9120:
10660:, "Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights. ... The constraints upon its exercise by Parliament are ultimately political, not legal. But the principle of legality means that Parliament must squarely confront what it is doing and accept the political cost. Fundamental rights cannot be overridden by general or ambiguous words. This is because there is too great a risk that the full implications of their unqualified meaning may have passed unnoticed in the democratic process. In the absence of express language or necessary implication to the contrary, the courts, therefore, presume that even the most general words were intended to be subject to the basic rights of the individual. In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document."
10677:(1882) 145, "Lawyers are apt to speak as though the legislature were omnipotent, as they do not require to go beyond its decisions. It is, of course, omnipotent in the sense that it can make whatever laws it pleases, inasmuch as a law means any rule which has been made by the legislature. But from the scientific point of view, the power of the legislature is of course strictly limited. It is limited, so to speak, both from within and from without; from within, because the legislature is the product of a certain social condition, and determined by whatever determines the society; and from without, because the power of imposing laws is dependent upon the instinct of subordination, which is itself limited. If a legislature decided that all blue-eyed babies should be murdered, the preservation of blue-eyed babies would be illegal; but legislators must go mad before they could pass such a law, and subjects be idiotic before they could submit to it."
311:
510:
480:
8869:
9518:
7561:
5930:
2832:
15005:(1516) Book I, "wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded... stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them... Stop the rich from cornering markets and establishing virtual monopolies. Reduce the number of people who are kept doing nothing. Revive agriculture and the wool industry, so that there is plenty of honest, useful work for the great army of unemployed β by which I mean not only existing thieves, but tramps and idle servants who are bound to become thieves eventually."
384:
3536:
6652:
the executive can create and administer financial benefits schemes. Fourth, through the
Attorney General the executive can stop prosecutions or pardon convicted offenders after taking advice. Fifth, the executive may acquire more territory or alter limits of British territorial waters. Sixth, the executive may expel aliens and theoretically restrain people from leaving the UK. Seventh, the executive can sign treaties, although before it is considered ratified the treaty must be laid before Parliament for 21 days and there must be no resolution against it. Eighth, the executive governs the armed forces and can do "all those things in an emergency which are necessary for the conduct of war".
796:
3426:
4934:
4485:, fundamental human rights and freedoms are themselves "best maintained ... by "an effective political democracy". Similarly, this "characteristic principle of democracy" is enshrined by the First Protocol, article 3, which requires the "right to free elections" to "ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature". While there are many conceptions of democracy, such as "direct", "representative" or "deliberative", the dominant view in modern political theory is that democracy requires an active citizenry, not only in electing representatives, but in taking part in political life.
6571:
6419:
409:
4083:
7271:
6056:. This also means an element of retroactivity, since an application of developing rules may differ from at least one party's understanding of the law in any conflict. Although formally the British judiciary may not declare an Act of Parliament "unconstitutional", in practice the judiciary's power to interpret the law so as to be compatible with human rights can render a statute inoperative, much like in other countries. The courts do so sparingly because they recognise the importance of the democratic process. Judges may also sit from time to time on public inquiries.
7457:
668:
6060:
13232:"I'm quite embarrassed to be the only justice to tick a lot of the diversity boxes, for example the gender one, the subject areas in which I'm interested (which are not ones that most of my colleagues have had much to do with up until now), the fact that I went to a non-fee-paying school and the fact that I wasn't a practitioner for any great length of time. I'm different from most of my colleagues in a number of respects (and they're probably at least as conscious of this as I am). I think we could do with more of that sort of diversity."
7047:
3407:'s ban on fox hunting, arguing it was not a valid Act because it was passed avoiding the House of Lords, using the Parliament Acts. They argued that the 1949 Act itself was passed using the 1911 Act's power to override the Lords in two years. The claimants argued that this meant the 1949 Act should not be considered a valid law, because the 1911 Act was limited in scope and could not be used to amend its own limitation of the Lords' power. The House of Lords, sitting as the UK's highest court, rejected this argument, holding both the
6683:
698:
7197:
22:
4004:
19221:
2725:
7476:, is essential to hold executive power and public bodies accountable under the law. In practice, constitutional principles emerge through cases of judicial review, because every public body, whose decisions affect people's lives, is created and bound by law. A person can apply to the High Court to challenge a public body's decision if they have a "sufficient interest", within three months of the grounds of the cause of action becoming known. By contrast, claims against public bodies in
11063:, first "absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power", second "equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts" and third, "principles of private law have with us been by the action of the courts and Parliament so extended as to determine the position of the Crown and of its servants". See also J. Raz, "The Rule of Law and its Virtue" (1977) 93
9755:
4489:
depends upon a constant process of deliberative discussion and public debate, rather than the imposition of decisions. It is also generally agreed that basic standards in political, social and economic rights are necessary to ensure everyone can play a meaningful role in political life. For this reason, the rights to free voting in fair elections and "general welfare in a democratic society" have developed hand-in-hand with all human rights, and form a fundamental cornerstone of
11924:(1772) 98 ER 499, "The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of now being introduced by Courts of Justice upon mere reasoning or inferences from any principles, natural or political; it must take its rise from positive law; the origin of it can in no country or age be traced back to any other source: immemorial usage preserves the memory of positive law long after all traces of the occasion; reason, authority, and time of its introduction are lost ..."
636:
19233:
19245:
5543:
5122:
2758:
17485:
5662:
6717:. This includes rules that Ministers are "expected to behave in a way that upholds the highest standards of propriety", "give accurate and truthful information to Parliament", resign if they "knowingly mislead Parliament", to be "as open as possible", have no possible conflicts of interest and give a full list of interests to a permanent secretary, and only "remain in office for so long as they retain the confidence of the Prime Minister".
16590:
16155:
4454:
8946:, because his ancestors and those of his Norman barons all came from Norway. He was, however, persuaded by those summoned, that the laws of the Britons, English and Picts should remain in force 'because it was hard to adopt laws and to judge according to those that they did not know'. It is recorded that 'Finally, by the counsel and at the request of his barons, he acquiesced' and authorised and confirmed the laws as they were under
2771:
2740:
5958:
sole criterion for appointment and the appointments system is modern, open and transparent. In terms of scrutiny, A Judicial
Appointment and Conduct Ombudsman, responsible for investigating and making recommendations concerning complaints about the judicial appointments process, and the handling of judicial conduct complaints within the scope of the Constitutional Reform Act, provides checks and balances to the Supreme Court.
9045:, where leaders demanded an end to feudalism, and for everything to be held in common. Despite the revolt's violent repression, slavery and serfdom broke down, yet most people remained without any substantial liberty, in political or economic rights. As sheep farming became more profitable than agricultural work, enclosures of common land dispossessed more people, who turned into paupers and were punished.
6093:, and one lay person. For other senior judges such as those on the Court of Appeal, or for the Lord Chief Justice, Master of the Rolls, or the heads of the High Court divisions, a similar five member panel with two judges is formed. Gender and ethnic diversity is lacking in the British judiciary compared to other developed countries, and potentially compromises the expertise and administration of justice.
9311:, ratifying the Treaty of Union 1707, between the then-independent states of Scotland and England, resulted in them both merging their states to create a new state, Great Britain, and dissolving their parliaments to create a new Parliament, which gave Scottish electors representation in Westminster. The Treaty also stipulated that Scottish private law would continue under a Scottish court system.
7146:, to carry out compulsory purchasing according to law, to administer school education, libraries, care for children, roads or highway maintenance and local buses, provide care for the elderly and disabled, prevent pollution and ensure clean air, ensure collection, recycling and disposal of waste, regulate building standards, provide social and affordable housing, and shelters for the homeless.
14915:. This allowed, for example, in clause 9, 'Every freeman shall at his own pleasure provide agistment' or grazing rights, and in clause 12, 'Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve, pond, marl-pit, ditch, or arable in cultivated land outside coverts, provided that no injury is thereby given to any neighbour.'
199:, the highest form of law, both Houses must read, amend, or approve proposed legislation three times and the monarch must give consent. The judiciary interprets the law found in Acts of Parliament and develops the law established by previous cases. The highest court is the twelve-person Supreme Court, as it decides appeals from the Courts of Appeal in England, Wales, and
7492:
Parliament, when it passes an Act. Otherwise, a claimant can argue that a public body's decision was unlawful in five main types of case: (1) it exceeded the lawful power of the body, used its power for an improper purpose, or acted unreasonably, (2) it violated a legitimate expectation, (3) failed to exercise relevant and independent judgement, (4) exhibited bias or a
11942:(3rd ed) p. 630 that: "It is a principle of legal policy that the municipal law should conform to public international law. The court, when considering, in relation to the facts of the instant case, which of the opposing constructions of the enactment would give effect to the legislative intention, should presume that the legislator intended to observe this principle."
10945:, : "Parliamentary sovereignty is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution", and at : "it is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution that, unless primary legislation permits it, the Royal prerogative does not enable ministers to change statute law or common law ... This is, of course, just as true in relation to Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish law."
4195:, attempted to put this into practice (e.g. requiring the executive does not come from the legislature), it is clear that modern political parties may undermine such a separation by capturing all three branches of government, and democracy has been maintained since the 20th century despite the fact that "there is no formal separation of powers in the United Kingdom".
15940:
12911:
3477:, "based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members", said that "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind", the UN would "reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights", and members should "live together in peace with one another as good neighbours". The
5746:. A third proposed option is to elect peers by work and professional groups, so that health care workers elect peers with special health knowledge, people in education elect a fixed number of education experts, legal professionals elect legal representatives, and so on. This is argued to be necessary to improve the quality of legislation.
9271:. As well as reaffirming Magna Carta, it says the 'pretended power of suspending laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal', that 'election of members of Parliament ought to be free', and that 'Parliament ought to be held frequently'. The justification for government itself, encapsulated by
11810:, ch 41, "All merchants shall have a safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us ..."
6075:, no judge has been removed, as to do so the King must act on address by both Houses of Parliament. It is very likely that a judge would never be dismissed, not merely because of formal rules but a "shared constitutional understanding" of the importance of the integrity of the legal system. This is reflected, for example, in the
14238:(2016) 320, 'The net result, over time, will be a patchwork of combined authorities with elected mayors, supplying a mezzanine layer of government that sits between individual local authorities and central government.' HC 369 (2015-16) criticised the lack of actual public consultation in creating combined authorities. See also
6713:" is a still smaller group of 22 or 23 people, though only twenty ministers may be paid. Each minister typically heads a Department or Ministry, which can be created or renamed by prerogative. Cabinet committees are usually organised by the Prime Minister. Every minister is expected to follow collective responsibility, and the
14978:(1546) 31, servitude was 'the greatest inconvenience that nowe is suffred by the lawe. That is to have any christen man bounden to an other, and to have the rule of his body, landes, and goodes, that his wyfe, children, and servantes have laboured for, all their life tyme, to be so taken, lyke as it were extorcion or bribery'.
15952:
12886:
present
Parliament, and by the authority of the same, that from henceforth the House of Lords in Parliament shall be and is hereby wholly abolished and taken away; and that the Lords shall not from henceforth meet or sit in the said House called the Lords' House, or in any other house or place whatsoever..." See also
10559:(2015) 65, it "is not possible to predict the outcome of changes made by Parliament to the 'manner and form' of the legislative process since, depending on the nature and reasons for such changes, the courts might still be influenced by a deep-seated belief in the proposition that Parliament cannot bind itself."
5044:, resultingβwith a 72.2% turnoutβin a margin of 51.9% favouring "leave" and 48.1% favouring "remain". Some allegations were made of misconduct taking place in the campaigns in support of both referendum options, whilst authorities found nothing considered serious enough to affect results and little to chastise.
4477:, legitimises the fact of Parliamentary sovereignty, and it is widely considered that "democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law". The opposite of arbitrary power exercised by one person is "administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few". According to the preamble to the
15805:
JC Coffee, 'What Went Wrong? An
Initial Inquiry into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis' (2009) 9(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 1. For problems starting in US regulation, see E Warren, 'Product Safety Regulation as a Model for Financial Services Regulation' (2008) 43(2) Journal of Consumer
13395:
in London, commercial property in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Nottingham, Newcastle, etc., and a right to receive 23% of the income from the Duchy of
Lancaster's Savoy Estate in London (2) 116,000 hectares of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property (3)
10978:
AC 1, 48, per Lord Bridge, "The maintenance of the rule of law is in every way as important in a free society as the democratic franchise. In our society the rule of law rests upon twin foundations: the sovereignty of the Queen in
Parliament in making the law and the sovereignty of the Queen's courts
9941:
It has been commented by Dicey that formally, the
British Parliament was limited by the terms of the international treaties that created it in the first place. His comment that it would be imprudent for the British Parliament to try and abolish Scots Law for example, has been criticised judicially as
9938:
that has evolved since Dicey's era, and the reduction in checks on governmental power, has led to an excessively powerful government that is not legally constrained by the observance of fundamental rights. A Constitution would impose limits on what
Parliament could do. To date, the Parliament of the
4507:
stated that the right of everyone "to give vote at the election of a person to represent in
Parliament, there to concur to the making of laws, which are to bind liberty and property, is a most transcendent thing, and of a high nature". This has meant that the courts actively ensure that votes cast
4074:
On appeal, the
European Court of Human Rights concluded the convention was breached because the statute did not "indicate with reasonable clarity the scope and manner of exercise of the relevant discretion conferred on the public authorities." The judgment, however, was overshadowed by the government
3746:
for devolved assemblies, where the assembly passes a motion that the Westminster Parliament can legislate on a devolved matter before it does so, meant the UK could not negotiate to leave without the Scottish, Welsh or Northern Ireland legislatures' consent. The Supreme Court held that the government
3421:
Lord Hope argued that Parliamentary sovereignty "is no longer, if it ever was, absolute", and that the "rule of law enforced by the courts is the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based", and cannot be used to defend unconstitutional Acts (as determined by the courts). There is
3294:
Parliamentary sovereignty is often seen as a central element in the British constitution, although its extent is contested. It means that an Act of Parliament is the highest form of law, but also that "Parliament cannot bind itself". Historically, Parliament became sovereign through a series of power
11654:
with their judicial oaths, not only in disputes between private persons but also in disputes between private persons and the state. The state, in the shape of the executive, is as much subject to the rule of law as are private persons." cf K. D. Ewing, "The Resilience of the Political Constitution"
11653:
UKPC 23, Lady Hale, "A vital element in any modern democratic constitution is the independence of the judiciary from the other arms of government, the executive and the legislature. This is crucial to maintaining the rule of law: the judges must be free to interpret and apply the law, in accordance
7141:
section 101 says that a local authority can discharge its functions through a committee or any officer, and can transfer functions to another authority, while section 111 gives authorities the power to do anything including spending or borrowing 'which is calculated to facilitate, or is conducive or
5957:
Further aspects of this explores how independent the Judiciary has become. An Appointments Commission, responsible for selecting candidates to recommend for judicial appointment to the Secretary of State for Justice was established. The Judicial Appointments Commission ensures that merit remains the
5584:
recognised the right to "vote at the election of a person to represent him or in Parliament, there to concur to the making of laws, which are to bind his liberty and property" as "a most transcendent thing, and of an high nature". This originally meant that any interference in that right would lead
5068:
Laws that touch on topics such as the structure of government, rights of citizens and the powers of devolved assemblies become constitutionally significant simply by their subject matter and the sovereignty of parliament meaning that the specifics of the law becoming legally binding. This allows for
4546:, Lord Steyn, giving the leading judgement, said it was "necessary" to view the law of negligence in the context of "the contours of our social welfare state". More generally, the common law has been increasingly developed to be harmonious with statutory rights, and also in harmony with rights under
4175:
said the "constitutional right of access to the courts is inherent in the rule of law". Without access to courts, "laws are liable to become a dead letter, the work done by Parliament may be rendered nugatory, and the democratic election of Members of Parliament may become a meaningless charade." In
9951:
of personal liberty, and "the institutions and manners of the nation". Opponents of a codified constitution argue that the country is not based on a founding document that tells its citizens who they are and what they can do. There is also a belief that any unwarranted encroachment on the spirit of
7117:
In real terms since 2010, central government cut local council funding by nearly 50 per cent, and real spending fell by 21 per cent, as councils failed to make up cuts through business rates. Unitary authorities and district councils are responsible for administering council tax and business rates.
6088:
Members of the judiciary can be appointed from among any member of the legal profession who has over 10 years of experience having rights of audience before a court: this usually includes barristers, but can also mean solicitors or academics. Appointments should be made "solely on merit" but regard
5574:
aged 18 and over to elect Members of Parliament to the House of Commons. Sections 3 and 4 exclude people who are convicted of an offence and in a penal institution, or detained under mental health laws. These restrictions fall below European standards, which require that people who are convicted of
5112:
Conventions are harder to pin down as being constitutionally significant due to be unwritten agreements without hard legal force, but they remain an integral element of the constitution. Elements such as the leader of the party with a majority becoming Prime Minister, the House of Lords not vetoing
4488:
Its essence lies in not simply majority decision-making, nor referendums that can easily be used as a tool of manipulation, "but in the making of politically responsible decisions" and in "large-scale social changes maximising the freedom" of humankind. The legitimacy of law in a democratic society
14954:
and camlet furred with grise, and we be vestured with poor cloth: they have their wines, spices and good bread, and we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water: they dwell in fair houses, and we have the pain and travail, rain and wind in the fields; and by that that cometh of our labours
14282:
12885:
An Act abolishing the House of Lords 1649, reading "The Commons of England assembled in Parliament, finding by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England to be continued, have thought fit to ordain and enact, and be it ordained and enacted by this
9956:
in the course of delivering his opinion in a case heard in Louisiana in 1873: "England has no written constitution, it is true; but it has an unwritten one, resting in the acknowledged, and frequently declared, privileges of Parliament and the people, to violate which in any material respect would
7149:
Local authorities do not yet have powers common in other countries, such as setting minimum wages, regulating rents, or borrowing and taxing as is necessary in the public interest, which frustrates objectives of pluralism, localism and autonomy. Since 2009, authorities have been empowered to merge
6672:
clauses, which enable a Secretary of State to alter provisions of primary legislation. For this reason it has often been argued that executive authority should be reduced, written into statute, and never used to deprive people of rights without Parliament. All uses of the prerogative, however, are
6660:
create corporations, such as the BBC, and franchises for markets, ferries and fisheries. Twelfth, the executive has the right to mine precious metals, and to take treasure troves. Thirteenth, it may make coins. Fourteenth, it can print or license the authorised version of the Bible, Book of Common
6651:
Though royal prerogative powers can be categorised in different ways, there are around 15. First, the executive may create hereditary titles, confer honours and create peers. Second, the executive can legislate by an Order in Council, though this has been called an 'anachronistic survival'. Third,
5161:
in a democratic vote, although outcomes do not always accurately match people's preferences overall. Elections must be held within five years after the previous election of a Parliament, though historically they have tended to occur each four years. Election spending is tightly controlled, foreign
5000:
which sought to guarantee basic standards of democracy and human rights to preserve peace in post-war Europe. At the same time, following long-held visions for European integration with the UK "at the centre", democratic European countries sought to integrate their economies both to make war vain,
4145:
remarked that the SFO had to consider "the principle that no-one, including powerful British companies who do business for powerful foreign countries, is above the law", but the decision reached was not unreasonable. When enforcement or court proceedings do take place, they should proceed swiftly:
3453:
In recent history, Parliament's sovereignty has evolved in four main ways. First, since 1945 international cooperation meant Parliament augmented its power by working with, not dominating, other sovereign nations. While Parliament had nearly uncontested military power before, and so was thought by
186:
The leading institutions in the United Kingdom's constitution are Parliament, the judiciary, the executive, and regional and local governments, including the devolved legislatures and executives of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Parliament is the supreme law-making body, and represents the
5961:
The Judiciary hears appeals from the whole UK in civil law matters, and for criminal law in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. It does not hear criminal appeals from Scotland. The Supreme Court does however consider "devolution issues" where these may affect Scottish criminal law. Since the
5526:
which investigate spending, policies, laws and their impact, and often report to recommend reform. For instance, the Modernisation Committee of the House of Commons in 2002 recommended publishing draft bills before they became law, and was later found to have been highly successful. There are 650
13146:(2014) 329, 'whatever the theoretical position, there are a number of reasons which help to ensure that these latter powers are unlikely ever to be used, with the security of judicial tenure relying not so much on legal rules as on a shared constitutional understanding which these rules reflect.'
12430:
art 4, levying money for the Crown without Parliament's consent is illegal. Each year a Supply and Appropriation (Anticipation and Adjustments) Bill, typically passed in March, provides money on account to fund activities from the start of the new financial year. A Supply and Appropriation (Main
7231:
with 129 elected members each four years: 73 from single member constituencies with simple majority vote, and 56 from additional member systems of proportional representation. Under section 28, the Scottish Parliament can make any laws except for on 'reserved matters' listed in Schedule 5. These
3366:", and supreme. 18 years later however, the English Parliament abolished itself in order to create the new Parliament following on the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland, while the Scottish Parliament did likewise. Power struggles within Parliament continued between the aristocracy and
14270:
listing (1) agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development) (2) ancient monuments and historic buildings (3) culture (4) economic development (5) education and training (6) environment (7) fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety (8) food (9) health and health services (10)
10246:
clauses 1 ("the English church shall be free"), 12 and 14 (no tax "unless by common counsel of our kingdom"), 17 ("Common pleas shall ... be held in some fixed place"), 39β40 ("To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice"), 41 ("merchants shall have safe and
7491:
Almost any public body, or private bodies exercising public functions, can be the target of judicial review, including a government department, a local council, any Minister, the Prime Minister, or any other body that is created by law. The only public body whose decisions cannot be reviewed is
7247:
created a 60-member national assembly with elections every four years, and set out twenty fields of government competence, with some exceptions. The fields include agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development, economic development, education, environmental policy, health, highways and
5599:
Election spending is tightly controlled today by statute. A maximum of Β£20 million can be spent by political parties in national campaigns, plus Β£10,000 in each constituency. Political advertisements on television are prohibited except for those in certain free time slots, although the internet
3963:
has been regarded as a fundamental principle of modern legal systems, including the UK. It has been called "as important in a free society as the democratic franchise", and even "the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based". Like parliamentary sovereignty, its meaning and
3655:
rail line from London to Manchester and Leeds claimed that the government had not properly followed an Environmental Impact Assessment Directive by whipping a vote in Parliament to approve the plan. They argued that the Directive required open and free consultation, which was not fulfilled if a
6729:, it has been expected that government should be open about information, and should disclose it upon a request unless disclosure would compromise personal data, security or may run against the public interest. In this way the trend has been to more open, transparent and accountable governance.
238:
in their public capacity, known as the Crown, embodies the state. Laws can only be made by or with the authority of the Crown in Parliament, all judges sit in place of the Crown and all ministers act in the name of the Crown. The monarch is for the most part a ceremonial figurehead and has not
5730:
system. However, the government withdrew support after backlash from Conservative backbenches. It has often been argued that if the Lords were elected by geographic constituencies and a party controlled both sides "there would be little prospect of effective scrutiny or revision of government
6655:
The executive cannot declare war without Parliament by convention, and in any case has no hope in funding war without Parliament. Ninth, the Prime Minister can appoint ministers, judges, public officials or royal commissioners. Tenth, the monarch needs to pay no tax, unless statute states it
5709:
The government carries out appointment of most peers, but since 2000 has taken advice from a seven-person House of Lords Appointments Commission with representatives from the Labour, Conservatives and Liberal-Democrat parties. A peerage can always be disclaimed, and ex-peers may then run for
5606:
to be compatible with the Convention because "each person has equal value" and "we do not want our government or its policies to be decided by the highest spenders." Foreign interference in voting is completely prohibited, including any "broadcasting" (also over the internet) "with intent to
6724:
and network of government bodies, who are employed at the pleasure of the Crown. The Civil Service Code requires civil servants to show "high standards of behaviour", uphold core values of "integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality", and never put themselves in a position that "might
10061:
and take the power to dissolve Parliament away from the monarch. The Coalition also promised to introduce law on the reform of the House of Lords. In the referendum, the Alternative Vote system was rejected by 67% to 33%, and therefore all reforms regarding the voting system were dropped.
5953:
officially from 2005, is the Supreme Court. The Lord Chancellor's role changed dramatically on 3 April 2006, as a result of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Due to the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005, the make up of the Judiciary is clearly demonstrated for the first time inside the
5575:
very minor crimes (such as petty theft or drug offences) have the right to vote. Since 2013, everyone has to register individually to vote, instead of households being able to register collectively, but an annual household canvass is conducted to increase the number of registered people.
10864:
5186:. Second, the judiciary interprets the law. It can not strike down an Act of Parliament, but the judiciary ensures that any law which may violate fundamental rights has to be clearly expressed, to force politicians to openly confront what they are doing and "accept the political cost".
18439:
11593:
2β11, 4_5, a constitutional democracy means: (1) "a majority or plurality of people" (2) "all citizens have the moral independence necessary to participate in the political decision as free moral agents" (3) "the political process is such as to treat all citizens with equal concern".
9884:
and adoption of British constitutional principles propagated their spread around the world. One of the oldest constitutional systems in the world, dating back over one thousand years, it is characterised by the stability of its governing institutions, its capacity to absorb change, a
13284:
See R Blackburn, 'Monarchy and the personal prerogatives' Public Law 546, explaining that the "personal prerogative" of the monarch is a set of powers that must be exercised according to law, and must follow the advice of the Prime Minister, or in accordance with Parliament and the
5654:, and must be over 18 on the day of nomination to run for a seat, be a qualifying Commonwealth or Irish citizen, not be bankrupt, found guilty of corrupt practices, or be a Lord, judge or employee of the civil service. To limit the government's practical control over Parliament, the
11157:
3599:
has long been held to prevail in any conflict between Acts of Parliament for the limited fields in which it operates, but member states and citizens gain control over the scope of EU law, and so extend their sovereignty in international affairs, through joint representation in the
10919:
1 QB 752), but they cannot give legal rulings on its operation or scope, because those matters are determined within the political world. As Professor Colin Munro has stated, 'the validity of conventions cannot be the subject of proceedings in a court of law' β (1975) 91 LQR 218,
4542:, because each right can usually only be restricted if "in accordance with law" and as "necessary in a democratic society". The place of the social welfare state that is necessary to support democratic life is also manifested through the courts' interpretation. For instance, in
3887:
13105:, "In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document."
16103:
Dawn Oliver noted the absence of a 'master plan or coherent programme for reform of the UK constitution' and considered that the reforms were 'pragmatic responses to political pressures and perceived problems, on an ad hoc, incremental basis': as quoted by Mitchell, James,
12674:
4534:"each person has equal value" and "we do not want our government or its policies to be decided by the highest spenders". More broadly, the concept of a "democratic society" and what is "necessary" for its functioning underpins the entire scheme of interpretation for the
10913:, 146. "Judges, therefore, are neither the parents nor the guardians of political conventions; they are merely observers. As such, they can recognise the operation of a political convention in the context of deciding a legal question (as in the Crossman diaries case β
6559:" (written by the government, outlining its political platform) at the opening of Parliament. Public support for the monarchy remains high, with only 21% of the population preferring a republic instead. However, on the other hand, it has been argued that the UK should
5966:, the judiciary has acknowledged that while a system of precedent, that binds lower courts, is necessary to provide "at least some degree of certainty", the courts should update their jurisprudence and "depart from a previous decision when it appears right to do so."
3708:
give more limited powers to local and London governments. Practically, but also constitutionally, it has become increasingly accepted that decisions should not be taken for the UK which would override, and run counter to, the will of regional governments. However, in
11844:(1606) 2 St Tr 371. John Bate claimed he did not need to pay a duty on imported currants imposed by the Crown, contrary to the Confirmation of Charters, Weirs, Taxation Act 1371, 45 Edw 3 c. 4, which prohibited indirect taxation without the onsent of Parliament. The
4496:
In the UK's "modern democratic constitution", the principle of democracy is manifested through statutes and case law which guarantee the right to vote in fair elections, and through its use as a principle of interpretation by courts. In 1703, in the landmark case of
10033:
as lead ministry. The Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 is a piece of constitutional legislation. It enshrines in statute the impartiality and integrity of the British Civil Service and the principle of open and fair recruitment. It enshrines in law the
7302:
bound the King to require Parliament's consent before any tax, respect the right to a trial "by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land", stated that "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right", guaranteed
13719:
13191:(1932) 168-9, between 1832 and 1906, 'Out of 139 judges appointed, 80 were members of the House of Commons at the time of their nomination; 11 others had been candidates for Parliament', and that of the 80, '63 were appointed by their own party while in office'.
5725:
proposed to have 360 directly elected members, 90 appointed members, 12 bishops and an uncertain number of ministerial members. The elected Lords would have been elected by proportional representation for 15-year terms, through 10 regional constituencies on a
9425:
that slavery was unlawful at common law, this set off a wave of outrage in the southern colonies of America, whose economies were heavily dependent on slavery. Together with northern colonies' grievances over taxation without representation, this led to the
9179:, holding that even that "the common law will control Acts of Parliament". Though supported by some judges, the idea that common law courts could nullify Acts of Parliament was rejected, and the common law was formally placed under the King's control in the
14271:
highways and transport (11) housing (12) local government (13) National Assembly for Wales (14) public administration (15) social welfare (16) sport and recreation (17) tourism (18) town and country planning (19) water and flood defence (20) Welsh language.
3532:, Parliament decided that the British judiciary should be required to apply human rights norms directly in determining British cases, to ensure a more speedy, human rights-based resolution to case law, and effectively influence human rights reasoning more.
14593:(2010) was 'Ministers and public officers at all levels must exercise the powers conferred on them in good faith, fairly, for the purposes for which the powers were conferred, without exceeding the limits of such powers and not unreasonably.' Contrast the
8942:), summoned nobles learned in the law from all parts of the country in order to learn the established laws and customs. After hearing from 12 men from each county on oath, he expressed the wish to establish Norse law as the common law in England under one
7113:
charged on businesses with operations in the locality. These powers are, compared to other countries, extreme in limiting local government autonomy, and taxes can be subjected to a local referendum if the Secretary of State determines they are excessive.
9340:
license, became the object of mass financial speculation, provoked by government ministers interested in its rising share price. When it transpired, contrary to promoters' stories, that no trade was done because the Spanish had revoked their promise the
13486:
true it was, that God had endowed His Majesty with excellent science, and great endowments of nature; but His Majesty was not learned in the laws of his realm of England, and causes which concern the life, or inheritance, or goods, or fortunes of his
13396:
rights to extract minerals covers some 115,500 hectares (4) 55% of the UK's foreshore, and all of the UK's seabed from mean low water to the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, plus sovereign rights of the UK in the seabed and its resources vested by the
10693:(1885) 39β40, Parliament has "under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further... no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament."
6119:
the government suffered scathing criticism for creating high fees that cut the number of applicants to employment tribunals by 70 per cent. The Attorney General of England and Wales, and in Scottish matters, the Advocate General for Scotland, and the
4041:
held that the "great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property", and that without any authority "every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass." Carrington acted unlawfully and had to pay damages.
3660:
compelled party members to vote. The Supreme Court unanimously held the Directive did not require that no party whip occurred, but if a conflict had existed a Directive would not be able to compromise the fundamental constitutional principle from the
7090:, there are 55 unitary authorities in the larger towns (e.g. Bristol, Brighton, Milton Keynes) and 36 metropolitan boroughs (surrounding Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield, and Newcastle) which function as unitary local authorities.
12290:
similarly set elections to take place at a maximum of each five years, but elections usually occurred in a fourth year. Before this the maximum was seven years, but in practice governments called votes sooner. From 2011 until its repeal in 2022 the
7154:. This has been done around Manchester, Sheffield, Liverpool, Newcastle, Leeds, Birmingham, the Tees Valley, Bristol and Peterborough. The functions of an elected mayor are not substantial, but can include those of Police and Crime Commissioners.
6517:). The PM's modern functions include leading the dominant political party, setting policy priorities, creating Ministries and appointing ministers, judges, peers, and civil servants. The PM also has considerable control through the convention of
12071:
10585:(1615) 21 ER 485, Lord Ellesmere LC, "when a Judgment is obtained by Oppression, Wrong and a hard Conscience, the Chancellor will frustrate and set it aside, not for any error or Defect in the Judgment, but for the hard Conscience of the Party."
9204:. This demanded the King to abide by Magna Carta, levy no tax without Parliament, not arbitrarily commit people to prison, not have martial law in times of peace, and not billet soldiers in private homes. Charles I responded by shutting down or
4777:
9499:
abolished slavery within the British Empire, compensating slave owners and made ex-slaves in the colonies work for their owners for four to six years as indentured servants without pay; this was abolished in 1838 after public outcry. With the
2877:, Parliament became the dominant branch of the state, above the judiciary, executive, monarchy, and church. Parliament can make or unmake any law, a fact that is usually justified by Parliament being democratically elected, and upholding the
15137:(1653) 5 State Tr 825, 828, Keble J, 'Whatsoever is not consonant to the law of God, or to right reason which is maintained by scripture... be it Acts of Parliament, customs, or any judicial acts of the Court, it is not the law of England.'
