Plastic - Knowledge

1225: 3244: 1738: 3264: 3273: 1726: 1825: 1679:(e.g. bottles for water and other drinks). Together these products account for around 36% of plastics use in the world. Most of them (e.g. disposable cups, plates, cutlery, takeaway containers, carrier bags) are used for only a short period, many for less than a day. The use of plastics in building and construction, textiles, transportation and electrical equipment also accounts for a substantial share of the plastics market. Plastic items used for such purposes generally have longer life spans. They may be in use for periods ranging from around five years (e.g. textiles and electrical equipment) to more than 20 years (e.g. construction materials, industrial machinery). 1750: 1837: 1794: 1877: 1202: 8878: 1710: 2795:, within the food chain is increasing. In the 1960s microplastics were observed in the guts of seabirds, and since then have been found in increasing concentrations. The long-term effects of plastics in the food chain are poorly understood. In 2009 it was estimated that 10% of modern waste was plastic, although estimates vary according to region. Meanwhile, 50% to 80% of debris in marine areas is plastic. Plastic is often used in agriculture. There is more plastic in the soil than in the oceans. The presence of plastic in the environment hurts ecosystems and human health. 1782: 436: 5224: 1973: 421: 1766: 451: 1954: 1865: 3253: 3586: 534: 512: 2843: 523: 501: 2016: 556: 545: 1920: 1593: 9183: 40: 1889: 1695: 2146:

released, some additives and derivatives may persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in organisms. They can have adverse effects on human health and biota. A recent review by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) revealed that out of 3,377 chemicals potentially associated with plastic packaging and 906 likely associated with it, 68 were ranked by ECHA as "highest for human health hazards" and 68 as "highest for environmental hazards".

14287: 11962: 11153: 10510: 1849: 1810: 14311: 1935: 2851: 480: 14299: 2090: 2057: 1251: 595: 1904: 2001: 9189: 1498: 377: 3212: 138:. Other uses include automobiles (up to 20% plastic), furniture, and toys. In the developing world, the applications of plastic may differ; 42% of India's consumption is used in packaging. In the medical field, polymer implants and other medical devices are derived at least partially from plastic. Worldwide, about 50 kg of plastic is produced annually per person, with production doubling every ten years. 11951: 10520: 2244:, a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered in seabirds. The birds identified as having the disease have scarred digestive tracts from ingesting plastic waste. "When birds ingest small pieces of plastic, they found, it inflames the digestive tract. Over time, the persistent inflammation causes tissues to become scarred and disfigured, affecting digestion, growth and survival." 2161:

are recycled, it is highly likely that the additives will be integrated into the new products. Waste plastic, even if it is all of the same polymer type, will contain varying types and amounts of additives. Mixing these together can give a material with inconsistent properties, which can be unappealing to industry. For example, mixing different colored plastics with different

3624:. In 1897, mass-printing press owner Wilhelm Krische of Hanover, Germany, was commissioned to develop an alternative to blackboards. The resultant horn-like plastic made from casein was developed in cooperation with the Austrian chemist (Friedrich) Adolph Spitteler (1846–1940). Although unsuitable for the intended purpose, other uses would be discovered. 1307:. Despite this, plastic production is not particularly monopolized, with about 100 companies accounting for 90% of global production. This includes a mixture of private and state-owned enterprises. Roughly half of all production takes place in East Asia, with China being the largest single producer. Major international producers include: 1571: 1192:

381 million metric tonnes in 2015 (excluding additives). From the 1950s, rapid growth occurred in the use of plastics for packaging, in building and construction, and in other sectors. If global trends on plastic demand continue, it is estimated that by 2050 annual global plastic production will exceed 1.1 billion tonnes annually.

2989:. As of 2023, the cycle and movement of microplastics in the environment was not fully known. Deep layer ocean sediment surveys in China (2020) show the presence of plastics in deposition layers far older than the invention of plastics, leading to suspected underestimation of microplastics in surface sample ocean surveys. 3342:. From the start of plastic production through to 2015, the world produced around 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic waste, only 9% of which has been recycled and only ~1% has been recycled more than once. Of the remaining waste, 12% was incinerated and 79% was either sent to landfills or lost to the environment as pollution. 2854: 2853: 2859: 2857: 2852: 3604:

as a solvent. The output of the process (commonly known as cellulose nitrate or pyroxilin) could be dissolved in alcohol and hardened into a transparent and elastic material that could be molded when heated. By incorporating pigments into the product, it could be made to resemble ivory. Parkesine was

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A study from 2024 found that compared to glass and aluminum, plastic may actually have less of a negative effect on the environment and therefore might be the best option for must food packaging and other common uses. The study found that, "replacing plastics with alternatives is worse for greenhouse

2210:(POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment. 2145:

back out during normal use, when in landfills, or following improper disposal in the environment. Additives may also degrade to form other toxic molecules. Plastic fragmentation into microplastics and nanoplastics can allow chemical additives to move in the environment far from the point of use. Once

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Plastic consumption differs among countries and communities, with some form of plastic having made its way into most people's lives. North America (i.e. the North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA region) accounts for 21% of global plastic consumption, closely followed by China (20%) and Western

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Between 1950 and 2017, 9.2 billion tonnes of plastic are estimated to have been made, with more than half this having been produced since 2004. Since the birth of the plastic industry in the 1950s, global production has increased enormously, reaching 400 million tonnes a year in 2021; this is up from

