:Abolish the Welsh Assembly 10488:Traditional Unionist Voice 10376:Scottish Liberal Democrats 9978:(2009); also published as 9751:. BBC News. 2 October 2016 9517:electoralcommission.org.uk 8922:. London. 3 September 2019 8870:. BBC News. 30 August 2019 8797:. BBC News. 28 August 2019 8579:Pidd, Helen (2 May 2018). 8410:"General Election results" 8271:"Scottish Parliament MSPs" 7562:Premiership of Rishi Sunak 7547:Premiership of Theresa May 7275:World Customs Organization 6901:Caribbean Development Bank 6647: 6629: 6607: 6282:resigned as leader of the 6259: 6003:Communist Party of Britain 5698: 5681:Traditional Unionist Voice 5652: 5592: 5546: 5343: 5243:Catholicism. The Rochdale 5196: 5083:, the centre-left to left 4950: 4795:in England, including the 4604: 4566: 4543:(for criminal cases). The 4539:(for civil cases) and the 4490: 4440: 4392:Northern Ireland Executive 4340: 4224: 4198:First Minister of Scotland 4144:First Minister of Scotland 4004: 3867: 3753: 3747: 3639: 3617: 3549:Northern Ireland Executive 3546: 3543:Northern Ireland Executive 3500: 3426: 3346: 3270: 3213: 3127: 3118:Northern Ireland Executive 3060:The power to grant honours 2975: 2969: 2872: 2868: 2831:constitutional conventions 2708:electoral system used for 2627:since 2024, serves as the 2593:which, by legislation and 2406:UK–EU withdrawal agreement 28: 13069: 12970: 12871: 12819:First Minister and deputy 12784: 12697: 12693: 12680: 12676: 12577: 12417: 12408: 12366: 12283: 12274: 12233: 12174: 12043: 12039: 12030: 11892: 11820: 11772: 11768: 11759: 11692: 11604: 11595: 11538: 11490: 11452: 11167: 11114: 11079:Matthews v United Kingdom 11071: 11055: 11024: 10944: 10878: 10780: 10749: 10740: 10681: 10659: 10611:Lincolnshire Independents 10553: 10509: 10443:Northern Ireland Assembly 10441: 10397: 10341: 10255: 10147: 10137: 9554:– via Google Books. 8560:. BBC News. 13 April 2011 8412:. The Co-operative Party. 8399:BBC News, 6 December 2008 8321:. BBC News. 4 March 2011. 8225:. BBC News. 1 March 2003. 7945:10.1177/20419058211000996 7532:Premiership of Tony Blair 7527:Premiership of John Major 7280:World Health Organization 6690:to represent them in the 6622:Local government in Wales 6297:On 20 December 2019, the 6068:satirical political party 5898:Northern Ireland Assembly 5823:Northern Ireland Assembly 5661:Democratic Unionist Party 5537:National Minimum Wage Act 5339: 5217:Democratic Unionist Party 5150:Northern Ireland Assembly 5119:Democratic Unionist Party 4930:. Under the terms of the 4862:. On two occasions since 4852:Third National Government 4740:Northern Ireland Assembly 4706:plurality-at-large voting 4447:Law of the United Kingdom 4427:Democratic Unionist Party 4407:Northern Ireland Act 1998 4372:Northern Ireland Assembly 4360:Northern Ireland Assembly 4343:Northern Ireland Assembly 4337:Northern Ireland Assembly 4264:additional members system 4220: 3819:. Alternatives include a 3691:leaders of the opposition 3596:parliamentary sovereignty 3507:The Welsh Government and 3196:parliamentary dissolution 3165:constitutional convention 2786:which formed the current 2768:Scottish pro-independence 2680:and was according to the 2481:United Kingdom portal 2371:Northern Ireland Protocol 1710:Non-metropolitan District 1399:Northern Ireland Act 1998 649:Monetary Policy Committee 101:Parliamentary sovereignty 12447:Environmental inequality 11084:By-elections (1979–1998) 11011:Yorkshire and the Humber 10676:do not take their seats. 10538:London Liberal Democrats 10081:22 November 2008 at the 9962:The British Constitution 9947:; Attlee to Blair; 688pp 9890:The New British Politics 9888:Budge, Ian, et al. eds. 9651:. London. Archived from 9570:The Electoral Commission 8769:"The Patriotic Alliance" 8743:"The Patriotic Alliance" 8689:. BBC News. 28 June 2016 8663:. London. Archived from 8163:. London. Archived from 8033:(5). Abingdon/Brighton: 7803:. BBC News. 9 April 1992 7606:V-Dem Institute (2023). 7557:Premiership of Liz Truss 7469:Parliament in the Making 7295:World Trade Organization 6927:European Investment Bank 6876:African Development Bank 5948:British Democratic Party 5905:Scottish Socialist Party 5839:2014 Clacton by-election 5649:Northern Ireland parties 5183:general election in 2019 4924:new coalition government 4898:Electoral Reform Society 4832:plurality voting systems 4732:single transferable vote 4713:additional member system 4587:High Court of Justiciary 4376:Single Transferable Vote 4274:system, and 20 MSs from 4260:Aelodau o'r Senedd, ASau 3926:Single Transferable Vote 3922:Additional Member System 3817:disestablishmentarianism 3784:Spiritual represent the 3633:Parliament meets at the 3307:Department for Education 3287:Department for Education 3124:His Majesty's Government 3106:His Majesty's Government 3012:His Majesty's Government 2907:Kingdom of Great Britain 2853:British territory), and 2049:Turks and Caicos Islands 1320:Greater London Authority 470:Leader of the Opposition 175:William, Prince of Wales 44:This article is part of 10500:Independent Nationalist 10426:Welsh Liberal Democrats 10352:Scottish National Party 10040:23 January 2007 at the 10006:excerpt and text search 9996:excerpt and text search 9956:excerpt and text search 9921:excerpt and text search 9911:excerpt and text search 9901:excerpt and text search 9874:excerpt and text search 8128:University of Liverpool 8091:University of Edinburgh 7986:Oxford University Press 7586:Encyclopædia Britannica 7117:Nuclear Suppliers Group 6896:Commonwealth of Nations 6746:Constitution for Europe 6472:Scottish National Party 6373:V-Dem Democracy indices 6038:Bedford Borough Council 6011:Socialist Workers Party 5937:2009 European elections 5831:2014 European elections 5786:MP was elected for the 5749:independent politicians 5549:Scottish National Party 5543:Scottish National Party 5502:Labour and Co-operative 5423:Social Democratic Party 5199:Conservative Party (UK) 5041:Scottish National Party 4998:Social Democratic Party 4979:Scottish National Party 4886:Alternative Vote Top-up 4793:directly elected mayors 4755:Scottish local councils 4577:principles, applies in 4134:Scottish National Party 3777:House of Lords Act 1999 3525:First Minister of Wales 3134:The monarch appoints a 2772:Scottish National Party 2682:V-Dem Democracy indices 2663:parliaments of Scotland 2602:parliamentary democracy 2591:constitutional monarchy 1795:Community council areas 1673:Non-metropolitan county 1453:Law of Northern Ireland 12333:Science and technology 11210:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10358:Scottish Conservatives 10023:4 October 2018 at the 9945:except and text search 9155:"Democracy Index 2022" 8095:University of Aberdeen 7265:Western European Union 7254:Universal Postal Union 6881:Asian Development Bank 6859:European Single Market 6589:In December 2020, the 6505:Women's Equality Party 6095:EU referendum campaign 6025:in Yorkshire, and the 5974:Congleton Town Council 5966:Women's Equality Party 5925:British National Party 5687:and nationalist party 5629:In the 2010 election, 5595:Liberal Democrats (UK) 5498:Socialist Labour Party 5457:group which practised 5363:Churchill war ministry 5330:Liberal Unionist Party 5193:Conservatives (Tories) 4962: 4936:referendum in May 2011 4917:February 1974 election 4742:, local councils, and 4394:(cabinet). It sits at 4363: 4294: 4276:five electoral regions 4259: 4236: 4036: 4028: 3738:Speech from the throne 3637: 3157:Government Departments 2903:Parliament of Scotland 2582: 2134:Diplomatic missions of 1978:British Virgin Islands 12310:Free trade agreements 11056:Repealing legislation 10482:Independent Unionists 8610:Cheshire East Council 8273:. Scottish Parliament 8251:. Scottish Parliament 8126:(Report). Liverpool: 7335:United Kingdom portal 7111:Nuclear Energy Agency 6932:European Space Agency 6865:on 31 December 2020. 