14019:
15078:(1604) 5 Coke Rep 91, that nobody can enter another's property without lawful authority and that "the house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose." See also
13856:
s 3, putting management of the civil service into statute. Civil Service Management Code s 11.1.1, civil servants employed at pleasure of the Crown, theoretically lacking a wrongful dismissal remedy according to somewhat outdated case law:
12364:
Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex Parte Simms Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex Parte O'Brien, R v. [1999] UKHL 33; [2000] 2 AC 115; [1999] 3 All ER 400; [1999] 3 WLR 328 (8th July,
9946:
Proponents of a codified constitution argue it would strengthen the legal protection of democracy and freedom. As a strong advocate of the "unwritten constitution", Dicey highlighted that English rights were embedded in the general English
5954:
Constitution. This form of enshrined law presents a new branch of government. An independent Supreme Court has been established, separate from the House of Lords and with its own independent appointments system, staff, budget and building.
6085:, once head of the judiciary but now simply a government minister, also has a statutory duty to uphold the independence of the judiciary, for instance, against attacks upon their integrity by media, corporations, or the government itself.
6089:
may be had to the need for diversity when two candidates have equal qualifications. For appointments to the Supreme Court, a five-member Judicial Appointments Committee is formed including one Supreme Court judge, three members from the
13338:
estimated the Queen's personal wealth at Β£340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK: H Nianias, 'The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception' (26 April 2015) The
14567:(3rd edn 2016) ch 16 follows this. It is often, however, unclear how a procedural requirement of the law can be separated from substance, and it was thought that "irrationality" is too restrictive. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
8998:
1215. This was a commitment to hold 'common counsel' before any taxation, hold courts at a fixed place, hold trials according to law or before an accused's peers, guarantee free movement of people for trade, and give back common land.
5685:
remains an historical curiosity in the British constitution. Traditionally it represented the landed aristocracy, and political allies of the monarch or the government, and has only gradually and incompletely been reformed. Today, the
10791:
9296:
created an independent system of justice: judges were salaried and could not be removed except by both Houses of Parliament, no member of the House of Commons could be paid by the Crown, and the Crown had to be Anglican. In 1703,
11168:
in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of
9445:
broke out, and the French King was deposed with demands for "liberty, equality and fraternity". The British aristocracy reacted with repression on free speech and association to forestall any similar movement. While figures like
10649:
3633:
held that, because the EU law conflicted with the sections of the 1988 Act, those sections would not be enforced, and disapplied, because Parliament had not clearly expressed an intention to renounce the 1972 Act. According to
5595:
seat was not valid after it was found that 44 unstamped ballot papers were not counted. These common law principles predate statutory regulation, and therefore appear to apply to any vote, including elections and referendums.
18745:
11791:, "The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory." In the EU, see
10894:
13808:
6100:
enables a court to hold anyone in contempt, and commit the person to imprisonment, for violating a court order, or behaviour that could compromise a fair judicial process. In practice this is enforced by the executive. The
4896:
stressed that "there is a strong presumption in favour of interpreting English law (whether common law or statute) in a way which does not place the United Kingdom in breach of an international obligation." For example, in
14360:
5169:
Most Lords are appointed by the Prime Minister, through the King, on the advice of a Commission which, by convention, offers some balance between political parties. Ninety-two hereditary peers remain. To become law, each
11721:
11989:
11934:
11602:(2002) 32β33 "it would be perverse to argue that there is anything undemocratic about a restriction on the capacity of decision-makers to interfere with the rights which are fundamental to democracy itself". See also
10839:(1963) Case 26/62, member states "have limited their sovereign rights, albeit within limited fields, and have thus created a body of law which binds both their nationals and themselves" on the "basis of reciprocity".
10204:
254:
applications, to decide whether the decisions or acts of public bodies are lawful. Every public body can only act in accordance with the law, laid down in Acts of Parliament and the decisions of the courts. Under the
10935:
1953 SC 396, Lord Cooper, "The principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law." However this view was disapproved in
4833:
are a basic component of the British constitution, both as a primary tool of interpretation of domestic law and through the UK's consistent support and membership of major international organisations. As far back as
4218:
following a judge being subject to criminal proceedings. There is now a duty on all ministers to "uphold the continued independence of the judiciary", including against assault by powerful corporations or the media.
12839:
5448:
4724:
2857:, the Supreme Court recognises constitutional principles, and constitutional statutes, which shape the use of political power. There are at least four main constitutional principles recognised by the courts. First,
11422:
PL 57, "Our Parliamentary democracy is based on the Rule of Law. ... If Parliament did the unthinkable then I would say that the courts would also be required to act in a manner which would be unprecedented."
7093:
In other parts of England, local government is split between two tiers of authority: 32 larger County Councils, and within those 192 District Councils, each sharing different functions. Since 1994, England has had
4140:
paid bribes to Saudi government figures. The House of Lords held the SFO was entitled to take into account the public interest in not pursuing an investigation, including the security threats that might transpire.
15131:(1614) Hob 85, 80 ER 235, Hobart CJ, 'even an Act of Parliament, made against natural equity, as to make a man judge in his own case, is void in itself, for jura nutrae sunt immutabilia, and they are leges legu.'
13586:
13572:
11649:
7326:
in Scotland, enshrined principles of representative democracy, no tax without Parliament, freedom of speech in Parliament, and no "cruel and unusual punishment". By 1789, these ideas evolved and inspired both the
4363:
11160:"(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is
4854:, is part of the laws of the realm. The constitutional crises of the 17th century centred upon Parliament halting the King's attempt to tax international trade without its consent. Similarly in the 18th century,
16177:
11662:
7232:
powers, reserved for the British Parliament, include foreign affairs, defence, finance, economic planning, home affairs, trade and industry, social security, employment, broadcasting, and equal opportunities.
5518:
that decolonisation, university constituencies and lowering of the voting age took place. Parliament's main functions are to legislate, to allocate money for public spending, and to scrutinise the government.
4033:, claimed that the King's Chief Messenger, Nathan Carrington, had no legal authority to break into and ransack his home, and remove his papers. Carrington claimed he had authority from the Secretary of State,
4922:, and held it was no bar for the claimant to assert her legal rights. It has been further debated whether the UK should adopt a theory of that sees international law as part of UK without any further act (a "
12715:(21 October 1969) The Times, elector in Enfield sought mandamus ('we command') to require Home Secretary to perform statutory duty of laying before Parliament Commission reports with draft orders in Council.
12910:(1917) Fabian Tract No. 183, 7, at 12, preferring a chamber of around 100 people elected by proportional representation. E McGaughey, 'A Twelve Point Plan for Labour, and A Manifesto for Labour Law' (2017)
12471:
HC Modernisation Committee (2001β02) HC 1168, recommended publishing draft bills, and (2005β06) HC 1097, 'one of the most successful Parliamentary innovations of the last ten years' and 'should become more
11435:
UKSC 51, "Without such access , laws are liable to become a dead letter, the work done by Parliament may be rendered nugatory, and the democratic election of Members of Parliament may become a meaningless
7405:
contains the rights to life, rights against torture, against forced labour, to marry, to an effective remedy, and the right to suffer no discrimination in those rights. Most case law concerns the rights to
5585:
to damages. If the denial of voting would have changed the result, or if a vote was "conducted so badly that it was not substantially in accordance with the law" the vote would have to be run again. So, in
11730:
4518:
held that if a vote "was conducted so badly that it was not substantially in accordance with the law, " then it would be declared void, and so would even minor irregularities that would affect the result.
3999:
and recast the judicial appointments system to entrench independence, diversity and merit. As the statute gives no further definition, the practical meaning of the "rule of law" develops through case law.
13742:
11848:
held the Crown could impose the duty as he pleased to regulate trade. The Court could not go behind the King's statement that the duty was indeed imposed for the purpose of regulating trade. Then, the
7142:
incidental to, the discharge of any of their functions'. However, the real duties of local council are found in hundreds of scattered Acts and statutory instruments. These include duties to administer
2915:
Fourth, the British constitution is bound to international law, as Parliament has chosen to increase its practical power in cooperation with other countries in international organisations, such as the
11637:
7239:, members of the British Parliament from Scottish constituencies do not vote on issues that the Scottish Parliament has exercised power over. This is the most powerful regional government so far. The
3244:
11392:(10th ed. 1959) 73, who said "The electors in the long run can always enforce their will", on the basis that executive dominance over Parliament might require revisions of the extent of the concept.
11384:(7th ed. 2011) 35, "A further question is whether the democratic process in the UK works so well as to justify the absence of any limit on the authority of Parliament to legislate." This criticises
9119:
14852:(2004) 161, this included a 25% tax on income and property, all the year's wool, and all churches gold and silver, to pay a ransom after Richard I was captured when returning from the crusades by
16522:
13204:
12497:
9606:
reduced the property qualification further, so that around one third of men in Britain could vote. However, the act did not establish universal suffrage; 40% of men and all women could not vote.
6555:
Minor ceremonial duties include giving an audience to the Prime Minister, as well as visiting ministers or diplomats from the Commonwealth, and acting on state occasions, such as delivering the "
4996:
section 20 stipulates that a treaty is ratified once it is laid before Parliament for 21 days and no adverse resolution is passed against it. Regionally, the UK participated in drafting the 1950
17913:
14141:
8721:
6977:
16196:
4907:
held that a young lady who had been illegally trafficked to the UK had a right to bring a race discrimination claim against her employers, even though she had herself been in violation of the
14435:
12589:
12126:
12010:
11793:
11500:
4327:
10057:
the latter in 2022. The Acts were intended to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons from 650 to 600, change the way the UK is divided into parliamentary constituencies, introduce
3742:
through merger control, and the right to vote for EU institutions) only Parliament could consent to notifying the intention to negotiate to leave under Article 50. They also argued that the
17995:
17715:
10289:
9939:
UK has no limit on its power other than the possibility of extra-parliamentary action (by the people) and of other sovereign states (pursuant to treaties made by Parliament and otherwise).
8918:
6668:
In addition to these royal prerogative powers, there are innumerable powers explicitly laid down in statutes enabling the executive to make legal changes. This includes a growing number of
9860:
Aspects of the British constitution were adopted in the constitutions and legal systems of other countries around the world, particularly those that were part of, or formerly part of, the
14243:
11076:
12061:, "Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno" (9 October 1948). See J. Danzig, "Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union" (10 November 2013), EU ROPE
9934:
A. V. Dicey identified that ultimately "the electorate are politically sovereign," and Parliament is legally sovereign. Barendt argues that the greater political party discipline in the
6524:
By contrast in law, as is necessary in a democratic society, the monarch is a figurehead with no political power, but a series of ceremonial duties, and considerable funding. Aside from
11633:
4666:
7098:
for administrative purposes at Whitehall, yet these have no regional government or democratic assembly (like in London, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland) after a 2004 referendum on
5514:
that Parliament could be said to have finally become "democratic" in any modern sense (as property qualifications to vote were abolished for everyone over 21), and not until after the
2884:
Second, the rule of law has run through the constitution as a fundamental principle from the earliest times as "The king must ... under the law, because the law makes the king" (
13906:
ss 1 and 21-44. Sch 1 lists public bodies that are subject. The BBC can only be required to disclose information held for non-journalistic purposes, to protect freedom of expression:
9037:
struck England, and killed around a third of the population. As peasants lost their lords, and there was a shortage of workers, wages rose. The King and Parliament responded with the
13819:
11629:
10638:
UKHL 56, "Parliamentary sovereignty is an empty principle if legislation is passed which is so absurd or so unacceptable that the populace at large refuses to recognise it as law".
9915:
argues that the uncodified nature of the United Kingdom constitution does not mean it should not be characterised as a "constitution", but also claims that the lack of an effective
8855:
7086:
unified district or borough councils have local government powers, and since 1998 to 2006 new regional assemblies or Parliaments exercise extra powers devolved from Westminster. In
6387:
5348:
14662:
14642:
13914:
13783:
12711:
11244:
11227:
9621:'s programme of reform. This included a legal guarantee of the right of unions to collectively bargain and strike for fair wages, an old age pension, a system of minimum wages, a
6001:
for public or regulatory disputes, ranging from immigration, to social security, to tax. After the High Court, Crown Court, or appeal tribunals, cases generally may appeal to the
5650:, voters have the choice of both constituencies and a party list, which tends to reflect overall preferences best. To be elected as an MP, most people generally become members of
4116:
16615:
15157:(1765) "if the parliament will positively enact a thing to be done which is unreasonable, I know of no power that can control it..." In the US, Coke CJ's argument was applied in
16529:
13592:
6861:
2900:, elections in which all capable adults participate have become a fundamental constitutional principle. Originally only wealthy, property-owning men held rights to vote for the
752:
737:
7223:
have their own devolved governments and national parliament, similar to state or provincial governments in other countries. The extent of devolution differs in each place. The
15715:
14429:
14411:
14166:
12084:
11608:
1 AC 98, Lord Hoffmann, "Their Lordships do not doubt that such a principle is one of the building blocks of democracy and necessarily permeates any democratic constitution."
10938:
10906:
10878:
10338:
10227:
8261:
6997:
6624:
5201:
who must be able to command a majority in the House of Commons. The Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the Prime Minister to lead the main departments of state, such as the
4985:
3711:
3643:
3232:
3218:
3192:
1502:
14636:
6334:
13999:
13544:
HC Deb (21 April 1993) col 490 and HC 422 (2003β04) Treasury Solicitor, suggesting an exhaustive catalogue of powers is probably not possible, but listing major categories.
18920:
15375:
14370:
10835:
9999:
which alters the structure of the House of Lords to separate its judicial and legislative functions. For example, the legislative, judicial and executive functions of the
7282:, here the people traditionally gather to exchange views, debate, and listen. Debating and free speech societies are found throughout the UK and make a regular part of TV.
2649:
1673:
1659:
4167:
had statutory authority to create fees for court services, but in the case of employment tribunals, his Order led to a 70% drop in claims against employers for breach of
14682:
12520:
ECHR 868 reaffirmed the position. HL Paper 103, HC 924 (2013-14) recommended prisoners serving under 12 months should be entitled to vote. Parliament still did not act.
9855:
8201:
4429:
2311:
817:
9942:"cynical" but was written in the high Victorian era when Parliament was grappling with the concept of Irish Home Rule, strongly opposed by many politicians at the time.
5233:
institutions developed to deliver UK residents economic, social and legal rights. All public bodies, and private bodies that perform public functions, are bound by the
4063:
Schedule 5, stated there should be no interference in telecommunications unless the Secretary of State issued a warrant, but said nothing explicit about phone tapping.
3651:
would not be interpreted by the courts as having been given up by membership of the EU, or probably any international organisation. Here a group protesting against the
283:, to privacy against unlawful surveillance, to freedom of expression, conscience and religion, to respect for private life, to freedom of association including joining
17778:
17753:
11788:
7130:
section 1 states local authorities may do anything an individual person may do, unless prohibited by law, but this provision has little effect because human beings or
16174:
11655:
16594:
15518:
13763:
13604:
11626:
11576:(1996) 135, "the only law that counts as legitimate is one that could be rationally accepted by all citizens in a discursive process of opinion- and will-formation."
11410:
10974:
4339:
4311:
3638:"whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the was entirely voluntary". It was, therefore, the duty of the courts to apply EU law.
1625:
14514:. But under s 11, the period is three years for personal injury or death, under s 11A ten years for defective products, and under s 15 twelve years to recover land.
6521:(that ministers must publicly support the government even when they privately disagree, or resign), and control over the government's communications to the public.
4926:" theory), or whether it should still be required for international law principles to be translated into domestic law (a "dualist" theory). The current position in
17735:
14648:
12528:
12516:
12435:
for the balance of the grant of estimates for the financial year, with a detailed schedule of total net resources, capital and cash authorised for each department.
9843:
9460:
as well as men, arguing that unjust gender and class oppression flowed from "the respect paid to property... as from a poisoned fountain". While successful in the
8681:
5037:
2943:
2813:
2689:
1512:
963:
11145:
or private should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts."
17783:
16283:
15401:
15139:
10462:
10315:
arts 2 (life), 3 (torture), 4 (servitude), 5 (liberty), 6 (fair trial), 8 (privacy), 9 (conscience and religion), 10 (expression), 11 (association and assembly).
10042:
9657:
9200:
succeeded to the throne in 1625, and more fervently asserted a divine right, including the ability to levy tax without Parliament, Coke and others presented the
8551:
7951:
5511:
4023:". This means that the state, government, and any person acting under government authority (including a corporation), may only act according to law. In 1765, in
3751:; Parliament must pass an Act enabling it to do so. However, the Sewel convention could not be enforced by courts, rather than observed. This led Prime Minister
3738:
would obliterate rights that Parliament had conferred through Acts of Parliament (such as the right of free movement of British citizens in the EU, the right to
2897:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
156:
15395:
case following Lord Macclesfield LC, disgraced by his role on the South Sea Company, impeached by the House of Lords and found guilty of taking bribes in 1725.
14950:: whereby can they say or shew that they be greater lords than we be, saving by that they cause us to win and labour for that they dispend? They are clothed in
10706:
10285:
7105:
Three main issues in local government are the authorities' financing, their powers, and the reform of governance structures. First, councils raise revenue from
17811:
14573:
13865:
13436:
The vote was 45.13% in favour of becoming a republic, but on a model of having a directly elected president. 54..87% of voters opposed this. See Public Law 3.
9988:" β however Parliament is not bound to amend the law nor can the judiciary void any statute β and it can refuse to enforce, or "strike down", any incompatible
6607:
in particular. These are powers of day-to-day management, but tightly constrained to ensure that executive power cannot usurp Parliament or the courts. In the
6071:
The independence of the judiciary is one of the cornerstones of the constitution, and means in practice that judges cannot be dismissed from office. Since the
5166:
reviews and votes upon legislative proposals by the Commons. It can delay legislation by one year, and cannot delay at all if the proposed Act concerns money.
2373:
938:
37:
15897:
10342:
UKSC 3, per Lord Neuberger and Lord Mance, "The United Kingdom has no written constitution, but we have a number of constitutional instruments. They include
5085:
The Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland devolution Acts of 1998 (as amended) creating an executive and legislature for each of those three nations in the UK.
4937:
In the Brexit referendum 51.9% voted to leave the European Union, and 48.1% to remain. Critics have filed complaints about the substantiality of the question.
12690:
11878:
10770:
10248:
10120:
8848:
8491:
5361:
4527:
3614:
3180:
2329:
1911:
953:
12733:
Act of Settlement 1700 s 3 unless 'qualifying Commonwealth and Irish citizens, British Nationality Act 1981 Sch 7 and Electoral Administration Act 2006 s 18
11777:
11324:(1748) Book XI, ch 6, 'When legislative power is united with executive power in a single person or in a single body of the magistracy, there is no liberty.'
14407:
12089:
11850:
10110:
8711:
6036:
It is generally accepted that the British courts do not merely apply but also create new law through their interpretative function: this is obvious in the
4981:
3756:
803:
207:
in Scotland. UK courts cannot decide that Acts of Parliament are unconstitutional or invalidate them, but can declare that they are incompatible with the
57:
15978:
11475:, Book IV, Part V, 139, translated by D. Lee (arguing that philosopher kings should rule over a rigid hierarchy where there was "no interchange of jobs").
5100:
Via court cases, judges create common law when they decide legal proceedings. This means that in order to understand the common law, individual pieces of
259:, courts may review government action to decide whether the government has followed the statutory obligation on all public authorities to comply with the
18302:
18267:
18257:
15618:(October 1862) 'Power in the Hands of the Masses throws the Scum of the Community to the Surface. ... Truth and Justice are soon banished from the Land.'
14992:
14581:
said 'The administrator must act fairly, reasonably and according to law. That is the essence and the rest is mainly machinery.' M Elliott and R Thomas,
13640:
12834:
7332:
6776:
6580:
6540:
is a public, government corporation, which in 2015 held Β£12 billion in investments, mostly land and property, and therefore generates income by charging
5619:
5056:
nature of the Constitution, there is no entrenched source of constitutional law. However, over time three main bodies of sources have emerged. The main
2411:
2175:
590:
14499:
rule 54.5 claims can be made up to 'three months after the grounds to make the claim first arose', but the period can be shorter if legislation says so.
11035:
should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts."
18760:
18312:
17833:
13757:
13518:
12856:
12545:
11622:
11465:, Book V, Parts 3 and 4, translated by D. P. Chase (favouring aristocracy, by equating it with appointment according to "excellence", supposedly), and
8651:
6320:
942:
831:
595:
195:
is mostly appointed by cross-political party groups from the House of Commons, and can delay but not block legislation from the Commons. To make a new
14796:, 'Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web.' But see
10514:
18660:
17975:
17768:
16695:
11075:. Previously, discourse among international finance followed a restrictive ideal: M Stephenson, "Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy" (2008)
7813:
7536:
7167:
6709:
Although the Prime Minister is the head of Parliament, His Majesty's Government is formed by a larger group of Members of Parliament, or peers. The "
6438:
The executive branch, while subservient to Parliament and judicial oversight, exercises day to day power of the British government. The UK remains a
2386:
2382:
1533:
16578:
12586:
12178:
12123:
12000:, dissenting, at - argued the dualist theory of international law should be abandoned, and international law should be directly effective in UK law.
9407:
was unlawful and that "the spirit of liberty is so deeply ingrained in our constitution" any person enslaved in England must be freed. However, the
6563:, on the ground that hereditary inheritance of political office has no place in a modern democracy. A referendum was held in Australia, in 1999 on
4405:
3422:
not yet a consensus on the meaning of "Parliamentary sovereignty", except that its legitimacy depends on the principle of "the democratic process".
18262:
17823:
16515:
11214:
8841:
8170:
7725:
7123:
6296:
5179:
3873:
1652:
705:
244:
16038:
Abbott, Lewis F. (2006). "Five: "The Legal Protection of Democracy & Freedom: The Case for a New Written Constitution & Bill of Rights"".
7343:. Although some labelled natural rights as "nonsense upon stilts", more legal rights were slowly developed by Parliament and the courts. In 1792,
7248:
transport, housing, planning, and some aspects of social welfare. The Supreme Court has tended to interpret these powers in favour of devolution.
3987:
Other definitions seek to exclude human rights and international law as relevant but largely stem from visions of pre-democratic scholars such as
18252:
17680:
17127:
15489:
15127:
14231:
13769:
12914:
12633:
11707:
11553:
10775:
10539:
10058:
8571:
7735:
7681:
7119:
6883:
5846:
5631:
4415:
4297:
4015:
by requiring people's liberty, privacy or other rights are not infringed by the government unless there is a clear legal basis and justification.
2998:
2955:
2638:
1507:
948:
349:
80:
12514:
ECHR 681 (blanket disqualification of convicted prisoners from voting breached ECHR Prot 1, art 3. After this the UK failed to change its laws.
10041:
The Coalition Government formed in May 2010 proposed a series of further constitutional reforms in their coalition agreement. Consequently, the
18548:
18359:
17875:
15628:
12481:
12283:
10054:
8811:
8771:
5714:
greatly reduced the House of Lords' power, as it can only delay and cannot block legislation by one year, and cannot delay money bills at all.
5523:
3079:
3067:
1873:
958:
14319:
clauses 12 (no tax without consent), 39 (fair trial), 40 (justice), 41 (free movement of merchants), and 47 (disafforesting common land). The
18324:
17970:
17748:
16807:
14622:
13908:
13853:
13675:
13654:
12522:
11856:
11785:
11345:
65, the "efficient secret" of the UK constitution was "the close union, the nearly complete fusion, of the legislative and executive powers".
8801:
8761:
8541:
6366:
5614:. Domestic donations are limited to registered parties, and must be reported, when they are over Β£7,500 nationally or Β£1,500 locally, to the
4993:
4806:
4593:
2614:
2316:
1696:
1212:
1132:
548:
15313:
3508:, it has accepted as a formal duty that its sovereignty would not be used unlawfully. Second, in 1950 the UK helped to write and joined the
2896:. This means the government may only conduct itself according to legal authority, including respect for human rights. Third, at least since
19184:
18655:
18434:
18038:
14974:
14524:
11024:
10420:
10394:
9626:
8751:
7863:
7151:
5554:
are democratically elected by constituencies across the UK, and the parties who have a majority in the Commons form the British government.
2806:
2669:
2364:
2291:
2260:
1217:
1127:
123:
cemented Parliament's position as the supreme law-making body, and said that the "election of members of Parliament ought to be free". The
16145:
13826:
s 17 the Minister for Civil Service (i.e. the PM) maintains a list of govt departments (for the purpose of proceedings against the Crown).
6507:
emerged as a dominant political figure. Leading the House of Commons from 1721 to 1742, Walpole is generally acknowledged to be the first
5638:, voters choose a party from multi-member regional constituencies: this tends to give smaller parties much greater representation. In the
19265:
18600:
18411:
16374:
13397:
12450:
12164:
11952:
11210:
10210:
10066:
said they would refuse to support changes to the boundaries of constituencies, as they believed such changes favoured the Conservatives.
9902:
7070:
The constitution of British regional governments is an uncodified patchwork of authorities, mayors, councils and devolved government. In
5266:
5197:
with cross-party and judicial recommendations, to protect judicial independence. Third, the executive branch of government is led by the
4678:
4075:
swiftly passing a new Act to authorise phone tapping with a warrant. By itself the principle of legality is not enough to alone preserve
3794:
2989:
2634:
2421:
2043:
968:
569:
14537:
Different books and cases categorise the grounds to review administrative discretion differently, as do different fields of law such as
7118:
The duties of British local governments are also extremely limited compared to other countries, but also uncodified so that in 2011 the
5600:
remains largely unregulated. Any spending over Β£500 by third parties must be disclosed. While these rules are strict, they were held in
3629:
states that nationals of any member state can freely incorporate and run a business across the EU without unjustified interference. The
18610:
18553:
18085:
18028:
15238:
15133:
13859:
12980:
12764:
12760:
8868:
8391:
8241:
8081:
7371:
6009:
has an Outer (first instance) and Inner (appeal) House. Appeals then go to the Supreme Court, although at any time a court may make a "
5404:
5393:
5079:
The Representation of the People Acts (1918) (as amended) providing for universal voting and other matters of political representation.
4270:
2586:
1849:
897:
359:
15648:
9517:
6622:
It is also clear that no exercise of the prerogative can compromise any right contained in an Act of Parliament. So, for instance, in
19270:
18949:
17843:
14072:
11797:(2008) C-402/05, holding that international law binds EU law unless it requires an act that would run contrary to basic human rights.
9431:
8958:
8381:
7102:
failed. This means that England has among the most centralised, and disunified systems of governance in the Commonwealth and Europe.
6905:
6183:
5978:
5781:
4868:"is not the law of a particular country but the law of all nations", and "the law of merchants and the law of the land is the same".
4254:
4051:
3823:
2561:
2546:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
718:
11266:
UKHL 56, Lord Nicholls, "indefinite imprisonment without charge or trial is anathema in any country which observes the rule of law".
10803:
9952:
constitutional authority would be stiffly resisted by the British people, a perception expounded by the 19th century American judge
8901:
The history of the British constitution, though officially beginning in 1800, traces back to a time long before the four nations of
18595:
18454:
18406:
12045:
4755:
4034:
3935:
2531:
2526:
1995:
1573:
978:
76:
12891:
12611:
ss 72-131 and Schs 8-13, in referendums, the limit has traditionally been set at Β£600,000 for the official campaigns on each side.
9613:
to suppress British trade unions. In response, the labour movement organised to support representatives in Parliament, and in the
9104:
to monopolise trade routes. Under her successor, James I, further companies were created to colonise North America, including the
9010:
emerged: a returned crusader who robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The commitments on common land were soon recast in the
5145:
While principles may be the basis of the UK constitution, the institutions of the state perform its functions in practice. First,
19280:
18176:
17985:
17816:
16533:
15502:
15023:
13996:
13970:
set up property value bands, but despite proposals in 1995, these have never been altered despite drastic shifts in house prices.
11734:
AC 188, "the Act is a scheme of social welfare, intended to confer benefits at the public expense on grounds of public policy".
11206:
10823:
8791:
7941:
6769:
6600:
6357:
6121:
5655:
4977:
lost substantial legitimacy under international law, and combined with independence movements this led to its rapid dissolution.
4923:
2799:
2357:
2024:
1937:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
440:
294:
16640:
11764:
See, for example, J Lobel, "The Limits of Constitutional Power: Conflicts between Foreign Policy and International Law" (1985),
9510:
a group of agricultural workers who formed a trade union were prosecuted and sentenced to be transported to Australia under the
9380:
emerged as a stable political figure who for 21 years held a majority of the House of Commons, and is now considered the first "
4930:
is that while international law binds the EU, it cannot undermine fundamental principles of constitutional law or human rights.
18937:
18511:
18240:
18208:
18048:
18033:
18023:
17848:
17838:
17828:
17801:
16757:
15792:
13097:
12656:
ss 92. Furthermore, any "trading" with hostile foreign parties with whom the UK is "at war" may lead to seven years in prison.
11669:, 2116, suggesting the current political constitution of the UK is not necessarily the same as a fully democratic constitution.
11134:
9992:. Any actions of government authorities that violate Convention rights are illegal except if mandated by an Act of Parliament.
9935:
8231:
7913:
6549:
6431:
6272:
6014:
5559:
5547:
5495:
5150:
5134:
3379:
2901:
2566:
2551:
2464:
2429:
2406:
2334:
1905:
1887:
987:
890:
742:
689:
188:
107:) to represent the people, to hold courts in a fixed place, to guarantee fair trials, to guarantee free movement of people, to
33:
15806:
Affairs 452, and contrast the Consumer Credit Act 1974 or the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 93/13/EEC arts 3-6.
14036:
14032:
12032:
9609:
From the start of the 20th century, Britain underwent vast social and constitutional change, beginning with an attempt by the
9393:
established that the government could do nothing but that which was empowered by law, while the first teacher of English law,
9376:
who promptly ruled that people in a position of trust must avoid any possibility of a conflict of interest. Out of the chaos,
9022:, was bound by law, and it remains 'the nearest approach to an irrepealable "fundamental statute" that England has ever had.'
2786:
18630:
18203:
17406:
17157:
16969:
16688:
16049:
15854:
15827:
15699:
15662:
15405:(1718) Prec Ch 505 that a fiduciary could take money from a trust and keep profits if they restored the principal afterwards.
14096:
12706:
12702:
12653:
11776:, "The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society" (2008),
11618:
11302:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10466:
10458:
10454:
10440:
9786:, significant cuts were made to public services, labour rights, and the powers of local government, including abolishing the
9649:
9603:
8621:
8481:
8341:
8331:
8015:
7903:
7853:
7775:
7651:
7261:
6927:
6308:
5929:
5563:
5373:
5029:
4970:
4797:
4523:
4129:
2831:
2749:
2679:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2516:
2434:
2324:
1832:
747:
680:
4969:, enabling any resolution of the Security Council except the use of force to be implemented by an Order in Council. Due the
18497:
18319:
17980:
17953:
17519:
17357:
15561:
15015:
12536:(13 June 2017) App No 22962/15, denial of prisoner voting in the Scottish independent referendum was not a breach of art 3.
12149:
10915:
10722:
10268:
10030:
9641:
prevented the House of Lords blocking legislation for more than two years, and removed the right to delay any money bills.
9614:
9456:
9381:
8741:
8731:
8211:
7079:
6750:
6604:
6525:
6508:
6465:
5816:
5670:
5198:
5130:
3486:
3168:
2599:
2486:
2476:
2439:
2399:
2369:
2344:
2306:
2068:
1988:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
810:
543:
220:
41:
4176:
principle every person is subject to the law, including government ministers, or corporate executives, who may be held in
18670:
18615:
18558:
18477:
18421:
18389:
18223:
17908:
17673:
16600:
15153:
14472:
14454:
12259:
11505:
11484:
11154:
10312:
10016:
9969:
9819:
9732:
9399:
8401:
8301:
8071:
7560:
7402:
7398:
7375:
7295:
6564:
6026:
5934:
5836:
5602:
5334:
4997:
4904:
4888:
In modern case law it has been consistently accepted that it "is a principle of legal policy that law should conform to
4535:
4478:
4068:
4046:
4037:, who issued a search "warrant", but there was no statute that gave Lord Halifax the authority to issue search warrants.
3509:
2924:
2837:
2576:
2541:
2536:
2496:
2481:
2471:
2454:
2449:
2444:
1721:
787:
509:
479:
450:
310:
260:
208:
72:
15234:
19275:
18645:
18625:
18568:
18533:
18181:
18113:
17374:
16777:
16314:
15881:
15455:
14616:
14060:
13446:
13176:
10367:
10264:
9774:. The Commonwealth is open to any country committed to peace, liberty, equality, and development, as stipulated in the
9748:
9166:
8671:
8181:
7257:
6895:
6762:
6641:
5858:
5826:
5690:
has abolished all but 92 hereditary peers, leaving most peers to be "life peers" appointed by the government under the
5017:
4766:
4067:
held there was no wrong at common law, and refused to interpret the statute in light of the right to privacy under the
3580:
3501:
resolutions, up to the actual use of force, in return for representation in the General Assembly and Security Council.