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As additives change the properties of plastics they have to be considered during recycling. Presently, almost all recycling is performed by simply remelting and reforming used plastic into new items. Additives present risks in recycled products, as they are difficult to remove. When plastic products

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Production of plastics from crude oil requires 7.9 to 13.7 kWh/lb (taking into account the average efficiency of US utility stations of 35%). Producing silicon and semiconductors for modern electronic equipment is even more energy consuming: 29.2 to 29.8 kWh/lb for silicon, and about 381 kWh/lb for

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It has been advocated since the early 1970s, but due to economic and technical challenges, did not impact the management of plastic waste to any significant extent until the late 1980s. The plastics industry has been criticised for lobbying for expansion of recycling programmes, even while research

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It is estimated that this waste is made up of 81% polymer resin, 13% polymer fibers and 32% additives. In 2018 more than 343 million tons of plastic waste were generated, 90% of which was composed of post-consumer plastic waste (industrial, agricultural, commercial and municipal plastic waste). The

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plastics exhibit a pattern of more regularly spaced atoms, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK). However, some plastics are partially amorphous and partially crystalline in molecular structure, giving them both a melting point

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of advancing a legally-binding international agreement on plastics. The resolution is entitled "End plastic pollution: Towards an international legally binding instrument." The mandate specifies that the INC must begin its work by the end of 2022 with the goal of "completing a draft global legally

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takes much longer as a result of the saline environment and cooling effect of the sea, contributing to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments. Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the

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are an ongoing area of public concern. Additives can also be problematic if waste is burned, especially when burning is uncontrolled or takes place in low- technology incinerators, as is common in many developing countries. Incomplete combustion can cause emissions of hazardous substances such as

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into solid objects of various shapes. This adaptability, plus a wide range of other properties, such as being lightweight, durable, flexible, and inexpensive to produce, has led to their widespread use. Plastics typically are made through human industrial systems. Most modern plastics are derived

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Additives are chemicals blended into plastics to change their performance or appearance, making it possible to alter the properties of plastics to better suit their intended applications. Additives are therefore one of the reasons why plastic is used so widely. Plastics are composed of chains of

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type before processing, which is often complicated and expensive. Errors can lead to material with inconsistent properties, rendering it unappealing to industry. Though filtration in mechanical recycling reduces microplastic release, even the most efficient filtration systems cannot prevent the

3023:. However, due to the increased volume of plastics in the ocean, decomposition has slowed down. The Marine Conservancy has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products: It is estimated that a foam plastic cup will take 50 years, a plastic beverage holder will take 400 years, a 1457:

accounting for 31% of total plastic resin production in 2020. Regional differences in the volume of plastics production are driven by user demand, the price of fossil fuel feedstocks, and investments made in the petrochemical industry. For example, since 2010 over US$ 200 billion has been

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formed by mixing different plastics together (ABS, HIPS etc.). Engineering plastics can replace metals in vehicles, lowering their weight and improving fuel efficiency by 6–8%. Roughly 50% of the volume of modern cars is made of plastic, but this only accounts for 12–17% of the vehicle weight.

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Absence of transparency and reporting across the value chain often results in lack of knowledge concerning the chemical profile of the final products. For example, products containing brominated flame retardants have been incorporated into new plastic products. Flame retardants are a group of

1224: 1462:(EU), too, heavy investments have been made in the plastics industry, which employs over 1.6 million people with a turnover of more than 360 billion euros per year. In China in 2016 there were over 15,000 plastic manufacturing companies, generating more than US$ 366 billion in revenue. 98:

9.2 billion metric tons of plastic are estimated to have been made between 1950 and 2017, more than half of which has been produced since 2004. In 2020, 400 million tons of plastic were produced. If global trends on plastic demand continue, it is estimated that by 2050 annual global plastic

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into its final form. For thermosoftening materials, which are used to make the majority of products, it is necessary to melt the plastic in order to mix-in the additives. This involves heating it to anywhere between 150–320 °C (300–610 °F). Molten plastic is viscous and exhibits

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semiconductors. This is much higher than the energy needed to produce many other materials. For example, to produce iron (from iron ore) requires 2.5-3.2 kWh/lb of energy; glass (from sand, etc.) 2.3–4.4 kWh/lb; steel (from iron) 2.5–6.4 kWh/lb; and paper (from timber) 3.2–6.4 kWh/lb.

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caused primarily by the burning of those fuels, the development of bioplastics is a growing field. Global production capacity for bio-based plastics is estimated at 327,000 tonnes per year. In contrast, global production of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), the world's leading

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that contained brominated flame retardants. Brominated dioxins have been found to exhibit toxicity similar to that of chlorinated dioxins. They can have negative developmental effects and negative effects on the nervous system and interfere with mechanisms of the endocrine system.

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Europe (18%). In North America and Europe there is high per capita plastic consumption (94 kg and 85 kg/capita/year, respectively). In China there is lower per capita consumption (58 kg/capita/year), but high consumption nationally because of its large population.

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chemicals used in electronic and electrical equipment, textiles, furniture and construction materials which should not be present in food packaging or child care products. A recent study found brominated dioxins as unintentional contaminants in toys made from recycled plastic

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reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic into the sea than all other countries combined. The rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and Mekong "transport 88% to 95% of the global load into the sea."