6723:UK Independence Party 6648:Further information: 6591:UK Independence Party 6354:Scottish independence 6266:In the December 2019 6232:when Conservative MP 6223:elective dictatorship 6085:However, a turbulent 5941:2010 general election 5827:2015 general election 5815:UK Independence Party 5677:Ulster Unionist Party 5671:political parties in 5539:were passed in 1998. 5518:2019 general election 5486:1997 general election 5475:Shadow Home Secretary 5439:1983 general election 5383:1979 general election 5299:Ulster Unionist Party 5290:1997 general election 5213:confidence and supply 5209:1992 general election 5205:2015 general election 5187:2024 general election 5175:2019 Speaker election 5146:Ulster Unionist Party 5138:Ulster Unionist Party 5061:2024 general election 5057:2019 general election 5045:Scottish independence 5034:2024 general election 5030:2019 general election 4960: 4905:2010 general election 4537:High Court of Justice 4368:Good Friday Agreement 4350: 4292: 4252:Members of the Senedd 4234: 4034: 4014: 3968:West Lothian question 3948:North East of England 3940:West Lothian Question 3858:final court of appeal 3849:outlined plans for a 3699:Marquess of Salisbury 3684:2019 general election 3682:. However, as of the 3672:2017 general election 3664:2010 general election 3635:Palace of Westminster 3632: 3573:deputy First Minister 3457:, rural affairs, and 3192:vote of no confidence 3184:parliamentary systems 3169:Members of parliament 2921:Parliament of Ireland 2915:, passed by both the 2790:administration. In a 2678:multiple-party system 2580: 2376:British–Irish Council 2361:Good Friday Agreement 2173:Free trade agreements 2138:in the United Kingdom 1949:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1865:Bailiwick of Guernsey 1425:deputy First Minister 1310:Governance of England 321:Deputy Prime Minister 12659:World Heritage Sites 12452:Environmental issues 12156:Female party leaders 11797:Overseas territories 10667:Independent Alliance 10526:London Conservatives 10494:People Before Profit 9892:(4th ed. 2007) 712pp 9376:Electoral Commission 8189:. BBC. 10 March 2006 8035:Taylor & Francis 7876:Taylor & Francis 7354:Politics of Scotland 7099:Non-Aligned Movement 6761:Secretaries of State 6742:to hold a referendum 6719:European integration 6672:European Communities 6654:European Movement UK 6140:progressive alliance 5931:, won a seat in the 5635:coalition government 5490:democratic socialist 5397:pursued policies of 5391:Winter of Discontent 5379:economically liberal 5249:cooperative movement 5002:SDP–Liberal Alliance 4639:improve this section 4507:Northern Ireland law 4497:Northern Ireland law 4465:Northern Ireland law 4396:Parliament Buildings 4352:Parliament Buildings 4196:Salmond resigned as 4055:area of the capital 3836:Salisbury convention 3722:coalition government 3660:Member of Parliament 3656:Boundary Commissions 3602:, consisting of the 3576:Emma-Little Pengelly 3303:Department of Health 3055:prerogative of mercy 2939:partition of Ireland 2733:partition of Ireland 2702:minority governments 1940:Overseas Territories 1705:Metropolitan Borough 1431:Emma Little-Pengelly 1372:Combined authorities 730:UK general elections 197:Counsellors of State 111:Separation of powers 11453:States with limited 11161:Politics of Europe 10414:Welsh Conservatives 10343:Scottish Parliament 10160:(404, including 43 10000:Ramsden, John, ed. 9807:The Daily Telegraph 9703:. BBC. 5 March 2008 9655:on 28 February 2007 9433:. 19 September 2024 9326:. 19 September 2024 9193:The Daily Telegraph 9043:The Washington Post 8345:on 17 January 2009. 8293:"The Celtic League" 8161:The Daily Telegraph 7994:10.1093/slr/hmab003 7779:Scottish Government 7689:. 11 September 2014 7657:The Daily Telegraph 7608:"The V-Dem Dataset" 7501:Overviews by period 7344:Politics of England 6773:primary legislation 6692:European Parliament 6593:had 3,888 members. 6314:The Washington Post 6199:Brexit negotiations 6104:leadership election 5935:, two seats in the 5887:Scottish Parliament 5885:have 8 MSPs in the 5819:European Parliament 5622:and increasing the 5568:minority government 5520:, 26 were elected. 5405:, and, for a time, 5234:of 1678–1681 – the 5112:Republic of Ireland 5097:Welsh Conservatives 5053:Scottish Parliament 5049:minority government 4932:coalition agreement 4892:, with a number of 4717:Scottish Parliament 4685:system is used for 4683:first-past-the-post 4370:. This created the 4315:primary legislation 4301:, which followed a 4113:, agriculture, and 4103:Scottish Government 4041:Scottish Parliament 4007:Scottish Parliament 4001:Scottish Parliament 3975:regional assemblies 3888:Scottish Parliament 3840:Parliament Act 1911 3529:Prif Weinidog Cymru 3521:Act of Senedd Cymru 3471:Scottish Parliament 3429:Scottish Government 3423:Scottish Government 3322:Permanent secretary 3291:Government Minister 3110:Scottish Government 3053:The power to grant 2961:on 31 January 2020. 2943:Republic of Ireland 2883:Republic of Ireland 2829:, being made up of 2804:Irish reunification 2788:Scottish Government 2776:minority government 2706:first-past-the-post 2163:UK–CD Customs Union 1927:UK-CD Customs Union 1898:Bailiwick of Jersey 1685:Unitary authorities 1668:Metropolitan county 1653:Ceremonial counties 1607:Act of Senedd Cymru 1512:Scottish Parliament 1468:Scottish devolution 12353:Telecommunications 12305:Economic geography 12161:Political scandals 11792:Crown Dependencies 10994:South West England 10989:South East England 10979:North West England 10969:North East England 10663:Co-operative Party 9905:Cannon, John, ed. 9572:. 31 December 2020 9519:. 31 December 2022 9431:Co-operative Party 8981:. 3 September 2019 8081:; McHarg, Aileen; 7981:Statute Law Review 7781:. 14 December 2023 7250:(permanent member) 6851:European Union law 6521:Co-operative Party 6499:England and Wales 6349:FM Nicola Sturgeon 6272:Conservative Party 6184:, the move caused 6178:British parliament 5510:Co-operative Party 5506:electoral alliance 5326:Joseph Chamberlain 5264:Tamworth Manifesto 4963: 4894:additional members 4882:Jenkins Commission 4791:was used to elect 4789:supplementary vote 4734:system is used in 4693:and also for some 4364: 4295: 4237: 4037: 4029: 3995:regions of England 3987:North East England 3730:David Lloyd George 3638: 3614:British Parliament 3592:British Parliament 3326:executive agencies 3297:and member of the 3295:Secretary of State 3236:primus inter pares 3188:Westminster system 2949:part of the union. 2913:Acts of Union 1800 2899:Acts of Union 1707 2847:Crown Dependencies 2839:Westminster system 2816:Welsh independence 2740:received home rule 2686:Conservative Party 2639:British government 2632:head of government 2583: 1922:Common Travel Area 1858:Crown Dependencies 1825:Preserved counties 1805:Shires of Scotland 381:King-in-Parliament 13105: 13104: 13065: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13057: 13056: 12672: 12671: 12404: 12403: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12151:Political parties 12075:Foreign relations 12026: 12025: 12022: 12021: 11755: 11754: 11732:Mass surveillance 11710:Foreign relations 11643:Second World War 11554: 11553: 11127: 11126: 10699: 10698: 10631:Social Democratic 10586:English Democrats 10388:Presiding Officer 10284:Liberal Democrats 10174:Liberal Democrats 9939:Hennessy, Peter. 