3263:
2556:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2459:
2048:
778:
613:
14563:
said the grounds were "illegality", "irrationality" and "procedural impropriety". A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens,
11508:
11488:
4317:
4288:
19285:
18640:
18538:
18193:
18186:
18053:
18018:
18003:
17903:
17570:
17434:
17281:
17238:
17030:
16802:
14153:
14015:
13979:
13967:
13927:
13887:
13692:
11165:
10710:
10380:
10135:
9831:
9799:
9205:
8371:
8221:
7439:
7265:
6987:
6841:
6822:
6679:
the House of Lords held that no person could be deprived of legitimate expectations by use of the royal prerogative.
5755:
5088:
The Human Rights Act (1998) establishing a bill of rights and freedoms actionable by individuals through the courts."
4954:
4586:
4206:
sitting as the head of the judiciary, while also being a Member of Parliament, and sitting in the cabinet. Since the
3768:
3705:
3535:
3478:
3128:
2916:
2416:
1974:
1583:
1578:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
931:
840:
767:
354:
176:
15492:", held that slavery was "so odious" that nobody could take "a slave by force to be sold" for any "reason whatever".
14441:
4191:, there should be a strict separation of the executive, legislature and judiciary. While other systems, notably the
18725:
18277:
18235:
18159:
18154:
18058:
17936:
17104:
16681:
14946:, "What have we deserved, or why should we be kept thus in servage? We be all come from one father and one mother,
14239:
13253:
11451:
11418:, "The maintenance of the rule of law is in every way as important in a free society as the democratic franchise."
10819:
9869:
9319:
8611:
8561:
8411:
8311:
8139:
8109:
8035:
7601:
7451:
7163:
6603:, a series of important powers that were once vested in the king or queen are now exercised by government, and the
6090:
5970:
5473:
5194:
5146:
3669:
2000:
1800:
1795:
1526:
621:
501:
435:
416:
25:
15072:, that the task of a court in construing any statute is to find its mischief and the intention of Parliament, and
8961:. Just 12 per cent of people were free, while the feudal system made others serfs, slaves or bordars and cottars.
7374:
at its centre, enshrining civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. In 1950, the UK co-authored the
4945:
and physically destroyed large parts of the country, the UK has consistently supported organisations formed under
18788:
18605:
18543:
18469:
18164:
18013:
17960:
17923:
17888:
17862:
17763:
17045:
16997:
16889:
16884:
15049:
14137:
13903:
13425:
13083:
12657:
12106:
10130:
10046:
9985:
9839:
9660:
enabled all women to vote, and that the UK became democratic. The War also triggered uprising in Ireland, and an
9504:, further punishment for poverty was inflicted as people were put into work houses if found to be unemployed. In
9353:
8591:
7765:
7552:
6967:
6726:
6397:
6284:
6125:
5722:
5695:
5311:
5259:
5060:
are Acts of Parliament, court cases, and conventions in the way that government, Parliament and the monarch act.
3787:
3313:
was guaranteed to people to farm, graze, hunt or fish, though aristocrats continued to dominate politics. In the
3156:
2982:
2684:
927:
909:
876:
16195:, 'Natural Law, Justice and DemocracyβSome Reflections on Three Types of Thinking About Law and Justice' (1944)
14955:
they keep and maintain their estates: we be called their bondmen, and without we do readily them service, we be
11882:(1692) 2 Salk 443, "we take notice of the laws of merchants that are general, not of those that are particular."
11860:(1637) 3 St Tr 825 held that the King could raise money from trade without Parliament. This was reversed by the
9846:
that resulted in 51.89 per cent of people favouring to leave, and 48.11 per cent of voters favouring to remain.
18735:
18523:
18449:
18344:
18297:
18213:
18133:
18093:
17883:
17666:
17504:
17311:
17171:
17071:
15988:
15615:
13662:
s 33(5). The power of expulsion is considered 'doubtful' outside statute: AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
13351:
13299:
13164:
13126:
12823:
12797:
11429:(1998) 161 DLR (4th) 385, 416, "democracy in any real sense of the word cannot exist without the rule of law."
11368:
11354:
11089:
10989:
10571:
ch. 12, "No scutage nor aid shall be imposed on our kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom ..."
10375:
9996:
9968:
instituted constitutional reforms in the late 1990s and early-to-mid 2000s. The effective incorporation of the
9716:
9673:
9081:
9072:
united Wales and England in one administrative system, while the King became ever more despotic, executing the
9033:
was a source of welfare for common people, peasant labourers bound by a feudal system of control. In 1348, the
8631:
8501:
7873:
7823:
7379:
6721:
6450:
6157:
5867:
5437:
5218:
5190:
5104:
must be examined, with earlier and higher court case law having precedent over newer and lower court case law.
4199:
4114:
The rule of law requires the law be truly enforced, though enforcement bodies may have room for discretion. In
4008:
3992:
3912:
3521:
3399:
3206:
2220:
1933:
1901:
1765:
1563:
1543:
644:
471:
390:
377:
302:
268:
235:
215:, who must maintain the confidence of a majority of the members of Parliament. The prime minister appoints the
108:
15062:
Coke had already reported on many significant constitutional judgments, often adding his own style, including
14427:, by the position that international law must be compatible with basic principles of the UK constitution: see
14039:. Having an uncodified constitution means laws can be amended and changed easily, the rules are not entrenched
13294:
n.b. the Monarch continued to withhold royal assent for laws in British colonies leading, for example, to the
4918:, as well as the European Convention on Human Rights, in interpreting the scope of the common law doctrine of
4049:, which enables infringements of rights as a starting point only if "in accordance with the law". In 1979, in
3618:, where a fishing business claimed that it should not be required to have 75% of British shareholders, as the
3394:
ensured the Lords could only delay legislation by one year, and not delay any budgetary measure over a month.
19177:
18944:
18750:
18680:
18650:
18620:
18585:
18487:
18459:
18377:
18285:
18169:
17948:
17698:
17514:
17181:
17166:
17002:
16849:
16655:
16650:
16187:
15974:
15308:
13796:
12964:
12510:
9595:
9277:
9133:
7443:
6710:
6690:
6176:
5774:
4302:
4247:
3605:
2762:
2009:
1770:
517:
216:
16484:
16214:, 'Autobiographical Memories of the Weimar Republic: A Conversation with Wolfgang Luthardt' (February 1978)
14341:
Anarchical Fallacies; Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution
12115:
Report of an investigation in respect of Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain
9084:
and murdering those who resisted. After Henry VIII died, and power struggles following the death of his boy
6640:
without an Act of Parliament, because it could result in rights being withdrawn that were granted under the
5673:, loosely based on the Lords' expertise, achievement, or political affiliation. Since the abolition of most
19063:
18987:
18959:
18905:
18708:
18698:
18635:
18590:
18563:
18416:
18401:
18098:
18073:
18008:
17898:
17007:
16226:, 'Socialism: true and false. A lecture delivered to the Fabian Society' (21 January 1894) Fabian Tract, 51
15548:
Anarchical Fallacies; Being an examination of the Declaration of Rights issued during the French Revolution
15501:
AW Blumrosen, 'The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield's Decision in Somerset v Stuart' (2007)
14853:
14264:
14213:
cf Widdicombe Committee, Committee of Inquiry into the Conduct of Local Authority Business (1986) Cmnd 9797
13264:
11431:
11276:
10195:
9803:
8929:
8511:
8441:
8321:
8005:
7244:
7075:
6812:
6115:
5743:
5718:
5033:
4579:
4351:
4151:
3681:
3362:
cemented Parliament's power over the monarch, and therefore over the church and courts. Parliament became "
3110:
2932:
2744:
2604:
2188:
2087:
2017:
2004:
1980:
1811:
1806:
16569:
14943:
14731:
11060:
10895:
Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Β§ Postβreferendum polling
10511:
a majority of voters favoured leaving the EU, and membership of the EU formally ended on 31 January 2020.
9096:, took the throne in 1558. Half a century of prosperity followed as Elizabeth I avoided wars, and founded
6552:, to give royal assent to Acts of Parliament, and to dissolve Parliament upon the calling of an election.
18954:
18932:
18900:
18895:
18877:
18818:
18740:
18730:
18665:
18528:
18492:
18290:
18068:
17707:
17529:
16620:
16575:
16325:
16300:
16165:
15763:
15654:
15577:
14938:
14892:
13334:
13229:
12582:
12186:
12119:
10189:
10029:" process when he took over as PM in 2007. This was an ongoing process of constitutional reform with the
9736:
9735:
in 1950. Further it was seen that the only way to prevent conflict was through economic integration. The
9501:
9361:
9124:
9042:
8876:
7969:
7931:
7893:
7447:
7426:
and assembly. The UK also enshrines rights to fair labour standards, social security, and a multitude of
7087:
6132:, which reviews cases submitted by the police for prosecution, and conducts them on behalf of the Crown.
4401:
3490:
3454:
writers of the Imperial period to be able to "make or unmake any law whatever", the UK chose to join the
2870:
2654:
2214:
2073:
1880:
914:
845:
522:
383:
92:
16563:
16347:
16272:
12233:
11067:
195. Contrast D. Lino, "The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A. V. Dicey in Imperial Context" (2018)
9683:
at the end of the War demanded German reparations, beggaring the country through the 1920s and upon the
9348:
This was made worse by the decision of conservative politicians to endorse the company to take over the
6472:
was asserted by Parliament to prevent any taxation by the monarch without Parliament's consent, and the
5535:. For a proposed Bill to become an Act, and law, it must be read three times in each chamber, and given
4210:, there has been only one instance of a judge being removed, and a suspension cannot happen without the
19211:
19014:
18915:
18755:
17499:
17162:
16949:
16919:
16879:
16859:
16839:
16742:
14912:
14457:
arts 2 (right to life). Article 3 (right against torture). Article 4, right against forced labour, see
13870:
13823:
13635:
12968:
12292:
10931:
9496:
9252:
9097:
9026:
9011:
8061:
7621:
7427:
7236:
7191:
7131:
7059:
6613:
in 1607, it was held that the royal prerogative could not be used to determine court cases, and in the
6347:
6097:
5252:
3780:
3693:
3648:
3619:
2975:
2775:
2093:
1742:
1686:
1538:
904:
855:
200:
13705:
This convention was established through the Iraq war, where Parliament backed an invasion contrary to
11528:(1863) "that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth".
9288:
as the cornerstone of the new constitution, Parliament proceeded to set up a system of finance in the
9149:, who unified the Scottish and English Crowns, religious and political tensions grew as he asserted a
7460:
Any person in the UK who is significantly affected by a public body's act can challenge a decision by
3425:
19150:
18910:
18715:
18688:
18198:
18078:
17545:
17509:
17474:
17399:
17341:
17176:
17113:
17035:
16854:
16295:
15741:
15596:(1798) supported this, arguing that working class "vice" and overpopulation was the cause of poverty.
14726:
13804:
11405:
11040:
10470:
9920:
9877:
9795:
9661:
9285:
9268:
9113:
9038:
8880:
8521:
8431:
8191:
7386:
even against Acts of Parliament: Parliament has always undertaken to comply with basic principles of
7240:
7138:
7071:
6851:
6831:
6746:
6518:
6129:
5994:
5531:(MPs) in the House of Commons, currently elected for terms of up to five years, and 790 peers in the
5507:
5482:
sits at the apex of power. It emerged through a series of revolutions as the dominant body, over the
4919:
4168:
3861:
3701:
3689:
3375:
3351:'s assertion that judges could declare statutes void if they went "against common right and reason".
3119:
3092:
2858:
2624:
2619:
2078:
2061:
2038:
1958:
1947:
1691:
1647:
824:
15419:(1741) 26 ER 531 established that any body of assembled people can do a corporate act by a majority.
15038:(1554) and ruled until 1558. Mary then died without children, after killing hundreds of Protestants.
14051:
ss 1-5, which add that the Secretary of State can remove restrictions through secondary legislation.
7499:
As a remedy, a claimant can ask for the public body's decisions to be declared void and quashed (or
6464:, and all constitutional duties and power are accepted by binding convention to have shifted to the
6081:
rule that matters awaiting decision in court should not be prejudged in a Parliamentary debate. The
19048:
18578:
18218:
17965:
17600:
17321:
17234:
17055:
17040:
16987:
16934:
16929:
16904:
16762:
16379:
16254:
16247:
14805:
14748:
14586:
13800:
13618:
13598:
13348:
12394:
11745:
11068:
10788:
10751:
10581:
10355:
10115:
9923:
allows Parliament to overrule fundamental rights, makes it to some extent a "facade" constitution.
9712:
9289:
9181:
8159:
7671:
7323:
7083:
6742:
6637:
6570:
6529:
6262:
6169:
6149:
5767:
5727:
5487:
5214:
5076:"The Parliament Acts (1911β49) that regulate the respective powers of the two Houses of Parliament.
5021:
4914:
In doing so, the court unanimously drew upon international treaties signed by the UK, known as the
4889:
4466:
4240:
4091:
4079:
in the face of ever more intrusive statutory powers of surveillance by corporations or government.
4019:
At its core, the rule of law, in English and British law, has traditionally been the principle of "
3965:
3901:
3626:
3331:
2928:
2297:
2029:
1568:
795:
423:
395:
228:
180:
17025:
14968:
EP Cheyney, 'The Disappearance of English Serfdom' (1900) 15(57) English Historical Review 20 and
14891:, "But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood" is the first mention of the tales, notably in the run up to the
14759:
unified England and Wales with Scotland, but did not yet officially use the name 'United Kingdom'.
14571:(2014) ch 24 now suggests substantive grounds, legitimate expectations and procedural grounds. In
10611:
9644:
Despite this, the Liberal government, against the opposition of Labour, armed for and entered the
5302:
3473:
in 1919 recalled that "peace can only be established if it is based upon social justice", and the
3038:
19193:
19106:
18927:
18862:
18573:
18230:
17550:
17286:
17142:
16959:
16909:
16869:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16767:
16752:
16747:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16610:
16024:
15730:
15514:
15415:
15243:
14925:
14463:(1772) 98 ER 499. Articles 12-14 are the right to marriage, effectiveness and to equal treatment.
13841:
QB 752, suggesting the duty of confidentiality expires after a number of years out of government.
13558:
12785:
12620:
12338:
11121:
10736:
9827:
9771:
9511:
9264:
8581:
8471:
8271:
7785:
7066:
with representation, it has limited powers including over transport, the environment and housing.
6738:
6588:
6439:
6430:, exercises political power of the British government, when they command majority support of the
5687:
5571:
5427:
5383:
5053:
4966:
4746:
3973:
3482:
3273:
3047:
2664:
1921:
1892:
1826:
1701:
727:
224:
120:
65:
14793:
14597:
13995:
N Amin-Smith and D Phillips, 'English council funding: what's happened and what's next?' (2019)
13746:
QB 300 (beneficiary of market franchise not entitled to Crown's exemption from planning control)
12810:
10015:(a member of the judiciary in the House of Lords) was abolished by transferring them to the new
9491:
from 1815 further impoverished people by fixing prices to maintain landowner profits. While the
4933:
4187:
is seen as an essential part of maintaining the rule of law. In theory, originally advocated by
3991:. The rule of law was explicitly recognised as a "constitutional principle" in section 1 of the
3968:, formerly the highest judge in England and Wales, suggested the rule of law ought to mean that
3672:
has meant Parliament gave the power to legislate on specific topics to nations and regions: the
211:. They can determine whether the acts of the executive are lawful. The executive is led by the
68:. This enables the constitution to be easily changed as no provisions are formally entrenched.
19043:
18108:
17454:
17050:
16992:
16954:
16944:
16924:
16914:
16899:
16894:
16874:
16844:
16812:
16797:
16772:
16205:
15209:
14822:
14707:
14484:
14384:
14344:
14320:
13837:
13554:
13130:
12681:, holding that a partial forfeiture of Β£349,216 donations by a non-UK resident was appropriate.
12493:
12389:
12345:
12324:
12031:
standards of free and fair voting; see the Venice Commission, Code of Practice on Referendums (
11595:
11320:
11032:
10508:
10495:
10359:
10347:
10105:
10063:
9890:
9787:
9708:
9591:
9542:
9495:
extended the vote slightly, only those with property had any representation in Parliament. The
9293:
9201:
9169:
courts, which denied that the King could pass judgment in legal proceedings, and held that the
8884:
8661:
8099:
7423:
6556:
6492:
6473:
6232:
6223:
6072:
5886:
5807:
5691:
5592:
5415:
5113:
secondary legislation and judges remaining impartial on government policy are all conventions.
5069:
the constitution to be amended whenever a law is made on a constitutionally significant topic.
4737:
4470:
4207:
4059:
claimed the police unlawfully tapped his phone, to get evidence. The only related statute, the
3442:
2893:
2226:
1605:
883:
463:
219:
of other ministers, who lead the executive departments, staffed by civil servants, such as the
96:
16215:
16065:
15691:
12597:
12134:
11357:
7843:
5229:. Fourth, as the UK matured as a modern democracy, an extensive system of civil servants, and
4275:
3719:
contested the government on whether the Prime Minister could trigger Article 50 to notify the
19225:
19198:
19038:
18994:
18857:
18443:
17265:
17261:
17243:
16939:
16864:
16834:
15871:
15844:
15817:
15752:
15566:
15370:
15263:, Oliver's son, briefly succeeded but lacking support swiftly renounced power after 9 months.
15196:
14695:
14496:
14202:
13502:
13367:
13355:
13272:
12327:
10739:
10436:
10371:
10363:
10301:
10252:
10080:
10026:
9989:
9973:
9906:
9886:
9881:
9815:
9811:
9492:
9476:
9404:
9240:
9150:
9069:
9065:
8991:
8975:
8933:
8451:
8421:
8129:
7833:
7755:
7745:
7465:
7419:
7394:
7393:
Because this appeals process was long, Parliament legislated to "bring rights home" with the
7291:
7036:
7026:
6714:
6615:
6560:
6461:
6408:
6253:
6212:
6022:
6010:
5974:
5919:
5551:
5528:
5462:
5418:
5183:
5025:
4819:
4788:
4539:
4443:
4125:
4056:
3949:
3697:
3529:
3314:
3304:
3303:, granted the right of Parliament to exist for "common counsel" before any tax, against the "
3284:
3057:
2729:
2609:
2197:
2113:
1558:
256:
240:
104:
29:
15679:
10626:
9927:
presents a spirited argument for a written constitution for the UK, but still refers to the
9652:
which enabled every adult male the vote, although it was only after the mass protest of the
9137:(1689). This laid the foundations for a peaceful unification of England and Scotland in the
8994:
to pay for the wars led to intense discontent, and the aristocracy forcing the King to sign
6544:
to businesses or people for homes. The monarch's major ceremonial duties are to appoint the
5295:
5072:
Professor Robert Blackburn lists the following as recent constitutionally significant acts:
3031:
19058:
18999:
18964:
18852:
18825:
18336:
17639:
17459:
17444:
17439:
17392:
17247:
17215:
17097:
16441:
16020:
15101:
15031:
14959:; and we have no sovereign to whom we may complain, nor that will hear us nor do us right."
14868:
clauses 12 (Parliament), 17 (court), 39 (fair trial), 41 (free movement), 47 (common land).
14554:
14538:
14388:
14324:
13659:
13068:
12661:
12455:
12110:
11906:
10960:
10702:
10281:
10095:
9916:
9599:
9408:
9217:
9197:
9015:
9003:
8947:
8149:
7631:
7524:
7493:
7481:
6802:
6698:
6609:
6484:
6480:
6200:
6045:
5986:
5907:
5615:
5611:
5210:
5154:
5126:
5005:
4950:
4908:
4642:
4188:
4184:
4133:
4060:
3544:
3470:
3300:
1953:
1943:
1679:
1484:
1479:
430:
14283:
Agricultural Sector (Wales) Bill - Reference by the Attorney General for England and Wales
10822:). See J. Danzig, "Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union" (10 November 2013)
10469:
further abolished multiple votes for graduates of London, Cambridge and Oxford, and other
6460:
monarch since 2022. No Queen or King has withheld assent to any bill passed by Parliament
5710:
Parliament. Since 2015, a peer may be suspended or expelled by the House. In practice the
5706:. Since 2005, senior judges can only sit and vote in the House of Lords after retirement.
8:
19135:
19053:
19031:
19026:
19009:
19004:
18982:
18872:
18830:
17362:
15774:
15438:
15289:
15285:
15273:
15069:
14956:
14710:
14508:
14355:
14300:
14267:
13295:
12871:
12867:
12427:
12411:
12399:
12312:
12308:
12287:
11865:
11861:
11840:
11751:
11425:
11404:, "The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament" (31 October 2007), speech given at
11105:
10765:
10623:
10608:
10595:
10412:
10351:
10161:
10157:
10075:
9981:
9928:
9700:
9665:
9638:
9576:
9559:
9554:
9530:
9480:
9451:
9427:
9389:
9260:
9256:
9175:
9053:
8964:
8351:
8251:
7795:
7611:
7512:
7485:
7344:
7336:
7319:
7304:
7275:
7270:
7228:
7205:
7201:
7183:
7173:
7099:
6645:
6629:
6418:
6241:
6106:
5998:
5990:
5938:
5711:
5639:
5635:
5623:
5567:
5491:
5299:
5292:
5282:
5162:
interference is prohibited, and donations and lobbying are limited in whatever form. The
5158:
4839:
4631:
4620:
4156:
4025:
3811:
3728:
3720:
3677:
3662:
3609:
3601:
3592:
3512:. While that convention reflected norms and cases decided under British statutes and the
3438:
3408:
3391:
3383:
3359:
3355:
3144:
3035:
3028:
3018:
2862:
2339:
2146:
1916:
1855:
1760:
1755:
1716:
1665:
445:
332:
136:
116:
112:
16545:
16014:
15819:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
15292:
12664:) ss 1-2, seven years prison for trading with an enemy who is "at war with His majesty".
12341:
10964:(330 BCE) 3.16, "It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens".
9980:
and given the judiciary some power to enforce them. The courts can advise Parliament of
6244:
5082:
The European Communities Act (1972) making the UK a legal partner in the European Union.
5032:
to enable prosecution of war criminals, and subjected itself to the jurisdiction of the
4082:
3497:, and other bodies, into law. For example, the UK bound itself to implement by order UN
19130:
19086:
18867:
18845:
18840:
18808:
18720:
17893:
17590:
17524:
17316:
17296:
17256:
17220:
17211:
17202:
16390:
15105:
15001:
14756:
14752:
14744:
14594:
14459:
14108:
14084:
13930:
13506:
13471:
13114:
13049:
12415:
11920:
11845:
11524:
11461:
11262:
11109:
11016:
10725:
10485:, but millions of UK residents, who pay taxes but do not have citizenship, cannot vote.
10416:
10004:
9775:
9634:
9622:
9580:
9421:
9394:
9369:
9308:
9101:
8872:
8821:
7883:
7641:
7591:
7415:
7347:
began the British movement for women's rights and equality, while movements behind the
7095:
6937:
6917:
6662:
6513:
6029:. This follows a longer tradition of courts interpreting the law to be compatible with
5963:
5877:
5626:
system of voting the UK uses, as it tends to exclude minority parties. By contrast, in
5618:. The system for electing the Commons is based on constituencies, whose boundaries are
4957:, which sets universal standards for people's rights at work. After the failure of the
4927:
4873:
4858:
viewed international law as a general tool for interpretation of the common law, while
4654:
4563:
4211:
3849:
2963:
2909:
2874:
2854:
2170:
2106:
2053:
1896:
1620:
850:
629:
342:
172:
148:
140:
132:
128:
61:
16570:
What is the UK Constitution? | The Constitution Unit - UCL β University College London
16078:
15452:
13370:
s 1, up to eight Crown Estate Commissioners are appointed by the monarch on PM advice.
12933:
12208:
9468:, liberty, freedom and democracy were scarcely protected in the new "United Kingdom".
19145:
19091:
18693:
17464:
17229:
16045:
15877:
15850:
15823:
15695:
15680:
15658:
15392:
15159:
15088:
15074:
14511:
14361:
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects
14177:
14120:
14048:
13986:. Also under ss 52A-Y in Wales the Secretary can cap council tax if deemed excessive.
13983:
13886:
This is elaborated upon in a much larger Civil Service Management Code. See also the
13706:
13041:
12432:
12058:
12024:
11604:
10100:
10038:
which requires that treaties are laid before Parliament before they can be ratified.
9961:
9953:
9791:
9783:
9744:
9728:
9680:
9584:
9550:
9526:
9465:
9442:
9412:
9333:
9324:
9315:
9213:
9170:
9138:
9061:
8891:, and that there be no villains nor gentlemen, but that we may be all unied [
8691:
8601:
8461:
8361:
8281:
7387:
7367:
7348:
7340:
7328:
7315:
7279:
7224:
7127:
7063:
7006:
6947:
6873:
6792:
6702:
6500:
6496:
6488:
6469:
6427:
6153:
6064:
6053:
6030:
5739:
5703:
5651:
5630:
voters may select preferences for candidates, although this system was rejected in a
5483:
5222:
5171:
4988:
in 1966, saw the UK ratify most rights from the Universal Declaration. Codifying the
4958:
4946:
4915:
4830:
4559:
4547:
4490:
4177:
4107:
3988:
3981:
3976:
to all people, with speedy and fair procedures for enforcement, protects fundamental
3748:
3724:
3673:
3588:
3584:
3505:
3463:
3455:
3430:
3344:
3326:
3101:
2959:
2908:, dominated politics. From 1832 onwards, adult citizens slowly obtained the right to
2866:
2083:
1735:
1731:
1726:
581:
560:
534:
408:
196:
160:
155:, the UK guaranteed every adult citizen over 21 years the equal right to vote in the
16605:
15248:
13323:) 111, suggesting the monarch has a right to be consulted, to encourage and to warn.
13228:
cf 'Baroness Brenda Hale: "I often ask myself 'why am I here?'" (17 September 2010)
11309:
teacher to the UK on refugee status, despite a High Court judge ordering it be done.
10865:
R (on the application of HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
10214:
5338:
3587:
in 1992. The idea of a Union had long been envisaged by European leaders, including
2967:
60:
as a political body. Unlike in most countries, no official attempt has been made to
19140:
19123:
19118:
19101:
19081:
18887:
17740:
17595:
17580:
17565:
17449:
17301:
17252:
17224:
17206:
15531:
15387:
15260:
15080:
15064:
14878:
14546:
14365:
14190:
13891:
13874:
13241:
13033:
12997:
12678:
12637:
12567:
12385:
12362:
11993:
11976:
11956:
11725:
11693:
11471:
11280:
11248:
11231:
11193:
10993:
10942:
10653:
10477:
lowered the voting age to 18. Restrictions on prisoner voting were inserted by the
10243:
10231:
10205:
R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport
10199:
10090:
9823:
9763:
9692:
9684:
9669:
9568:
9342:
9244:
9109:
8914:
8888:
8531:
8119:
8025:
7520:
7477:
7456:
7220:
7187:
7177:
7143:
7046:
7016:
6541:
6378:
6110:
6049:
6006:
5643:
5587:
5515:
5352:
4728:
4714:
4682:
4510:
4433:
4389:
3743:
3739:
3498:
3412:
3404:
3196:
2885:
2394:
2282:
2274:
2253:
2237:
1839:
1790:
1640:
1630:
600:
530:
204:
144:
16154:, T Khaitan and S Vogenauer, 'Should Britain have a written constitution?' (2007)
16118:
15719:
11298:
10910:
10882:
9018:. These documents established that the monarch, even with apparent authority from
8887:, preached that "matters goeth not well to pass in England, nor shall not do till
6725:
reasonably be seen to compromise their personal judgment or integrity". Since the
6619:
in 1610 it was held new prerogative powers could not be created by the executive.
6338:
19249:
18813:
18703:
18394:
18354:
17605:
17469:
17326:
17186:
17090:
16582:
16335:
Book II, An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government
16334:
16181:
16039:
14676:
14610:
14578:
14222:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 s 107A and Sch 5A
14003:
13573:
R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Bancoult (No 2)
12918:
12593:
12130:
11666:
11519:
11294:
11043:, also remarked, "democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law".
10000:
9977:
9645:
9541:
grew demanding the right to vote for everyone in free and fair elections. As the
9461:
9434:
in 1776. The British military failed to hold control. Instead, it began settling
9365:
9357:
9329:
9229:
9190:
9077:
9073:
8922:
7715:
7661:
7581:
7473:
7461:
7055:
7051:
6102:
6082:
6044:, where there is no codified statutory basis for large parts of the law, such as
6025:, courts have been expressly required to interpret law to be compatible with the
6002:
5945:
The judiciary in the United Kingdom has the essential functions of upholding the
5896:
5699:
5677:, there has been ongoing debate about whether or how to elect the House of Lords.
5674:
5647:
5244:
5226:
5024:. To ensure that the European Convention was directly applied by the courts, the
4515:
4215:
4203:
4164:
4137:
4003:
3996:
3923:
3560:
3517:
3336:
3322:
3318:
2165:
1963:
1610:
1592:
868:
491:
337:
251:
124:
16523:
From Unwritten to Written: Transformation in the British Common-Law Constitution
16420:
The Democratic and the Authoritarian State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory
12955:
This has three divisions: the Administrative, Family and King's Bench divisions.
6682:
6575:
U.S. President Barack Obama (R) meeting with Opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn (L)
6161:
6059:
5759:
5141:, but the judiciary may not declare an Act of Parliament to be unconstitutional.
4155:
the Supreme Court held the government's imposition of Β£1200 in fees to bring an
3964:
extent is disputed. The most widely accepted meanings speak of several factors:
3889:
R (Central Electricity Generating Board) v Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall
18426:
18307:
18245:
17806:
17689:
16540:
16395:
15485:
15467:
15226:
15035:
15027:
15019:
14988:
14888:
14542:
14400:
Though a UN General Assembly Declaration, not a treaty, the rights are binding
13155:
Codified in 1963, updated in 1972 and 2001, HC Deb (15 December 2001) col 1012.
12984:
12299:
has elections each 3 years, and the US has presidential elections each 4 years.
11972:
11834:
11380:
cf A. Bradley, "The Sovereignty of Parliament β Form or Substance?" in Jowell,
10670:
9861:
9807:
9767:
9759:
9740:
9704:
9696:
9630:
9610:
9447:
9416:
9377:
9225:
9146:
9105:
8701:
8641:
8291:
7548:
7196:
7110:
6545:
6504:
6423:
5950:
5682:
5666:
5532:
5499:
5230:
5206:
5163:
5057:
5041:
5009:
4974:
4962:
4942:
4899:
4893:
4878:
4859:
4849:
4710:
4567:
4038:
3716:
3685:
3630:
3576:
3540:
3459:
3446:
3434:
3387:
2936:
2920:
2905:
2711:
2231:
1926:
1819:
1815:
659:
212:
192:
168:
164:
45:
21:
15338:
13037:
12431:
Estimates) Bill, typically passed in July, authorises issue of money from the
11408:. It is also considered that the rule of law is necessary for democracy, e.g.
9790:. However some powers were restored with extensive devolution of power in the
7397:, so that people can raise human rights claims in British courts based on the
6754:
5510:
is usually thought to be its democratic nature, although it was only upon the
4457:
Parliament was recognised as a forum for the King for "common counsel" before
19259:
18482:
18043:
17941:
17931:
17730:
17725:
17575:
17291:
16211:
16201:
15920:
15633:
15480:
15475:
15463:
14969:
14883:
14550:
13679:
13392:
13320:
13102:
13045:
12641:
12092:
s 1, giving power to the PM to notify intention to negotiate to leave the EU.
11960:
11679:
10818:
e.g. "Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno" (
10657:
10125:
10085:
10050:
10035:
9865:
9842:. After 2015, however, early elections were held anyway in 2017, following a
9720:
9618:
9546:
9349:
9304:
9299:
9158:
8983:
8979:
8954:
7363:
6657:
6443:
6141:
5949:, democracy, and human rights. The highest court of appeal, renamed from the
5580:
5322:
4989:
4531:
4508:
are counted and that democratic elections are conducted according to law. In
4499:
4377:
4192:
4142:
4121:
3548:
3367:
710:
667:
577:
17082:
16630:
10062:
Conservatives forced the government to drop House of Lords reforms, and the
9856:
History of the constitution of the United Kingdom Β§ Worldwide influence
9754:
9173:
was subject to the law and cannot be expanded. Coke CJ went even further in
6591:, is to hold the government and the Prime Minister to account in and out of
5092:
and claims that recent developments have seen some acts ad hoc codification
18349:
17720:
17615:
17585:
17336:
17306:
16704:
16611:
United Kingdom Constitutional Law Association blog on Constitutional Reform
16160:
Briggs, Asa, βTrollope, Bagehot, and the English Constitution,β in Briggs,
15148:
14947:
14304:
14133:
13894:
guide civil servants on how to answer questions from Parliament committees.