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The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century has caused widespread environmental problems, due to their slow decomposition rate in natural ecosystems. Most plastic produced has not been reused, or is incapable of reuse, either being captured in

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has been produced in the last century. By one estimate, one billion tons of plastic waste have been discarded since the 1950s. Others estimate a cumulative human production of 8.3 billion tons of plastic, of which 6.3 billion tons is waste, with only 9% getting recycled.

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Because the chemical structure of most plastics renders them durable, they are resistant to many natural degradation processes. Much of this material may persist for centuries or longer, given the demonstrated persistence of structurally similar natural materials such as

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everyday objects. Their biggest single application is in packaging, with some 146 million tonnes being used this way in 2015, equivalent to 36% of global production. Due to their dominance; many of the properties and problems commonly associated with plastics, such as

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Ahmed, Temoor; Shahid, Muhammad; Azeem, Farrukh; Rasul, Ijaz; Shah, Asad Ali; Noman, Muhammad; Hameed, Amir; Manzoor, Natasha; Manzoor, Irfan; Muhammad, Sher (March 2018). "Biodegradation of plastics: current scenario and future prospects for environmental safety".

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Pure plastics have low toxicity due to their insolubility in water, and because they have a large molecular weight, they are biochemically inert. Plastic products contain a variety of additives, however, some of which can be toxic. For example, plasticizers like

569:(PUR) and PP&A fibers are often also included as major commodity classes, although they usually lack RICs, as they are chemically quite diverse groups. These materials are inexpensive, versatile and easy to work with, making them the preferred choice for the 1580: 2724:

and polycarbonate bottles can increase the body weight of lab animals' offspring. A more recent animal study suggests that even low-level exposure to BPA results in insulin resistance, which can lead to inflammation and heart disease. As of January 2010, the

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While a finished plastic may be non-toxic, the monomers used in the manufacture of its parent polymers may be toxic. In some cases, small amounts of those chemicals can remain trapped in the product unless suitable processing is employed. For example, the

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It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that

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Thermosets, or thermosetting polymers, can melt and take shape only once: after they have solidified, they stay solid. If reheated, thermosets decompose rather than melt. In the thermosetting process, an irreversible chemical reaction occurs. The

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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy, COM(2018) 28 final, 6 January

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After World War I, improvements in chemistry led to an explosion of new forms of plastics, with mass production beginning in the 1940s and 1950s. Among the earliest examples in the wave of new polymers were polystyrene (first produced by

2129:. Other additives are optional and can be added as required, with loadings varying significantly between applications. The amount of additives contained in plastics varies depending on the additives' function. For example, additives in 3667:

in the 1930s) and polyvinyl chloride (first created in 1872 but commercially produced in the late 1920s). In 1923, Durite Plastics, Inc., was the first manufacturer of phenol-furfural resins. In 1933, polyethylene was discovered by

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are often added to brittle plastics like PVC to make them pliable enough for use in food packaging, toys, and many other items. Traces of these compounds can leach out of the product. Owing to concerns over the effects of such

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Lazarevic, David; Aoustin, Emmanuelle; Buclet, Nicolas; Brandt, Nils (December 2010). "Plastic waste management in the context of a European recycling society: Comparing results and uncertainties in a life cycle perspective".

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as a sole carbon source when incubated at 50 °C. Pre-exposure of the plastic to ultraviolet radiation broke chemical bonds and aided biodegradation; the longer the period of UV exposure, the greater the promotion of the

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polymers. Many different chemicals are used as plastic additives. A randomly chosen plastic product generally contains around 20 additives. The identities and concentrations of additives are generally not listed on products.

2670:. Some compounds leaching from polystyrene food containers have been proposed to interfere with hormone functions and are suspected human carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). Other chemicals of potential concern include 275:

hang from this backbone; they are usually hung from the monomers before the monomers themselves are linked together to form the polymer chain. The structure of these side chains influences the properties of the polymer.

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products. The additives in these are concentrated but still properly dispersed in the host resin. Masterbatch granules can be mixed with cheaper bulk polymer and will release their additives during processing to give a

2937:(breakdown) of larger plastic products through natural weathering processes after entering the environment. Such sources of secondary microplastics include water and soda bottles, fishing nets, plastic bags, microwave 3173:, bacteria have been found that consume various types of plastic; however, it is unknown to what extent these bacteria effectively clean up poisons rather than simply release them into the marine microbial ecosystem. 1972: 3683:

for the US and ICI otherwise, and as one of the few plastics appropriate as a replacement for glass in many circumstances, resulting in widespread use for bottles in Europe. In 1954 polypropylene was discovered by

6413: 2233:), which have previously been used in plastic production, are banned in many jurisdictions. However they are still routinely found in some plastic packaging including food packaging. The use of the additive 2798:

Research on the environmental impacts has typically focused on the disposal phase. However, the production of plastics is also responsible for substantial environmental, health and socioeconomic impacts.

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showed that most plastic could not be economically recycled. This has resulted in occasions where plastic waste dropped into recycling bins has not been recycled, and been treated as general waste.

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gas emissions in most cases." and that the study involving European researchers found, "15 of the 16 applications a plastic product incurs fewer greenhouse gas emissions than their alternatives."

