89:(CMMs). Trithorax-group (trxG) proteins maintain the active state of gene expression while the Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins counteract this activation with a repressive function that is stable over many cell generations and can only be overcome by germline differentiation processes. Polycomb Gene complexes or PcG silencing consist of at least three kinds of multiprotein complex Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1),
197:
97:. These complexes work together to carry out their repressive effect. PcGs proteins are evolutionarily conserved and exist in at least two separate protein complexes; the PcG repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and the PcG repressive complex 2β4 (PRC2/3/4). PRC2 catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me2/3), while PRC1 mono- ubiquitinates histone H2A on lysine 119 (H2AK119Ub1).
1214:
This page contains useful information on
Polycomb and trithorax proteins, in the form of an introduction, links to published reviews, list of Polycomb and trithorax proteins, illustrative power point slides and a link to a genome browser showing the genome-wide distribution of these proteins in
129:
protein promotes neural stem cell self-renewal. Murine null mutants in PRC2 genes are embryonic lethals while most PRC1 mutants are live born homeotic mutants that die perinatally. In contrast overexpression of PcG proteins correlates with the severity and invasiveness of several
204:(right) and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte (left). In situ GUS staining of two female sex organs (archegonia) of a transgenic plant expressing a translational fusion of FIE-uidA under control of the native FIE promoter
67:). They derive their name from the fact that the first sign of a decrease in PcG function is often a homeotic transformation of posterior legs towards anterior legs, which have a characteristic comb-like set of bristles.
182:
It has been shown that unlike in mammals the PcG are necessary to keep the cells in a differentiated state. Consequently, loss of PcG causes de-differentiation and promotes embryonic development.
374:
Ku M, Koche RP, Rheinbay E, Mendenhall EM, Endoh M, Mikkelsen TS, Presser A, Nusbaum C, Xie X, Chi AS, Adli M, Kasif S, Ptaszek LM, Cowan CA, Lander ES, Koseki H, Bernstein BE (October 2008).
189:
gene. This gene is a central part of the pathway that inhibits flowering in plants and its silencing during winter is suspected to be one of the main factors intervening in plant
445:"Bmi-1 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal and neural development but not mouse growth and survival by repressing the p16Ink4a and p19Arf senescence pathways"
1211:
424:
Heurtier, V., Owens, N., Gonzalez, I. et al. The molecular logic of Nanog-induced self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 10, 1109 (2019).
114:
94:
1259:
1222:
358:
989:"Occupying chromatin: Polycomb mechanisms for getting to genomic targets, stopping transcriptional traffic, and staying put"
593:
304:
131:
791:"Repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T by the Arabidopsis Polycomb repressive complex 2 components"
1073:
Schwartz YB, Pirrotta V (January 2007). "Polycomb silencing mechanisms and the management of genomic programmes".
699:"Regulation of stem cell maintenance by the Polycomb protein FIE has been conserved during land plant evolution"
1264:
347:"The Role of RNAi and Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb Mediated Control of Gene Expression and Genomic Programming"
214:
85:(trxG) and Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins act antagonistically and interact with chromosomal elements, termed
134:
types. The mammalian PRC1 core complexes are very similar to
Drosophila. Polycomb Bmi1 is known to regulate
1032:"Gene silencing and Polycomb group proteins: an overview of their structure, mechanisms and phylogenetics"
905:
1254:
234:
1238:
1234:
740:"CHD3 proteins and polycomb group proteins antagonistically determine cell identity in Arabidopsis"
82:
17:
648:
Stanton BZ, Hodges C, Calarco JP, Braun SM, Ku WL, Kadoch C, Zhao K, Crabtree GR (February 2017).
86:
63:
149:
complexes, which oppose the accumulation of
Polycomb complexes through ATP-dependent eviction.
346:
201:
159:
58:
802:
376:"Genomewide analysis of PRC1 and PRC2 occupancy identifies two classes of bivalent domains"
105:
In mammals
Polycomb Group gene expression is important in many aspects of development like
8:
806:
1179:
1154:
1141:
1098:
1056:
1031:
1013:
988:
975:
938:
825:
790:
766:
739:
674:
649:
625:
569:
542:
469:
444:
402:
375:
325:
142:
126:
518:
493:
1184:
1133:
1090:
1061:
1018:
967:
950:
Di Croce L, Helin K (2013). "Transcriptional regulation by
Polycomb group proteins".