13388:
13268:
12526:
ECHR 155, reaffirmed breach but awarded no compensation or costs. However,
12349:
11401:
11036:
11031:(2008) 8, "all persons and authorities within the state, whether public or
10022:
10008:
9924:
9912:
9653:
9506:
9472:
9373:
9186:
9162:
7987:
7359:
7287:
6957:
6537:
6533:
6096:
Backing up the judiciary is a considerable body of administrative law. The
6041:
5536:
5175:
4855:
4571:
4504:
4482:
4474:
4099:
4076:
3977:
3972:
is clear and predictable, not subject to broad or unreasonable discretion,
3652:
3568:
3417:
2842:
2267:
1970:
1748:
675:
556:
276:
17658:
16673:
12675:
R (Electoral Commission) v City of Westminster Magistrate's Court and UKIP
7243:
lists which matters are transferred to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The
6124:
represent the Crown in litigation. The Attorney General also appoints the
5738:, could simply be to abolish the House of Lords. This was done during the
3433:
as a "sovereign" member, to augment its power through cooperation, in the
3246:
R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland
167:
to guarantee international peace and security. The UK was a member of the
18835:
18765:
17625:
17620:
17415:
17137:
16339:
16330:
16290:
16010:
15030:
was transferred to the crown, and Elizabeth was allowed to live there by
14865:
14797:
14785:
14721:
14445:(22 October 1986) BVerfGE 73, 339 (first setting out the basic concepts).
14316:
11892:
11807:
11773:
11569:
11415:
11385:
11052:
11039:, "The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament" (31 October 2007),
10686:
10568:
10343:
9873:
9834:, a Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition launched a programme of "
9572:
9154:
9116:
in 1628. Many religious dissidents left England to settle the new world.
9093:
9089:
9057:
9034:
9030:
8995:
8938:
7308:
7299:
7106:
6584:
6453:
6145:
5982:
5946:
5797:
5503:
5234:
5202:
4843:
4835:
4609:
4458:
4160:
4087:
4030:
4012:
3960:
3837:
3752:
3635:
3564:
3348:
3310:
3296:
3008:
2889:
2878:
2861:
means that Acts of Parliament are the supreme source of law. Through the
2156:
1615:
772:
723:
651:
485:
402:
327:
284:
191:
is elected by a democratic vote in the country's 650 constituencies. The
152:
103:, which in 1215 required the King to call a "common counsel" (now called
100:
84:
19244:
13720:
Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Administrator of Hungarian Property
10461:(enabled all men to vote over 21, and women over 30 with property), and
6476:
denied the monarch any power to arrest people for failing to pay taxes.
5542:
4171:, such as unfair dismissal, unlawful wage deductions or discrimination.
111:, and to guarantee rights of "common" people to use the land. After the
19237:
17646:
17610:
17331:
16415:
16405:
16358:
16306:
16151:
15682:
The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914
15303:
14585:(3rd edn 2017) ch 12 generally follows this. Another categorisation of
14402:
13409:
13380:
13053:
13021:
12890:, 'We should abolish the House of Lords, not reform it' (12 July 2012)
12608:
12028:
11765:
11586:
11538:
11446:
11419:
11020:
9965:
9948:
9872:. The British constitution is the source of the modern concepts of the
9747:
with the UK to be "at the centre", although it did not enter until the
9372:
committed suicide, and the disgraced Lord Chancellor was replaced with
9281:
was the protection of people's rights: "lives, liberties and estates."
9272:
9248:
9209:
9128:
9049:
9007:
8968:
7516:
7501:
7383:
6669:
6633:
6592:
6457:
6077:
6037:
5610:
Donations by foreign parties can be forfeited in their entirety to the
5479:
5121:
4862:
in particular did more than any other to affirm that the international
4064:
3657:
3525:
3513:
3494:
3474:
3295:
struggles between the monarch, the church, the courts, and the people.
2940:
2248:
2033:
1598:
280:
15185:(1614) that held it would not be treason to advocate the King's death.
14436:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
12011:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
11794:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
9145:
While Elizabeth I maintained a Protestant church, under her successor
7298:, British law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions.
7134:
cannot tax or regulate other people in the way that governments must.
7109:(charged on local residents according to property values in 1993) and
5661:
5622:
to even out populations. There has been considerable debate about the
5566:
gives the right to all registered citizens of the United Kingdom, the
4530:, restrict spending or any foreign interference because, according to
3772:
697:
19113:
19021:
17560:
17555:
17484:
17152:
17147:
16645:
16625:
16616:
The Constitution Society feature on What is the British Constitution?
16530:
Report on the British constitution and proposed European constitution
16410:
Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933-1944
16242:
16192:
15984:
15787:
15687:
15589:
15543:
14896:
14781:
14559:
14336:
13312:
12887:
12844:
12296:
11997:
11864:, and after the Civil War and Glorious Revolution, once again by the
11456:
11338:
11008:
10955:
10439:(common property qualification rules for all boroughs and counties),
9835:
9564:
9522:
9488:
9484:
9435:
9221:
9085:
8987:
8897:] together, and that the lords be no greater masters than we be."
7352:
6686:
6675:
5627:
5138:
4284:
4228:
4172:
4146:
anyone who is detained must be charged and put on trial or released.
4103:
3556:
3386:
ensured the Commons would prevail in any conflict over the unelected
3371:
3363:
3340:
2242:
1860:
1775:
635:
151:
in 1922, leaving Northern Ireland within the UK. After struggles for
88:
19232:
16544:
15816:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
15091:
that a person born in Scotland is entitled to all rights in England.
14839:(1976) 242, 12% free, 30% serfs, 35% bordars and cottars, 9% slaves.
14244:
List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom
10542:, "The Sovereignty of Parliament β Form or Substance?" in J Jowell,
9770:, with the majority of former British colonies choosing to join the
7515:). A court may also declare the parties' rights and duties, give an
7496:, or failed to give a fair hearing, and (5) violated a human right.
6628:
the Supreme Court held that the Prime Minister could not notify the
5562:
is the primary organ of representative government. Section 1 of the
4453:
4232:
56:
comprises the written and unwritten arrangements that establish the
18974:
16511:
16476:
16466:
16278:
16264:
16170:
15822:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37β39.
13216:
13200:
12101:
See House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee,
11634:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
11161:
10515:"Brexit: Boris Johnson to act swiftly in bringing deal back to MPs"
10012:
9648:. At the end of the War, with millions dead, Parliament passed the
9538:
8906:
7507:
7212:
5101:
4961:
and following World War II, the UK became a founding member of the
4095:
4020:
2757:
2203:
2128:
2123:
1709:
175:
in 1973, but left in 2020. The UK is also a founding member of the
28:
is central to the United Kingdom's democratic constitution. In the
16589:
9691:. The failed international law system, was replaced following the
9196:
Coke fell from favour, and was removed from judicial office. When
9127:
confirmed Parliament's supremacy over the monarch, represented by
8990:, but at great cost. Taxes levied by Richard I, and his successor
7505:), or it could ask for an order to make the body do something (or
4838:, English law recognised the right to free movement of people for
18800:
16635:
16369:
16353:
16320:
15471:
15365:
15325:
15144:
13631:
13384:
13379:'Crown Estate makes record Β£304m Treasury payout' (28 June 2016)
13188:
12445:
12295:
fixed the timespan between elections at five years. By contrast,
11141:(2008) 8, "all persons and authorities within the state, whether
8943:
8902:
7411:
7407:
6694:
6644:, such as the right to work in other EU member states or vote in
6447:
5735:
4882:
4698:
3552:
3489:
wrote the UK's funding and membership of the United Nations, the
2739:
2209:
1551:
272:
264:
79:, have recognised and affirmed constitutional principles such as
64:
such arrangements into a single document, thus it is known as an
14663:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
14643:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
13784:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
11245:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
11228:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
5137:. The executive is bound to the rule of law, interpreted by the
4132:
acted unlawfully by dropping an investigation into the UKβSaudi
4117:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
19096:
16708:
16448:
16436:
16432:
16385:
16229:
16223:
15459:
15213:
14996:
14951:
14296:
13951:
12847:
challenged the law disqualifying peers standing for Parliament.
12072:
World Trade Organization (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1995
11142:
11004:
11002:
9688:
9487:
by subsidising employers and landowners with parish rates. The
9255:, and after a brief conflict forced James II out. Known as the
8781:
6863:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
6109:, which performs various functions including administering the
6018:
5941:
in 2009, are web-streamed live, and judges no longer wear wigs.
5607:
influence persons to give or refrain from giving their votes".
5013:
4779:
World Trade Organization (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1995
4692:
3735:
3596:
2644:
1844:
17384:
16668:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
15716:
Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants
14430:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
14412:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
12085:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10939:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10907:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10879:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10339:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
10228:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
6625:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
4986:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
3712:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
3647:
the Supreme Court held that certain fundamental principles of
3644:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
19073:
16232:, 'The reform of the House of Lords' (1917) Fabian Tract, 183
14809:
14637:
Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation
14020:
Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) Regulations 1992
11683:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938, dissent approved by the House of Lords.
11466:
11306:
10852:
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd
9464:
in defeating France, and cementing union with Ireland in the
8971:
by creating a unified system of law "common" to the country.
8957:
was compiled in 1086 cataloguing all land and labour to levy
8910:
7216:
5658:
restricts higher payment of salaries to a set number of MPs.
2904:, while the monarch, occasionally together with a hereditary
2838:
London, Houses of Parliament. The Sun Shining through the Fog
2770:
1783:
159:. After World War II, the UK became a founding member of the
15977:(20 July 2003). "Why Britain Needs a Written Constitution".
14371:
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
14295:
The oldest free speech and debating society in the world is
14255:
cf Sir Kenneth Calman Report, Serving Scotland Better (2009)
10999:
10836:
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
7571:
5550:
is the most important body in the British constitution. Its
5178:
by the monarch. The Sovereign does not veto legislation, by
5149:
is the sovereign entity. Its two chambers legislate. In the
4846:
wrote confidently that international commercial law, or the
4465:
The principle of a "democratic society", with a functioning
3759:, giving her power to notify the intention to leave the EU.
2650:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
16399:
14683:
R v Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate, ex p Pinochet (No 2)
14307:
in 1823. Most universities have student debating societies.
12165:"UK Constitution: Proposals and ministerial responsibility"
12035:) on asking questions with concrete, determinative choices.
9822:
rights without the need for claimants to take cases to the
9625:
with higher taxes on the wealthy to fund spending. After a
4149:
People must also be able to access justice in practice. In
2701:
2134:
10251:"), and 47β48 (land taken by the King "shall forthwith be
9587:, and the UK gradually enabled greater political freedom.
9239:
dictator. After his death, the monarchy was restored with
6689:
hosts the major offices of the British government, led by
6661:
Prayer and state papers. And fifteenth, subject to modern
16208:, from a tribute at St John's Smith Square on 5 June 2013
16108:, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Jan 2010), p. 85
15229:, October to November 1647, summarised in ASP Woodhouse,
15225:
Debates on the proper nature of liberty were held at the
13709:
in 2003, and a vote against an invasion of Syria in 2013.
11627:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
9724:
9594:
more middle class property owners were enfranchised, the
9328:
to Britain, allowing British merchants to sell slaves in
9247:
again attempted to assert divine right to rule. In 1688,
9019:
8893:
6532:, which reserves 25 per cent of the net revenue from the
4313:
Int Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
4045:
Today this principle of legality is found throughout the
3969:
2706:
16363:
16269:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
16173:, 'The Resilience of the Political Constitution' (2013)
16066:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
16016:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
15650:
The Politics today companion to the British Constitution
14649:
R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan
13873:
s 191, civil servants expressly have the right to claim
11057:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
10003:
are now shared between the Lord Chancellor (executive),
9830:
reduced but did not eliminate hereditary peers. Since a
4885:
was lawful "in no country" and therefore in common law.
964:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
16284:
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
14812:
assembly to advise the King, a precursor to Parliament.
14424:
10763:
For instance, preceding art. 8 of that convention, see
10463:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
10043:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
9766:, the Empire was gradually dismantled via a process of
9658:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
9602:
enabled free association without criminal penalty. The
9352:
as an alternative financier to the government over the
7208:
has 129 MSPs with extensive powers, including taxation.
6468:, Parliament or the courts. Over the 17th century, the
5512:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
5020:. In 1995, the UK also became a founding member of the
4522:
A considerable body of regulation, for instance in the
2888:
in the 13th century). This principle was recognised in
263:. Convention rights include everyone's rights to life,
157:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
16576:
Britain's unwritten constitution | The British Library
15922:
The House of Lords and the British political tradition
15815:
15237:. By contrast, a bitter opponent of the civil war was
14790:
The history of English law before the time of Edward I
12133:, and see E McGaughey, "Could Brexit be Void?" (2018)
10650:
R (Simms) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
8928:
Following the conquest, according to the legal record
6113:
for people who cannot afford access to the courts. In
3747:
could not begin the process of leaving purely through
19209:
14808:, explaining pre-Norman collections of laws, and the
13732:
e.g. MoJ, Rev of the Exec Royal Prer Powers (2009) 23
12691:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
11600:
Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales
10465:(enabled equal suffrage of men at women age 21). The
10121:
Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)
10059:
a referendum on changing the system used to elect MPs
9314:
The new union was soon faced with disaster as in the
9212:") without authority. The country descended into the
5363:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
4528:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
3615:
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
3325:
in Rome, declaring himself the supreme leader of the
3299:
in 1215, which came from the conflict leading to the
2997:
954:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
15873:
World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey
14408:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
14406:
norms in international law, since two treaties, the
13809:
Ministerial and other Pensions and Salaries Act 1991
12090:
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
10378:
may now be added to this list." Also see Laws LJ in
10111:
Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee
9931:
and resulting Acts of Parliament as a constitution.
9479:
had begun. Poverty had also accelerated through the
9216:
in 1642 culminating in the capture and execution of
9060:(who he soon beheaded for supposed infidelity), the
5591:
the Court of Appeal declared that an election for a
4982:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
4877:, one of the most important cases in legal history,
3757:
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
3539:
From 1973 to 2020, the UK was a member state of the
58:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
18787:
16534:
House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution
13948:
The Oxford Handbook of Local and Regional Democracy
9664:leading to the partition of the island between the
7333:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
5174:must be read by both houses three times, and given
4829:Like other democratic countries, the principles of
3403:, a group of pro-hunting protestors challenged the
16660:Robinson v Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
16186:JAW Griffith, 'The Political Constitution' (1979)
16146:Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change
16041:British Democracy: Its Restoration & Extension
15580:arts 3-4 gave Irish representation at Westminster.
13519:R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU
12857:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015
12596:, and E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018)
12546:Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
12209:"How power is exercised within the UK | Law Wales"
11896:(1759) 97 Eng Rep 614, 618; (1759) 2 Burr 882, 887
11722:Gorringe v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council
8967:, who became the monarch in 1154, established the
7511:), or prevent the body from acting unlawfully (or
6322:R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU
5274:
4538:as applied in British law, particularly after the
3520:, the UK accepted that people could appeal to the
943:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
99:have special constitutional status. These include
16651:Full Constitution of England - Constitute Project
14686:1 AC 119 (possibility of a conflict of interest).
14323:reasserted these values from Magna Carta against
12881:
12879:
12153:3 All ER 484 (on the legal nature of conventions)
12044:For principles of treaty interpretation, see the
11990:R (SG) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
11935:Saad v Secretary of State for the Home Department
11589:, "Constitutionalism and Democracy" (1995), 3(1)
11537:cf A. J. Zurcher, "The Hitler Referenda" (1935),
11333:A. W Bradley, K. D. Ewing, and C. J. S. Knight,
10814:
10812:
10796:
9235:Cromwell, not wishing to become a King, became a
7537:History of the constitution of the United Kingdom
7168:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
6191:
5789:
5742:in 1649, but restored along with the monarchy in
3665:that Parliament is free to organise its affairs.
2849:, "to talk") is the UK's highest law-making body.
1534:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
183:to participate in regulating the global economy.
19257:
13933:(with highly limited powers except in transport)
13634:was seized in 1955, and later recognised in the
13473:Prohibitions, Case of [1607] EWHC KB J23
12999:Hounga v Allen & Anor [2014] UKSC 47
12840:Re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East
11215:Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014
10324:A. W. Bradley, K. D. Ewing and C. J. S. Knight,
7355:drove reform for labour and democratic freedom.
5450:Re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East
5133:, is removable by a simple majority vote in the
4011:, following common law principles, protects the
3875:R (Corner House Research) v Serious Fraud Office
3715:, a group of people who sought to remain in the
3504:Although the UK has not always clearly followed
3462:in 1945, to participate in building a system of
3339:(both the King's representative and head of the
2881:, including human rights and international law.
16606:Guardian Special Report β Constitutional Reform
16595:The New International Encyclopædia/Constitution
15490:let justice be done whatever be the consequence
14232:Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016
13799:. See also, recognising the PM's position, the
13587:R (Lain) v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board
13497:
13495:
12634:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
11708:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
11650:Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago
11305:, in contempt of court for failing to return a
10776:Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch
8925:of 1066, the written history of law was scant.
7120:Department for Communities and Local Government
6885:Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016
6784:
5848:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5632:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
5225:is exercised by the Prime Minister, subject to
4417:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
4365:Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago
4299:Int Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
3528:, if domestic remedies were not enough. In the
2956:Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom
16564:The UK constitution - The Constitution Society
15629:Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875
13849:
13847:
12876:
12776:Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975 ss 1-2
12482:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
12284:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
12103:Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report
11100:
11098:
10809:
9450:called natural rights "nonsense upon stilts",
5634:staged by the Cameron-Clegg coalition. In the
3347:over the common law courts, contradicting Sir
3081:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
3069:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
959:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
17674:
17400:
17112:
17098:
16689:
16106:The Westminster Model and the State of Unions
15809:
15484:(that "holding his body" had been unlawful).
14640:1 KB 223 (unreasonableness loosely defined);
14623:R v Home Secretary ex p Venables and Thompson
13854:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
13676:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
10847:
10845:
10481:. British citizens abroad can vote under the
9193:in the House of Lords) was above common law.
8849:
6770:
6491:, and finally the settlement of power in the
6368:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
6177:
5775:
5260:
4994:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
4953:in 1919, the UK was a founding member of the
4808:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
4587:
4248:
3788:
3220:R (HS2 Action Alliance) v Transport Secretary
2983:
2807:
14525:R (Datafin) v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers
13492:
13391:. This includes (1) retail property such as
9707:began to crumble as decolonization occurred
9471:During this time, with the invention of the
4601:
3731:where 51.9% of those voting voted to leave.
2949:
2365:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2292:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2261:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
17688:
16703:
16658:: including discussion of later cases e.g.
16375:Considerations on Representative Government
15876:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 20.
13844:
13535:(2018) ch 10 258-265, listing 9 categories.
13022:"The Impact of Constitutions on Labour Law"
13019:
12451:Considerations on Representative Government
11211:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
11095:
10802:e.g. "Speech at the University of Zurich" (
9903:Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom
9153:. This prompted a series of cases from Sir
9002:Failure to abide by Magna Carta led to the
7519:, or compensation could also be payable in
7150:into 'combined authorities' and to have an
4941:Since the World Wars brought an end to the
4863:
4847:
3723:of the UK's intention to leave, without an
969:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
17681:
17667:
17407:
17393:
17105:
17091:
16696:
16682:
16220:J Laws, 'Law and Democracy' Public Law 72
15918:
15842:
15646:
15478:, Somerset escaped and sued for a writ of
14646:AC 374 (legitimate expectation rejected).
13743:Spook Erection Ltd v Environment Secretary
12981:Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
12765:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
12761:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1957
11938:EWCA Civ 2008, Lord Phillips MR, quoting
11558:The Democratic and the Authoritarian State
10842:
9699:where the UK held a permanent seat on the
8856:
8842:
8552:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act
7372:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
6777:
6763:
6656:expressly. Eleventh, the executive may by
6184:
6170:
5782:
5768:
5498:emerged as the dominant chamber, over the
5406:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
5395:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1957
5267:
5253:
4594:
4580:
4481:, as drafted by British lawyers following
4272:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
4255:
4241:
3795:
3781:
2990:
2976:
2814:
2800:
1912:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1850:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
287:, and to freedom of assembly and protest.
16641:The Parliamentary and Constitution Centre
16216:KCL Law School Research Paper No. 2016-34
16079:"Slaughter-House Cases 83 U.S. 36 (1873)"
15925:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Birmingham.
14768:See AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
14073:Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
12928:
12926:
11179:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
10512:
10007:(judicial) and the newly created post of
9984:that conflicts with the Act by means of "
9545:hit Ireland and millions migrated to the
8812:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act
7961:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929
7547:and events relevant to the status of the
6907:Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
6701:, who was executed in 1649 following the
6479:The monarch's continued assertion of the
4086:The most broadly accepted meaning of the
4052:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
3995:, which limited the judicial role of the
3825:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
2935:. However, the UK left membership of the
2853:Although the British constitution is not
1288:European Parliament elections (1979β2019)
77:Appellate Committee of the House of Lords
16119:"Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote"
15941:"Is there a United Kingdom Constitution"
14942:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895)
14730:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895)
13531:cf AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
12046:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
11731:O'Rourke v Camden London Borough Council
9753:
9516:
9251:'invited' a replacement King and Queen,
9118:
8867:
8762:Early Parliamentary General Election Act
8542:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act
7923:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925
7455:
7269:
7195:
7045:
6681:
6569:
6417:
6058:
5928:
5660:
5541:
5120:
4932:
4768:European Communities Act 1972 (repealed)
4757:European Convention on Human Rights 1950
4452:
4081:
4002:
3937:R (Fire Brigades Union) v Home Secretary
3534:
3424:
2830:
239:refused assent to any new law since the
20:
16547:The Public Records and The Constitution
16427:British Government and the Constitution
15973:
15938:
15934:
15932:
15869:
15777:reduced the power to delay to one year.
15594:An Essay on the Principle of Population
15428:Walpole's tenure lasted from 1721-1742.
15024:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
12458:. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
11207:Interception of Communications Act 1985
10513:Perraudin, Frances (13 December 2019).
10249:exit from England, and entry to England
9838:" cuts, and cemented their term in the
9360:. The result of the crash was that the
9064:was declared separate from Rome in the
8936:, on the advice of the King's Council (
7864:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act
7157:
6665:, it may take guardianship of infants.
6358:Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975
6122:Solicitor General for England and Wales
6005:in England and Wales. In Scotland, the
5656:Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975
5028:was passed. Parliament also passed the
4965:, recognised by Parliament through the
3802:
250:Most constitutional questions arise in
231:which funds schools and universities.
48:remains unelected but can be overruled.
19258:
16601:Cabinet Office - Constitutional Reform
16037:
15793:The Economic Consequences of the Peace
15022:until he was replaced and executed by
14652:QB 213 (legitimate expectation upheld)
13205:Judicial Appointments Regulations 2013
13098:R (Simms) v SS for the Home Department
12923:
12906:(5th edn 1920) ch V, 134-135. S Webb,
12724:Electoral Administration Act 2006 s 17
12498:Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964
12260:"What are constitutional conventions?"
11455:(c. 411 BC) Book 2, para 37. Contrast
10979:in interpreting and applying the law."
10153:
10151:
10049:were passed, though the government of
9849:
9598:provided free primary school, and the
9041:to freeze wage rises. This led to the
8492:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act
8392:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act
6273:Burmah Oil Company Ltd v Lord Advocate
6015:Court of Justice of the European Union
3543:(and its predecessor organisation the
3370:. Outside Parliament, people from the
2845:, 1904). Parliament (from old French,
2335:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
18786:
17662:
17388:
17086:
16677:
16492:Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials
16471:Constitutional and Administrative Law
16344:The Constitutional History of England
16009:
15671:
14802:The constitutional history of England
14770:Constitutional and Administrative Law
14569:Constitutional and Administrative Law
14565:Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials
14142:Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000
14097:Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964
13664:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13533:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13144:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13142:AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
12703:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
12654:Representation of the People Act 1983
12460:Constitutional and Administrative Law
12162:
11619:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
11335:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10557:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10483:Representation of the People Act 1985
10479:Representation of the People Act 1983
10475:Representation of the People Act 1969
10467:Representation of the People Act 1948
10459:Representation of the People Act 1918
10455:Representation of the People Act 1884
10441:Representation of the People Act 1867
10326:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10193:UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty),
10106:House of Lords Constitution Committee
9868:and those countries that adopted the
9650:Representation of the People Act 1918
9604:Representation of the People Act 1884
9549:, Chartists staged a mass march from
9397:represented the standard view in his
8482:Representation of the People Act 2000
8342:Representation of the People Act 1985
8332:Representation of the People Act 1983
8242:House of Commons Disqualification Act
8016:Representation of the People Act 1948
7979:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
7952:Representation of the People Act 1928
7854:Representation of the People Act 1918
7716:Representation of the People Act 1867
7433:
7262:Civil liberties in the United Kingdom
7126:of local authorities. Generally, the
6978:Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000
6928:Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964
6758:
6309:CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service
6165:
5763:
5734:A second option, like in the Swedish
5681:Along with a hereditary monarch, the
5669:is a chamber mostly appointed by the
5564:Representation of the People Act 1983
5522:In practice many MPs are involved in
5374:Representation of the People Act 1983
5248:
5063:
5030:International Criminal Court Act 2001
4971:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4798:International Criminal Court Act 2001
4575:
4524:Representation of the People Act 1983
4262:
4236:
3776:
3575:Third, the UK became a member of the
2971:
2680:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2325:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
17358:Legal services in the United Kingdom
16631:ESRC Centre on Constitutional Change
16539:
16490:A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens,
15929:
15677:
15562:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
15016:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
14895:. As ballads and poems evolved, see
12150:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
11501:Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium
10916:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
10723:International Organisations Act 1968
10269:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
10172:
9896:
9687:leading to a fascist collapse under
9563:was drafted by German revolutionary
9457:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
8382:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act
7488:usually sets the period as 6 years.
6751:Local government in Northern Ireland
6548:who can command the majority of the
5937:, which moved to its modern home at
5817:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875
5193:, the judiciary is appointed by the
5129:ensures that the executive, and the
5012:in 1992) and committed to implement
4328:Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium
3583:and through its ratification of the
3487:International Organisations Act 1968
3458:in 1919, and after its failure, the
3181:R (Factortame) v Transport Secretary
3169:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
2400:British National (Overseas) passport
2345:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2307:British Overseas Territories citizen
1801:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1697:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
221:Department of Health and Social Care
16076:
15154:Commentaries on the Laws of England
13447:"Who are the monarchists? | YouGov"
12257:
12082:On the post-referendum debate, see
11940:Bennion on Statutory Interpretation
11506:European Convention on Human Rights
11485:European Convention on Human Rights
11155:European Convention on Human Rights
11011:, "The Rule of Law" (2007), 66(1)
10313:European Convention on Human Rights
10290:General Treaty on Tariffs and Trade
10148:
10017:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
9970:European Convention on Human Rights
9733:European Convention on Human Rights
9633:blocking reform, Parliament pass a
9400:Commentaries on the Laws of England
8712:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act
8072:European Convention on Human Rights
7378:, enabling people to appeal to the
7376:European Convention on Human Rights
7296:European Convention on Human Rights
6732:
6673:subject to judicial review: in the
6528:, the monarchy is funded under the
6027:European Convention on Human Rights
5837:European Convention on Human Rights
5603:Animal Defenders International v UK
5502:that traditionally represented the
5366:ss 12-69, 72-131, 149 and Schs 8-13
5335:Animal Defenders International v UK
4998:European Convention on Human Rights
4553:
4536:European Convention on Human Rights
4479:European Convention on Human Rights
4069:European Convention on Human Rights
4047:European Convention on Human Rights
3734:The claimants argued that, because
3700:, to bring peace. In addition, the
3510:European Convention on Human Rights
3321:asserted his divine right over the
2925:European Convention on Human Rights
1394:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
451:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
261:European Convention on Human Rights
209:European Convention on Human Rights
73:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
13:
19266:Constitution of the United Kingdom
16552:. London: Oxford University Press.
16516:Are judges now out of their depth?
16299:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (
14626:AC 407 (irrelevant consideration).
14617:Padfield v Minister of Agriculture
14061:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
13177:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
10555:cf A. W. Bradley and K. D. Ewing,
10443:(extended the franchise to around
10177:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9957:produce a revolution in an hour."
9575:distracted from social reform and
7942:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act
7464:. The claims usually begin in the
7258:Human rights in the United Kingdom
6896:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
5859:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
5827:Charter of the United Nations 1945
4120:, a group campaigning against the
243:in 1708. The monarch is bound by
187:people of the United Kingdom. The
54:constitution of the United Kingdom
14:
19297:
16557:
16077:Bradley, Joseph P. (dissenting).
14837:Medieval History and Civilization
14439:(2008) C-402/05 (for the EU) and
14303:was established in 1815, and the
14154:Environmental Protection Act 1990
14016:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13980:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13968:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13928:Greater London Authority Act 1999
13888:Prevention of Corruption Act 1906
13693:Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate
13203:s 27A and SI 2013/2193. See also
11541:American Political Science Review
11166:necessary in a democratic society
10711:International Labour Organization
10381:Thoburn v Sunderland City Council
10136:United Kingdom constitutional law
9800:Greater London Authority Act 1999
9557:broke out across Europe, and the
9521:Demanding democratic reform, the
9336:, incorporated to monopolise the
9092:, the daughter of Henry VIII and
9068:, with the King as the head. The
8652:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act
8202:UK joins the European Communities
7914:Irish Free State Constitution Act
7440:United Kingdom administrative law
7266:United Kingdom constitutional law
6988:Environmental Protection Act 1990
6842:Local Government Finance Act 1992
6823:Greater London Authority Act 1999
6499:and an early financial crisis as
5756:Judiciaries of the United Kingdom
5016:in which it participated, in the
4973:in 1948, the continuation of the
4955:International Labour Organization
4725:R (SG) v SS for Work and Pensions
4667:Saad v SS for the Home Department
3769:Rule of law in the United Kingdom
3706:Greater London Authority Act 1999
3479:Bretton Woods Agreements Act 1945
3129:Greater London Authority Act 1999
2917:International Labour Organization
1579:Greater London Authority Act 1999
177:International Labour Organization
16:Uncodified constitution of the UK
19271:Government of the United Kingdom
19243:
19231:
19219:
17483:
16588:
16111:
16097:
16070:
16058:
16031:
16003:
15967:
15912:
15900:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
15890:
15863:
15836:
15799:
15780:
15768:
15757:
15746:
15735:
15724:
15708:
15640:
15621:
15608:
15599:
15583:
15571:
15553:
15537:
15524:
15507:
15503:13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645
15495:
15445:
15431:
15422:
15408:
15380:
15359:
15331:
15328:confirmed by the House of Lords.
15318:
15297:
15279:
15266:
15254:
15219:
15203:
15188:
15175:
15166:
15119:
15110:
15094:
15056:
15041:
15008:
14981:
14962:
14930:
14918:
14906:
14871:
14859:
14842:
14829:
14815:
14775:
14762:
14737:
14715:
14701:
14689:
14669:
14655:
14629:
14603:
14531:
14517:
14502:
14490:
14478:
14466:
14448:
14417:
14394:
14377:
14349:
14330:
14310:
14289:
14274:
14258:
14249:
14240:2012 English mayoral referendums
14225:
14216:
14207:
14196:
14183:
14171:
14159:
14147:
14126:
14114:
14102:
14090:
14078:
14066:
14054:
14042:
14025:
14008:
13989:
13973:
13961:
13936:
13921:
13897:
13880:
13829:
13813:
13790:
13776:
13749:
13735:
13726:
13712:
13699:
13685:
13669:
13647:
13624:
13611:
13579:
13564:
13547:
13538:
13525:
13511:
13464:
13439:
13430:
13419:
13403:
13373:
13361:
13342:
13326:
13305:
13288:
13278:
13258:
13254:Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
13246:
13235:
13222:
13210:
13194:
13181:
13170:
13158:
13149:
13136:
13119:
13108:
13090:
13075:
13060:
13013:
12990:
12974:
12958:
12949:
12940:
12934:"Constitutional Reform Act 2005"
12912:46(1) Industrial Law Journal 169
12896:
12861:
12850:
12843:2 QB 257, Viscount Stansgate or
12828:
12816:
12803:
12791:
12779:
12770:
12754:
12745:
12736:
12727:
12718:
12696:
12684:
12667:
12647:
12626:
12614:
12602:
12574:
12560:
12551:
12539:
12502:
12487:
12475:
12465:
12438:
12421:
12404:
12378:
12355:
12332:
12318:
12302:
12277:
12251:
12226:
12201:
12171:
12156:
12142:
12095:
11711:UKHL 15, and see also ECHR 362
11452:History of the Peloponnesian War
9964:government under prime minister
9870:Westminster parliamentary system
9307:was a constitutional right. The
8622:Scottish independence referendum
8612:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
8140:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968
8110:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
8036:Statute of the Council of Europe
7904:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act
7602:Succession to the Crown Act 1707
7559:
7452:United States administrative law
7164:Devolution in the United Kingdom
6720:Assisting ministers is a modern
6567:, but failed to get a majority.
6091:Judicial Appointments Commission
5694:, law lords appointed under the
5506:. The central justification for
5474:Parliament of the United Kingdom
5195:Judicial Appointments Commission
5001:and to advance social progress.
3670:devolution in the United Kingdom
3591:, who in 1946 had called for a "
3343:) asserted the supremacy of the
2769:
2756:
2738:
2723:
794:
696:
666:
634:
508:
478:
407:
382:
309:
163:to uphold human rights, and the
18789:Countries of the United Kingdom
17889:Countries of the United Kingdom
17414:
16532:(2003) Written evidence to the
16481:Principles of International Law
16455:(1906 through 1929) Volumes IβX
16311:A Federation for Western Europe
16085:. Cornell University Law School
15945:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
15849:. Waterside Press. p. 23.