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to enhance biodegradation. Although starch powder can be added as a filler to allow some plastics to degrade more easily, such treatment does not lead to complete breakdown. Some researchers have

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Plastic is not sold as a pure unadulterated substance, but is instead mixed with various chemicals and other materials, which are collectively known as additives. These are added during the

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The largest application for plastics is as packaging materials, but they are used in a wide range of other sectors, including: construction (pipes, gutters, door and windows), textiles (

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Efforts to minimize environmental impact of plastics may include lowering of plastics production and use, waste- and recycling-policies, and the proactive development and deployment of

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raw materials, the production of plastic is concentrated in the global East and West. The plastic industry comprises a huge number of companies and can be divided into several sectors:

11485: 11194: 2818: 1533:. Large companies may do their own compounding prior to production, but some producers have it done by a third party. Companies that specialize in this work are known as Compounders. 5555: 2991:

A literature study made in 2022 by geologist student Björn Lycke shows that the amount of microplastics in sediment is increasing worldwide, especially in ports and tourist beaches.

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Additives may be weakly bound to the polymers or react in the polymer matrix. Although additives are blended into plastic they remain chemically distinct from it, and can gradually

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Polycarbonate + acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC + ABS): a blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic used in car interior and exterior parts, and in mobile phone bodies

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polymers. The vast majority of these polymers are formed from chains of carbon atoms, with or without the attachment of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. These chains comprise many

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rest was pre-consumer waste from resin production and manufacturing of plastic products (e.g. materials rejected due to unsuitable color, hardness, or processing characteristics).

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China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are dumping more plastic into oceans than the rest of the world combined, according to a 2017 report by Ocean Conservancy

1525:, which are intended to improve the lifespan, workability or appearance of the final item. In some cases, this can involve mixing different types of plastic together to form a 1737: 1545:, leading to poor mixing. Compounding is therefore done using extrusion equipment, which is able to supply the necessary heat and mixing to give a properly dispersed product. 123:

in all of the world's oceans and contaminating terrestrial ecosystems. Of all the plastic discarded so far, some 14% has been incinerated and less than 10% has been recycled.

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in 1855 and patented the following year, is considered the first man-made plastic. It was manufactured from cellulose (the major component of plant cell walls) treated with

4755: 955:(UF): one of the aminoplasts used as a multi-colorable alternative to phenolics: used as a wood adhesive (for plywood, chipboard, hardboard) and electrical switch housings 6705:

Xue B, Zhang L, Li R, Wang Y, Guo J, Yu K, Wang S (February 2020). "Underestimated Microplastic Pollution Derived from Fishery Activities and "Hidden" in Deep Sediment".

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Very common. All examples form a coating between the plastic and machine parts during production. Reduces pressure and power usage in the extruder. Reduces imperfections.

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Klein S, Dimzon IK, Eubeler J, Knepper TP (2018). "Analysis, Occurrence, and Degradation of Microplastics in the Aqueous Environment". In Wagner M, Lambert S (eds.).

6405: 4311: 3558:), and finally to completely synthetic plastics (e.g., bakelite, epoxy, and PVC). Early plastics were bio-derived materials such as egg and blood proteins, which are 3388:, or biochemically converted into other useful chemicals for industry. In some countries, burning is the dominant form of plastic waste disposal, particularly where 1609:(sometimes processors). The vast majority of plastics produced worldwide are thermosoftening and must be heated until molten in order to be molded. Various sorts of 5926: 1043:(PAI): High-performance engineering plastic extensively used in high performance gears, switches, transmission and other automotive components, and aerospace parts. 8566:

Romero, Lina M.; Lyczko, Nathalie; Nzihou, Ange; Antonini, Gérard; Moreau, Eric; Richardeau, Hubert; Coste, Christophe; Madoui, Saïd; Durécu, Sylvain (July 2020).

4227: 3570:. Materials that mimicked the properties of horns were developed by treating milk proteins with lye. In the nineteenth century, as chemistry developed during the 7116:

Ward PG, Goff M, Donner M, Kaminsky W, O'Connor KE (April 2006). "A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic".

2663: 1116:; water or dampness; bacteria; enzymes; or wind abrasion. Attack by insects, such as waxworms and mealworms, can also be considered as forms of biodegradation. 11187: 11383: 4258: 3460:

The effect of plastics on global warming is mixed. Plastics are generally made from fossil gas or petroleum, thus the production of plastics creates further

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Microbial species capable of degrading plastics are known to science, some of which are potentially useful for disposal of certain classes of plastic waste.

2207: 949:(polysiloxanes): heat-resistant resins used mainly as sealants but also used for high-temperature cooking utensils and as a base resin for industrial paints 11361: 8810: 4615: 2969:. Because plastics degrade slowly (often over hundreds to thousands of years), microplastics have a high probability of ingestion, incorporation into, and 237:

also has a technical definition in materials science outside the scope of this article referring to the non-reversible change in form of solid substances.

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and one or more glass transitions (the temperature above which the extent of localized molecular flexibility is substantially increased). These so-called

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are more robust and are used to make products such as vehicle parts, building and construction materials, and some machine parts. In some cases they are

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Microplastics in sediments from four rivers in Germany. Note the diverse shapes indicated by white arrowheads. (The white bars represent 1 mm for scale.)

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Plastics are usually classified by the chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and side chains. Important groups classified in this way include the

5106: 3468:, for example high temperature from burning fossil gas. However, plastics can also limit methane emissions, for example packaging to reduce food waste. 10385: 5132: 3878: 2741:. The EU has a permanent ban on the use of phthalates in toys. In 2009, the US government banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastic. 2563: 2121:

In the EU, over 400 additives are used in high volumes. 5500 additives were found in a global market analysis. At a minimum, all plastic contains some

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consist of non-crosslinked polymers, often with a semi-crystalline structure (shown in red). They have a glass transition temperature and are fusible.