930:
881:
876:
849:
830:
771:
720:
679:
630:
574:
523:
474:
407:
354:
186:
1228:
1102:
942:
185:
Polycomb-group proteins also intervene in the control of flowering by silencing the
1174:
1166:
1145:
1123:
1082:
1051:
1043:
1030:
Golbabapour S, Majid NA, Hassandarvish P, Hajrezaie M, Abdulla MA, Hadi AH (2013).
1008:
1000:
979:
959:
920:
871:
861:
850:"The molecular basis of vernalization: the central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)"
820:
810:
761:
751:
710:
669:
661:
620:
612:
564:
554:
513:
505:
464:
456:
397:
387:
1110:
Schuettengruber B, Chourrout D, Vervoort M, Leblanc B, Cavalli G (February 2007).
1004:
815:
756:
559:
392:
200:
The
Polycomb gene FIE is expressed (blue) in unfertilised egg cells of the moss
179:
and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte.
1128:
1111:
925:
854:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
738:
Aichinger E, Villar CB, Farrona S, Reyes JC, Hennig L, KΓΆhler C (August 2009).
594:"Epigenetic regulation of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus: in sickness and in health"
110:
38:
1170:
1248:
1204:
440:
425:
287:
190:
106:
1188:
1137:
1094:
1065:
1022:
971:
934:
885:
866:
834:
775:
724:
683:
634:
578:
527:
478:
411:
175:. The Polycomb gene FIE is expressed in unfertilised egg cells of the moss
1047:
616:
650:"Smarca4 ATPase mutations disrupt direct eviction of PRC1 from chromatin"
460:
1109:
904:
Schuettengruber B, Bourbon HM, Di Croce L, Cavalli G (September 2017).
848:
Sheldon CC, Rouse DT, Finnegan EJ, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES (March 2000).
715:
698:
697:
Mosquna A, Katz A, Decker EL, Rensing SA, Reski R, Ohad N (July 2009).
351:
RNA and the
Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of Complexity
121:, the master regulator of XCI or embryonic stem cell self-renewal. The
77:
46:
1029:
963:
903:
509:
164:
42:
1086:
906:"Genome Regulation by Polycomb and Trithorax: 70 Years and Counting"
665:
171:. Soon after fertilisation the FIE gene is inactivated in the young
168:
54:
53:
takes place. Polycomb-group proteins are well known for silencing
276:
270:
146:
298:
172:
543:"Polycomb group genes: keeping stem cell activity in balance"
292:
265:
254:
249:
245:
196:
1229:
Chromatin organization and the
Polycomb and Trithorax groups
847:
737:
315:
310:
281:
260:
240:
229:
224:
219:
135:
122:
118:
90:
50:
27:
Family of proteins that play a role in chromatin remodeling
647:
598:
373:
320:
696:
439:
1112:"Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax proteins"
443:, He S, Bydon M, Morrison SJ, Pardal R (June 2005).
257:(Polycomb group RING finger protein 2) ortolog Bmi1
1212:The Polycomb and Trithorax page of the Cavalli lab
540:
491:
163:the PcG protein FIE is specifically expressed in
57:through modulation of chromatin structure during
41:first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel
1246:
1072:
492:Park IK, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF (January 2004).
1223:Drosophila Genes in Development: Polycomb-group
788:
435:
433:
344:
1159:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
986:
949:
494:"Bmi1, stem cells, and senescence regulation"
841:
782:
731:
690:
585:
534:
485:
430:
1152:
426:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09041-z
353:. Caister Academic Press. pp. 29β44.
1237:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1178:
1127:
1055:
1012:
952:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
924:
875:
865:
824:
814:
765:
755:
714:
673:
624:
568:
558:
517:
468:
401:
391:
141:Regulation of Polycomb-group proteins at
591:
195:
1036:OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology
541:Sauvageau M, Sauvageau G (April 2008).
301:(jumonji, AT rich interactive domain 2)
14:
1247:
789:Jiang D, Wang Y, Wang Y, He Y (2008).
338:
498:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
273:(histone-lysine N-methyltransferase)
1155:"A view of nuclear Polycomb bodies"
24:
896:
305:RE1-silencing transcription factor
25:
1276:
1197:
1225:in the Homeobox Genes DataBase
987:Simon JA, Kingston RE (2013).
641:
418:
367:
13:
1:
1260:Drosophila melanogaster genes
345:Portoso M, Cavalli G (2008).