9351:Holyrood Magazine 7928:Political Insight 7464:Make Votes Matter 7359:Politics of Wales 7300:Zangger Committee 7146:Pacific Community 6907:Council of Europe 6796:act of parliament 6765:royal prerogative 6725:(UKIP) since the 6583: 6582: 6440:Liberal Democrats 6237:crossed the floor 6186:great controversy 6106:which began with 6093:In addition, the 5988:English Democrats 5981:Libertarian Party 5864:had a single MP, 5862:anti-war movement 5808:political parties 5721:had a single MP, 5683:, crosscommunity 5620:same-sex marriage 5589:Liberal Democrats 5494:social democratic 5375:Margaret Thatcher 5346:Labour Party (UK) 5279:Margaret Thatcher 5224:English Civil War 5085:Welsh nationalist 4947:Political parties 4836:two-party systems 4830:that states that 4825:political science 4814:absolute majority 4699:England and Wales 4687:general elections 4675: 4674: 4667: 4601:Electoral systems 4503:England and Wales 4419:Orders-in-Council 4356:Stormont, Belfast 4092:Scotland Act 1998 4085:additional member 4051:, located in the 4043:is the national, 3789:Church of England 3734:Winston Churchill 3695:Alec Douglas-Home 3491:Scotland Act 1998 3487:Solicitor General 3182:As in some other 3000:royal prerogative 2808:Welsh nationalist 2796:Irish nationalist 2718:Liberal Democrats 2710:general elections 2575: 2574: 2366:UK–Ireland border 2158:Visa requirements 2109:Foreign relations 2063:Visa requirements 2037: 2028: 2021: 1845:Historic counties 1732:Historic counties 1478:Scotland Act 1998 700:Political parties 597:England and Wales 530:King-on-the-Bench 462:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 97: 16:(Redirected from 13125: 13085: 13078: 12786:Northern Ireland 12695: 12694: 12682: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12415: 12414: 12328: 12281: 12280: 12139:House of Commons 12107:Local government 12041: 12040: 12037: 12036: 11947:Renewable energy 11932:hydroelectricity 11770: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11602: 11601: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11558: 11557: 11491:Dependencies and 11427:Northern Ireland 11168:Sovereign states 11154: 11147: 11140: 11131: 11130: 11106:2019 party lists 11002: 10974:Northern Ireland 10871: 10854: 10842: 10830: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10703: 10702: 10641:Women's Equality 10149:House of Commons 10124: 10117: 10110: 10101: 10100: 9967:Leventhal, F.M. 9844: 9843: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9804: 9796: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9458: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9383: 9378:. 22 August 2023 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9190: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9081: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9016: 9010: 9009: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8946: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8920:Evening Standard 8912: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8896:. 29 August 2019 8886: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8847:politicshome.com 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8823:. 28 August 2019 8813: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8771:. Archived from 8765: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8745:. Archived from 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8667:on 16 March 2009 8660:The Sunday Times 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8538:on 4 August 2016 8534:. Archived from 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8344: 8338:. Archived from 8337: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8295:. Archived from 8289: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8125: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8050: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7974:(7 April 2021). 7968: 7962: 7961: 7947: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7895: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7836: 7830: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7654: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7578: 7389:Electoral reform 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7141:(OAS) (observer) 7062:(IOM) (observer) 6855:EU Customs Union 6738:Treaty of Lisbon 6604:Local government 6390: 6389: 6268:general election 6203:Court of Session 6132:Jonathan Bartley 6102:. This led to a 5835:Douglas Carswell 5763:constituency in 5759:represented the 5673:Northern Ireland 5533:Human Rights Act 5322:British unionism 5232:Exclusion Crisis 5165:MPs. One is the 5104:Northern Ireland 5055:, and after the 4967:House of Commons 4890:alternative vote 4878:Electoral reform 4751:alternative vote 4736:Northern Ireland 4695:local government 4691:House of Commons 4670: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4619: 4611: 4583:Court of Session 4557:Northern Ireland 4174:was replaced by 3956:Cornish Assembly 3884:Northern Ireland 3710:Two-party system 3668:general election 3625:House of Commons 3604:House of Commons 3565:Michelle O'Neill 3560:, most recently 3503:Welsh Government 3497:Welsh Government 3479:junior ministers 3469:and remits. The 3200:general election 3144:House of Commons 3114:Welsh Government 2988:King Charles III 2947:Northern Ireland 2937:and created the 2933:, passed by the 2810:parties such as 2798:parties such as 2766:. The principal 2742:in 1920, though 2737:Northern Ireland 2671:Northern Ireland 2655:legislative body 2647:House of Commons 2625:Sir Keir Starmer 2613:King Charles III 2597:, operates as a 2567: 2560: 2553: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2501:Northern Ireland 2494: 2493: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2416:The Commonwealth 2045: 2034:Tristan da Cunha 2032: 2026:Ascension Island 2024: 2016: 2014: 2005:Pitcairn Islands 1989:Falkland Islands 1951: 1888: 1740:Northern Ireland 1542:Welsh devolution 1417:Michelle O'Neill 1392:Northern Ireland 1382:Cornwall Council 1198:Senedd elections 642:Deputy governors 607:Northern Ireland 569:Deputy President 549: 451: 441:House of Commons 421: 389: 282:Starmer ministry 263: 233: 162: 137: 91: 64: 41: 40: 32:British Politics 21: 13133: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13108: 13107: 13106: 13101: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13053: 12966: 12867: 12780: 12689: 12668: 12573: 12529:Public holidays 12509:Life expectancy 12400: 12362: 12342:London Exchange 12338:Stock exchanges 12326: 12325:Pound sterling 12293:Bank of England 12262: 12253:Royal Air Force 12229: 12170: 12102:Law enforcement 12018: 11927:hydraulic frac. 11888: 11869:Lakes and lochs 11816: 11812:Former colonies 11751: 11747:Women's history 11722:Law enforcement 11688: 11634:First World War 11591: 11585: 11555: 11550: 11534: 11492: 11486: 11472:Northern Cyprus 11454: 11448: 11342:North Macedonia 11163: 11158: 11128: 11123: 11110: 11067: 11051: 11020: 10996: 10959:East of England 10940: 10874: 10865: 10848: 10836: 10824: 10776: 10745: 10736: 10730: 10700: 10695: 10677: 10670:technical group 10655: 10549: 10511:London Assembly 10505: 10470:Ulster Unionist 10437: 10393: 10370:Scottish Greens 10364:Scottish Labour 10337: 10332:Lords Spiritual 10302:Green (E&W) 10251: 10204:Green (E&W) 10143: 10133: 10128: 10083:Wayback Machine 10042:Wayback Machine 10025:Wayback Machine 10014: 9960:King, Anthony. 