336:. Plastics can additionally be classified by their resistance and reactions to various substances and processes, such as exposure to organic solvents, 8623:

Janhäll, Sara; Petersson, Mikaela; Davidsson, Kent; Öman, Tommy; Sommertune, Jens; Kåredal, Monica; Messing, Maria E.; Rissler, Jenny (October 2021).

3457:) to the atmosphere in 2019, 3.4% of global emissions. They say that by 2060, plastic could emit 4.3 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions a year. 1132:

bacteria to synthesize completely biodegradable plastics, such as polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB); however, these were still relatively costly as of 2021.

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Thermoplastics do not undergo chemical change in their composition when heated and thus can be molded repeatedly. Examples include polyethylene (PE),

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In feedstock recycling, waste plastic is converted into its starting chemicals, which can then become fresh plastic. This involves higher energy and

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Several species of yeasts, bacteria, algae and lichens have been found growing on synthetic polymer artifacts in museums and at archaeological sites.

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Brandl H, Püchner P (1992). "Biodegradation Biodegradation of Plastic Bottles Made from 'Biopol' in an Aquatic Ecosystem Under In Situ Conditions".

8921: 5183:"An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling" 4999: 4788:"An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling" 2165:

together can produce a discolored or brown material and for this reason plastic is usually sorted by both polymer type and color before recycling.

8197: 344:. Other classifications of plastics are based on qualities relevant to manufacturing or product design for a particular purpose. Examples include 5779: 2871: 7535:

Cappitelli F, Principi P, Sorlini C (August 2006). "Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: can biotechnology help?".

11398: 11393: 11366: 6691: 4738: 3353:. For example, as of 2015, approximately 8 million tonnes of waste plastic enters the oceans annually, damaging oceanic ecosystems and forming 939:, Plexiglas, and Oroglas), fluorescent-light diffusers, and rear light covers for vehicles. It also forms the basis of artistic and commercial 6628: 2133:(PVC) can constitute up to 80% of the total volume. Pure unadulterated plastic (barefoot resin) is never sold, even by the primary producers. 1150:

are made substantially from renewable plant materials like cellulose and starch. Due both to the finite limits of fossil fuel reserves and to

8343: 2601: 1201: 1027:: high-temperature melt-processable resin used in membranes, filtration media, water heater dip tubes and other high-temperature applications 8125:

Zhang, Fan; Zhao, Yuting; Wang, Dandan; Yan, Mengqin; Zhang, Jing; Zhang, Pengyan; Ding, Tonggui; Chen, Lei; Chen, Chao (February 1, 2021).

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and began to be manufactured in 1957. Also in 1954 expanded polystyrene (used for building insulation, packaging, and cups) was invented by

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houses are made of fiberglass-reinforced polyesters, polyester-polyurethane, and PMMA. One such house was found to be harmfully degraded by

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final product. This can be cheaper than working with a fully compounded material and is particularly common for the introduction of color.

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reported that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is spending $ 30 million to investigate indications of BPA's link to cancer.

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Wiesinger, Helene; Wang, Zhanyun; Hellweg, Stefanie (July 6, 2021). "Deep Dive into Plastic Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids".

4501: 1876: 1824: 935:): contact lenses (of the original "hard" variety), glazing (best known in this form by its various trade names around the world; e.g. 8315: 11705: 11445: 10126: 7572:"Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage" 8070:"The potential for a plastic recycling facility to release microplastic pollution and possible filtration remediation effectiveness" 6170:

Cole, M; Lindeque, P; Fileman, E; Halsband, C; Goodhead, R; Moger, J; Galloway, TS (2013). "Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton".

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Elias, Hans-Georg; Mülhaupt, Rolf (April 14, 2015). "Plastics, General Survey, 1. Definition, Molecular Structure and Properties".

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Al-Salem, S.M.; Lettieri, P.; Baeyens, J. (October 2009). "Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): A review".

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had been commonly used in the manufacture of the plastic polystyrene, the production of which had contributed to depletion of the

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Conkle, JL; Báez Del Valle, CD; Turner, JW (2018). "Are We Underestimating Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments?".

2667: 1864: 4759: 1090:, has been achieved, it does not approach that of most metals. For example, copper has a conductivity of several hundred kS/cm. 384:

One important classification of plastics is the degree to which the chemical processes used to make them are reversible or not.

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In developed economies, about a third of plastic is used in packaging and roughly the same in buildings in applications such as

11695: 6576: 4674: 3015: 271:, linking together a large number of repeat units. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups called 8905: 7319:

Hadad D, Geresh S, Sivan A (2005). "Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis".

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Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar, Mahdi; Scott, Susannah L.;

6443: 5953:"Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean–Corsica)" 5481: 4938: 4511: 4321: 4280: 4211: 4131: 4101: 3971: 3263: 3272: 3081:

Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.

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Many of the controversies associated with plastics actually relate to their additives, as some compounds can be persistent,

14636: 14605: 11805: 11653: 10967: 10556: 9849: 9800: 9769: 8568:"New insights on mercury abatement and modeling in a full-scale municipal solid waste incineration flue gas treatment unit" 7161:"Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced" 5428: 4121: 1005:

allows for use in medical implant applications and aerospace moldings. It is one of the most expensive commercial polymers.