331:
284:(Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2)
100:
70:
1005:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.013
816:10.1371/journal.pone.0003404
757:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000605
560:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060113
393:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000242
152:
7:
208:
115:recruited to the inactive X
39:family of protein complexes
10:
1281:
1153:Pirrotta V, Li HB (2012).
1129:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.009
926:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.002
1205:"polycomb group proteins"
1171:10.1016/j.gde.2011.11.004
235:Heterochromatin protein 1
167:such as the unfertilized
111:X chromosome inactivation
1239:Medical Subject Headings
1075:Nature Reviews. Genetics
295:(Suppressor of Zeste 12)
107:homeotic gene regulation
1235:polycomb+group+proteins
1217:Drosophila melanogaster
592:Popov N, Gil J (2010).
449:Genes & Development
87:Cellular Memory Modules
64:Drosophila melanogaster
31:Polycomb-group proteins
1231:in The Interactive Fly
867:10.1073/pnas.060023597
349:. In Morris KV (ed.).
205:
145:sites is performed by
1048:10.1089/omi.2012.0105
617:10.4161/epi.5.8.12996
202:Physcomitrella patens
199:
177:Physcomitrella patens
160:Physcomitrella patens
59:embryonic development
1265:Nuclear organization
807:2008PLoSO...3.3404J
461:10.1101/gad.1299505
716:10.1242/dev.035048
326:Bivalent chromatin
206:
143:bivalent chromatin
964:10.1038/nsmb.2669
360:978-1-904455-25-7
187:Flowering Locus C
16:(Redirected from
1272:
1255:Protein families
1208:
1192:
1182:
1149:
1131:
1106:
1069:
1059:
1026:
1016:
983:
946:
928:
910:
890:
889:
879:
869:
845:
839:
838:
828:
818:
786:
780:
779:
769:
759:
735:
729:
728:
718:
694:
688:
687:
677:
645:
639:
638:
628:
602:
589:
583:
582:
572:
562:
538:
532:
531:
521:
510:10.1172/JCI20800
489:
483:
482:
472:
437:
428:
422:
416:
415:
405:
395:
386:(10): e1000242.
371:
365:
364:
342:
61:in fruit flies (
21:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1245:
1244:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1087:10.1038/nrg1981
958:(10): 1147β55.
908:
899:
897:Further reading
894:
893:
846:
842:
787:
783:
750:(8): e1000605.
736:
732:
709:(14): 2433β44.
695:
691:
666:10.1038/ng.3735
654:Nature Genetics
646:
642:
596:
590:
586:
539:
535:
490:
486:
438:
431:
423:
419:
372:
368:
361:
343:
339:
334:
211:
155:
103:
83:Trithorax-group
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1209:
1207:. Humpath.com.
1199:
1198:External links
1196:
1194:
1193:
1150:
1107:
1070:
1027:
993:Molecular Cell
984:
947:
900:
898:
895:
892:
891:
840:
781:
730:
689:
660:(2): 282β288.
640:
584:
533:
484:
455:(12): 1432β7.
429:
417:
366:
359:
336:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
296:
290:
285:
279:
274:
268:
263:
258:
252:
243:
238:
232:
227:
222:
217:
210:
207:
154:
151:
102:
99:
72:
69:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1122:(4): 735β45.
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:(6): 283β96.
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:(5): 808β24.
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
922:
918:
914:
907:
902:
901:
887:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
860:(7): 3753β8.
859:
855:
851:
844:
836:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
801:(10): e3404.
800:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
744:PLOS Genetics
741:
734:
726:
722:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
685:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
636:
632:
627:
622:
618:
614:
611:(8): 685β90.
610:
606:
600:
595:
588:
580:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
529:
525:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
480:
476:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
436:
434:
427:
421:
413:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
385:
381:
380:PLOS Genetics
377:
370:
362:
356:
352:
348:
341:
337:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
289:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
203:
198:
194:
192:
191:vernalization
188:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:
150:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
68:
66:
65:
60:
56:
52:
49:silencing of
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1216:
1165:(2): 101β9.
1162:
1158:
1119:
1115:
1078:
1074:
1039:
1035:
996:
992:
955:
951:
919:(1): 34β57.
916:
912:
857:
853:
843:
798:
794:
784:
747:
743:
733:
706:
702:
692:
657:
653:
643:
608:
604:
587:
550:
547:PLOS Biology
546:
536:
504:(2): 175β9.