9915:Childs, David. 9895:Butler, David. 9853: 9851:Further reading 9848: 9847: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9822: 9818: 9797: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9768: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9732: 9730: 9729:. 20 April 2004 9721: 9720: 9716: 9706: 9704: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9681:on 9 March 2008 9673: 9672: 9668: 9658: 9656: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9575: 9573: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9536: 9532: 9522: 9520: 9511: 9510: 9506: 9492: 9490: 9479: 9475: 9465: 9463: 9456: 9450: 9446: 9436: 9434: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9398: 9394: 9381: 9379: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9355: 9353: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9303: 9301: 9300:. 29 April 2023 9292: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9265: 9261: 9251: 9249: 9239: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9143:. 18 July 2021. 9135: 9134: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9092: 9082: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9035: 9031: 9018: 9017: 9013: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8958: 8956: 8939: 8935: 8925: 8923: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8899: 8897: 8894:The Independent 8888: 8887: 8883: 8873: 8871: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8851: 8849: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8800: 8798: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8775:on 1 April 2017 8767: 8766: 8762: 8752: 8750: 8741: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8706: 8702: 8692: 8690: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8630: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8532:The Independent 8524: 8520: 8510: 8508: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8475: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8348: 8342: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8302: 8300: 8299:on 15 June 2006 8291: 8290: 8286: 8276: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8252: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8167:on 18 July 2006 8153: 8149: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8123: 8117:Dougan, Michael 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8083:Wincott, Daniel 8071:Dougan, Michael 8068: 8064: 8019:Wincott, Daniel 8016: 8012: 7998: 7996: 7972:Wolffe, W James 7969: 7965: 7936:SAGE Publishing 7917: 7913: 7874:(4). Abingdon: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7690: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7503: 7498: 7333: 7328: 7326: 7321:Politics portal 7319: 7312: 7309: 7304: 6886:Australia Group 6871: 6806:in March 2017. 6792:the Miller case 6759:and one of the 6678:Prime Minister 6668: 6646: 6638: 6628: 6608:Main articles: 6606: 6553:Scottish Greens 6402:Regions served 6381: 6365:Democracy Index 6358:Scottish Labour 6344:Scottish Greens 6264: 6258: 6076: 6031:Pirate Party UK 6023:Yorkshire Party 5883:Scottish Greens 5866:George Galloway 5804: 5727:London Assembly 5715: 5703: 5697: 5657: 5651: 5597: 5591: 5551: 5545: 5387:James Callaghan 5385:, she defeated 5348: 5342: 5334:Irish home rule 5201: 5195: 5161:There are also 4955: 4949: 4909:hung parliament 4856:Stanley Baldwin 4797:mayor of London 4725:London Assembly 4671: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4636: 4620: 4609: 4603: 4571: 4565: 4533:Court of Appeal 4519:legal precedent 4499: 4491:Main articles: 4489: 4453:Treaty of Union 4449: 4439: 4398:at Stormont in 4345: 4339: 4270:elected by the 4229: 4223: 4211:Richard Leonard 4079:elected by the 4047:legislature of 4009: 4003: 3979:London Assembly 3909:to exist and a 3872: 3866: 3828:suspensive veto 3773:Lords Spiritual 3758: 3752: 3746: 3732:and in 1940 to 3680:political party 3644: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3588: 3551: 3545: 3505: 3499: 3431: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3351: 3345: 3293:who is often a 3279: 3271:Main articles: 3269: 3245:Lord Privy Seal 3222: 3214:Main articles: 3212: 3148:political party 3138:as the head of 3132: 3126: 3098:Executive power 3095: 3021:Domestic powers 2984:British monarch 2980: 2974: 2968: 2893:Treaty of Union 2889: 2873:Main articles: 2871: 2571: 2542: 2538:Other countries 2533: 2532: 2531: 2519: 2506: 2505: 2488: 2475: 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Union 74: 37: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13131: 13121: 13120: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13087: 13086: 13079: 13071: 13070: 13067: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13014: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13005:First Minister 13002: 12997: 12987: 12982: 12976: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12933: 12932: 12922: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12913:First Minister 12910: 12905: 12895: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12877: 12875: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12828: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12801: 12796: 12790: 12788: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12703: 12701: 12691: 12690: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12583: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12480: 12479: 12474: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12418: 12412: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12396:Rail transport 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12335: 12330: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12284: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12239: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12218:Prime Minister 12215: 12214: 12213: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12180: 12178: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12168: 12166:Shadow Cabinet 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12147: 12146: 12144:House of Lords 12141: 12131: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12077: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12044: 12034: 12028: 12027: 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11507: 11502: 11496: 11494: 11493:other entities 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11458: 11456: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11417:United Kingdom 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11230:Czech Republic 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11157: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11134: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11043: 11037: 11030: 11028: 11026:Voting systems 11022: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10950: 10948: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10855: 10843: 10831: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10786: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10729: 10728: 10721: 10714: 10706: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10674:abstentionists 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10596:Heritage Party 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10566:Animal Welfare 10563: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10516: 10514: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10485: 10479: 10473: 10467: 10461: 10455: 10448: 10446: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10404: 10402: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10348: 10346: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10320:Non-affiliated 10317: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10269: 10262: 10260: 10257:House of Lords 10253: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10165: 10154: 10152: 10145: 10144: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10127: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10032: 10027: 10013: 10012:External links 10010: 10009: 10008: 9998: 9983: 9974:Marr, Andrew. 