8625:"Release of carbon nanotubes during combustion of polymer nanocomposites in a pilot-scale facility for waste incineration" 6231: 1069:

plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some polyurethanes.

978:, this class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers are also used in aerospace and military applications, includes 11658: 11304: 11289: 5915: 5319:"Perinatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A affects body weight, patterns of estrous cyclicity, and plasma LH levels" 3711: 3034:

In 1975, a team of Japanese scientists studying ponds containing waste water from a nylon factory discovered a strain of

6018:"Restricting the use of intentionally added microplastic particles to consumer or professional use products of any kind" 4235: 2909:. Two classifications of microplastics are currently recognized. Primary microplastics include any plastic fragments or 2237:(BPA) in plastic baby bottles is banned in many parts of the world, but is not restricted in some low-income countries. 1848: 1660:

For thermosetting materials the process is slightly different, as the plastics are liquid to begin with and but must be

14336: 11755: 11569: 11559: 11480: 11403: 10035: 9903: 9500: 9007: 6667: 6550: 6273: 4655: 1374: 967:

are usually expensive, with their use limited to specialized applications which make use of their superior properties.

925:

Polyethylene + acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PE + ABS): a slippery blend of PE and ABS used in low-duty dry bearings

8255: 6097:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat" 5916:"Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris" 5873:

Ghosh, Shampa; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Ghosh, Soumya; Vashisth, Kshitij; Han, Sungsoo; Bhaskar, Rakesh (January 2023).

4066: 3360:

Almost all recycling is mechanical and involves the melting and reforming of plastic into other items. This can cause

1919: 1458:

invested in the United States in new plastic and chemical plants, stimulated by the low cost of raw materials. In the

221:

refers specifically here to the deformability of the materials used in the manufacture of plastics. Plasticity allows

14112: 11980: 11589: 11574: 11408: 11356: 11129: 10055: 8016: 7159:

Cacciari I, Quatrini P, Zirletta G, Mincione E, Vinciguerra V, Lupattelli P, Giovannozzi Sermanni G (November 1993).

5038: 3490: 2717: 2200: 1781: 1279: 1231: 8861: 8481: 7224: 5376:"The estrogenic effect of bisphenol A disrupts pancreatic beta-cell function in vivo and induces insulin resistance" 4091: 3464:

of methane when the fossil gas or petroleum is produced. Also, much of the energy used in plastic production is not

161:(PVC), used in construction and pipes because of its strength and durability. Many chemists have contributed to the 12871: 11636: 11450: 11341: 11331: 10392: 10365: 10179: 6054:

Ghosh, Shampa; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Ghosh, Soumya; Vashisth, Kshitij; Han, Sungsoo; Bhaskar, Rakesh (June 2023).

3835: 3566:

used natural rubber for balls, bands, and figurines. Treated cattle horns were used as windows for lanterns in the

2574: 2412: 1037:: heat-resistant, low-friction coatings used in non-stick surfaces for frying pans, plumber's tape and water slides 17: 4266: 2941:, tea bags and tire wear. Both types are recognized to persist in the environment at high levels, particularly in 2206:

A number of additives identified as hazardous to humans and/or the environment are regulated internationally. The

14328: 14100: 12006: 11770: 11519: 11497: 11455: 11425: 11378: 11261: 11244: 11227: 11203: 10050: 9492: 9032: 8281: 3707: 3701: 3676: 3532: 2374:

Traditionally derivatives of lead, cadmium & tin. Safer modern alternatives include barium/zinc mixtures and

896: 7258:

Gusse AC, Miller PD, Volk TJ (July 2006). "White-rot fungi demonstrate first biodegradation of phenolic resin".

4619: 1765: 1453:

have dominated global plastics production. However, since 2010 Asia has emerged as a significant producer, with

1086:(ICP) are organic polymers that conduct electricity. While a conductivity of up to 80 kS/cm in stretch-oriented 14621: 14600: 14497: 14075: 11475: 11470: 10080: 9785: 9764: 9661: 9415: 8836:"Historic day in the campaign to beat plastic pollution: Nations commit to develop a legally binding agreement" 8503: 8320: 8228: 3520: 3509: 2646:(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and other phthalates in some applications, and the US has limited the use of DEHP, 2230: 1809: 446:

consist of wide-meshed cross-linked polymers. The wide mesh allows the material to stretch under tensile load.

4703: 4562: 2981:

up the food chain. In terrestrial ecosystems, microplastics have been demonstrated to reduce the viability of

11641: 11579: 8029: 3972:"The environmental impacts of plastics and micro-plastics use, waste and pollution: EU and national measures" 3606: 2699: 1934: 3886: 14595: 11237: 11098: 10938: 10483: 10397: 9839: 9759: 7363: 6836: 3754: 3669: 1903: 333: 11790: 6606: 4440:

The majority of polyurethanes are thermosets, however some thermoplastics are also produced, for instance

14590: 14406: 14124: 11608: 11492: 11249: 10478: 10380: 10045: 9964: 9832: 9754: 9570: 9167: 7883:

Andrady, Anthony L. (February 1994). "Assessment of Environmental Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers".

5247: 3149:

can degrade over 40% of the weight of plastic bags in less than three months. The thermophilic bacterium

3092: 3011: 2965:-based clothing, often during the washing process. However, microplastics also accumulate in the air and 2870:

are fragments of any type of plastic less than 5 mm (0.20 in) in length, according to the U.S.