501:
497:
487:
452:
448:
420:
383:
379:
369:
350:
340:
184:
181:
176:
158:
156:
140:
138:(p16, p19).
104:
76:
74:
62:
35:PcG proteins
34:
30:
29:
1081:(1): 9β22.
703:Development
605:Epigenetics
553:(4): e113.
441:Molofsky AV
127:ring finger
1249:Categories
332:References
165:stem cells
136:ink4 locus
101:In mammals
78:Drosophila
71:In insects
47:epigenetic
45:such that
153:In plants
125:polycomb
55:Hox genes
43:chromatin
1189:22178420
1138:17320510
1103:28227227
1095:17173055
1066:23692361
1023:23473600
972:24096405
943:43165761
935:28938122
886:10716723
835:18852898
795:PLOS ONE
776:19680533
725:19542356
684:27941795
635:20716961
579:18447587
528:14722607
479:15964994
412:18974828
209:See also
169:egg cell
119:Xist RNA
113:, being
37:) are a
18:Polycomb
1180:3329586
1146:6492075
1057:3662373
1014:3628831
980:2681793
826:2561057
803:Bibcode
767:2718830
675:5373480
626:3052884
570:2689701
470:1151659
403:2567431
277:L3mbtl2
271:SUV39H1
147:SWI/SNF
1241:(MeSH)
1187:
1177:
1144:
1136:
1101:
1093:
1064:
1054:
1021:
1011:
978:
970:
941:
933:
884:
874:
833:
823:
774:
764:
723:
682:
672:
633:
623:
577:
567:
526:
519:311443
516:
477:
467:
410:
400:
357:
307:(REST)
299:Jarid2
173:embryo
132:cancer
81:, the
1142:S2CID
1099:S2CID
976:S2CID
939:S2CID
909:(PDF)
877:16312
293:SUZ12
266:RING1
255:PCGF2
250:KDM2B
246:PCGF1
237:(Cbx)
95:PhoRC
51:genes
1185:PMID
1134:PMID
1116:Cell
1091:PMID
1062:PMID
1019:PMID
968:PMID
931:PMID
913:Cell
882:PMID
831:PMID
772:PMID
721:PMID
680:PMID
631:PMID
575:PMID
524:PMID
475:PMID
408:PMID
355:ISBN
316:CBFΞ²
311:RNF2
282:EZH2
261:RYBP
241:BMI1
230:PHC2
225:PHC1
220:PRC2
215:PRC1
123:Bmi1
109:and
93:and
91:PRC2
1175:PMC
1167:doi
1124:doi
1120:128
1083:doi
1052:PMC
1044:doi
1009:PMC
1001:doi
960:doi
921:doi
917:171
872:PMC
862:doi
821:PMC
811:doi
762:PMC
752:doi
711:doi
707:136
670:PMC
662:doi
621:PMC
613:doi
599:PDF
565:PMC
555:doi
514:PMC
506:doi
502:113
465:PMC
457:doi
398:PMC
388:doi
321:YY1
288:EED
157:In
117:by
75:In
1251::
1183:.
1173:.
1163:22
1161:.
1157:.
1140:.
1132:.
1118:.
1114:.
1097:.
1089:.
1077:.
1060:.
1050:.
1040:17
1038:.
1034:.
1017:.
1007:.
997:49
995:.
991:.
974:.
966:.
956:20
954:.
937:.
929:.
915:.
911:.
880:.
870:.
858:97
856:.
852:.
829:.
819:.
809:.
797:.
793:.
770:.
760:.
746:.
742:.
719:.
705:.
701:.
678:.
668:.
658:49
656:.
652:.
629:.
619:.
607:.
603:.
573:.
563:.
549:.
545:.
522:.
512:.
500:.
496:.
473:.
463:.
453:19
451:.
447:.
432:^
406:.
396:.
382:.
378:.
248:,
193:.
1219:.
1191:.
1169::
1148:.
1126::
1105:.
1085::
1079:8
1068:.
1046::
1025:.
1003::
982:.
962::
945:.
923::
888:.
864::
837:.
813::
805::
799:3
778:.
754::
748:5
727:.
713::
686:.
664::
637:.
615::
609:5
601:)
597:(
581:.
557::
551:6
530:.
508::
481:.
459::
414:.
390::
384:4
363:.
33:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