15050:The True Law of Free Monarchies
14666:UKHL 60 (independent judgement)
14138:NHS and Community Care Act 1990
13904:Freedom of Information Act 2000
13820:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
13617:Allen (1862) 1 B&S 850 and
13426:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
13084:Pickin v British Railways Board
12983:, appealing to the appropriate
12946:Practice Statement 3 All ER 77
12658:Trading with the Enemy Act 1939
12076:
12064:
12051:
12038:
12017:
12003:
11981:
11965:
11945:
11927:
11913:
11899:
11885:
11871:
11826:
11813:
11800:
11758:
11737:
11714:
11700:
11686:
11672:
11642:
11611:
11579:
11563:
11547:
11531:
11513:
11493:
11478:
11439:
11395:
11374:
11362:
11348:
11327:
11312:
11286:
11269:
11254:
11237:
11220:
11199:
11184:
11172:
11148:
11128:
11114:
11083:
11046:
10982:
10967:
10948:
10923:
10899:
10887:
10871:
10857:
10828:
10782:
10757:
10744:
10730:
10715:
10696:
10680:
10663:
10641:
10632:
10617:
10602:
10588:
10574:
10562:
10549:
10532:
10501:
10488:
10457:(extended the male franchise),
10430:
10404:
10387:
10331:
10318:
10131:Ancient constitution of England
10047:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
9986:Declarations of Incompatibility
9840:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
9719:. To prevent any recurrence of
9617:won 29 seats and supported the
8732:European Union (Withdrawal) Act
8212:Local Government (Scotland) Act
7652:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801
7251:
6968:NHS and Community Care Act 1990
6727:Freedom of Information Act 2000
6632:of an intention to leave under
6398:Freedom of Information Act 2000
6388:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
6285:Rahmatullah v Foreign Secretary
6126:Director of Public Prosecutions
5969:Litigation usually begins in a
5723:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012
5696:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876
5349:R (Electoral Commission) v UKIP
5312:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
5116:
4183:In other systems the idea of a
3625:Under EU law, the principle of
3612:. This principle was tested in
3157:Pickin v British Railways Board
2685:United Nations Security Council
365:Other constitutional principles
364:
95:. It also recognises that some
19281:Politics of the United Kingdom
17884:Counties of the United Kingdom
16175:14(12) German Law Journal 2111
15339:"Union with Scotland Act 1706"
14823:"Laws of Edward the Confessor"
14600:, codifying directors' duties.
14442:Re WΓΌnsche Handelsgesellschaft
13982:ss 52ZA-ZY, introduced by the
13915:BBC v Information Commissioner
13387:and the colour purple for the
13354:. This was raised from 15% by
13300:US Declaration of Independence
13165:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
13127:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
12824:House of Lords Reform Act 2014
12798:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
12712:R (McWhirter) v Home Secretary
11591:European Journal of Philosophy
11369:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
11355:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
11301:, holding the Home Secretary,
11092:ss. 1, 63β65 and Schs 8 and 12
11090:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
10990:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
10376:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
10306:
10295:
10274:
10258:
10237:
10220:
10181:
10166:
9997:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
9976:has granted citizens specific
9674:Government of Ireland Act 1920
9259:, Parliament proclaimed a new
9082:Dissolution of the monasteries
8402:Scottish devolution referendum
8302:Scottish devolution referendum
7824:Government of Ireland Act 1914
7632:Constitution of Ireland (1782)
7380:European Court of Human Rights
7322:in England and Wales, and the
6158:Civil Service (United Kingdom)
5868:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5438:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5275:Parliament composition sources
5191:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5107:
5095:
4980:Two fundamental treaties, the
4200:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
4009:European Court of Human Rights
3993:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
3913:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
3762:
3522:European Court of Human Rights
3400:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
3207:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
2221:British Indian Ocean Territory
1766:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1564:English votes for English laws
1544:Council of Nations and Regions
303:Politics of the United Kingdom
109:free the church from the state
1:
16646:Constitutional Law Chronology
16626:UCL Constitution Unit - About
16156:78(4) Political Quarterly 499
16133:
15980:Charter88 Sovereignty lecture
15488:, after declaring he should "
15309:Second Treatise on Government
14423:This is qualified, as in the
13944:Cross on Local Government Law
13797:Ministerial Salaries Act 1975
13678:s 20, codifying the previous
13593:R (Harrison) v Home Secretary
12965:Employment Tribunals Act 1996
12742:Insolvency Act 1986 s 426A(5)
12511:Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2)
12117:(17 July 2018). Litigated in
10368:European Communities Act 1972
10265:European Communities Act 1972
9972:into British law through the
9832:financial crisis of 2007β2008
9749:European Communities Act 1972
9731:was established to draft the
9596:Elementary Education Act 1870
9567:and Manchester factory owner
9278:Second Treatise on Government
9134:Second Treatise on Government
8772:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act
8672:European Union Referendum Act
8171:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act
7444:Australian administrative law
6642:European Communities Act 1972
6192:Executive composition sources
5790:Judiciary composition sources
5702:who are senior clergy of the
5478:In the British constitution,
5240:
5058:sources of constitutional law
5018:European Communities Act 1972
5008:(reorganized and renamed the
3606:Council of the European Union
3581:European Communities Act 1972
3264:European Communities Act 1972
3233:R (Miller) v Brexit Secretary
2826:
2340:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1771:Scottish statutory instrument
1346:Scottish Parliament elections
832:Justices of the Supreme Court
269:arbitrary arrest or detention
18656:Universal basic income (UBI)
15919:Mc Manamon, Anthony (2012).
15870:Terrill, Richard J. (2015).
15846:Champions of the rule of law
15470:as a slave and taken him to
14924:Pollock and Maitland (1899)
14854:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
14265:Government of Wales Act 1998
14167:Household Recycling Act 2003
12908:Reform of the House of Lords
12410:This was represented by the
12163:Haves, Emily (4 July 2022).
11432:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
11277:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
10196:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
9804:Government of Wales Act 2006
9637:system for welfare, and the
9514:, triggering mass protests.
9006:, and the popular legend of
8930:Laws of Edward the Confessor
8802:EU (Future Relationship) Act
8782:UK leaves the European Union
8512:Government of Wales Act 2006
8372:Local Government (Wales) Act
8091:HC Disqualification Act 1957
8006:British Nationality Act 1948
7472:Administrative law, through
7245:Government of Wales Act 1998
6998:Household Recycling Act 2003
6813:Government of Wales Act 2006
6135:
6116:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
5749:
5494:, and within Parliament the
5036:. In 2016 the UK voted in a
5034:International Criminal Court
4352:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
4222:
4152:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
4094:, includes the principle of
3682:Government of Wales Act 1998
3111:Government of Wales Act 1998
2933:International Criminal Court
2605:politics of Northern Ireland
1807:Government of Wales Act 1998
939:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
18661:Water supply and sanitation
18360:Weapons of mass destruction
18345:His Majesty's Naval Service
17530:Courts of England and Wales
17375:United Kingdom law category
16621:LSE - A New UK Constitution
16326:Two Treatises of Government
16148:' (2015) History and Policy
16083:Legal Information Institute
15764:National Insurance Act 1911
15655:Manchester University Press
15578:Union with Ireland Act 1800
15163:5 US (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).
14939:The Chronicles of Froissart
14850:Medieval England, 1042-1228
14620:AC 997 (improper purpose),
13335:Sunday Times Rich List 2015
12904:Self-Government in Industry
12583:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
12571:QB 151, per Lord Denning MR
12120:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
11390:The Law of the Constitution
11213:ss 1β11, as amended by the
10691:The Law of the Constitution
10190:R (Miller) v Prime Minister
10069:
10011:(legislative). The role of
9844:referendum on EU membership
9814:of 1998 brought peace. The
9737:European Economic Community
9502:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
9432:declaration of independence
9362:Chancellor of the Exchequer
9267:in Scotland, that cemented
9243:in 1660, but his successor
9125:Glorious Revolution of 1688
8572:Alternative Vote referendum
8562:Welsh devolution referendum
8412:Welsh devolution referendum
8312:Welsh devolution referendum
7932:Balfour Declaration of 1926
7894:Church of Scotland Act 1921
7707:Judicial Committee Act 1844
7699:Judicial Committee Act 1843
7691:Judicial Committee Act 1833
7448:Canadian administrative law
6785:Regional government sources
6335:Youssef v Foreign Secretary
5977:for civil law issues, or a
5004:In 1972, the UK joined the
4402:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
3491:International Monetary Fund
3445:, opened by Prime Minister
3378:fought for the vote in the
2871:Glorious Revolution of 1688
2215:British Antarctic Territory
1539:Legislative consent motions
681:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
19302:
18756:Stereotypes of the British
17239:English administrative law
15647:Pilkington, Colin (1999).
15181:Compounded by a ruling in
14913:Charter of the Forest 1217
13871:Employment Rights Act 1996
13869:1 WLR 1046, but under the
13824:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
13636:Island of Rockall Act 1972
13576:UKHL 61, per Lord Bingham
13398:Continental Shelf Act 1964
13187:This was not always true:
13020:Kahn-Freund, Otto (1976).
12969:Employment Appeal Tribunal
12811:Lords Appointments webpage
12398:(1615) 21 ER 485, and the
12293:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
11504:(1987) 10 EHRR 1, on the
11162:in accordance with the law
10932:MacCormick v Lord Advocate
9900:
9853:
9818:empowered courts to apply
9743:in 1992, was supported by
9497:1833 Slavery Abolition Act
9345:, driving economic chaos.
9253:William and Mary of Orange
9189:(then administered by the
9012:Charter of the Forest 1217
8592:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
7844:Royal Proclamation of 1917
7766:Appellate Jurisdiction Act
7726:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868
7534:
7530:
7437:
7428:social and economic rights
7307:for people, and preserved
7290:is recent, but before the
7255:
7192:Northern Ireland Executive
7181:
7171:
7161:
6736:
6693:ministers. Facing towards
6526:private wealth and finance
6348:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
6139:
6098:Contempt of Court Act 1981
6017:to clarify the meaning of
5753:
5471:
5221:" is the monarch, but all
5047:
4557:
4226:
4202:ended the practice of the
3766:
3694:Northern Ireland Executive
3649:British constitutional law
3620:Merchant Shipping Act 1988
3547:), which is committed to "
3193:R (Simms) v Home Secretary
2953:
2655:UKβEU withdrawal agreement
19276:Law of the United Kingdom
19171:
19072:
18973:
18921:First Minister and deputy
18886:
18799:
18795:
18782:
18778:
18679:
18519:
18510:
18468:
18385:
18376:
18335:
18276:
18145:
18141:
18132:
17994:
17922:
17874:
17870:
17861:
17794:
17706:
17697:
17634:
17538:
17492:
17481:
17422:
17371:
17350:
17274:
17195:
17128:Parliamentary sovereignty
17120:
17114:Law of the United Kingdom
17064:
17016:
16978:
16715:
16188:42(1) Modern Law Review 1
15843:Hostettler, John (2011).
15742:Old Age Pensions Act 1908
13946:(2004). J Loughlin (ed),
13805:Chevening Estate Act 1959
13658:AC 179, now regulated by
13038:10.1017/S0008197300012022
13026:The Cambridge Law Journal
12644:. Confirmed in ECHR 362.
11382:The Changing Constitution
10544:The Changing Constitution
10471:University constituencies
9995:Changes also include the
9921:parliamentary sovereignty
9878:parliamentary sovereignty
9810:in Northern Ireland, the
9796:Northern Ireland Act 1998
9662:Irish War of Independence
9553:to Parliament in 1848 as
9286:Parliamentary sovereignty
9269:Parliamentary sovereignty
9114:Massachusetts Bay Company
9052:, to seal a divorce from
9039:Statute of Labourers 1351
9014:, signed at St Paul's by
8978:, more closely tied with
8752:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act
8722:Invocation of Article 50
8632:House of Lords Reform Act
8522:Northern Ireland Act 2009
8502:Constitutional Reform Act
7874:Government of Ireland Act
7814:Status of Aliens Act 1914
7736:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868
7430:through its legislation.
7241:Northern Ireland Act 1998
7139:Local Government Act 1972
7033:
7024:
7014:
7004:
6995:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6955:
6945:
6935:
6925:
6915:
6903:
6893:
6881:
6871:
6859:
6852:Local Government Act 1999
6849:
6839:
6832:Local Government Act 1972
6829:
6820:
6810:
6800:
6790:
6747:Local government in Wales
6519:collective responsibility
6405:
6395:
6385:
6376:
6364:
6355:
6345:
6331:
6317:
6305:
6293:
6281:
6269:
6260:
6251:
6239:
6230:
6221:
6209:
6197:
6130:Crown Prosecution Service
5916:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5875:
5865:
5856:
5844:
5834:
5824:
5814:
5805:
5795:
5508:Parliamentary sovereignty
5459:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5413:
5402:
5391:
5381:
5371:
5359:
5345:
5331:
5319:
5309:
5290:
5280:
4816:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4775:
4764:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4721:
4707:
4689:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4629:
4617:
4607:
4544:Gorringe v Calderdale MBC
4440:
4430:Gorringe v Calderdale MBC
4426:
4412:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4309:
4295:
4282:
4268:
3980:, and works according to
3946:
3932:
3920:
3910:
3898:
3884:
3870:
3862:A v Home Secretary (No 2)
3858:
3846:
3834:
3820:
3808:
3702:Local Government Act 1972
3690:Northern Ireland Act 1998
3415:to be valid. However, in
3281:
3271:
3261:
3241:
3229:
3215:
3203:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3126:
3120:Northern Ireland Act 1998
3117:
3108:
3099:
3093:Local Government Act 1972
3090:
3077:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2999:Parliamentary sovereignty
2950:Parliamentary sovereignty
2859:parliamentary sovereignty
2730:United Kingdom portal
2620:Northern Ireland Protocol
1959:Non-metropolitan District
1648:Northern Ireland Act 1998
898:Monetary Policy Committee
350:Parliamentary sovereignty
245:constitutional convention
81:parliamentary sovereignty
75:and its predecessor, the
36:represents the public in
19286:Uncodified constitutions
18549:Environmental inequality
16497:M Elliott and R Thomas,
16453:English Local Government
16425:C Turpin and A Tomkins,
16255:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
16248:The English Constitution
16164:(1955) pp. 87β115.
14893:Peasants' revolt of 1381
14749:Kingdom of Great Britain
14587:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
14414:of 1966 recast the UDHR.
14383:Turning points were the
13956:English Local Government
13801:Chequers Estate Act 1917
13644:2 QB 153 on alterations.
13619:Criminal Appeal Act 1995
13608:(1864) 3 Moo PC (NS) 115
13599:R (FBU) v Home Secretary
13349:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
13317:The English Constitution
12767:give further exceptions.
12238:The Constitution Society
11746:Johnson v Unisys Limited
11343:The English Constitution
10789:Treaty on European Union
10752:Legality of the Iraq War
10356:Claim of Rights Act 1689
10175:The British Constitution
10141:
10116:Parliament in the Making
9368:for his corruption, the
9290:Bank of England Act 1694
9043:Peasants' Revolt of 1381
8877:Peasants' Revolt of 1381
8682:EU membership referendum
8262:EC membership referendum
8182:European Communities Act
7672:Scottish Reform Act 1832
7545:Constitutional documents
7358:Upon the catastrophe of
7324:Claim of Rights Act 1689
6743:Subdivisions of Scotland
6638:Treaty on European Union
6530:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
6263:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
6150:Prime Minister of the UK
5728:single transferable vote
5524:Parliamentary committees
5215:Department for Education
5040:on whether to leave the
5022:World Trade Organization
4890:public international law
4602:Internationalism sources
4180:for violating an order.
4092:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
3966:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
3902:UNISON v Lord Chancellor
3627:freedom of establishment
3429:The UK has committed to
2929:World Trade Organization
2298:Turks and Caicos Islands
1569:Greater London Authority
719:Leader of the Opposition
424:William, Prince of Wales
293:This article is part of
277:forced labour or slavery
229:Department for Education
181:World Trade Organization
143:joined Ireland, but the
17266:English civil procedure
17143:Law of Northern Ireland
16656:Constitutional Statutes
16197:19 Tulane Law Review 32
16180:30 October 2020 at the
15731:Trade Disputes Act 1906
15519:Transportation Act 1790
15515:Transportation Act 1717
15416:Attorney General v Davy
14614:AC 40 (following law).
14002:3 November 2020 at the
13931:ss 31, 141, 180 and 333
13764:In re a Local Authority
13605:Re Lord Bishop of Natal
13559:House of Lords Act 1999
12786:House of Lords Act 1999
12751:RPA 1983 ss 160 and 173
12621:Communications Act 2003
12592:16 January 2019 at the
12339:House of Lords Act 1999
12258:UCL (8 November 2021).
12129:16 January 2019 at the
12023:Presumed violations of
11996:, on the benefits cap,
11665:30 October 2020 at the
11574:Between Facts and Norms
11411:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
11191:Malone v United Kingdom
11122:Malone v United Kingdom
10975:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
10737:United Nations Act 1946
10217:, (international law).
10208:UKHL 15, (democracy),
9828:House of Lords Act 1999
9772:Commonwealth of Nations
9762:. After the end of the
9512:Unlawful Oaths Act 1797
9413:North American colonies
9411:had accelerated to the
9265:Claim of Right Act 1689
8582:European Union Act 2011
8442:Government of Wales Act
8322:British Nationality Act
8082:Interpretation Act (NI)
7786:Interpretation Act 1889
6739:Subdivisions of England
6440:constitutional monarchy
5989:issues. There are also
5688:House of Lords Act 1999
5428:House of Lords Act 1999
5384:Communications Act 2003
5127:parliamentary democracy
4967:United Nations Act 1946
4747:United Nations Act 1946
4340:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
3696:following the historic
3593:United States of Europe
3483:United Nations Act 1946
3274:European Union Act 2011
3048:United Nations Act 1946
2044:Community council areas
1922:Non-metropolitan county
1702:Law of Northern Ireland
225:National Health Service
121:Claim of Right Act 1689
66:uncodified constitution
18435:Science and technology
17571:British Virgin Islands
17282:British Virgin Islands
16758:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16296:Froissart's Chronicles
16206:17 Oxford Law News 8-9
15939:Barendt, Eric (1997).
15324:(1703) 92 ER 126, per
15272:The conflict ended at
15231:Puritanism and Liberty
15210:Petition of Right 1628
15143:(1701) 12 Mod 669 per
14727:Froissart's Chronicles
14708:Senior Courts Act 1981
14557:. Lord Diplock in the
14485:Senior Courts Act 1981
14385:Second Reform Act 1867
14321:Petition of Right 1628
13838:AG v Jonathan Cape Ltd
13555:Life Peerages Act 1958
13385:map.whoownsengland.org
13131:Senior Courts Act 1981
12529:Moohan v Lord Advocate
12517:Green v United Kingdom
12494:Mental Health Act 1983
12390:Acts of Supremacy 1534
12346:Lord Great Chamberlain
12325:Life Peerages Act 1958
11406:King's College, London
11321:The Spirit of the Laws
11041:King's College, London
10709:: Constitution of the
10509:2016 Brexit referendum
10496:Appropriation Act 1923
10360:Act of Settlement 1701
10354:and (in Scotland) the
10348:Petition of Right 1628
10173:King, Anthony (2007).
9891:responsible government
9806:. After many years of
9788:Greater London Council
9779:
9592:Second Reform Act 1867
9583:of 1860 to 1865 ended
9579:opposed anything, the
9534:
9364:was imprisoned in the
9294:Act of Settlement 1700
9208:and taxing trade (or "
9202:Petition of Right 1628
9142:
8898:
8792:UK Internal Market Act
8742:EU Withdrawal Act 2019
8160:EC Treaty of Accession
7970:Statute of Westminster
7805:Aliens Restriction Act
7469:
7424:freedom of association
7283:
7209:
7067:
6706:
6596:
6493:Bill of Rights of 1689
6487:being executed in the
6474:Habeas Corpus Act 1640
6435:
6233:Habeas Corpus Act 1640
6224:Petition of Right 1628
6073:Act of Settlement 1700
6068:
5942:
5887:Senior Courts Act 1981
5808:Act of Settlement 1700
5692:Life Peerages Act 1958
5678:
5593:Greater London Council
5555:
5416:Life Peerages Act 1958
5142:
4938:
4864:
4848:
4738:Versailles Treaty 1919
4471:deliberative democracy
4462:
4208:Act of Settlement 1700
4136:. It was alleged that
4111:
4016:
3641:On the other hand, in
3572:
3450:
3443:Methodist Central Hall
3437:since 1945. The first
2894:Petition of Right 1628
2850:
2383:Diplomatic missions of
2227:British Virgin Islands
49:
18412:Free trade agreements
16394:(1516) translated by
15753:Trade Boards Act 1909
15402:Bromfield v Wytherley
15371:The Wealth of Nations
15140:City of London v Wood
15116:(1610) 77 Eng Rep 638
14696:Human Rights Act 1998
14497:Civil Procedure Rules
14433:UKSC 3 (for the UK),
14203:Homelessness Act 2002
13503:Case of Proclamations
13368:Crown Estate Act 1961
13273:Scottish Militia Bill
12917:6 August 2020 at the
12822:Now confirmed in the
12395:Earl of Oxford's case
12264:The Constitution Unit
12234:"The UK constitution"
11013:Cambridge Law Journal
10675:The Science of Ethics
10582:Earl of Oxford's case
10546:(7th ed., 2011) ch. 2
10437:Great Reform Act 1832
10372:Human Rights Act 1998
10364:Acts of Union of 1707
10302:Human Rights Act 1998
10202:, ff (rule of law),
10081:UK administrative law
10027:Governance of Britain
9990:secondary legislation
9974:Human Rights Act 1998
9907:Constitutional theory
9887:bicameral legislature
9882:judicial independence
9854:Further information:
9816:Human Rights Act 1998
9812:Good Friday Agreement
9758:The evolution of the
9757:
9615:1906 general election
9520:
9493:Great Reform Act 1832
9477:Industrial Revolution
9303:established that the
9206:proroguing Parliament
9182:Earl of Oxford's case
9151:divine right of Kings
9122:
9070:Law in Wales Act 1535
9066:Act of Supremacy 1534
8976:Richard the Lionheart
8934:William the Conqueror
8871:
8422:Good Friday Agreement
8062:Royal Titles Act 1953
7756:Royal Titles Act 1876
7682:Irish Reform Act 1832
7622:Wales and Berwick Act
7459:
7420:freedom of expression
7416:freedom of conscience
7395:Human Rights Act 1998
7292:Human Rights Act 1998
7273:
7227:created a unicameral
7199:
7182:Further information:
7172:Further information:
7049:
7037:UK constitutional law
7027:Homelessness Act 2002
6715:Ministerial Code 2010
6685:
6616:Case of Proclamations
6573:
6421:
6409:UK constitutional law
6254:Crown Estate Act 1961
6063:The Supreme Court on
6062:
6023:Human Rights Act 1998
6011:preliminary reference
5932:
5920:UK constitutional law
5721:have been debated. A
5664:
5620:periodically reviewed
5578:As far back as 1703,
5552:Members of Parliament
5545:
5529:Members of Parliament
5463:UK constitutional law
5124:
5026:Human Rights Act 1998
4936:
4820:UK constitutional law
4789:Human Rights Act 1998
4540:Human Rights Act 1998
4456:
4444:UK constitutional law
4159:claim undermined the
4126:Corner House Research
4085:
4057:handling stolen goods
4006:
3950:UK constitutional law
3698:Good Friday Agreement
3538:
3530:Human Rights Act 1998
3428:
3332:Earl of Oxford's case
3315:Act of Supremacy 1534
3305:divine right of kings
3285:UK constitutional law
3058:Human Rights Act 1998
2834:
2625:BritishβIrish Council
2610:Good Friday Agreement
2422:Free trade agreements
2387:in the United Kingdom
2198:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2114:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1674:deputy First Minister
1559:Governance of England
570:Deputy Prime Minister
257:Human Rights Act 1998
241:Scottish Militia Bill
38:650 UK constituencies
30:Palace of Westminster
24:
18761:World Heritage Sites
18554:Environmental issues
18258:Female party leaders
17899:Overseas territories
17248:English criminal law
17216:English contract law
16581:1 April 2019 at the
16442:Industrial Democracy
16021:Macmillan Publishers
15678:Cook, Chris (2005).
15200:(1627) 3 How St Tr 1
15102:Case of Prohibitions
15032:Mary, Queen of Scots
14574:R (Baker) v Devon CC
14555:English contract law
14553:or implied terms in
14389:Trade Union Act 1871
13866:Riordan v War Office
13660:Immigration Act 1971
13069:Re Spectrum Plus Ltd
12557:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
12111:Electoral Commission
11907:Pillans v Van Mierop
11065:Law Quarterly Review
10703:Treaty of Versailles
10599:(1610) 8 Co Rep 114a
10282:Treaty of Versailles
10096:English contract law
9919:, and the fact that
9917:separation of powers
9600:Trade Union Act 1871
9409:Atlantic slave trade
9343:stock market crashed
9185:, establishing that
8982:in Rome, joined the
8948:Edward the Confessor
8889:everything be common
8432:Northern Ireland Act
8192:Local Government Act
7494:conflict of interest
7158:Devolved governments
7124:1340 specific duties
6815:ss 5β93 and Schs 5β7
6803:Northern Ireland Act
6795:ss 2β78 and Schs 5β6
6610:Case of Prohibitions
6599:Although called the
6561:abolish the monarchy
6481:divine right to rule
6216:(1627) 3 How St Tr 1
6201:Prohibitions del Roy
5991:employment tribunals
5908:Re Spectrum Plus Ltd
5616:Electoral Commission
5612:Electoral Commission
5326:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
5211:Department of Health
5155:Member of Parliament
5006:European Communities
4951:Treaty of Versailles
4909:Immigration Act 1971
4643:Pillans v Van Mierop
4381:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
4189:Baron de Montesquieu
4185:separation of powers
4163:, and was void. The
4134:Al-Yamamah arms deal
4130:Serious Fraud Office
4061:Post Office Act 1969
3727:. This followed the
3545:European Communities
3471:Treaty of Versailles
3254:Repealed legislation
2189:Overseas Territories
1954:Metropolitan Borough
1680:Emma Little-Pengelly
1621:Combined authorities
979:UK general elections
446:Counsellors of State
360:Separation of powers
147:separated after the
16979:States with limited
16636:Democratic Audit UK
15991:on 30 December 2009
15775:Parliament Act 1949
15474:. With the help of
15439:Entick v Carrington
15290:Claim of Right 1689
15286:Bill of Rights 1689
15274:Battle of the Boyne
14772:(2018) ch 2, 32-48.
14509:Limitation Act 1980
14301:The Cambridge Union
14234:s 15. cf M Elliot,
13958:(1929) Volumes IβX.
13630:e.g. the Island of
13416:(3rd edn 1959) ch 2
13296:American Revolution
12967:, appealing to the
12872:Parliament Act 1949
12868:Parliament Act 1911
12707:Boundary Commission
12428:Bill of Rights 1689
12412:Parliament Act 1911
12400:Bill of Rights 1689
12313:Parliament Act 1949
12309:Parliament Act 1911
12288:Parliament Act 1911
11866:Bill of Rights 1689
11862:Ship Money Act 1640
11841:Case of Impositions
11768:Virginia Law Review
11752:Gisda Cyf v Barratt
11426:Reference on Quebec
11106:Entick v Carrington
11078:World Bank Research
11061:Part II, ch IV, 189
10766:Entick v Carrington
10624:Parliament Act 1911
10609:Parliament Act 1949
10413:Entick v Carrington
10162:Parliament Act 1949
10158:Parliament Act 1911
10076:UK human rights law
10031:Ministry of Justice
9982:primary legislation
9889:and the concept of
9850:Worldwide influence
9739:, which became the
9701:UN Security Council
9666:Republic of Ireland
9639:Parliament Act 1911
9577:Viscount Palmerston
9560:Communist Manifesto
9531:Revolutions of 1848
9481:Speenhamland system
9452:Mary Wollstonecraft
9428:American Revolution
9390:Entick v Carrington
9261:Bill of Rights 1689
9257:Glorious Revolution
9054:Catherine of Aragon
8352:Single European Act
8232:NI Constitution Act
8045:Parliament Act 1949
7486:Limitation Act 1980
7345:Mary Wollstonecraft
7320:Bill of Rights 1689
7229:Scottish Parliament
7202:Scottish Parliament
7184:Scottish Government
7174:Scottish devolution
7100:North East Assembly
6834:ss 1β18 and 101β144
6646:European Parliament
6630:European Commission
6583:, currently led by
6581:official opposition
6565:becoming a Republic
6242:Bill of Rights 1689
6107:Ministry of Justice
5999:First-tier Tribunal
5939:Middlesex Guildhall
5933:Proceedings in the
5712:Parliament Act 1949
5640:Scottish Parliament
5636:European Parliament
5624:first-past-the-post
5568:Republic of Ireland
5300:Parliament Act 1949
5293:Parliament Act 1911
5283:Bill of Rights 1689
4840:international trade
4632:Bill of Rights 1689
4621:Case of Impositions
4157:employment tribunal
4055:a man charged with
4026:Entick v Carrington
3812:Entick v Carrington
3803:Rule of law sources
3729:Brexit poll of 2016
3721:European Commission
3678:Scottish Parliament
3602:European Parliament
3439:UN General Assembly
3409:Parliament Act 1949
3397:In a leading case,
3392:Parliament Act 1949
3384:Parliament Act 1911
3360:Bill of Rights 1689
3356:Glorious Revolution
3145:Stockdale v Hansard
3036:Parliament Act 1949
3029:Parliament Act 1911
3019:Bill of Rights 1689
2863:English Reformation
2412:UKβCD Customs Union
2176:UK-CD Customs Union
2147:Bailiwick of Jersey
1934:Unitary authorities
1917:Metropolitan county
1902:Ceremonial counties
1856:Act of Senedd Cymru
1761:Scottish Parliament
1717:Scottish devolution
117:Bill of Rights 1689
113:Glorious Revolution
18455:Telecommunications
18407:Economic geography
18263:Political scandals
17894:Crown Dependencies
17435:Administrative law
17257:English family law
17133:Constitutional law
16664:BH v Lord Advocate
16429:(7th edition, CUP)
15605:(1834) 172 ER 1380
15559:M Wollstonecraft,
15376:Book V, ch 1, Β§107
15354:Articles 18 and 19
15343:legislation.gov.uk
15197:Five Knights' case
15087: (1572) ,
14901:Annales of England
14757:Acts of Union 1707
14753:Kingdom of Ireland
14745:Acts of Union 1800
14595:Companies Act 2006
14460:Somerset v Stewart
14299:(est 1755), while
14109:Childcare Act 2006
14085:Education Act 1996
13414:Cabinet Government
13115:Inquiries Act 2005
12598:King's Law Journal
12344:, or 90 plus the "
12136:King's Law Journal
11921:Somerset v Stewart
11910:(1765) 3 Burr 1663
11851:Case of Ship Money
11846:Court of Exchequer
11784:. In Germany, see
11658:German Law Journal
11525:Gettysburg Address
11462:Nicomachean Ethics
11263:A v Home Secretary
11196:, (1984) 7 EHRR 14
10656:, 2 AC 115, 131,
10005:Lord Chief Justice
9911:The legal scholar
9780:
9776:Harare Declaration
9635:National Insurance
9581:American Civil War
9537:A movement called
9535:
9422:Somerset v Stewart
9395:William Blackstone
9370:Postmaster General
9309:Acts of Union 1707
9143:
9102:East India Company
8899:
8875:, a leader of the
8472:House of Lords Act
8272:Interpretation Act
7884:Anglo-Irish Treaty
7642:Acts of Union 1800
7470:
7434:Administrative law
7341:French Revolutions
7284:
7210:
7068:
6938:Childcare Act 2006
6918:Education Act 1996
6707:
6597:
6589:Conservative Party
6514:Primus inter pares
6436:
6213:Five Knights' case
6069:
5997:disputes, and the
5979:magistrates' court
5964:Practice Statement
5943:
5878:Inquiries Act 2005
5719:options for reform
5679:
5556:
5217:. Officially the "
5143:
5064:Acts of Parliament
4939:
4928:European Union law
4874:Somerset v Stewart
4655:Somerset v Stewart
4646:(1765) 3 Burr 1663
4624:(1606) 2 St Tr 371
4564:European Union law
4463:
4212:Lord Chief Justice
4112:
4102:and commitment to
4017:
3850:A v Home Secretary
3573:
3451:
2964:European Union law
2910:universal suffrage
2875:Acts of Union 1707
2851:
2171:Common Travel Area
2107:Crown Dependencies
2074:Preserved counties
2054:Shires of Scotland
630:King-in-Parliament
153:universal suffrage
149:Anglo-Irish Treaty
141:Acts of Union 1800
129:Acts of Union 1707
97:Acts of Parliament
50:
19207:
19206:
19167:
19166:
19163:
19162:
19159:
19158:
18774:
18773:
18506:
18505:
18372:
18371:
18368:
18367:
18253:Political parties
18177:Foreign relations
18128:
18127:
18124:
18123:
17857:
17856:
17834:Mass surveillance
17812:Foreign relations
17745:Second World War
17656:
17655:
17382:
17381:
17363:British penal law
17080:
17079:
16593:Works related to
16064:A V Dicey (1897)
16051:978-0-906321-31-7
15856:978-1-904380-68-9
15829:978-1-139-99138-4
15701:978-0-415-35970-2
15664:978-0-7190-5303-0
15393:English trust law
15160:Marbury v Madison
14993:Vagrancy Act 1547
14577:1 All ER 73, 88,
14539:directors' duties
14364:(1792). See also
14193:ss 8-43 and 166-8
14178:Building Act 1984
14121:Highways Act 1980
14049:Localism Act 2011
13984:Localism Act 2011
13707:international law
13666:(2018) ch 10, 261
13641:R (Lye) v Kent JJ
13476:, 1 November 1607
12835:Peerages Act 1963
12705:, setting up the
12587:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
12433:Consolidated Fund
12179:"British Library"
12124:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
12059:Winston Churchill
12025:international law
11623:arts 21 and 29(2)
11605:Matadeen v Pointu
11509:Protocol 1, art 3
11071:Modern Law Review
10804:19 September 1946
10101:English trust law
10064:Liberal Democrats
10019:in October 2009.