2758: 2643: 2342: 2283:

Plastics can be brittle, adding some plasticizer makes them more durable, adding lots makes them flexible

1633: 1536:

The compounding of thermosetting plastic is relatively straightforward; as it remains liquid until it is

1066: 13121: 8929: 3061:. They can consume polyurethane both aerobically and anaerobically (such as at the bottom of landfills). 585:

A huge number of plastics exist beyond the commodity plastics, with many having exceptional properties.

11999: 9097: 9072: 4911: 3151: 3055:

Several species of soil fungi can consume polyurethane, including two species of the Ecuadorian fungus

2734: 1895: 1701: 1676: 1548:

The concentrations of most additives are usually quite low, however high levels can be added to create

1474: 504: 8126: 6096: 3505:

to decrease pollutants further, which is needed because uncontrolled incineration of plastic produces

14442: 14258: 14117: 14058: 13240: 11878: 11830: 11725: 11618: 11502: 9872: 9606: 9405: 9230: 9047: 9037: 6860:"Utilization of a Cyclic Dimer and Linear Oligomers of E-Aminocaproic Acid by Achromobacter Guttatus" 6025: 5454: 2934: 2875: 2730: 2679: 2294: 1694: 1672: 1639: 964: 515: 492: 11785: 8043: 6289:

Kovochich, M; Liong, M; Parker, JA; Oh, SC; Lee, JP; Xi, L; Kreider, ML; Unice, KM (February 2021).

5223: 4478: 2102: 2069: 1303:, with sprawling pipework running throughout. The large size of these plants allows them to exploit 1263: 607: 149:, who coined the term "plastics". Dozens of different types of plastics are produced today, such as 14512: 14502: 14364: 14253: 14107: 14083: 14048: 13941: 12356: 11883: 11838: 11740: 11465: 11281: 10549: 10412: 10347: 10273: 9676: 9666: 9528: 9215: 9162: 9052: 5801:

Cabernard, Livia; Pfister, Stephan; Oberschelp, Christopher; Hellweg, Stefanie (December 2, 2021).

5270:"Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: a potential health problem that can be solved" 3019:

sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as

2445: 1888: 1668: 537: 116: 31: 8351: 7091: 6783: 2630: 2290: 1979: 13976: 13958: 13923: 13891: 13779: 13717: 13613: 12891: 12861: 12319: 11930: 11868: 11271: 10614: 10579: 10523: 10458: 10291: 10075: 9266: 9157: 9142: 9122: 7491: 7435: 6802: 5951:

Collignon, Amandine; Hecq, Jean-Henri; Galgani, François; Collard, France; Goffart, Anne (2014).

3805: 3715: 3286: 3163:

Hazardous molds have been found aboard space stations that degrade rubber into a digestible form.

3139: 2015: 1530: 1275: 1125: 1057: 1030: 902: 899:(ABS): electronic equipment cases (e.g. computer monitors, printers, keyboards) and drainage pipe 10998: 10952: 8877: 7005:

Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, et al. (September 2011).

6948:

Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, et al. (September 2011).

5556:"Five Asian Countries Dump More Plastic Into Oceans Than Anyone Else Combined: How You Can Help" 3808: – countinous printing method that prints directly onto a roll of fabric or other materials 14517: 14395: 14041: 14008: 13899: 12780: 11873: 11700: 10979: 10402: 10090: 9896: 9681: 9559: 9314: 9042: 9000: 2953:. 35% of all ocean microplastics come from textiles/clothing, primarily due to the erosion of 2651: 1113: 357: 8701: 8681: 3489:

Quickly burning plastics at very high temperatures breaks down many toxic components, such as

3431:. These can be reused as starting materials for new plastics. They can also be used as fuels. 233:

into a variety of shapes: films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles and boxes, among many others.

14401: 14302: 14095: 14013: 13998: 13981: 13762: 12585: 12378: 11256: 11074: 11021: 10705: 10070: 9861: 9565: 9210: 8732: 8543: 8526: 8504:"How much energy does it take (on average) to produce 1 kilogram of the following materials?" 8010: 3745: 3571: 3086: 3075: 2966: 2822: 2346: 2306: 1987: 1606: 1168: 1104: 349: 305: 8395: 7062: 3440: 214:

the word most commonly refers to the solid products of petrochemical-derived manufacturing.

14662: 14417: 14412: 14385: 14263: 14053: 14028: 13811: 13484: 13358: 12708: 12666: 12620: 11858: 11626: 11266: 11232: 11222: 11161: 11106: 11006: 10909: 10644: 10639: 10473: 10172: 9581: 9576: 9549: 9467: 8636: 8579: 8081: 7974: 7920: 7837: 7673: 7662:

Ignatyev, I.A.; Thielemans, W.; Beke, B. Vander (2014). "Recycling of Polymers: A Review".

7628: 7390: 7267: 7172: 7125: 7018: 6961: 6714: 6467:"More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans" 6363: 6302: 6179: 6108: 5967: 5814: 5601: 5510: 5194: 4947: 4848: 4799: 4536: 4395: 3814: 3775: 3538:

The development of plastics has evolved from the use of naturally plastic materials (e.g.,

2659: 2655: 2142: 1617: 998: 431:

consist of closely cross-linked polymers. Cross-links are shown as red dots in the figure.

411:) is a sticky, slightly runny material; after vulcanization, the product is dry and rigid. 234: 59: 8425:"Replacing Plastics with Alternatives Is Worse for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Most Cases" 8280:

McCormick, Erin; Simmonds, Charlotte; Glenza, Jessica; Gammon, Katharine (June 21, 2019).