9972: 9965: 9958: 9948: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9913: 9903: 9899:(1995) 195pp; 9893: 9886: 9876: 9866: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9831: 9816: 9788: 9762: 9740: 9714: 9692: 9666: 9635: 9609: 9598:. 30 June 2019 9583: 9557: 9550: 9530: 9504: 9473: 9444: 9418: 9392: 9363: 9337: 9311: 9298:libdems.org.uk 9285: 9259: 9233: 9216: 9202: 9178: 9175:. 6 July 2012. 9160: 9146: 9128: 9102: 9073: 9048: 9029: 9011: 8992: 8966: 8933: 8907: 8881: 8859: 8834: 8808: 8786: 8760: 8734: 8700: 8678: 8645: 8623: 8597: 8571: 8549: 8518: 8495: 8469: 8455: 8443: 8429: 8415: 8401: 8389: 8363: 8353: 8324: 8310: 8284: 8262: 8240: 8228: 8214: 8200: 8178: 8147: 8141: 8130:. pp. 4–5 8108: 8097:. pp. 2–3 8079:McEwen, Nicola 8062: 8010: 7963: 7920:Kenny, Michael 7911: 7856: 7831: 7814: 7792: 7766: 7747: 7722: 7700: 7674: 7642: 7620: 7598: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7324: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7162:United Nations 7159: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6903:(non-regional) 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6831:United Kingdom 6811:Sir Tim Barrow 6780:Prime Minister 6763:, through the 6757:Prime Minister 6684:European Union 6645: 6642: 6605: 6602: 6596:In June 2019, 6581: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6512:September 2020 6510: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463:September 2024 6461: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6380: 6377: 6369:full democracy 6324: 6323: 6260:Main article: 6257: 6254: 6195:no-deal Brexit 6182:Queen's speech 6161:In July 2019, 6136:Caroline Lucas 6100:Shadow Cabinet 6075: 6072: 6046:Health Concern 6042:Frank Branston 5877:Following the 5803: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5792:Health Concern 5784:Richard Taylor 5780: 5723:Caroline Lucas 5714: 5711: 5699:Main article: 5696: 5693: 5685:Alliance Party 5653:Main article: 5650: 5647: 5593:Main article: 5590: 5587: 5576:First Minister 5547:Main article: 5544: 5541: 5403:trade-unionism 5381:party. At the 5371:khaki election 5344:Main article: 5341: 5338: 5215:deal with the 5197:Main article: 5194: 5191: 5179: 5178: 5159: 5153: 5100: 5078: 4951:Main article: 4948: 4945: 4907:resulted in a 4821:Duverger's law 4805: 4804: 4785: 4762:D'Hondt method 4758: 4747: 4728: 4709: 4702: 4673: 4672: 4623: 4621: 4614: 4605:Main article: 4602: 4599: 4591:Sheriff courts 4567:Main article: 4564: 4561: 4488: 4485: 4477:House of Lords 4457:systems of law 4438: 4435: 4358:, seat of the 4341:Main article: 4338: 4335: 4280:d'Hondt method 4268:constituencies 4225:Main article: 4222: 4219: 4172:Annabel Goldie 4077:constituencies 4065:democratically 4005:Main article: 4002: 3999: 3890:and the Welsh 3868:Main article: 3865: 3862: 3781:Lords Temporal 3750:House of Lords 3748:Main article: 3745: 3744:House of Lords 3742: 3652:constituencies 3640:Main article: 3626: 3623: 3618:Main article: 3615: 3612: 3608:House of Lords 3587: 3584: 3562:First Minister 3547:Main article: 3544: 3541: 3523:. The current 3501:Main article: 3498: 3495: 3463:First Minister 3427:Main article: 3424: 3421: 3352: 3347:Main article: 3344: 3341: 3268: 3265: 3211: 3208: 3177:House of Lords 3136:Prime Minister 3128:Main article: 3125: 3122: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3071:Foreign powers 3068: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3046:King's Counsel 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3004:prime minister 2996:United Kingdom 2970:Main article: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2928: 2910: 2896: 2870: 2867: 2863:United Kingdom 2859:United Kingdom 2843:British Empire 2716:, such as the 2651:House of Lords 2587:United Kingdom 2573: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2517: 2503: 2498: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2386:European Union 2381: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2141: 2140: 2129: 2128: 2121:Foreign policy 2118: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2038: 2029: 2022: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1983:Cayman Islands 1980: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1882: 1877: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1800:Civil parishes 1797: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1749: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1722:Civil parishes 1719: 1718: 1717: 1715:London Borough 1712: 1707: 1692: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1678:Greater London 1675: 1670: 1660: 1650: 1641: 1629: 1628: 1625:Administration 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1578:First Minister 1574: 1571:Wales Act 2017 1567:Wales Act 2014 1555: 1544: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1494:First Minister 1490: 1475: 1470: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1411:First Minister 1407: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1327: 1317: 1312: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1246:UK referendums 1244: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 879:1910 (Jan–Feb) 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 739:1801 co-option 735: 727: 723: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 686: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 663: 658: 646: 645: 632: 631: 623: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 592:United Kingdom 587: 586: 576:The Lord Hodge 573: 572: 559: 558: 543: 542: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 507: 506: 496: 491: 484: 483: 465: 464: 445: 444: 435: 434: 415: 414: 411:House of Lords 400: 399: 377: 376: 368: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 326: 325: 305: 304: 295:Prime Minister 279: 278: 257: 256: 227: 226: 218: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 172: 171: 151: 150: 132: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 86: 84:Bill of Rights 81: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13130: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13072: 13068: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12969: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12783: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12569:Welfare state 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12514:Mental health 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12457:Ethnic groups 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12407: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12381:Bus transport 12379: 12377: 12376:Air transport 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12365: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12323: 12321: 12320:Manufacturing 