9897:Theory and reform
9792:Scotland Act 1998
9784:Margaret Thatcher
9745:Winston Churchill
9729:Council of Europe
9681:Versailles Treaty
9668:in the south and
9585:slavery in the US
9551:Kennington Common
9527:Kennington Common
9466:Act of Union 1800
9443:French Revolution
9334:South Sea Company
9325:Asiento de Negros
9316:Treaty of Utrecht
9214:English Civil War
9171:royal prerogative
9139:Act of Union 1707
9112:in 1606, and the
9062:Church of England
9004:First Barons' War
8866:
8865:
8830:
8829:
8692:Scotland Act 2016
8662:Recall of MPs Act
8602:Scotland Act 2012
8362:Maastricht Treaty
8282:Scotland Act 1978
8100:Life Peerages Act
7388:international law
7368:international law
7349:Tolpuddle Martyrs
7329:US Bill of Rights
7316:English Civil War
7280:Hyde Park, London
7225:Scotland Act 1998
7128:Localism Act 2011
7064:region of England
7043:
7042:
7019:ss 8β43 and 166β8
7007:Building Act 1984
6948:Highways Act 1980
6874:Localism Act 2011
6866:s 107A and Sch 5A
6793:Scotland Act 1998
6703:English Civil War
6601:royal prerogative
6501:South Sea Company
6497:Act of Union 1707
6489:English Civil War
6470:Petition of Right
6428:10 Downing Street
6415:
6414:
6400:ss 1-77 and Sch 1
6154:Cabinet of the UK
6065:Parliament Square
6031:international law
5926:
5925:
5740:English Civil War
5704:Church of England
5652:political parties
5469:
5468:
5223:prerogative power
5172:Act of Parliament
5125:The UK system of
4959:League of Nations
4947:international law
4916:Palermo protocols
4831:international law
4826:
4825:
4702:(2013) C-584/10 P
4696:(2008) C-402/05,
4560:International law
4548:international law
4491:international law
4450:
4449:
4406:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
4276:arts 21 and 29(2)
4263:Democracy sources
4178:contempt of court
4108:international law
3989:Albert Venn Dicey
3982:international law
3956:
3955:
3841:(1995) 21 EHRR 97
3749:royal prerogative
3725:Act of Parliament
3674:Scotland Act 1998
3589:Winston Churchill
3585:Maastricht Treaty
3506:international law
3464:international law
3456:League of Nations
3431:international law
3345:Court of Chancery
3327:Church of England
3301:First Barons' War
3291:
3290:
3102:Scotland Act 1998
2960:International law
2824:
2823:
2615:UKβIreland border
2407:Visa requirements
2358:Foreign relations
2312:Visa requirements
2286:
2277:
2270:
2094:Historic counties
1981:Historic counties
1727:Scotland Act 1998
949:Political parties
846:England and Wales
779:King-on-the-Bench
711:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
346:
197:Act of Parliament
161:Council of Europe
93:international law
19293:
19248:
19247:
19236:
19235:
19224:
19223:
19222:
19215:
19187:
19180:
18888:Northern Ireland
18797:
18796:
18784:
18783:
18780:
18779:
18517:
18516:
18430:
18383:
18382:
18241:House of Commons
18209:Local government
18143:
18142:
18139:
18138:
18049:Renewable energy
18034:hydroelectricity
17872:
17871:
17868:
17867:
17704:
17703:
17683:
17676:
17669:
17660:
17659:
17551:Northern Ireland
17493:Further subjects
17487:
17409:
17402:
17395:
17386:
17385:
17342:English case law
17225:English land law
17207:English tort law
17107:
17100:
17093:
17084:
17083:
17017:Dependencies and
16716:Sovereign states
16698:
16691:
16684:
16675:
16674:
16592:
16553:
16551:
16469:and CJS Knight,
16162:Victorian People
16127:
16126:
16115:
16109:
16101:
16095:
16094:
16092:
16090:
16074:
16068:
16062:
16056:
16055:
16035:
16029:
16028:
16007:
16001:
16000:
15998:
15996:
15987:. Archived from
15971:
15965:
15964:
15962:
15960:
15955:on 15 April 2013
15951:. Archived from
15936:
15927:
15926:
15916:
15910:
15909:
15907:
15905:
15894:
15888:
15887:
15867:
15861:
15860:
15840:
15834:
15833:
15813:
15807:
15803:
15797:
15784:
15778:
15772:
15766:
15761:
15755:
15750:
15744:
15739:
15733:
15728:
15722:
15712:
15706:
15705:
15685:
15675:
15669:
15668:
15644:
15638:
15625:
15619:
15612:
15606:
15603:
15597:
15587:
15581:
15575:
15569:
15557:
15551:
15541:
15535:
15532:Combination Acts
15528:
15522:
15511:
15505:
15499:
15493:
15449:
15443:
15435:
15429:
15426:
15420:
15412:
15406:
15388:Keech v Sandford
15384:
15378:
15363:
15357:
15356:
15351:
15349:
15335:
15329:
15322:
15316:
15301:
15295:
15293:arts 2, 8 and 13
15283:
15277:
15270:
15264:
15261:Richard Cromwell
15258:
15252:
15223:
15217:
15207:
15201:
15192:
15186:
15179:
15173:
15172:(1615) 21 ER 485
15170:
15164:
15123:
15117:
15114:
15108:
15098:
15092:
15060:
15054:
15045:
15039:
15012:
15006:
14985:
14979:
14966:
14960:
14934:
14928:
14922:
14916:
14910:
14904:
14875:
14869:
14863:
14857:
14846:
14840:
14833:
14827:
14826:
14819:
14813:
14779:
14773:
14766:
14760:
14741:
14735:
14719:
14713:
14705:
14699:
14693:
14687:
14680:UKHL 67 (bias).
14673:
14667:
14659:
14653:
14633:
14627:
14607:
14601:
14547:unfair dismissal
14535:
14529:
14521:
14515:
14506:
14500:
14494:
14488:
14482:
14476:
14470:
14464:
14452:
14446:
14421:
14415:
14398:
14392:
14381:
14375:
14356:M Wollstonecraft
14353:
14347:
14334:
14328:
14314:
14308:
14293:
14287:
14278:
14272:
14262:
14256:
14253:
14247:
14229:
14223:
14220:
14214:
14211:
14205:
14200:
14194:
14191:Housing Act 1985
14187:
14181:
14175:
14169:
14163:
14157:
14151:
14145:
14130:
14124:
14118:
14112:
14106:
14100:
14094:
14088:
14082:
14076:
14070:
14064:
14058:
14052:
14046:
14040:
14029:
14023:
14012:
14006:
13993:
13987:
13977:
13971:
13965:
13959:
13940:
13934:
13925:
13919:
13901:
13895:
13892:Osmotherly Rules
13884:
13878:
13875:unfair dismissal
13851:
13842:
13833:
13827:
13817:
13811:
13794:
13788:
13780:
13774:
13761:(1756) Amb 302,
13758:Butler v Freeman
13753:
13747:
13739:
13733:
13730:
13724:
13716:
13710:
13703:
13697:
13689:
13683:
13673:
13667:
13651:
13645:
13628:
13622:
13615:
13609:
13583:
13577:
13568:
13562:
13551:
13545:
13542:
13536:
13529:
13523:
13515:
13509:
13499:
13490:
13489:
13483:
13481:
13468:
13462:
13461:
13459:
13457:
13443:
13437:
13434:
13428:
13423:
13417:
13407:
13401:
13377:
13371:
13365:
13359:
13346:
13340:
13330:
13324:
13309:
13303:
13292:
13286:
13282:
13276:
13262:
13256:
13250:
13244:
13239:
13233:
13226:
13220:
13214:
13208:
13198:
13192:
13185:
13179:
13174:
13168:
13162:
13156:
13153:
13147:
13140:
13134:
13123:
13117:
13112:
13106:
13094:
13088:
13079:
13073:
13064:
13058:
13057:
13017:
13011:
13010:
13009:
13007:
12994:
12988:
12978:
12972:
12962:
12956:
12953:
12947:
12944:
12938:
12937:
12930:
12921:
12900:
12894:
12883:
12874:
12865:
12859:
12854:
12848:
12832:
12826:
12820:
12814:
12807:
12801:
12795:
12789:
12783:
12777:
12774:
12768:
12758:
12752:
12749:
12743:
12740:
12734:
12731:
12725:
12722:
12716:
12700:
12694:
12693:ss 12-69 and 149
12688:
12682:
12671:
12665:
12651:
12645:
12630:
12624:
12618:
12612:
12606:
12600:
12578:
12572:
12568:Morgan v Simpson
12564:
12558:
12555:
12549:
12543:
12537:
12506:
12500:
12491:
12485:
12479:
12473:
12469:
12463:
12442:
12436:
12425:
12419:
12414:, following the
12408:
12402:
12386:Magna Carta 1215
12382:
12376:
12375:
12374:
12372:
12359:
12353:
12336:
12330:
12322:
12316:
12306:
12300:
12281:
12275:
12274:
12272:
12270:
12255:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12205:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12185:. Archived from
12175:
12169:
12168:
12160:
12154:
12146:
12140:
12099:
12093:
12080:
12074:
12068:
12062:
12055:
12049:
12042:
12036:
12021:
12015:
12007:
12001:
11985:
11979:
11969:
11963:
11949:
11943:
11931:
11925:
11917:
11911:
11903:
11897:
11889:
11883:
11879:Lethulier's Case
11875:
11869:
11830:
11824:
11817:
11811:
11804:
11798:
11762:
11756:
11741:
11735:
11718:
11712:
11704:
11698:
11694:Morgan v Simpson
11690:
11684:
11676:
11670:
11646:
11640:
11615:
11609:
11583:
11577:
11567:
11561:
11551:
11545:
11535:
11529:
11517:
11511:
11497:
11491:
11482:
11476:
11443:
11437:
11399:
11393:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11352:
11346:
11331:
11325:
11316:
11310:
11290:
11284:
11273:
11267:
11258:
11252:
11241:
11235:
11224:
11218:
11203:
11197:
11188:
11182:
11176:
11170:
11152:
11146:
11132:
11126:
11125:(1984) 7 EHRR 14
11118:
11112:
11102:
11093:
11087:
11081:
11050:
11044:
11006:
10997:
10996:, per Lord Hope
10986:
10980:
10971:
10965:
10952:
10946:
10927:
10921:
10903:
10897:
10891:
10885:
10875:
10869:
10861:
10855:
10849:
10840:
10832:
10826:
10816:
10807:
10800:
10794:
10786:
10780:
10769:EWHC KB J98. On
10761:
10755:
10750:See for example
10748:
10742:
10734:
10728:
10719:
10713:
10700:
10694:
10684:
10678:
10667:
10661:
10645:
10639:
10636:
10630:
10621:
10615:
10606:
10600:
10596:Dr Bonham's case
10592:
10586:
10578:
10572:
10566:
10560:
10553:
10547:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10505:
10499:
10492:
10486:
10452:
10451:
10447:
10434:
10428:
10408:
10402:
10391:
10385:
10335:
10329:
10322:
10316:
10310:
10304:
10299:
10293:
10278:
10272:
10262:
10256:
10244:Magna Carta 1215
10241:
10235:
10224:
10218:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10170:
10164:
10155:
10091:English land law
9943:
9936:House of Commons
9824:Strasbourg court
9764:Second World War
9693:Second World War
9685:Great Depression
9670:Northern Ireland
9627:further election
9569:Friedrich Engels
9415:. In 1772, when
9245:James VII and II
9176:Dr Bonham's case
9110:Virginia Company
8858:
8851:
8844:
8452:Human Rights Act
8173:
8130:Royal Assent Act
8053:Regency Act 1953
8026:Ireland Act 1949
7997:Regency Act 1943
7988:Regency Act 1937
7834:Welsh Church Act
7746:Irish Church Act
7578:
7577:
7572:
7563:
7541:
7540:
7286:Codification of
7276:Speakers' Corner
7221:Northern Ireland
7188:Welsh Government
7178:Welsh devolution
7144:planning consent
7080:Northern Ireland
7017:Housing Act 1985
6908:
6886:
6864:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6756:
6755:
6733:Local government
6579:The task of the
6550:House of Commons
6503:shares crashed,
6495:. Following the
6432:House of Commons
6379:Ministerial Code
6369:
6323:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6111:Legal Aid Agency
6007:Court of Session
5935:UK Supreme Court
5849:
5798:Magna Carta 1297
5784:
5777:
5770:
5761:
5760:
5675:hereditary peers
5644:Welsh Parliament
5588:Morgan v Simpson
5560:House of Commons
5548:House of Commons
5539:by the monarch.
5516:Second World War
5496:House of Commons
5451:
5407:
5396:
5364:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5159:simple plurality
5157:is elected by a
5151:House of Commons
5135:House of Commons
4867:
4853:
4809:
4780:
4769:
4758:
4658:(1772) 98 ER 499
4610:Magna Carta 1215
4596:
4589:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4554:Internationalism
4511:Morgan v Simpson
4418:
4390:Morgan v Simpson
4366:
4331:(1987) 10 EHRR 1
4314:
4300:
4273:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4234:
4233:
3938:
3890:
3876:
3829:(1984) 7 EHRR 14
3826:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3744:Sewel Convention
3740:fair competition
3567:and respect for
3499:Security Council
3413:Hunting Act 2004
3405:Hunting Act 2004
3380:House of Commons
3247:
3221:
3148:(1839) 9A&E1
3082:
3070:
3009:Magna Carta 1215
2992:
2985:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2939:in 2020 after a
2902:House of Commons
2886:Henry de Bracton
2816:
2809:
2802:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2750:Northern Ireland
2743:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2665:The Commonwealth
2294:
2283:Tristan da Cunha
2281:
2275:Ascension Island
2273:
2265:
2263:
2254:Pitcairn Islands
2238:Falkland Islands
2200:
2137:
1989:Northern Ireland
1791:Welsh devolution
1666:Michelle O'Neill
1641:Northern Ireland
1631:Cornwall Council
1447:Senedd elections
891:Deputy governors
856:Northern Ireland
818:Deputy President
798:
700:
690:House of Commons
670:
638:
531:Starmer ministry
512:
482:
411:
386:
340:
313:
290:
289:
205:Court of Session
201:Northern Ireland
189:House of Commons
145:Irish Free State
127:in 1706 and the
91:, and upholding
40:and chooses the
34:House of Commons
19301:
19300:
19296:
19295:
19294:
19292:
19291:
19290:
19256:
19255:
19254:
19242:
19230:
19220:
19218:
19210:
19208:
19203:
19190:
19183:
19176:
19155:
19068:
18969:
18882:
18791:
18770:
18675:
18631:Public holidays
18611:Life expectancy
18502:
18464:
18444:London Exchange
18440:Stock exchanges
18428:
18427:Pound sterling
18395:Bank of England
18364:
18355:Royal Air Force
18331:
18272:
18204:Law enforcement
18120:
18029:hydraulic frac.
17990:
17971:Lakes and lochs
17918:
17914:Former colonies
17853:
17849:Women's history
17824:Law enforcement
17790:
17736:First World War
17693:
17687:
17657:
17652:
17630:
17606:Anglo-Saxon law
17539:Related systems
17534:
17520:Civil procedure
17505:Competition law
17488:
17479:
17470:Retained EU law
17430:UK Constitution
17418:
17413:
17383:
17378:
17367:
17346:
17327:Anglo-Saxon law
17275:Related systems
17270:
17196:Parallel fields
17191:
17187:Retained EU law
17172:Competition law
17158:Civil liberties
17116:
17111:
17081:
17076:
17060:
17018:
17012:
16998:Northern Cyprus
16980:
16974:
16890:North Macedonia
16711:
16702:
16583:Wayback Machine
16566:, consoc.org.uk
16560:
16541:Pike, Luke Owen
16182:Wayback Machine
16136:
16131:
16130:
16117:
16116:
16112:
16102:
16098:
16088:
16086:
16075:
16071:
16063:
16059:
16052:
16036:
16032:
16008:
16004:
15994:
15992:
15975:Scarman, Leslie
15972:
15968:
15958:
15956:
15937:
15930:
15917:
15913:
15903:
15901:
15896:
15895:
15891:
15884:
15868:
15864:
15857:
15841:
15837:
15830:
15814:
15810:
15804:
15800:
15785:
15781:
15773:
15769:
15762:
15758:
15751:
15747:
15740:
15736:
15729:
15725:
15713:
15709:
15702:
15676:
15672:
15665:
15657:. p. 134.
15645:
15641:
15626:
15622:
15613:
15609:
15604:
15600:
15588:
15584:
15576:
15572:
15558:
15554:
15542:
15538:
15529:
15525:
15512:
15508:
15500:
15496:
15456:Charles Stewart
15450:
15446:
15436:
15432:
15427:
15423:
15413:
15409:
15385:
15381:
15364:
15360:
15347:
15345:
15337:
15336:
15332:
15323:
15319:
15302:
15298:
15284:
15280:
15271:
15267:
15259:
15255:
15224:
15220:
15208:
15204:
15193:
15189:
15180:
15176:
15171:
15167:
15124:
15120:
15115:
15111:
15099:
15095:
15061:
15057:
15046:
15042:
15013:
15009:
14986:
14982:
14967:
14963:
14935:
14931:
14923:
14919:
14911:
14907:
14876:
14872:
14864:
14860:
14847:
14843:
14834:
14830:
14821:
14820:
14816:
14794:Book I, ch I, 1
14780:
14776:
14767:
14763:
14742:
14738:
14720:
14716:
14706:
14702:
14694:
14690:
14677:Porter v Magill
14674:
14670:
14660:
14656:
14634:
14630:
14611:Ridge v Baldwin
14608:
14604:
14579:Sir Robin Cooke
14536:
14532:
14522:
14518:
14507:
14503:
14495:
14491:
14483:
14479:
14471:
14467:
14453:
14449:
14422:
14418:
14399:
14395:
14382:
14378:
14354:
14350:
14335:
14331:
14315:
14311:
14294:
14290:
14279:
14275:
14263:
14259:
14254:
14250:
14230:
14226:
14221:
14217:
14212:
14208:
14201:
14197:
14188:
14184:
14176:
14172:
14164:
14160:
14152:
14148:
14131:
14127:
14119:
14115:
14107:
14103:
14095:
14091:
14083:
14079:
14071:
14067:
14059:
14055:
14047:
14043:
14030:
14026:
14013:
14009:
14004:Wayback Machine
13994:
13990:
13978:
13974:
13966:
13962:
13941:
13937:
13926:
13922:
13902:
13898:
13885:
13881:
13852:
13845:
13834:
13830:
13822:s 5. Under the
13818:
13814:
13795:
13791:
13781:
13777:
13754:
13750:
13740:
13736:
13731:
13727:
13717:
13713:
13704:
13700:
13690:
13686:
13674:
13670:
13652:
13648:
13629:
13625:
13616:
13612:
13590:2 QB 864, 886.
13584:
13580:
13569:
13565:
13553:Subject to the
13552:
13548:
13543:
13539:
13530:
13526:
13516:
13512:
13500:
13493:
13479:
13477:
13470:
13469:
13465:
13455:
13453:
13445:
13444:
13440:
13435:
13431:
13424:
13420:
13408:
13404:
13378:
13374:
13366:
13362:
13347:
13343:
13331:
13327:
13310:
13306:
13293:
13289:
13283:
13279:
13263:
13259:
13251:
13247:
13240:
13236:
13227:
13223:
13215:
13211:
13199:
13195:
13186:
13182:
13175:
13171:
13163:
13159:
13154:
13150:
13141:
13137:
13124:
13120:
13113:
13109:
13095:
13091:
13080:
13076:
13065:
13061:
13018:
13014:
13005:
13003:
12996:
12995:
12991:
12979:
12975:
12963:
12959:
12954:
12950:
12945:
12941:
12932:
12931:
12924:
12919:Wayback Machine
12901:
12897:
12884:
12877:
12866:
12862:
12855:
12851:
12833:
12829:
12821:
12817:
12808:
12804:
12796:
12792:
12784:
12780:
12775:
12771:
12763:ss 1 and 5 and
12759:
12755:
12750:
12746:
12741:
12737:
12732:
12728:
12723:
12719:
12701:
12697:
12689:
12685:
12672:
12668:
12652:
12648:
12631:
12627:
12619:
12615:
12607:
12603:
12594:Wayback Machine
12579:
12575:
12565:
12561:
12556:
12552:
12544:
12540:
12507:
12503:
12492:
12488:
12480:
12476:
12470:
12466:
12443:
12439:
12426:
12422:
12416:People's Budget
12409:
12405:
12383:
12379:
12370:
12368:
12361:
12360:
12356:
12337:
12333:
12323:
12319:
12307:
12303:
12282:
12278:
12268:
12266:
12256:
12252:
12242:
12240:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12217:
12215:
12207:
12206:
12202:
12192:
12190:
12189:on 1 April 2019
12177:
12176:
12172:
12161:
12157:
12147:
12143:
12131:Wayback Machine
12105:(29 July 2018)
12100:
12096:
12081:
12077:
12069:
12065:
12056:
12052:
12043:
12039:
12022:
12018:
12014:(2008) C-402/05
12008:
12004:
11986:
11982:
11970:
11966:
11950:
11946:
11932:
11928:
11918:
11914:
11904:
11900:
11890:
11886:
11876:
11872:
11831:
11827:
11818:
11814:
11805:
11801:
11763:
11759:
11742:
11738:
11719:
11715:
11705:
11701:
11691:
11687:
11677:
11673:
11667:Wayback Machine
11647:
11643:
11616:
11612:
11584:
11580:
11568:
11564:
11552:
11548:
11536:
11532:
11520:Abraham Lincoln
11518:
11514:
11498:
11494:
11483:
11479:
11444:
11440:
11400:
11396:
11379:
11375:
11367:
11363:
11353:
11349:
11332:
11328:
11317:
11313:
11295:M v Home Office
11291:
11287:
11274:
11270:
11259:
11255:
11242:
11238:
11225:
11221:
11205:Originally the
11204:
11200:
11189:
11185:
11177:
11173:
11153:
11149:
11133:
11129:
11119:
11115:
11103:
11096:
11088:
11084:
11059:(3rd edn 1889)
11051:
11047:
11023:; and see also
11007:
11000:
10987:
10983:
10972:
10968:
10953:
10949:
10928:
10924:
10904:
10900:
10892:
10888:
10876:
10872:
10862:
10858:
10850:
10843:
10833:
10829:
10817:
10810:
10801:
10797:
10787:
10783:
10762:
10758:
10749:
10745:
10735:
10731:
10720:
10716:
10701:
10697:
10685:
10681:
10668:
10664:
10646:
10642:
10637:
10633:
10622:
10618:
10607:
10603:
10593:
10589:
10579:
10575:
10567:
10563:
10554:
10550:
10537:
10533:
10523:
10521:
10506:
10502:
10493:
10489:
10449:
10445:
10444:
10435:
10431:
10425:The Rule of Law
10409:
10405:
10399:The Rule of Law
10392:
10388:
10336:
10332:
10323:
10319:
10311:
10307:
10300:
10296:
10279:
10275:
10263:
10259:
10242:
10238:
10225:
10221:
10186:
10182:
10171:
10167:
10156:
10149:
10144:
10072:
10001:Lord Chancellor
9978:positive rights
9954:Justice Bradley
9940:
9929:1688 compromise
9909:
9899:
9858:
9852:
9646:First World War
9629:brought by the
9623:People's Budget
9462:Napoleonic Wars
9366:Tower of London
9358:Bank of England
9330:Spanish America
9230:Oliver Cromwell
9224:in 1649 by the
9191:Lord Chancellor
9078:Sir Thomas More
9074:Lord Chancellor
9025:Throughout the
8923:Norman Invasion
8862:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8169:
8150:Immigration Act
7776:Reform Act 1884
7662:Reform Act 1832
7582:Treaty of Union
7574:
7570:
7539:
7533:
7474:judicial review
7462:judicial review
7454:
7438:Main articles:
7436:
7268:
7256:Main articles:
7254:
7194:
7180:
7170:
7162:Main articles:
7160:
7056:Mayor of London
7052:London Assembly
7044:
7039:
7029:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6941:
6931:
6921:
6911:
6906:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6877:
6867:
6862:
6855:
6845:
6835:
6825:
6816:
6806:
6796:
6786:
6783:
6753:
6737:Main articles:
6735:
6697:is a statue of
6578:
6416:
6411:
6401:
6391:
6381:
6372:
6367:
6360:
6351:
6350:ss 10-11 and 17
6341:
6327:
6321:
6313:
6301:
6289:
6277:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6205:
6193:
6190:
6160:
6140:Main articles:
6138:
6103:Lord Chancellor
6083:Lord Chancellor
6003:Court of Appeal
5927:
5922:
5912:
5900:
5897:Courts Act 2003
5890:
5880:
5871:
5861:
5852:
5847:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5810:
5801:
5791:
5788:
5758:
5752:
5700:Lords Spiritual
5648:London Assembly
5476:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5449:
5441:
5431:
5421:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5341:
5327:
5315:
5305:
5286:
5276:
5273:
5243:
5227:judicial review
5119:
5110:
5098:
5066:
5050:
4992:from 1924, the
4842:. In 1608, Sir
4827:
4822:
4812:
4807:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4717:
4703:
4685:
4671:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4625:
4613:
4603:
4600:
4570:
4558:Main articles:
4556:
4516:Court of Appeal
4473:, that upholds
4451:
4446:
4436:
4422:
4416:
4408:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4231:
4225:
4216:Lord Chancellor
4204:Lord Chancellor
4165:Lord Chancellor
4138:BAE Systems plc
4090:, advocated by
3997:Lord Chancellor
3974:applies equally
3957:
3952:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3924:M v Home Office
3916:
3906:
3894:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3824:
3816:
3804:
3801:
3771:
3765:
3755:to procure the
3518:civil liberties
3337:Lord Chancellor
3323:Catholic Church
3319:King Henry VIII
3292:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3237:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3199:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3134:Court judgments
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3022:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2966:
2954:Main articles:
2952:
2829:
2820:
2791:
2787:Other countries
2782:
2781:
2780:
2768:
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2754:
2737:
2724:
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2698:
2676:
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2259:
2258:
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2236:
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2208:
2196:
2191:
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2166:British Islands
2162:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2079:Principal areas
2065:
2058:
2021:
2014:
1992:
1985:
1884:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1809:
1798:
1796:1997 referendum
1787:
1780:
1729:
1722:1997 referendum
1713:
1706:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1611:London Assembly
1606:Mayoral cabinet
1593:Mayor of London
1581:
1574:1998 referendum
1555:
1548:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1282:
983:
982:
974:
934:
920:
919:
901:
871:
869:Bank of England
861:
860:
837:
783:
775:
770:
760:
759:
738:59th Parliament
734:
731:
722:
709:
685:
679:
655:
640:
633:
616:
606:
605:
587:
585:
573:
564:
552:
538:
526:
497:
492:King-in-Council
488:
466:
456:
455:
427:
380:
370:
369:
338:Treaty of Union
323:
252:judicial review
223:which runs the
173:its predecessor
125:Treaty of Union
17:
12:
11:
5:
19299:
19289:
19288:
19283:
19278:
19273:
19268:
19253:
19252:
19240:
19228:
19226:United Kingdom
19205:
19204:
19202:
19201:
19196:
19189:
19188:
19181:
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19169:
19168:
19165:
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19153:
19148:
19143:
19138:
19133:
19128:
19127:
19126:
19116:
19111:
19110:
19109:
19107:First Minister
19104:
19099:
19089:
19084:
19078:
19076:
19070:
19069:
19067:
19066:
19061:
19056:
19051:
19046:
19041:
19036:
19035:
19034:
19024:
19019:
19018:
19017:
19015:First Minister
19012:
19007:
18997:
18992:
18991:
18990:
18979:
18977:
18971:
18970:
18968:
18967:
18962:
18957:
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18903:
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18855:
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18849:
18848:
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18833:
18828:
18823:
18822:
18821:
18816:
18805:
18803:
18793:
18792:
18776:
18775:
18772:
18771:
18769:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
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18723:
18718:
18713:
18712:
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18701:
18696:
18691:
18685:
18683:
18677:
18676:
18674:
18673:
18668:
18663:
18658:
18653:
18648:
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18638:
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18623:
18618:
18613:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18593:
18588:
18583:
18582:
18581:
18576:
18566:
18561:
18556:
18551:
18546:
18541:
18536:
18531:
18526:
18520:
18514:
18508:
18507:
18504:
18503:
18501:
18500:
18498:Rail transport
18495:
18490:
18485:
18480:
18474:
18472:
18466:
18465:
18463:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18437:
18432:
18424:
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18414:
18409:
18404:
18399:
18398:
18397:
18386:
18380:
18374:
18373:
18370:
18369:
18366:
18365:
18363:
18362:
18357:
18352:
18347:
18341:
18339:
18333:
18332:
18330:
18329:
18328:
18327:
18320:Prime Minister
18317:
18316:
18315:
18305:
18300:
18295:
18294:
18293:
18282:
18280:
18274:
18273:
18271:
18270:
18268:Shadow Cabinet
18265:
18260:
18255:
18250:
18249:
18248:
18246:House of Lords
18243:
18233:
18228:
18227:
18226:
18221:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18190:
18189:
18179:
18174:
18173:
18172:
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18157:
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18146:
18136:
18130:
18129:
18126:
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18119:
18118:
18117:
18116:
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18101:
18096:
18088:
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18076:
18071:
18063:
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18061:
18056:
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18046:
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17920:
17919:
17917:
17916:
17911:
17906:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17880:
17878:
17876:Administrative
17865:
17859:
17858:
17855:
17854:
17852:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17826:
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17809:
17804:
17798:
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17789:
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17781:
17773:
17772:
17771:
17766:
17758:
17757:
17756:
17751:
17743:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17712:
17710:
17701:
17695:
17694:
17692: articles
17690:United Kingdom
17686:
17685:
17678:
17671:
17663:
17654:
17653:
17651:
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17643:
17635:
17632:
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17603:
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17578:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17542:
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17536:
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17533:
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17527:
17522:
17517:
17515:Commercial law
17512:
17507:
17502:
17496:
17494:
17490:
17489:
17482:
17480:
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17477:
17472:
17467:
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17304:
17299:
17297:European Union
17294:
17289:
17284:
17278:
17276:
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17271:
17269:
17268:
17259:
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17232:
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17197:
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17192:
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17184:
17182:Commercial law
17179:
17174:
17169:
17167:insolvency law
17160:
17155:
17150:
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17118:
17117:
17110:
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17102:
17095:
17087:
17078:
17077:
17075:
17074:
17072:European Union
17068:
17066:
17065:Other entities
17062:
17061:
17059:
17058:
17053:
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17043:
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17033:
17028:
17022:
17020:
17019:other entities
17014:
17013:
17011:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16984:
16982:
16976:
16975:
16973:
16972:
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16965:United Kingdom
16962:
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16952:
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16927:
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16907:
16902:
16897:
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16877:
16872:
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16778:Czech Republic
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16628:
16623:
16618:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16598:
16586:
16573:
16567:
16559:
16558:External links
16556:
16555:
16554:
16537:
16528:J McEldowney,
16526:
16519:
16508:
16507:
16503:
16502:
16501:(3rd edn 2017)
16495:
16494:(3rd edn 2016)
16488:
16474:
16462:
16461:
16457:
16456:
16446:
16430:
16423:
16413:
16403:
16396:Gilbert Burnet
16383:
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15911:
15898:"Independence"
15889:
15883:978-1317228820
15882:
15862:
15855:
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15486:Lord Mansfield
15468:James Somerset
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15407:
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15358:
15330:
15317:
15296:
15278:
15265:
15253:
15227:Putney debates
15218:
15214:3 Cha. 1. c. 1
15202:
15187:
15183:Peacham's Case
15174:
15165:
15118:
15109:
15093:
15075:Semayne's Case
15055:
15040:
15036:Lady Jane Grey
15034:as she killed
15028:Somerset House
15020:Lord Protector
15014:On his behalf
15007:
14989:Inclosure Acts
14980:
14961:
14929:
14917:
14905:
14889:Passus 5, 3278
14870:
14858:
14841:
14828:
14825:. 26 May 2022.