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12196:Civil service 12194: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12123: 12122:republicanism 12120: 12118: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12029: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11942:North Sea oil 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11853: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11840:Great Britain 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11830:British Isles 11828: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11819: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11758: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11691: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11629:Edwardian era 11627: 11625: 11624:Victorian era 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11589: 11582: 11577: 11575: 11570: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11505:Faroe Islands 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11477:South Ossetia 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11302:Liechtenstein 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11155: 11150: 11148: 11143: 11141: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11107: 11104: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11006:West Midlands 11004: 11000: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10954:East Midlands 10952: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10869: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10844: 10840: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10727: 10722: 10720: 10715: 10713: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10658: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10576:Britain First 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554:Other parties 10552: 10545: 10542: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10532:London Greens 10530: 10527: 10524: 10521: 10520:London Labour 10518: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10468: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10433: 10430: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10415: 10412: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10374: 10371: 10368: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10272:Crossbenchers 10270: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10254: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10223: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10187: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10172: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10120: 10118: 10113: 10111: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9966: 9963: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9934:History Today 9931: 9928: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9841: 9835: 9827: 9820: 9812: 9808: 9803: 9795: 9793: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9750: 9744: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9702: 9696: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9624: 9620: 9613: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9553: 9551:9781135255787 9547: 9544:. Routledge. 9543: 9542: 9534: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9500: 9488: 9484: 9477: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9407: 9403: 9396: 9389: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9352: 9348: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9274: 9270: 9263: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9226: 9220: 9212: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9156: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9117: 9113: 9106: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9078: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9024:labour.org.uk 9021: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8954: 8950: 8949:The Telegraph 8945: 8937: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8869: 8863: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8796: 8790: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8749:on 6 May 2017 8748: 8744: 8738: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8704: 8688: 8682: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8649: 8633: 8627: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8559: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8506: 8499: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8465: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8439: 8433: 8425: 8419: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8393: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8357: 8349:(252 KB) 8341: 8334: 8328: 8320: 8314: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8272: 8266: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8224: 8218: 8210: 8204: 8188: 8182: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8145: 8129: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8075:Hayward, Katy 8072: 8066: 8059: 8057: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8007: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7860: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7802: 7796: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7751: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7710: 7704: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7630: 7624: 7609: 7602: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474:Radical Whigs 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7325: 7322: 7316: 7311: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7101:(NAM) (guest) 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6788:Supreme Court 6785: 6781: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6587: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6496:December 2022 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6480:December 2023 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6363:In 2022, the 6361: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6280:Jeremy Corbyn 6277: 6276:Boris Johnson 6273: 6269: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6164: 6163:Boris Johnson 6159: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6122:, the former 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110:, the former 6109: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6080:Jeremy Corbyn 6071: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6019:Mebyon Kernow 6016: 6015:Liberal Party 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5847:EU withdrawal 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5773:Neil Hamilton 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5631:David Cameron 5627: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5616:pupil premium 5613: 5608: 5606: 5605:Liberal Party 5600: 5596: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399:privatisation 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5314:Boris Johnson 5311: 5307: 5306:David Cameron 5302: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5281:, and former 5280: 5275: 5273: 5272:Liberal Party 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5171:Lindsay Hoyle 5168: 5164: 5160: 5158:has four MPs. 5157: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5142:abstentionism 5139: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5032:, but in the 5031: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994:Liberal Party 4991: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4954: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4928:David Cameron 4925: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4872:February 1974 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4768:was used for 4767: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738:to elect the 4737: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4697:elections in 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4669: 4666: 4658: 4655:November 2019 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4624:This section 4622: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4524:stare decisis 4520: 4516: 4512: 4509:are based on 4508: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4233: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4207:Kezia Dugdale 4204: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4184:Willie Rennie 4181: 4177: 4176:Ruth Davidson 4173: 4169: 4168:Johann Lamont 4165: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899:unitary state 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3821:secular state 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3676:Sylvia Hermon 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533:Eluned Morgan 3531:in Welsh, is 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483:Lord Advocate 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318:Civil Service 3316:known as the 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3066: 3065:Royal charter 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992:head of state 2989: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694:Liberal Party 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:head of state 2614: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2421:member states 2419: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338:United States 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2068:Visa policies 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790:Council areas 1788: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584:Eluned Morgan 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 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rights 12068:By-elections 12048:Constitution 12031: 11619:Georgian era 11482:Transnistria 11444:Vatican City 11416: 11118: 10690: 10408:Welsh Labour 10326:Independents 10314:Lord Speaker 10266:Conservative 10240:Independents 10168:Conservative 10162:Labour Co-op 10001: 9989: 9986:Pugh, Martin 9979: 9975: 9968: 9964:(2011) 464pp 9961: 9951: 9940: 9933: 9929:(1995) 336pp 9926: 9916: 9906: 9896: 9889: 9879: 9869: 9856: 9834: 9819: 9806: 9779:. 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Retrieved 8243: 8231: 8217: 8203: 8191:. Retrieved 8181: 8169:. Retrieved 8165:the original 8160: 8150: 8144: 8132:. Retrieved 8111: 8099:. Retrieved 8077:; Hunt, Jo; 8065: 8052: 8030: 8026: 8013: 8004: 7997:. Retrieved 7979: 7966: 7957: 7931: 7927: 7914: 7905: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7847:. Retrieved 7844:humanists.uk 7843: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7805:. Retrieved 7795: 7783:. Retrieved 7778: 7769: 7761:The Guardian 7760: 7750: 7738:. Retrieved 7735:royal.gov.uk 7734: 7725: 7713:. Retrieved 7703: 7691:. Retrieved 7687:The Guardian 7686: 7677: 7665:. Retrieved 7656: 7645: 7633:. Retrieved 7623: 7611:. Retrieved 7601: 7589:. Retrieved 7585: 7576: 7414:Anti-fascism 7369:British left 6839: 6808: 6804:royal assent 6777: 6750: 6731: 6716: 6708:Eurosceptics 6704: 6680:Edward Heath 6676:Conservative 6669: 6639: 6595: 6588: 6584: 6424:Conservative 6386: 6382: 6362: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6312: 6310: 6306:Keir Starmer 6303: 6296: 6290:resigned as 6284:Labour Party 6265: 6227: 6219:dictatorship 6170:Elizabeth II 6167: 6160: 6152: 6128: 6108:Angela Eagle 6092: 6084: 6077: 6074:2015 to 2019 6057: 6050: 6035: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5963: 5959:Aspire Party 5956: 5952:Andrew Brons 5945: 5922: 5902: 5891: 5876: 5870: 5851: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5746: 5742:Reform Party 5734:Brexit Party 5731: 5716: 5704: 5658: 5643: 5628: 5609: 5601: 5598: 5584: 5572:Alex Salmond 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5522: 5447:Neil Kinnock 5443:Michael Foot 5436: 5418:Michael Foot 5415: 5367:World War II 5360: 5352: 5349: 5319: 5303: 5276: 5257: 5240:Duke of York 5221: 5202: 5180: 5093:Welsh Labour 5065: 5038: 5018: 5016:tendencies. 4989: 4983: 4975:Labour Party 4964: 4926:, headed by 4921: 4913:World War II 4902: 4876: 4864:World War II 4848: 4818: 4806: 4676: 4661: 4652: 4637:Please help 4625: 4572: 4522: 4500: 4450: 4412: 4404: 4365: 4307:Welsh Office 4296: 4238: 4195: 4188: 4180:Tavish Scott 4161: 4140:Alex Salmond 4138: 4127: 4123: 4089: 4038: 3972: 3964:Gordon Brown 3960: 3930: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3897:The UK is a 3896: 3873: 3855: 3844: 3825: 3813:Humanists UK 3765:aristocratic 3759: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3688: 3645: 3589: 3586:Legislatures 3552: 3537:Welsh Labour 3528: 3506: 3447:NHS Scotland 3445:; including 3443:Scotland Act 3432: 3330: 3314:organisation 3311: 3280: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3181: 3133: 3096: 3070: 3069: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3010:The head of 3009: 2986:, currently 2981: 2923:to form the 2905:to form the 2862: 2858: 2850: 2820: 2806:. In Wales, 2744:civil unrest 2730: 2690:Labour Party 2675: 2636: 2623:, currently 2615:, serves as 2611:, currently 2584: 2313:South Africa 2298:Saudi Arabia 2019:Saint Helena 1811: 1781:Subdivisions 1767: 1752:Subdivisions 1738: 1644:Subdivisions 1630: 1576: 1533: 1500:John Swinney 1492: 1459: 1423: 1409: 1390: 1377:Metro mayors 1342: 1301: 1245: 1241: 1197: 1193: 1144: 1140: 1096: 1092: 1038: 1034: 728: 724: 647: 640: 633: 626: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 544: 537: 527: 468: 455: 446: 439: 427:Lord Speaker 425: 416: 409: 401: 394: 378: 371: 327: 319: 308:Keir Starmer 306: 293: 280: 267: 258: 251: 240: 235: 228: 221: 182:Royal family 173: 166: 157: 152: 140: 72:Constitution 53: 38: 31: 26: 13034:Health care 12942:Health care 12848:Health care 12756:Health care 12664:Anglosphere 12539:Social care 12494:Immigration 12437:Drug policy 12201:Departments 12129:Nationality 11902:Agriculture 11835:terminology 11802:City status 11673:Since 1979 11520:Isle of Man 11455:recognition 11402:Switzerland 11337:Netherlands 10997:(including 10750:Legislation 10432:Independent 10420:Plaid Cymru 10308:Plaid Cymru 10210:Plaid Cymru 9828:. BBC News. 9411:14 November 9278:5 September 8985:3 September 8959:3 September 8926:3 September 8564:13 November 8511:25 November 8277:14 November 8255:14 November 8041:: 696–713. 