14814:
14774:
14761:
14736:
14714:
14700:
14688:
14668:
14654:
14628:
14602:
14543:UK company law
14530:
14516:
14501:
14489:
14477:
14465:
14447:
14416:
14393:
14376:
14348:
14329:
14325:King Charles I
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14077:
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14053:
14041:
14024:
14007:
13988:
13972:
13960:
13942:See S Bailey,
13935:
13920:
13896:
13890:and 1916. The
13879:
13843:
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13107:
13089:
13074:
13059:
13032:(2): 240β271.
13012:
13002:, 30 July 2014
12989:
12985:Upper Tribunal
12973:
12957:
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11980:
11973:Hounga v Allen
11964:
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11912:
11898:
11884:
11870:
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11780:Constellations
11757:
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11610:
11578:
11562:
11560:(1957) 186β193
11546:
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11477:
11438:
11414:AC 1, 48, per
11394:
11373:
11361:
11347:
11337:(2014) 94. cf
11326:
11311:
11285:
11268:
11253:
11236:
11219:
11209:, and now the
11198:
11183:
11171:
11147:
11127:
11113:
11094:
11082:
11045:
10998:
10981:
10966:
10947:
10922:
10898:
10886:
10870:
10856:
10841:
10827:
10820:9 October 1948
10808:
10795:
10781:
10756:
10743:
10729:
10714:
10695:
10679:
10671:Leslie Stephen
10662:
10640:
10631:
10616:
10601:
10587:
10573:
10561:
10548:
10538:See generally
10531:
10500:
10487:
10429:
10403:
10386:
10352:Bill of Rights
10330:
10328:(2018) chs 1β6
10317:
10305:
10294:
10273:
10257:
10236:
10219:
10180:
10165:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10071:
10068:
9898:
9895:
9864:including the
9862:British Empire
9851:
9848:
9808:armed conflict
9768:decolonisation
9760:British Empire
9741:European Union
9705:British Empire
9703:. However the
9697:United Nations
9631:House of Lords
9611:House of Lords
9448:Jeremy Bentham
9417:Lord Mansfield
9382:Prime Minister
9378:Robert Walpole
9226:New Model Army
9218:King Charles I
9147:James VI and I
9106:London Company
9100:including the
8986:to invade the
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8702:Wales Act 2017
8698:
8697:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8642:Wales Act 2014
8638:
8637:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8598:
8597:
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8578:
8577:
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8568:
8567:
8564:
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8508:
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8498:
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8494:
8488:
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8474:
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8464:
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8457:
8454:
8448:
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8438:
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8418:
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8414:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8292:Wales Act 1978
8288:
8287:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8252:Referendum Act
8248:
8247:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8222:NI border poll
8218:
8217:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8178:
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8112:
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8021:
8018:
8012:
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8008:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7984:
7983:
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7976:
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7972:
7966:
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7962:
7958:
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7954:
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7924:
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7919:
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7909:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7796:Parliament Act
7792:
7791:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7752:
7751:
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7738:
7732:
7731:
7728:
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7712:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7612:Septennial Act
7608:
7607:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7576:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7556:
7555:
7549:United Kingdom
7535:Main article:
7532:
7529:
7435:
7432:
7401:directly. The
7370:order put the
7311:for everyone.
7253:
7250:
7159:
7156:
7111:business rates
7041:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7005:
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6912:
6904:
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6900:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6840:
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6830:
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6826:
6821:
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6817:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6734:
6731:
6605:prime minister
6546:prime minister
6509:prime minister
6505:Robert Walpole
6466:prime minister
6424:prime minister
6413:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6297:Blackburn v AG
6294:
6291:
6290:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6166:
6137:
6134:
6128:who heads the
5951:House of Lords
5924:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5754:Main article:
5751:
5748:
5683:House of Lords
5671:prime minister
5667:House of Lords
5533:House of Lords
5500:House of Lords
5472:Main article:
5467:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5426:
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5403:
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5399:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5242:
5239:
5231:public service
5207:Foreign Office
5199:prime minister
5164:House of Lords
5131:prime minister
5118:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5065:
5062:
5049:
5046:
5042:European Union
5010:European Union
4975:British Empire
4963:United Nations
4943:British Empire
4900:Hounga v Allen
4894:House of Lords
4879:Lord Mansfield
4865:lex mercatoria
4860:Lord Mansfield
4850:lex mercatoria
4824:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4711:Hounga v Allen
4708:
4705:
4704:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4568:United Nations
4555:
4552:
4467:representative
4448:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4227:Main article:
4224:
4221:
4128:, claimed the
4039:Lord Camden CJ
3954:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3767:Main article:
3764:
3761:
3717:European Union
3686:Welsh Assembly
3663:Bill of Rights
3631:House of Lords
3577:European Union
3541:European Union
3460:United Nations
3447:Clement Attlee
3435:United Nations
3388:House of Lords
3329:. Then in the
3289:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2951:
2948:
2937:European Union
2921:United Nations
2906:House of Lords
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2752:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2635:European Union
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
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2569:
2564:
2559:
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2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
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2474:
2469:
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2457:
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2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2370:Foreign policy
2367:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
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2314:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:Cayman Islands
2229:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:Civil parishes
2046:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1971:Civil parishes
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:London Borough
1961:
1956:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:Greater London
1924:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1874:Administration
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1827:First Minister
1823:
1820:Wales Act 2017
1816:Wales Act 2014
1804:
1793:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1743:First Minister
1739:
1724:
1719:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1660:First Minister
1656:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:UK referendums
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:1910 (JanβFeb)
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
988:1801 co-option
984:
976:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
935:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
912:
907:
895:
894:
881:
880:
872:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
841:United Kingdom
836:
835:
825:The Lord Hodge
822:
821:
808:
807:
792:
791:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
756:
755:
745:
740:
733:
732:
714:
713:
694:
693:
684:
683:
664:
663:
660:House of Lords
649:
648:
626:
625:
617:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
575:
574:
554:
553:
544:Prime Minister
528:
527:
506:
505:
476:
475:
467:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
421:
420:
400:
399:
381:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
335:
333:Bill of Rights
330:
324:
319:
318:
315:
314:
306:
305:
299:
298:
213:prime minister
193:House of Lords
169:European Union
165:United Nations
46:House of Lords
42:prime minister
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19298:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19263:
19261:
19251:
19246:
19241:
19239:
19234:
19229:
19227:
19217:
19216:
19213:
19200:
19197:
19195:
19192:
19191:
19186:
19182:
19179:
19175:
19174:
19170:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19132:
19129:
19125:
19122:
19121:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19094:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19083:
19080:
19079:
19077:
19075:
19071:
19065:
19062:
19060:
19057:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19040:
19037:
19033:
19030:
19029:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19006:
19003:
19002:
19001:
18998:
18996:
18993:
18989:
18986:
18985:
18984:
18981:
18980:
18978:
18976:
18972:
18966:
18963:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18943:
18939:
18936:
18935:
18934:
18931:
18929:
18926:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18908:
18907:
18904:
18902:
18899:
18897:
18894:
18893:
18891:
18889:
18885:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18847:
18844:
18843:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18820:
18817:
18815:
18812:
18811:
18810:
18807:
18806:
18804:
18802:
18798:
18794:
18790:
18785:
18781:
18777:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18710:
18707:
18706:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18695:
18692:
18690:
18687:
18686:
18684:
18682:
18678:
18672:
18671:Welfare state
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18657:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18617:
18616:Mental health
18614:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18580:
18577:
18575:
18572:
18571:
18570:
18567:
18565:
18562:
18560:
18559:Ethnic groups
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18521:
18518:
18515:
18513:
18509:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18486:
18484:
18483:Bus transport
18481:
18479:
18478:Air transport
18476:
18475:
18473:
18471:
18467:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18445:
18441:
18438:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18425:
18423:
18422:Manufacturing
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18400:
18396:
18393:
18392:
18391:
18388:
18387:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18375:
18361:
18358:
18356:
18353:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18342:
18340:
18338:
18334:
18326:
18323:
18322:
18321:
18318:
18314:
18311:
18310:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18298:Civil service
18296:
18292:
18289:
18288:
18287:
18284:
18283:
18281:
18279:
18275:
18269:
18266:
18264:
18261:
18259:
18256:
18254:
18251:
18247:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18238:
18237:
18234:
18232:
18229:
18225:
18224:republicanism
18222:
18220:
18217:
18216:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18188:
18185:
18184:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18175:
18171:
18168:
18167:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18147:
18144:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18131:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18106:
18104:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18091:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18067:
18066:
18064:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18047:
18045:
18044:North Sea oil
18042:
18040:
18037:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18027:
18025:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18011:
18010:
18007:
18005:
18002:
18001:
17999:
17997:
17993:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17977:
17974:
17972:
17969:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17955:
17952:
17951:
17950:
17947:
17943:
17942:Great Britain
17940:
17938:
17935:
17934:
17933:
17932:British Isles
17930:
17929:
17927:
17925:
17921:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17881:
17879:
17877:
17873:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17860:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17818:
17815:
17814:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17800:
17799:
17797:
17793:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17776:
17774:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17761:
17759:
17755:
17752:
17750:
17747:
17746:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17731:Edwardian era
17729:
17727:
17726:Victorian era
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17713:
17711:
17709:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17696:
17691:
17684:
17679:
17677:
17672:
17670:
17665:
17664:
17661:
17649:
17648:
17644:
17642:
17641:
17637:
17636:
17633:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17601:United States
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17544:
17543:
17541:
17537:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17518:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17497:
17495:
17491:
17486:
17476:
17473:
17471:
17468:
17466:
17463:
17461:
17458:
17456:
17453:
17451:
17448:
17446:
17443:
17441:
17438:
17436:
17433:
17431:
17428:
17427:
17425:
17423:Core subjects
17421:
17417:
17410:
17405:
17403:
17398:
17396:
17391:
17390:
17387:
17377:
17376:
17370:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17355:
17353:
17349:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17322:United States
17320:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17279:
17277:
17273:
17267:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17204:
17201:
17200:
17198:
17194:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17125:
17123:
17121:Common fields
17119:
17115:
17108:
17103:
17101:
17096:
17094:
17089:
17088:
17085:
17073:
17070:
17069:
17067:
17063:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17031:Faroe Islands
17029:
17027:
17024:
17023:
17021:
17015:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17003:South Ossetia
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16985:
16983:
16977:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16850:Liechtenstein
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16714:
16710:
16706:
16705:Constitutions
16699:
16694:
16692:
16687:
16685:
16680:
16679:
16676:
16669:
16665:
16661:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16597:at Wikisource
16596:
16591:
16587:
16584:
16580:
16577:
16574:
16571:
16568:
16565:
16562:
16561:
16550:
16548:
16542:
16538:
16535:
16531:
16527:
16524:
16520:
16517:
16513:
16510:
16509:
16505:
16504:
16500:
16496:
16493:
16489:
16486:
16482:
16478:
16475:
16472:
16468:
16464:
16463:
16459:
16458:
16454:
16450:
16447:
16444:
16443:
16438:
16434:
16431:
16428:
16424:
16421:
16417:
16414:
16411:
16407:
16404:
16401:
16397:
16393:
16392:
16387:
16384:
16381:
16377:
16376:
16371:
16368:
16365:
16361:
16360:
16355:
16352:
16349:
16345:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16332:
16328:
16327:
16322:
16319:
16316:
16312:
16308:
16305:
16302:
16298:
16297:
16292:
16289:
16286:
16285:
16280:
16277:
16274:
16270:
16266:
16263:
16260:
16256:
16253:
16250:
16249:
16244:
16241:
16240:
16236:
16235:
16231:
16228:
16225:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16213:
16212:O Kahn-Freund
16210:
16207:
16203:
16202:Lord Hoffmann
16200:
16198:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16185:
16183:
16179:
16176:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16163:
16159:
16157:
16153:
16150:
16147:
16143:
16142:
16138:
16137:
16125:. 7 May 2011.
16124:
16120:
16114:
16107:
16100:
16084:
16080:
16073:
16067:
16061:
16053:
16047:
16043:
16042:
16034:
16026:
16022:
16018:
16017:
16012:
16006:
15990:
15986:
15982:
15981:
15976:
15970:
15954:
15950:
15946:
15942:
15935:
15933:
15924:
15923:
15915:
15899:
15893:
15885:
15879:
15875:
15874:
15866:
15858:
15852:
15848:
15847:
15839:
15831:
15825:
15821:
15820:
15812:
15802:
15795:
15794:
15789:
15786:Predicted by
15783:
15776:
15771:
15765:
15760:
15754:
15749:
15743:
15738:
15732:
15727:
15721:
15718:
15717:
15711:
15703:
15697:
15693:
15689:
15684:
15683:
15674:
15666:
15660:
15656:
15652:
15651:
15643:
15636:
15635:
15634:Allen v Flood
15630:
15627:See also the
15624:
15617:
15611:
15602:
15595:
15591:
15586:
15579:
15574:
15568:
15564:
15563:
15556:
15549:
15545:
15540:
15533:
15527:
15520:
15517:and then the
15516:
15510:
15504:
15498:
15491:
15487:
15483:
15482:
15481:habeas corpus
15477:
15476:abolitionists
15473:
15469:
15465:
15464:Massachusetts
15461:
15457:
15454:
15448:
15441:
15440:
15434:
15425:
15418:
15417:
15411:
15404:
15403:
15398:
15394:
15391:EWHC J76, an
15390:
15389:
15383:
15377:
15373:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15355:
15344:
15340:
15334:
15327:
15321:
15315:
15311:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15294:
15291:
15287:
15282:
15275:
15269:
15262:
15257:
15250:
15246:
15245:
15240:
15236:
15232:
15228:
15222:
15215:
15211:
15206:
15199:
15198:
15191:
15184:
15178:
15169:
15162:
15161:
15156:
15155:
15150:
15146:
15142:
15141:
15136:
15135:
15130:
15129:
15128:Day v Savadge
15122:
15113:
15107:
15106:EWHC J23 (KB)
15104:
15103:
15097:
15090:
15086:
15085:Calvin's Case
15083:
15082:
15081:Calvin's Case
15077:
15076:
15071:
15067:
15066:
15065:Heydon's Case
15059:
15052:
15051:
15044:
15037:
15033:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15011:
15004:
15003:
14998:
14994:
14990:
14984:
14977:
14976:
14971:
14970:A Fitzherbert
14965:
14958:
14953:
14949:
14945:
14941:
14940:
14936:J Froissart,
14933:
14927:
14921:
14914:
14909:
14902:
14898:
14894:
14890:
14886:
14885:
14884:Piers Plowman
14880:
14874:
14867:
14862:
14855:
14851:
14845:
14838:
14832:
14824:
14818:
14811:
14807:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14787:
14783:
14778:
14771:
14765:
14758:
14754:
14750:
14746:
14740:
14733:
14729:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14712:
14709:
14704:
14697:
14692:
14685:
14684:
14679:
14678:
14672:
14665:
14664:
14658:
14651:
14650:
14645:
14644:
14639:
14638:
14632:
14625:
14624:
14619:
14618:
14613:
14612:
14606:
14599:
14596:
14592:
14588:
14584:
14580:
14576:
14575:
14570:
14566:
14562:
14561:
14556:
14552:
14551:UK labour law
14548:
14544:
14540:
14534:
14527:
14526:
14520:
14513:
14510:
14505:
14498:
14493:
14486:
14481:
14474:
14469:
14462:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14444:
14443:
14438:
14437:
14432:
14431:
14426:
14420:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14404:
14397:
14390:
14386:
14380:
14373:
14372:
14367:
14363:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14346:
14342:
14338:
14333:
14326:
14322:
14318:
14313:
14306:
14302:
14298:
14292:
14285:
14284:
14277:
14269:
14266:
14261:
14252:
14245:
14241:
14237:
14233:
14228:
14219:
14210:
14204:
14199:
14192:
14186:
14179:
14174:
14168:
14162:
14155:
14150:
14143:
14139:
14135:
14129:
14122:
14117:
14110:
14105:
14098:
14093:
14086:
14081:
14074:
14069:
14062:
14057:
14050:
14045:
14038:
14034:
14028:
14021:
14017:
14011:
14005:
14001:
13998:
13992:
13985:
13981:
13976:
13969:
13964:
13957:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13939:
13932:
13929:
13924:
13917:
13916:
13911:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13893:
13889:
13883:
13876:
13872:
13868:
13867:
13863:1 QB 116 and
13862:
13861:
13855:
13850:
13848:
13840:
13839:
13832:
13825:
13821:
13816:
13810:
13806:
13802:
13798:
13793:
13786:
13785:
13779:
13772:
13771:
13770:Scott v Scott
13766:
13765:
13760:
13759:
13752:
13745:
13744:
13738:
13729:
13722:
13721:
13715:
13708:
13702:
13695:
13694:
13688:
13681:
13680:Ponsonby Rule
13677:
13672:
13665:
13661:
13657:
13656:
13650:
13643:
13642:
13637:
13633:
13627:
13620:
13614:
13607:
13606:
13601:
13600:
13596:3 All ER 86.
13595:
13594:
13589:
13588:
13582:
13575:
13574:
13567:
13560:
13556:
13550:
13541:
13534:
13528:
13521:
13520:
13514:
13508:
13505:
13504:
13498:
13496:
13488:
13475:
13474:
13467:
13452:
13448:
13442:
13433:
13427:
13422:
13415:
13411:
13406:
13399:
13394:
13393:Regent Street
13390:
13386:
13382:
13376:
13369:
13364:
13357:
13353:
13350:
13345:
13337:
13336:
13329:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13308:
13301:
13297:
13291:
13281:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13261:
13255:
13249:
13243:
13238:
13231:
13225:
13218:
13213:
13206:
13202:
13197:
13190:
13184:
13178:
13173:
13166:
13161:
13152:
13145:
13139:
13132:
13128:
13122:
13116:
13111:
13104:
13103:Lord Hoffmann
13101:UKHL 33, per
13100:
13099:
13093:
13086:
13085:
13078:
13071:
13070:
13063:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13031:
13027:
13023:
13016:
13001:
13000:
12993:
12986:
12982:
12977:
12970:
12966:
12961:
12952:
12943:
12935:
12929:
12927:
12920:
12916:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12902:cf GDH Cole,
12899:
12893:
12892:New Statesman
12889:
12882:
12880:
12873:
12869:
12864:
12858:
12853:
12846:
12842:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12825:
12819:
12812:
12806:
12799:
12794:
12787:
12782:
12773:
12766:
12762:
12757:
12748:
12739:
12730:
12721:
12714:
12713:
12708:
12704:
12699:
12692:
12687:
12680:
12677:
12676:
12670:
12663:
12659:
12655:
12650:
12643:
12642:Baroness Hale
12639:
12636:
12635:
12629:
12622:
12617:
12610:
12605:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12588:
12585:
12584:
12577:
12570:
12569:
12563:
12554:
12547:
12542:
12535:
12531:
12530:
12525:
12524:
12519:
12518:
12513:
12512:
12505:
12499:
12495:
12490:
12483:
12478:
12468:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12452:
12447:
12441:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12417:
12413:
12407:
12401:
12397:
12396:
12391:
12387:
12381:
12367:
12366:
12358:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12340:
12335:
12329:
12326:
12321:
12314:
12310:
12305:
12298:
12294:
12289:
12285:
12280:
12265:
12261:
12254:
12239:
12235:
12229:
12214:
12213:law.gov.wales
12210:
12204:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12174:
12166:
12159:
12152:
12151:
12145:
12138:
12137:
12132:
12128:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12116:
12112:
12108:
12104:
12098:
12091:
12087:
12086:
12079:
12073:
12067:
12060:
12054:
12047:
12041:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12020:
12013:
12012:
12006:
11999:
11995:
11992:
11991:
11984:
11978:
11975:
11974:
11968:
11962:
11961:Lord Hoffmann
11958:
11955:
11954:
11948:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11930:
11923:
11922:
11916:
11909:
11908:
11902:
11895:
11894:
11888:
11881:
11880:
11874:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11858:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11843:
11842:
11837:
11836:
11829:
11822:
11816:
11809:
11803:
11796:
11795:
11790:
11787:
11783:
11781:
11775:
11771:
11769:
11761:
11754:
11753:
11749:UKHL 13, and
11748:
11747:
11740:
11733:
11732:
11728:, . See also
11727:
11724:
11723:
11717:
11710:
11709:
11703:
11696:
11695:
11689:
11682:
11681:
11680:Ashby v White
11675:
11668:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11652:
11651:
11645:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11614:
11607:
11606:
11601:
11597:
11592:
11588:
11582:
11575:
11571:
11566:
11559:
11555:
11554:F. L. Neumann
11550:
11544:
11542:
11534:
11527:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11510:
11507:
11503:
11502:
11496:
11490:
11486:
11481:
11474:
11473:
11468:
11464:
11463:
11458:
11454:
11453:
11448:
11442:
11434:
11433:
11428:
11427:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11412:
11407:
11403:
11398:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11370:
11365:
11359:
11356:
11351:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11330:
11323:
11322:
11318:Montesquieu,
11315:
11308:
11304:
11303:Kenneth Baker
11300:
11297:
11296:
11289:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11272:
11265:
11264:
11257:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11240:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11223:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11202:
11195:
11192:
11187:
11180:
11175:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11156:
11151:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11131:
11124:
11123:
11117:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11101:
11099:
11091:
11086:
11080:
11079:
11074:
11072:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11054:
11049:
11042:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11005:
11003:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10985:
10977:
10976:
10970:
10963:
10962:
10957:
10951:
10944:
10941:
10940:
10934:
10933:
10926:
10918:
10917:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10874:
10867:
10866:
10860:
10853:
10848:
10846:
10838:
10837:
10831:
10825:
10821:
10815:
10813:
10805:
10799:
10793:
10790:
10785:
10778:
10777:
10772:
10768:
10767:
10760:
10753:
10747:
10741:
10738:
10733:
10727:
10724:
10718:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10699:
10692:
10688:
10683:
10676:
10672:
10666:
10659:
10658:Lord Hoffmann
10655:
10652:
10651:
10644:
10635:
10628:
10625:
10620:
10613:
10610:
10605:
10598:
10597:
10591:
10584:
10583:
10577:
10570:
10565:
10558:
10552:
10545:
10541:
10540:A. W. Bradley
10535:
10520:
10516:
10510:
10504:
10497:
10491:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10442:
10438:
10433:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10414:
10407:
10400:
10396:
10390:
10383:
10382:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10340:
10334:
10327:
10321:
10314:
10309:
10303:
10298:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10270:
10266:
10261:
10254:
10253:disafforested
10250:
10245:
10240:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10223:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10206:
10201:
10198:
10197:
10192:
10191:
10184:
10176:
10169:
10163:
10159:
10154:
10152:
10147:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10126:Power Inquiry
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10086:UK labour law
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10073:
10067:
10065:
10060:
10056:
10053:subsequently
10052:
10051:Boris Johnson
10048:
10044:
10039:
10037:
10036:Ponsonby Rule
10032:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9998:
9993:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9958:
9955:
9950:
9944:
9937:
9932:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9914:
9908:
9904:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9866:United States
9863:
9857:
9847:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9721:the Holocaust
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9642:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9619:Liberal Party
9616:
9612:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9588:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9561:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9547:United States
9544:
9540:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9519:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9469:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9449:
9444:
9441:In 1789, the
9439:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9401:
9396:
9392:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9350:national debt
9346:
9344:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9317:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9305:right to vote
9302:
9301:
9300:Ashby v White
9295:
9291:
9287:
9282:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9233:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9194:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9183:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9159:Chief Justice
9156:
9152:
9148:
9140:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9121:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9080:in 1535, and
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9000:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8984:Third Crusade
8981:
8977:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8960:
8956:
8955:Domesday Book
8951:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8924:
8921:. Before the
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8859:
8854:
8852:
8847:
8845:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8825:
8823:
8822:Elections Act
8820:
8819:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8533:
8532:Lisbon Treaty
8530:
8529:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8175:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7593:
7592:Acts of Union
7590:
7589:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7573:List per year
7567:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7503:
7497:
7495:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7364:The Holocaust
7361:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7310:
7306:
7305:free movement
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7281:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7165:
7155:
7153:
7152:elected mayor
7147:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7096:eight regions
7091:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7048:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6728:
6723:
6722:civil service
6718:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6659:
6658:royal charter
6653:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6557:King's speech
6553:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6444:head of state
6442:. The formal
6441:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6410:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6204:EWHC J23 (KB)
6203:
6202:
6196:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6175:
6173:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6142:UK government
6133:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6033:obligations.
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5921:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5874:
5870:ss 27A, 63-79
5869:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5581:Ashby v White
5576:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5464:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5323:Ashby v White
5318:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5219:head of state
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5114:
5105:
5103:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4990:Ponsonby Rule
4987:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:Supreme Court
4902:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4821:
4815:
4810:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4670:EWCA Civ 2008
4669:
4668:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4532:Baroness Hale
4529:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4500:Ashby v White
4494:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4455:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4378:Ashby v White
4373:
4368:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4294:
4290:
4289:Prot 1, art 3
4287:Preamble and
4286:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4193:United States
4190:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4169:labour rights
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4143:Baroness Hale
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:, article 8.
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3951:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:human dignity
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:common people
3365:
3361:
3358:of 1688, the
3357:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:in 1615, the
3334:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2670:member states
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:United States
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
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2362:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:Visa policies
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Council areas
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:Eluned Morgan
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
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1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
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1448:
1444:
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1400:
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1377:
1375:
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1355:
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1309:
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1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
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1246:
1244:
1241:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
975:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
936:
933:
929:
924:
923:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
899:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:Andrew Bailey
879:
878:
874:
873:
870:
865:
864:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
829:
828:
827:
826:
820:
819:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:The Lord Reed
806:
805:
801:
800:
799:
797:
790:
789:
788:Supreme Court
785:
784:
782:
780:
774:
769:
764:
763:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
729:
725:
721:
720:
716:
715:
712:
708:
707:
703:
702:
701:
699:
692:
691:
687:
686:
682:
678:
677:
673:
672:
671:
669:
662:
661:
657:
656:
654:
653:
647:
646:
642:
641:
639:
637:
631:
624:
623:
622:UK Parliament
619:
618:
615:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
583:
579:
578:Angela Rayner
572:
571:
567:
566:
565:
562:
558:
550:
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
536:
532:
524:
520:
519:
515:
514:
513:
511:
504:
503:
502:HM Government
499:
498:
496:
495:
493:
487:
483:
481:
474:
473:
472:Privy Council
469:
468:
465:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
419:
418:
417:Heir apparent
414:
413:
412:
410:
405:
404:
397:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
379:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
344:
343:Acts of Union
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
317:
316:
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
292:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
248:
246:
242:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
44:at will. The
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
19049:Homelessness
18863:Homelessness
18646:Social class
18626:Prostitution
18569:Homelessness
18350:British Army
18182:Human rights
18170:By-elections
18150:Constitution
18149:
17721:Georgian era
17645:
17638:
17460:Property law
17445:Contract law
17440:Criminal law
17429:
17373:
17203:Scots delict
17132:
17008:Transnistria
16970:Vatican City
16964:
16667:
16663:
16659:
16546:
16521:D Jenkins, '
16506:Other papers
16498:
16491:
16480:
16470:
16465:AW Bradley,
16452:
16440:
16426:
16419:
16409:
16389:
16373:
16357:
16343:
16324:
16310:
16294:
16282:
16273:3rd edn 1889
16268:
16258:
16246:
16161:
16122:
16113:
16105:
16099:
16087:. Retrieved
16082:
16072:
16060:
16040:
16033:
16015:
16005:
15993:. Retrieved
15989:the original
15979:
15969:
15957:. Retrieved
15953:the original
15948:
15944:
15921:
15914:
15902:. Retrieved
15892:
15872:
15865:
15845:
15838:
15818:
15811:
15801:
15791:
15782:
15770:
15759:
15748:
15737:
15726:
15714:
15710:
15681:
15673:
15649:
15642:
15632:
15623:
15616:Lord Russell
15610:
15601:
15593:
15585:
15573:
15560:
15555:
15547:
15539:
15526:
15509:
15497:
15479:
15447:
15437:
15433:
15424:
15414:
15410:
15400:
15396:
15386:
15382:
15369:
15361:
15353:
15346:. Retrieved
15342:
15333:
15320:
15307:
15299:
15281:
15268:
15256:
15242:
15230:
15221:
15205:
15195:
15190:
15182:
15177:
15168:
15158:
15152:
15149:W Blackstone
15138:
15132:
15126:
15121:
15112:
15100:
15096:
15084:
15079:
15073:
15063:
15058:
15048:
15043:
15010:
15000:
14983:
14973:
14964:
14948:Adam and Eve
14937:
14932:
14920:
14908:
14900:
14882:
14873:
14861:
14849:
14844:
14836:
14835:DD McGarry,
14831:
14817:
14801:
14789:
14777:
14769:
14764:
14755:, while the
14747:unified the
14739:
14725:
14717:
14703:
14691:
14681:
14675:
14671:
14661:
14657:
14647:
14641:
14635:
14631:
14621:
14615:
14609:
14605:
14590:
14582:
14572:
14568:
14564:
14558:
14533:
14523:
14519:
14504:
14492:
14480:
14468:
14458:
14450:
14440:
14434:
14428:
14419:
14401:
14396:
14379:
14369:
14359:
14351:
14340:
14332:
14312:
14305:Oxford Union
14291:
14281:
14276:
14260:
14251:
14235:
14227:
14218:
14209:
14198:
14185:
14173:
14161:
14149:
14134:NHS Act 2006
14128:
14116:
14104:
14092:
14080:
14068:
14056:
14044:
14037:other duties
14027:
14014:See further
14010:
13991:
13975:
13963:
13955:
13947:
13943:
13938:
13923:
13913:
13907:
13899:
13882:
13864:
13858:
13836:
13831:
13815:
13792:
13782:
13778:
13768:
13762:
13756:
13751:
13741:
13737:
13728:
13718:
13714:
13701:
13691:
13687:
13671:
13663:
13653:
13649:
13639:
13626:
13613:
13603:
13597:
13591:
13585:
13581:
13571:
13566:
13549:
13540:
13532:
13527:
13517:
13513:
13501:
13485:
13478:, retrieved
13472:
13466:
13456:18 September
13454:. Retrieved
13451:yougov.co.uk
13450:
13441:
13432:
13421:
13413:
13405:
13389:Crown Estate
13375:
13363:
13344:
13333:
13328:
13316:
13307:
13290:
13280:
13269:royal assent
13260:
13248:
13237:
13224:
13212:
13196:
13183:
13172:
13160:
13151:
13143:
13138:
13125:See now the
13121:
13110:
13096:
13092:
13082:
13077:
13067:
13062:
13029:
13025:
13015:
13004:, retrieved
12998:
12992:
12976:
12960:
12951:
12942:
12907:
12903:
12898:
12863:
12852:
12838:
12830:
12818:
12805:
12793:
12781:
12772:
12756:
12747:
12738:
12729:
12720:
12710:
12709:. See also,
12698:
12686:
12673:
12669:
12649:
12632:
12628:
12616:
12604:
12581:
12576:
12566:
12562:
12553:
12541:
12533:
12532:UKSC 67 and
12527:
12521:
12515:
12509:
12504:
12489:
12477:
12472:widespread'.
12467:
12462:(2018) ch 8.