7785:23 December 7740:23 December 7731:"Audiences" 7591:19 November 7484:Reform Acts 7175:(associate) 6823:Donald Tusk 6819:Theresa May 6784:Theresa May 6537:Plaid Cymru 6332:David Evans 6248:removed by 6234:Phillip Lee 6213:and in the 6148:Arron Banks 5843:immigration 5788:Wyre Forest 5757:Martin Bell 5701:Plaid Cymru 5695:Plaid Cymru 5665:Ian Paisley 5492:party to a 5411:Thatcherism 5310:Theresa May 5260:Robert Peel 5163:independent 5127:nationalist 5081:Plaid Cymru 4844:nationalist 4595:Sheriffdoms 4541:Crown Court 4493:English law 4461:English law 4388:nationalist 4244:legislature 4215:Anas Sarwar 4119:Westminster 4099:legislature 4061:Westminster 3786:established 3439:Westminster 3102:Charles III 2812:Plaid Cymru 2774:, became a 2770:party, the 2714:third party 2283:New Zealand 2278:Netherlands 2168:Visa policy 2146:UK passport 1908:Isle of Man 1835:Communities 1785:Sheriffdoms 1603:(1999–2011) 1367:London Plan 683:referendums 524:Charles III 504:List of MPs 475:Rishi Sunak 403:Charles III 365:Legislature 342:Departments 237:Charles III 192:Prerogative 154:Charles III 142:The Monarch 106:Rule of law 79:Magna Carta 13000:Government 12908:Government 12903:Parliament 12619:Literature 12499:Innovation 12432:Demography 12327:(currency) 12176:Government 12134:Parliament 12058:Devolution 12053:Corruption 11988:Materials 11922:geothermal 11606:Chronology 11372:San Marino 11332:Montenegro 11312:Luxembourg 11292:Kazakhstan 11195:Azerbaijan 10591:Green (NI) 9809:. London. 9755:16 October 9659:20 October 9576:19 October 9121:13 October 9116:LabourList 9095:13 October 9090:LabourList 9066:13 October 8507:. BBC News 8382:30 October 8235:including 8134:15 October 8101:16 October 7984:. Oxford: 7893:1814/70296 7827:commanding 7807:21 October 7711:. BBC News 7659:. London. 7631:. BBC News 7613:14 October 7568:References 7079:(Intelsat) 6857:, and the 6771:, through 6769:Parliament 6753:referendum 6734:referendum 6700:Strasbourg 6630:See also: 6569:Alba Party 6415:March 2024 6379:Membership 6328:at present 6288:Jo Swinson 6211:High Court 6207:John Major 6120:Owen Smith 6087:referendum 5775:. Bell, a 5639:Nick Clegg 5624:income tax 5529:New Labour 5525:Tony Blair 5523:Following 5478:Tony Blair 5471:John Smith 5407:monetarism 5395:John Major 5286:John Major 5123:republican 5095:, and the 4969:, are the 4511:common-law 4441:See also: 4329:, nor the 4327:parliament 4323:referendum 4303:referendum 4278:using the 4254:, or MSs ( 4203:Jim Murphy 4150:. The SNP 4045:unicameral 3991:referendum 3983:referendum 3805:Winchester 3793:Canterbury 3769:life peers 3762:hereditary 3754:See also: 3670:). At the 3467:portfolios 3283:ministries 2976:See also: 2827:uncodified 2619:while the 2606:hereditary 2595:convention 2000:Montserrat 1591:Government 1507:Government 1350:Sadiq Khan 1278:Devolution 969:1974 (Oct) 964:1974 (Feb) 884:1910 (Dec) 656:Currencies 494:Opposition 187:Succession 13029:Education 12985:Geography 12937:Education 12893:Geography 12843:Education 12814:Executive 12799:Geography 12751:Education 12724:Geography 12504:Languages 12442:Education 12368:Transport 12206:Ministers 12092:Judiciary 12063:Elections 12003:Wildlife 11912:biodiesel 11894:Resources 11884:Volcanoes 11874:Mountains 11859:Coastline 11761:Geography 11715:1814–1919 11677:political 11662:political 11614:Formation 11510:Gibraltar 11307:Lithuania 10999:Gibraltar 10911:1999–2004 10868:Gibraltar 10851:Gibraltar 10839:Gibraltar 10827:Gibraltar 10782:Elections 10651:Yorkshire 10626:Rejoin EU 10544:Reform UK 10452:Sinn Féin 10186:Sinn Féin 9649:The Times 9382:24 August 8900:31 August 8874:31 August 8852:31 August 8827:31 August 8801:31 August 8727:8 October 8722:0261-3077 8693:8 October 8056:Lord Hope 7954:232050477 7938:: 12–15. 7902:234066376 7823:surviving 7763:. London. 7667:8 October 7238:(UNFICYP) 7226:(UNAMSIL) 6861:at 23:00 6790:ruled in 6598:Reform UK 6579:Scotland 6563:Scotland 6483:Scotland 6456:Reform UK 6431:July 2022 6274:, led by 6250:Number 10 6064:manifesto 6053:Jury Team 5911:. In the 5872:Change UK 5858:left-wing 5856:party, a 5633:formed a 5516:. At the 5455:left-wing 5253:left-wing 5108:Sinn Féin 5071:Reform UK 4828:principle 4810:plurality 4626:does not 4575:civil-law 4569:Scots law 4469:Scots law 4437:Judiciary 4423:Sinn Féin 4272:plurality 4164:Iain Gray 4107:education 4081:plurality 4063:"), is a 4057:Edinburgh 4025:Edinburgh 3726:Bonar Law 3600:bicameral 3569:Sinn Féin 3459:transport 3451:education 3441:, by the 3337:Whitehall 3153:Ministers 3093:Executive 2990:, is the 2966:The Crown 2802:advocate 2800:Sinn Féin 2731:With the 2698:coalition 2318:Palestine 2303:Singapore 2216:Hong Kong 2181:Australia 2081:UK-OT JMC 1994:Gibraltar 1761:Districts 1695:Districts 1612:Welsh law 1527:Scots law 1438:Executive 679:Elections 661:Banknotes 555:President 519:Judiciary 347:Ministers 215:Executive 129:The Crown 34:(journal) 13112:Category 13092:Category 13044:Religion 12990:Politics 12957:Religion 12898:Politics 12886:timeline 12873:Scotland 12858:Religion 12809:Assembly 12804:Politics 12771:Religion 12729:Politics 12717:timeline 12634:Religion 12614:Identity 12477:Scotland 12422:Cannabis 12348:Taxation 12235:Military 12117:monarchs 12112:Monarchy 12032:Politics 11992:forestry 11972:Scottish 11963:Fishing 11822:Physical 11742:Taxation 11737:Military 11727:Maritime 11700:Economic 11693:By topic 11658:Postwar 11652:military 11647:civilian 11639:Interwar 11530:Svalbard 11515:Guernsey 11462:Abkhazia 11432:Scotland 11387:Slovenia 11382:Slovakia 11357:Portugal 11215:Bulgaria 10984:Scotland 10464:Alliance 10222:Alliance 10079:Archived 10038:Archived 10021:Archived 9811:Archived 9781:29 March 9596:Sky News 9493:24 April 9356:14 April 9324:BBC news 9273:BBC News 9252:30 March 9197:Archived 9061:Politico 8953:Archived 8779:30 April 8753:30 April 8638:26 April 8590:23 April 8483:BBC News 8119:(2020). 8085:(2020). 7999:18 April 7849:12 March 7661:Archived 7307:See also 7232:(UNOMIG) 7220:(UNMIBH) 7214:(UNIKOM) 7169:(UNCTAD) 6964:Inmarsat 6767:, or of 6696:Brussels 6342:and the 6230:majority 6174:prorogue 5765:Cheshire 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12836:tourism 12831:Economy 12794:History 12776:Symbols 12766:Culture 12744:tourism 12739:Economy 12707:History 12699:England 12649:Theatre 12644:Symbols 12602:Cuisine 12579:Culture 12549:Suicide 12519:Poverty 12484:Housing 12472:England 12410:Society 12386:Driving 12358:Tourism 12276:Economy 12184:Cabinet 11984:Hunting 11967:English 11864:Geology 11847:Climate 11597:History 11422:England 11412:Ukraine 11362:Romania 11322:Moldova 11280:Ireland 11275:Iceland 11270:Hungary 11260:Germany 11255:Georgia 11245:Finland 11240:Estonia 11235:Denmark 11220:Croatia 11205:Belgium 11200:Belarus 11190:Austria 11185:Armenia 11180:Andorra 11175:Albania 11034:D'Hondt 10931:2019–20 10926:2014–19 10921:2009–14 10916:2004–09 10906:1994–99 10901:1989–94 10896:1984–89 10891:1979–84 10886:1973–79 10879:Members 10862:Results 10815:Results 10646:Workers 10621:Reclaim 10606:Liberal 10246:Speaker 10004:(2005) 9994:(2011) 9954:(2009) 9943:(2001) 9919:(2012) 9884:excerpt 9882:(2018) 9872:(2005) 9861:(2004) 9685:5 March 9628:30 June 9602:30 June 9499:Twitter 9304:12 July 8542:15 July 7878:: 6–7. 7715:4 March 7693:4 March 7244:(UNRWA) 7208:(UNMIK) 7202:(UNIDO) 7196:(UNHCR) 6688:members 6444:90,000+ 6428:172,437 6412:366,604 6396:Members 6292:Lib Dem 5854:Respect 5837:in the 5769:elected 5401:, anti- 5365:during 5167:Speaker 5051:in the 5014:Peelite 5010:Radical 4799:before 4689:to the 4647:removed 4632:sources 4549:England 4400:Belfast 4115:justice 3932:England 3903:federal 3714:survive 3558:diarchy 3481:), the 3455:justice 3333:metonym 3299:Cabinet 3175:in the 3161:Cabinet 2994:of the 2869:History 2782:at the 2661:to the 2629:elected 2609:monarch 2599:unitary 2496:England 2390:history 2351:Ireland 2238:Germany 2228:Denmark 2191:Belgium 2125:history 1961:Bermuda 1820:History 1776:History 1747:History 1648:Regions 1639:History 1632:England 1303:England 789:1832–33 457:Speaker 269:Cabinet 13097:Portal 12995:Senedd 12712:social 12597:Cinema 12592:Anthem 12534:Racism 12489:Hunger 12462:Health 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