12459:
12449:
12440:
12423:
12406:
12393:
12380:
12369:, retrieved
12363:
12357:
12350:Earl Marshal
12334:
12320:
12304:
12279:
12267:. Retrieved
12263:
12253:
12241:. Retrieved
12237:
12228:
12216:. Retrieved
12212:
12203:
12191:. Retrieved
12187:the original
12182:
12173:
12158:
12148:
12144:
12135:
12118:
12114:
12102:
12097:
12083:
12078:
12066:
12053:
12040:
12019:
12009:
12005:
11988:
11987:See further
11983:
11971:
11967:
11951:
11947:
11939:
11933:
11929:
11919:
11915:
11905:
11901:
11891:
11887:
11877:
11873:
11855:
11849:
11839:
11833:
11828:
11820:
11815:
11802:
11792:
11779:
11767:
11760:
11750:
11744:
11739:
11729:
11720:
11716:
11706:
11702:
11692:
11688:
11678:
11674:
11657:
11648:
11644:
11613:
11603:
11599:
11590:
11581:
11573:
11565:
11557:
11549:
11540:
11533:
11523:
11515:
11499:
11495:
11480:
11472:The Republic
11470:
11460:
11450:
11441:
11430:
11424:
11409:
11402:Lord Bingham
11397:
11389:
11381:
11376:
11364:
11350:
11342:
11334:
11329:
11319:
11314:
11293:
11288:
11275:
11271:
11261:
11256:
11243:
11239:
11226:
11222:
11201:
11190:
11186:
11178:
11174:
11150:
11138:
11130:
11120:
11116:
11104:
11085:
11077:
11070:
11064:
11056:
11048:
11037:Lord Bingham
11028:
11012:
10988:
10984:
10973:
10969:
10959:
10950:
10937:
10930:
10925:
10914:
10905:
10901:
10889:
10877:
10873:
10863:
10859:
10851:
10834:
10830:
10798:
10784:
10774:
10764:
10759:
10746:
10732:
10717:
10698:
10690:
10682:
10674:
10665:
10648:
10643:
10634:
10619:
10604:
10594:
10590:
10580:
10576:
10564:
10556:
10551:
10543:
10534:
10522:. Retrieved
10519:The Guardian
10518:
10503:
10490:
10432:
10424:
10411:
10406:
10398:
10389:
10379:
10362:and the two
10337:
10333:
10325:
10320:
10308:
10297:
10276:
10260:
10239:
10226:
10222:
10209:
10203:
10194:
10188:
10183:
10174:
10168:
10040:
10025:launched a "
10023:Gordon Brown
10021:
10009:Lord Speaker
9994:
9959:
9945:
9933:
9925:Lord Scarman
9913:Eric Barendt
9910:
9859:
9781:
9717:the Americas
9678:
9654:Suffragettes
9643:
9608:
9589:
9571:. While the
9558:
9543:great famine
9536:
9507:R v Lovelass
9505:
9473:steam engine
9470:
9455:
9440:
9420:
9398:
9388:
9386:
9374:Lord King LC
9347:
9337:
9323:
9322:granted the
9313:
9298:
9283:
9276:
9236:
9234:
9195:
9180:
9174:
9167:King's Bench
9163:Common Pleas
9144:
9132:
9098:corporations
9047:
9024:
9001:
8973:
8963:
8952:
8937:
8927:
8900:
8892:
8462:Scotland Act
7544:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7490:
7484:, where the
7471:
7392:
7360:World War II
7357:
7313:
7288:human rights
7285:
7252:Human rights
7234:
7211:
7148:
7136:
7116:
7104:
7092:
7069:
6958:NHS Act 2006
6719:
6708:
6674:
6667:
6654:
6650:
6623:
6621:
6614:
6608:
6598:
6574:
6554:
6538:Crown Estate
6534:Crown Estate
6523:
6512:
6478:
6437:
6333:
6319:
6307:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6211:
6199:
6114:
6095:
6087:
6076:
6070:
6035:
6021:. Since the
5987:criminal law
5971:County Court
5968:
5960:
5956:
5944:
5906:
5889:ss 11 and 33
5851:arts 251-281
5733:
5716:
5708:
5680:
5609:
5601:
5598:
5586:
5579:
5577:
5572:Commonwealth
5557:
5537:royal assent
5521:
5477:
5447:
5347:
5333:
5321:
5188:
5176:royal assent
5168:
5144:
5117:Institutions
5111:
5099:
5091:
5071:
5067:
5051:
5003:
4979:
4940:
4913:
4898:
4887:
4872:
4871:In 1774, in
4870:
4856:Lord Holt CJ
4828:
4723:
4709:
4697:
4691:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4619:
4543:
4521:
4509:
4505:Lord Holt CJ
4498:
4495:
4487:
4483:World War II
4475:human rights
4464:
4428:
4414:
4400:
4388:
4376:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4197:
4182:
4150:
4148:
4115:
4113:
4100:human rights
4077:human rights
4073:
4050:
4044:
4035:Lord Halifax
4024:
4018:
3986:
3978:human rights
3958:
3934:
3922:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3822:
3810:
3733:
3710:
3684:created the
3676:created the
3667:
3653:High Speed 2
3642:
3640:
3624:
3613:
3574:
3569:human rights
3503:
3468:
3452:
3441:was held at
3418:obiter dicta
3416:
3398:
3396:
3376:trade unions
3353:
3330:
3309:
3293:
3253:
3243:
3231:
3217:
3205:
3191:
3179:
3172:3 All ER 484
3167:
3155:
3143:
3133:
2914:
2883:
2852:
2846:
2843:Claude Monet
2836:
2562:South Africa
2547:Saudi Arabia
2268:Saint Helena
2060:
2030:Subdivisions
2016:
2001:Subdivisions
1987:
1893:Subdivisions
1879:
1825:
1782:
1749:John Swinney
1741:
1708:
1672:
1658:
1639:
1626:Metro mayors
1591:
1550:
1494:
1490:
1446:
1442:
1393:
1389:
1345:
1341:
1287:
1283:
977:
973:
896:
889:
882:
875:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
793:
786:
776:
717:
704:
695:
688:
676:Lord Speaker
674:
665:
658:
650:
643:
627:
620:
576:
568:
557:Keir Starmer
555:
542:
529:
516:
507:
500:
489:
484:
477:
470:
431:Royal family
422:
415:
406:
401:
389:
321:Constitution
320:
285:trade unions
249:
233:
185:
135:, Wales and
131:Kingdoms of
70:
53:
51:
18:
19136:Health care
19044:Health care
18950:Health care
18858:Health care
18766:Anglosphere
18641:Social care
18596:Immigration
18539:Drug policy
18303:Departments
18231:Nationality
18004:Agriculture
17937:terminology
17904:City status
17775:Since 1979
17626:Hue and cry
17621:Bloody Code
17591:New Zealand
17500:Company law
17416:English law
17317:New Zealand
17138:English law
17046:Isle of Man
16981:recognition
16950:Switzerland
16885:Netherlands
16572:, ucl.ac.uk
16340:FW Maitland
16291:J Froissart
16259:Rule of Law
16011:Dicey, A.V.
15466:had bought
15442:EWHC KB J98
15348:14 November
14926:Book I, 173
14866:Magna Carta
14798:FW Maitland
14786:FW Maitland
14722:J Froissart
14591:Rule of Law
14366:O de Gouges
14317:Magna Carta
14033:DCLG duties
13997:IFS, BN 250
13912:UKSC 4 and
13909:Sugar v BBC
13767:EWHC 2746,
13655:Nissan v AG
13507:EWHC KB J22
13356:SI 2017/438
13339:Independent
12870:ss 1-3 and
12623:ss 319-333.
12534:Moohan v UK
12523:McHugh v UK
12348:" and the "
12088:UKSC 5 and
11893:Luke v Lyde
11857:R v Hampden
11835:Bate's case
11808:Magna Carta
11774:J. Habermas
11570:J. Habermas
11416:Lord Bridge
11386:A. V. Dicey
11139:Rule of Law
11110:EWHC KB J98
11053:A. V. Dicey
11029:Rule of Law
10687:A. V. Dicey
10569:Magna Carta
10524:20 December
10417:EWHC KB J98
10344:Magna Carta
9874:rule of law
9573:Crimean War
9555:revolutions
9529:during the
9454:called for
9438:from 1788.
9155:Edward Coke
9094:Anne Boleyn
9090:Elizabeth I
9088:at age 15,
9058:Anne Boleyn
9035:Black Death
9031:common land
9027:Middle Ages
8996:Magna Carta
8939:Curia Regis
8917:were fully
8885:Black Death
8120:Peerage Act
7513:prohibition
7309:common land
7300:Magna Carta
7122:enumerated
7107:Council Tax
7062:. The only
6805:1998 ss 1β6
6648:elections.
6585:Rishi Sunak
6454:Charles III
6448:His Majesty
6371:ss 3, 20-24
6146:UK monarchy
5983:Crown Court
5947:rule of law
5731:business."
5558:Today, the
5504:aristocracy
5235:rule of law
5108:Conventions
5096:Court cases
5052:Due to the
4949:. From the
4844:Edward Coke
4836:Magna Carta
4459:Magna Carta
4161:rule of law
4088:rule of law
4031:John Entick
4013:rule of law
3961:rule of law
3838:McCann v UK
3815:EWHC KB J98
3763:Rule of law
3753:Theresa May
3636:Lord Bridge
3565:rule of law
3349:Edward Coke
3311:Common land
3307:" to rule.
3297:Magna Carta
2890:Magna Carta
2879:rule of law
2532:New Zealand
2527:Netherlands
2417:Visa policy
2395:UK passport
2157:Isle of Man
2084:Communities
2034:Sheriffdoms
1852:(1999β2011)
1616:London Plan
932:referendums
773:Charles III
753:List of MPs
724:Rishi Sunak
652:Charles III
614:Legislature
591:Departments
486:Charles III
441:Prerogative
403:Charles III
391:The Monarch
355:Rule of law
328:Magna Carta
101:Magna Carta
85:rule of law
19260:Categories
19102:Government
19010:Government
19005:Parliament
18721:Literature
18601:Innovation
18534:Demography
18429:(currency)
18278:Government
18236:Parliament
18160:Devolution
18155:Corruption
18090:Materials
18024:geothermal
17708:Chronology
17611:Common law
17525:Family law
17510:Labour law
17332:Common law
17177:Labour law
16920:San Marino
16880:Montenegro
16860:Luxembourg
16840:Kazakhstan
16743:Azerbaijan
16499:Public Law
16416:FL Neumann
16406:FL Neumann
16359:On Liberty
16307:I Jennings
16152:V Bogdanor
16144:A Blick, '
16134:References
16023:. p.
16019:. London:
15995:31 January
15904:9 November
15690:. p.
15614:Letter to
15513:Using the
15304:John Locke
14975:Surueyenge
14879:W Langland
14848:T Purser,
14598:ss 171-177
14583:Public Law
14512:ss 2 and 5
14475:arts 5-11.
14403:jus cogens
14236:Public Law
14140:ss 46-47.
14136:ss 74-82.
14018:ss 65-68.
13696:AC 75, 101
13602:2 AC 513,
13410:I Jennings
13265:Queen Anne
12609:PPERA 2000
12388:, see the
12384:Following
12029:common law
11821:Institutes
11596:D. Feldman
11587:R. Dworkin
11447:Thucydides
11420:Lord Woolf
11135:T. Bingham
11025:T. Bingham
10473:, and the
10421:T. Bingham
10395:T. Bingham
9966:Tony Blair
9949:common law
9901:See also:
9820:Convention
9356:dominated
9273:John Locke
9249:Parliament
9241:Charles II
9210:ship money
9129:John Locke
9056:and marry
9050:Henry VIII
9008:Robin Hood
8969:common law
8932:, in 1070
8883:after the
8881:repression
8879:following
7517:injunction
7502:certiorari
7466:High Court
7403:Convention
7399:Convention
7384:Strasbourg
7366:, the new
7335:after the
7331:, and the
7314:After the
7237:convention
6670:Henry VIII
6663:family law
6634:Article 50
6593:Parliament
6462:since 1708
6458:hereditary
6300:1 WLR 1037
6105:heads the
6078:sub judice
6038:common law
5995:labour law
5975:High Court
5829:arts 92-96
5490:, and the
5480:Parliament
5386:ss 319-333
5241:Parliament
5189:Under the
5180:convention
5147:Parliament
5054:uncodified
5038:referendum
4920:illegality
4881:held that
4122:arms trade
4065:Megarry VC
4029:a writer,
3692:created a
3658:party whip
3610:Commission
3608:, and the
3579:after the
3526:Strasbourg
3514:common law
3495:World Bank
3475:UN Charter
3354:After the
2941:referendum
2931:, and the
2827:Principles
2249:Montserrat
1840:Government
1756:Government
1599:Sadiq Khan
1527:Devolution
1218:1974 (Oct)
1213:1974 (Feb)
1133:1910 (Dec)
905:Currencies
743:Opposition
436:Succession
281:fair trial
171:, joining
105:Parliament
26:Parliament
19131:Education
19087:Geography
19039:Education
18995:Geography
18945:Education
18916:Executive
18901:Geography
18853:Education
18826:Geography
18606:Languages
18544:Education
18470:Transport
18308:Ministers
18194:Judiciary
18165:Elections
18105:Wildlife
18014:biodiesel
17996:Resources
17986:Volcanoes
17976:Mountains
17961:Coastline
17863:Geography
17817:1814β1919
17779:political
17764:political
17716:Formation
17596:Singapore
17581:Hong Kong
17566:Australia
17465:Trust law
17302:Hong Kong
17287:Australia
17153:Welsh law
17148:Scots law
17036:Gibraltar
16855:Lithuania
16666:UKSC 24,
16662:UKHL 32,
16460:Textbooks
16243:W Bagehot
16204:, (2013)
16193:F Kessler
15985:Charter88
15959:6 October
15788:JM Keynes
15688:Routledge
15590:T Malthus
15544:J Bentham
15453:98 ER 499
15399:reversed
15244:Leviathan
15089:77 ER 377
15070:76 ER 637
15018:ruled as
14897:John Stow
14782:F Pollock
14560:GCHQ case
14337:J Bentham
14180:ss 59-106
14156:ss 45-73A
14123:ss 25-31A
14087:ss 3A-458
14063:ss 65-223
14022:regs 8-31
13487:subjects.
13313:W Bagehot
13267:withheld
13207:(SI 2192)
13129:s 33 and
13046:0008-1973
12987:division.
12845:Tony Benn
12297:Australia
12286:s 4. The
12269:5 January
12243:5 January
12218:5 January
12193:5 January
12183:www.bl.uk
11998:Lord Kerr
11953:R v Lyons
11786:Basic Law
11755:UKSC 41,
11457:Aristotle
11436:charade."
11339:W Bagehot
11009:T Bingham
10956:Aristotle
10707:Part XIII
10453:of men),
10286:Part XIII
10211:R v Lyons
9836:austerity
9695:with the
9656:that the
9565:Karl Marx
9523:Chartists
9489:Corn Laws
9485:poor laws
9436:Australia
9419:ruled in
9387:In 1765,
9263:, with a
9222:Whitehall
9198:Charles I
9165:and then
9086:Edward VI
9016:Henry III
8992:King John
8988:Holy Land
8873:John Ball
7553:countries
7422:, and to
7353:Chartists
7132:companies
7060:City Hall
7009:ss 59β106
6990:ss 45β73A
6950:ss 25β31A
6920:ss 3Aβ458
6898:ss 65β223
6844:ss 52AβZY
6699:Charles I
6687:Whitehall
6676:GCHQ case
6485:Charles I
6136:Executive
6046:contracts
6013:" to the
5750:Judiciary
5628:Australia
5376:ss 71-115
5139:judiciary
4679:R v Lyons
4285:ECHR 1950
4229:Democracy
4223:Democracy
4173:Lord Reed
4104:democracy
3557:democracy
3372:Chartists
3364:sovereign
3341:judiciary
2867:Civil War
2567:Palestine
2552:Singapore
2465:Hong Kong
2430:Australia
2330:UK-OT JMC
2243:Gibraltar
2010:Districts
1944:Districts
1861:Welsh law
1776:Scots law
1687:Executive
928:Elections
910:Banknotes
804:President
768:Judiciary
596:Ministers
464:Executive
378:The Crown
227:, or the
203:, or the
89:democracy
19250:Politics
19194:Category
19146:Religion
19092:Politics
19059:Religion
19000:Politics
18988:timeline
18975:Scotland
18960:Religion
18911:Assembly
18906:Politics
18873:Religion
18831:Politics
18819:timeline
18736:Religion
18716:Identity
18579:Scotland
18524:Cannabis
18450:Taxation
18337:Military
18219:monarchs
18214:Monarchy
18134:Politics
18094:forestry
18074:Scottish
18065:Fishing
17924:Physical
17844:Taxation
17839:Military
17829:Maritime
17802:Economic
17795:By topic
17760:Postwar
17754:military
17749:civilian
17741:Interwar
17640:Category
17556:Scotland
17475:Case law
17450:Tort law
17351:See also
17056:Svalbard
17041:Guernsey
16988:Abkhazia
16935:Slovenia
16930:Slovakia
16905:Portugal
16763:Bulgaria
16579:Archived
16543:(1907).
16518:' (2007)
16512:C Gearty
16477:H Kelsen
16467:KD Ewing
16348:CUP 1919
16279:H Arendt
16265:AV Dicey
16178:Archived
16171:KD Ewing
16139:Articles
16123:BBC News
16013:(1915).
15530:See the
15239:T Hobbes
15134:R v Love
14751:and the
14410:and the
14387:and the
14075:ss 13-39
14000:Archived
13950:(2012).
13860:Dunn v R
13381:BBC News
13302:in 1776.
13271:for the
13252:See the
13230:Guardian
13219:ss 70-79
13217:CRA 2005
13201:CRA 2005
13072:UKHL 41.
12915:Archived
12809:See the
12590:Archived
12418:of 1909.
12127:Archived
11819:Coke, 1
11663:Archived
11489:Preamble
11487:(1950),
11358:ss 108β9
11169:others."
10961:Politics
10721:See the
10494:See the
10374:and the
10288:and the
10280:See the
10267:and the
10070:See also
10055:repealed
10045:and the
10013:Law Lord
9802:and the
9778:of 1991.
9539:Chartism
9292:and the
9237:de facto
9108:and the
8980:the Pope
8974:In 1190
8965:Henry II
8907:Scotland
7551:and its
7525:contract
7508:mandamus
7482:contract
7351:and the
7337:American
7294:and the
7213:Scotland
7206:Holyrood
7076:Scotland
7058:work at
6970:ss 46β47
6960:ss 74β82
6910:ss 13β39
6067:, London
5819:s 25(11)
5717:Several
5570:and the
5454:2 QB 257
5339:ECHR 191
5285:arts 1-4
5213:and the
5203:Treasury
5182:, since
5102:case law
4984:and the
4811:ss 20-23
4214:and the
4096:legality
4021:legality
3941:2 AC 513
3927:1 AC 377
3704:and the
3668:Fourth,
3561:equality
3411:and the
3250:UKSC 24
3021:arts 1β4
2892:and the
2873:and the
2855:codified
2763:Scotland
2592:Zimbabwe
2582:Portugal
2572:Pakistan
2517:Malaysia
2435:Barbados
2204:Anguilla
2129:Alderney
2124:Guernsey
2018:Scotland
2005:Counties
1812:2006 Act
1736:2016 Act
1732:2012 Act
1710:Scotland
1692:Assembly
1653:2006 Act
1584:2007 Act
877:Governor
851:Scotland
601:Agencies
295:a series
267:against
179:and the
137:Scotland
119:and the
19212:Portals
19178:Outline
19151:Symbols
19141:Culture
19124:tourism
19119:Economy
19082:History
19064:Symbols
19054:Culture
19032:tourism
19027:Economy
18983:History
18965:Symbols
18955:Culture
18938:tourism
18933:Economy
18896:History
18878:Symbols
18868:Culture
18846:tourism
18841:Economy
18809:History
18801:England
18751:Theatre
18746:Symbols
18704:Cuisine
18681:Culture
18651:Suicide
18621:Poverty
18586:Housing
18574:England
18512:Society
18488:Driving
18460:Tourism
18378:Economy
18286:Cabinet
18086:Hunting
18069:English
17966:Geology
17949:Climate
17699:History
17546:UK-wide
17455:Privacy
17312:Ireland
17163:Company
16960:Ukraine
16910:Romania
16870:Moldova
16828:Ireland
16823:Iceland
16818:Hungary
16808:Germany
16803:Georgia
16793:Finland
16788:Estonia
16783:Denmark
16768:Croatia
16753:Belgium
16748:Belarus
16738:Austria
16733:Armenia
16728:Andorra
16723:Albania
16670:UKSC 3.
16585:, bl.uk
16370:JS Mill
16354:JS Mill
16321:J Locke
16089:30 July
16044:. ISR.
15565:(1792)
15472:England
15451:(1772)
15374:(1776)
15366:A Smith
15326:Holt CJ
15312:(1689)
15233:(1938)
15145:Holt CJ
15068:(1584)
15047:James,
14887:(1370)
14804:(1909)
14792:(1899)
14732:251β252
14711:s 31(1)
14487:s 31(3)
14343:(1789)
14286:UKSC 43
14111:ss 6-13
14099:ss 1-13
13773:AC 417.
13632:Rockall
13480:15 June
13285:courts.
13242:UKSC 51
13189:H Laski
13133:s 11(3)
13054:4505935
13006:15 June
12679:UKSC 40
12640:, per
12638:UKHL 15
12454:(1861)
12446:JS Mill
12371:15 June
12048:(1969).
11994:UKSC 16
11977:UKSC 47
11957:UKHL 44
11726:UKHL 15
11656:14(12)
11621:(1948)
11281:UKSC 51
11249:UKHL 60
11232:UKHL 60
11194:ECHR 10
11164:and is
11033:private
11021:4500873
10994:UKHL 56
10868:UKSC 3.
10854:UKHL 7.
10824:EU ROPE
10779:UKHL 2.
10771:art. 11
10726:ss. 1β8
10705:(1919)
10654:UKHL 33
10507:In the
10448:⁄
10284:(1919)
10247:secure
10215:UKHL 44
10200:UKSC 51
9709:in Asia
9672:in the
9590:In the
9525:met on
9405:slavery
9338:asiento
9275:in his
9228:led by
9161:of the
8944:monarch
8915:Ireland
8903:England
7531:History
7412:privacy
7408:liberty
7088:England
6940:ss 6β13
6930:ss 1β13
6854:ss 1β15
6711:cabinet
6695:Big Ben
6691:cabinet
6636:of the
6587:of the
6483:led to
6288:UKSC 48
5981:or the
5973:or the
5911:UKHL 41
5800:ch XXIX
5736:Riksdag
5492:monarch
5353:UKSC 40
5048:Sources
4892:." The
4883:slavery
4729:UKSC 16
4715:UKSC 47
4699:Kadi II
4683:UKHL 44
4612:, ch 41
4526:or the
4434:UKHL 15
4421:UKHL 15
4369:UKPC 23
4355:UKSC 51
3905:UKSC 51
3879:UKHL 60
3865:UKHL 71
3853:UKHL 56
3553:freedom
3374:to the
3210:UKHL 56
3197:UKHL 33
3084:s 2(1)
3072:s 38(1)
3001:sources
2944:in 2016
2745:England
2639:history
2600:Ireland
2487:Germany
2477:Denmark
2440:Belgium
2374:history
2210:Bermuda
2069:History
2025:History
1996:History
1897:Regions
1888:History
1881:England
1552:England
1038:1832β33
706:Speaker
518:Cabinet
279:, to a
273:torture
265:liberty
236:monarch
217:cabinet
133:England
19199:Portal
19097:Senedd
18814:social
18699:Cinema
18694:Anthem
18636:Racism
18591:Hunger
18564:Health
18417:Income
18402:Budget
18099:mining
18039:marine
18009:Energy
17981:Rivers
17954:change
17807:Empire
17784:social
17769:social
17647:Portal
17616:Equity
17576:Canada
17337:Equity
17292:Canada
17230:Trusts
17051:Jersey
16993:Kosovo
16955:Turkey
16945:Sweden
16925:Serbia
16915:Russia
16900:Poland
16895:Norway
16875:Monaco
16845:Latvia
16813:Greece
16798:France
16773:Cyprus
16709:Europe
16549:
16473:(2018)
16449:S Webb
16445:(1890)
16437:B Webb
16433:S Webb
16422:(1957)
16412:(1944)
16391:Utopia
16386:T More
16287:(1963)
16261:(2010)
16251:(1867)
16230:S Webb
16224:S Webb
16166:online
16048:
15880:
15853:
15826:
15796:(1919)
15720:UKHL 1
15698:
15661:
15550:(1796)
15534:, etc.
15460:Boston
15053:(1598)
15002:Utopia
14997:T More
14957:beaten
14952:velvet
14944:250β52
14903:(1592)
14698:ss 3-6
14528:QB 815
14374:(1791)
14345:art II
14297:Cogers
14144:s 1-6A
13952:S Webb
13918:UKHL 9
13787:AC 374
13723:AC 584
13638:. See
13522:UKSC 5
13383:. See
13358:art 2.
13352:ss 1-6
13087:AC 765
13052:
13044:
12888:T Benn
12788:ss 1-2
12548:ss 1-5
12392:, the
12342:ss 1-2
12107:HC 363
11868:art 4.
11778:15(4)
11766:71(7)
11697:QB 151
11630:art 25
11539:29(1)
11299:UKHL 5
11181:Ch 344
11143:public
11069:81(5)
11019:
10943:UKSC 5
10911:UKSC 5
10883:UKSC 5
10792:art. 2
10773:, see
10427:(2008)
10401:(2008)
10370:, the
10366:. The
10358:, the
10350:, the
10346:, the
10232:UKSC 3
9962:Labour
9826:. The
9782:Under
9727:, the
9713:Africa
9689:Hitler
9332:. The
9187:equity
9157:, the
9048:Under
8919:formed
7450:, and
7264:, and
7190:, and
7084:London
6980:s 1β6A
6876:ss 1β5
6749:, and
6536:. The
6390:ss 1-5
6339:UKSC 3
6326:UKSC 5
6312:AC 374
6156:, and
6054:trusts
6042:equity
6019:EU law
5698:, and
5642:, the
5488:courts
5484:church
5430:ss 1-2
5314:s 1(3)
5296:ss 1-2
5209:, the
5205:, the
5014:EU law
4924:monist
4693:Kadi I
4566:, and
4393:QB 151
4303:art 25
3893:QB 458
3736:Brexit
3688:, the
3680:, the
3622:said.
3597:EU law
3563:, the
3493:, the
3390:. The
3382:. The
3236:UKSC 5
3224:UKSC 3
3184:UKHL 7
3160:AC 765
3060:ss 3β6
3032:ss 1β2
2962:, and
2927:, the
2923:, the
2919:, the
2869:, the
2865:, the
2847:parler
2645:Brexit
2577:Poland
2542:Russia
2537:Norway
2497:Israel
2482:France
2472:Cyprus
2455:Canada
2450:Brunei
2445:Belize
1845:Senedd
275:, and
139:, the
115:, the
83:, the
62:codify
19185:Index
19074:Wales
18741:Sport
18731:Music
18726:Media
18666:Waste
18529:Crime
18493:Roads
18390:Banks
18114:flora
18109:fauna
18079:Welsh
18054:solar
17909:Towns
17586:India
17561:Wales
17307:India
17262:Scots
17253:Scots
17244:Scots
17235:Scots
17221:Scots
17212:Scots
17026:Γ
land
16940:Spain
16865:Malta
16835:Italy
16237:Books
15567:ch IX
15458:from
15397:Keech
15314:ch IX
15147:. cf
15125:e.g.
14995:. cf
14810:Witan
14268:Sch 5
14189:e.g.
14165:e.g.
13755:e.g.
13050:JSTOR
12365:1999)
12057:e.g.
11806:e.g.
11743:e.g.
11638:art 4
11585:e.g.
11467:Plato
11307:Zaire
11292:e.g.
11158:art 8
11017:JSTOR
10920:228."
10498:Sch 4
10142:Notes
9403:that
9320:Spain
9284:With
8959:taxes
8911:Wales
7217:Wales
7072:Wales
6426:, at
6276:AC 75
6245:art 4
6050:torts
5962:1966
5839:art 6
5153:each
4634:art 4
4318:art 4
3011:cl 12
2776:Wales
2557:Spain
2522:Malta
2512:Kenya
2507:Japan
2502:Italy
2492:India
2460:China
2062:Wales
1784:Wales
915:Coins
18709:Wine
18325:list
18313:list
18291:list
18187:LGBT
18059:wind
18019:coal
17264:and
17255:and
17246:and
17237:and
17223:and
17214:and
17205:and
17165:and
16485:1952
16435:and
16400:1901
16380:1861
16364:1859
16331:1689
16315:1940
16301:1895
16091:2016
16046:ISBN
15997:2010
15961:2007
15906:2014
15878:ISBN
15851:ISBN
15824:ISBN
15696:ISBN
15659:ISBN
15637:AC 1
15631:and
15350:2020
15288:and
15249:1651
15194:See
14991:and
14987:See
14877:See
14784:and
14743:The
14473:ECHR
14455:ECHR
14280:See
14242:and
14035:and
14031:See
13835:See
13621:s 16
13570:See
13557:and
13482:2024
13458:2019
13332:The
13321:1867
13298:and
13081:See
13066:See
13042:ISSN
13008:2024
12837:and
12800:s 24
12662:c 89
12508:See
12456:ch 5
12444:See
12373:2024
12311:and
12271:2023
12245:2023
12220:2023
12195:2023
12109:and
12033:2007
12027:and
11832:See
11789:Β§ 25
11770:1071
11660:2111
11617:See
11445:See
11371:s 3.
11260:See
11015:67,
10929:cf.
10893:See
10740:s. 1
10526:2019
10419:and
10410:See
10393:See
10187:See
10160:and
9960:The
9905:and
9880:and
9723:and
9715:and
9679:The
9475:the
9430:and
9354:Whig
9123:The
8953:The
8913:and
8826:2022
8816:2022
8806:2020
8796:2020
8786:2020
8776:2020
8766:2019
8756:2019
8746:2019
8736:2018
8726:2017
8716:2017
8706:2017
8696:2016
8686:2016
8676:2015
8666:2015
8656:2015
8646:2014
8636:2014
8626:2014
8616:2013
8606:2012
8596:2011
8586:2011
8576:2011
8566:2011
8556:2011
8546:2010
8536:2009
8526:2009
8516:2006
8506:2005
8496:2000
8486:2000
8476:1999
8466:1998
8456:1998
8446:1998
8436:1998
8426:1998
8416:1997
8406:1997
8396:1997
8386:1994
8376:1994
8366:1993
8356:1985
8346:1985
8336:1983
8326:1981
8316:1979
8306:1979
8296:1978
8286:1978
8276:1978
8266:1975
8256:1975
8246:1975
8236:1973
8226:1973
8216:1973
8206:1973
8196:1972
8186:1972
8176:1972
8164:1972
8154:1971
8144:1968
8134:1967
8124:1963
8114:1962
8104:1958
8094:1957
8086:1954
8076:1953
8066:1953
8056:1953
8048:1949
8040:1949
8030:1949
8020:1948
8010:1948
8000:1943
7992:1937
7982:1936
7974:1931
7964:1929
7956:1928
7946:1927
7936:1926
7926:1925
7918:1922
7908:1922
7898:1921
7888:1921
7878:1920
7868:1919
7858:1918
7848:1917
7838:1914
7828:1914
7818:1914
7808:1914
7800:1911
7790:1889
7780:1884
7770:1876
7760:1876
7750:1869
7740:1868
7730:1868
7720:1867
7710:1844
7702:1843
7694:1833
7686:1832
7676:1832
7666:1832
7656:1801
7646:1800
7636:1782
7626:1746
7616:1716
7606:1707
7596:1707
7586:1706
7521:tort
7478:tort
7418:and
7362:and
7339:and
7318:the
7219:and
7200:The
7176:and
7166:and
7137:The
7082:and
7054:and
7050:The
7035:see
6888:s 15
6542:rent
6456:, a
6451:King
6422:The
6407:see
6040:and
5993:for
5985:for
5918:see
5899:s 11
5744:1660
5665:The
5646:and
5546:The
5461:see
5440:s 24
5298:and
5184:1708
4903:the
4818:see
4514:the
4469:and
4442:see
4343:AC 1
4198:The
4106:and
4007:The
3959:The
3948:see
3485:and
3469:The
3283:see
3276:s 18
3034:and
2898:1928
2702:NATO
2135:Sark
2088:list
1975:list
1948:list
1938:list
1906:list
1513:2016
1508:2011
1503:1975
1485:Next
1480:2021
1475:2016
1470:2011
1465:2007
1460:2003
1455:1999
1437:Next
1432:2022
1427:2017
1422:2016
1417:2011
1412:2007
1407:2003
1402:1998
1384:Next
1379:2021
1374:2016
1369:2011
1364:2007
1359:2003
1354:1999
1336:2019
1331:2014
1326:2009
1321:2004
1316:1999
1311:1994
1306:1989
1301:1984
1296:1979
1278:2024
1273:2019
1268:2017
1263:2015
1258:2010
1253:2005
1248:2001
1243:1997
1238:1992
1233:1987
1228:1983
1223:1979
1208:1970
1203:1966
1198:1964
1193:1959
1188:1955
1183:1951
1178:1950
1173:1945
1168:1935
1163:1931
1158:1929
1153:1924
1148:1923
1143:1922
1138:1918
1123:1906
1118:1900
1113:1895
1108:1892
1103:1886
1098:1885
1093:1880
1088:1874
1083:1868
1078:1865
1073:1859
1068:1857
1063:1852
1058:1847
1053:1841
1048:1837
1043:1835
1033:1831
1028:1830
1023:1826
1018:1820
1013:1818
1008:1812
1003:1807
998:1806
993:1802
930:and
645:King
549:list
523:list
396:list
234:The
71:The
52:The
32:the
19238:Law
19114:Law
19022:Law
18928:Law
18836:Law
18689:Art
18199:Law
16707:of
16514:, '
15949:137
14549:in
14541:in
13561:s 1
13311:cf
13167:s 3
13034:doi
12580:cf
12496:or
12484:s 4
12328:s 1
12070:cf
11959:,
11854:or
11838:or
11823:182
11782:444
11283:, β
11234:, β
11073:739
10954:cf
10669:cf
10647:cf
10627:s 1
10612:s 1
10255:").
9725:war
9483:of
9384:".
9220:on
9131:'s
9020:God
8894:sic
7523:or
7480:or
7382:in
7278:of
7274:At
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6446:is
6052:or
5419:s 1
5303:s 1
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3595:".
3524:in
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3266:s 2
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