6537:. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 58. Cham.: Springer. pp. 51–67. 5057:

Teuten EL, Saquing JM, Knappe DR, Barlaz MA, Jonsson S, Björn A, et al. (July 2009).

4897: 4064: 487:

Around 70% of global production is concentrated in six major polymer types, the so-called

8: 14547: 14290: 14088: 13561: 13230: 13225: 12839: 12812: 11920: 11913: 11853: 11750: 11745: 11420: 10680: 10542: 10311: 10060: 9711: 9472: 9395: 9309: 9261: 8784: 5586: 3652: 3361: 3331: 3189: 3114: 3007: 3001: 2914: 2713: 2481: 2126: 2122: 1645: 1514: 1510: 1164: 1129: 1124:

degradation would be effective in landfill or composting systems. Some companies produce

1121: 1083: 884: 407:

is an example of this process. Before heating in the presence of sulfur, natural rubber (

361: 353: 230: 177: 87:; however, recent industrial methods use variants made from renewable materials, such as 71: 8640: 8583: 8457: 8085: 7978: 7924: 7841: 7677: 7632: 7517: 7394: 7271: 7176: 7129: 7022: 6965: 6718: 6406:"Plastic free July: How to stop accidentally consuming plastic particles from packaging" 6367: 6306: 6183: 6112: 5971: 5952: 5818: 5735:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

5683:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

5605: 5514: 5413: 5198: 5063:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

4951: 4884:

Pfaendner, Rudolf (September 2006). "How will additives shape the future of plastics?".

4852: 4803: 4540: 4399: 4019:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

2039:), consumer goods (toys, tableware, toothbrushes), transportation (headlights, bumpers, 14562: 14480: 13953: 13757: 13687: 13586: 13556: 13511: 13467: 13400: 13373: 13006: 12952: 12849: 12844: 12563: 12250: 11935: 11893: 11888: 11848: 11800: 11564: 11336: 11156: 11027: 10973: 10931: 10772: 10634: 10430: 10296: 9944: 9726: 9644: 9385: 9359: 9329: 9289: 9271: 9220: 9172: 9152: 8762: 8662: 8605: 8107: 7998: 7944: 7860: 7825: 7761: 7736: 7596: 7571: 7411: 7378: 7344: 7039: 7006: 6982: 6949: 6925: 6898: 6738: 6685: 6387: 6336: 6140: 5850: 5755: 5730: 5703: 5678: 5531: 5498: 5400: 5351: 5338: 5318: 5294: 5269: 5083: 5058: 4981: 4866: 4597: 4527:

Heeger AJ, Kivelson S, Schrieffer JR, Su WP (1988). "Solitons in Conducting Polymers".

4418: 4383: 4039: 4014: 3644: 3465: 3389: 3066: 2974: 2807: 2389: 2130: 1910: 1661: 1629: 1537: 1482: 1424: 1304: 1078: 1056:(without a highly ordered molecular structure), including thermosets, polystyrene, and 526: 488: 435: 341: 329: 169: 158: 63: 51: 7379:"Microorganisms attack synthetic polymers in items representing our cultural heritage" 7195: 7160: 6803:"Plastics In Oceans Decompose, Release Hazardous Chemicals, Surprising New Study Says" 6660:

How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change

5167: 3512:. Open-air burning of plastic occurs at lower temperatures and normally releases such 1011:(PEI) (Ultem): a high-temperature, chemically stable polymer that does not crystallize 420: 304:. Plastics can be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as 14657: 14578: 14390: 14314: 14310: 14248: 13836: 13722: 13581: 13215: 12876: 12750: 12632: 11810: 11685: 11631: 11430: 11415: 11059: 11051: 11041: 10985: 10675: 10629: 10490: 10332: 10240: 10030: 9989: 9979: 9934: 9889: 9856: 9822: 9742: 9554: 9376: 9294: 8993: 8736: 8725: 8666: 8654: 8609: 8597: 8548: 8462: 8444: 8289: 8222: 8177: 8146: 8111: 8099: 8002: 7990: 7936: 7865: 7766: 7689: 7644: 7601: 7552: 7464: 7416: 7336: 7332: 7283: 7200: 7185: 7141: 7044: 6987: 6930: 6742: 6730: 6673: 6663: 6546: 6379: 6340: 6328: 6320: 6269: 6205: 6144: 6132: 6124: 6077: 5983: 5896: 5854: 5842: 5760: 5708: 5617: 5536: 5477: 5405: 5356: 5299: 5212: 5088: 5059:"Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife" 5034: 4985: 4973: 4870: 4817: 4507: 4423: 4348: 4317: 4207: 4127: 4097: 4044: 3769: 3739: 3648: 3640: 3461: 3350: 3323: 3311: 3226: 3121:

Phenol-formaldehyde, commonly known as Bakelite, is degraded by the white rot fungus

3108: 3102: 3045: 2942: 2803: 2784: 2750: 2647: 2400: 2317: 2226: 2155: 1940: 1926: 1610: 1429: 1155:

petrochemical-derived polyolefins, was estimated at over 150 million tonnes in 2015.

1117: 952: 575: 226: 222: 203: 173: 162: 154: 108: 8974: 7965:; et al. (February 13, 2015). "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean". 7721: 6391: 6315: 6290: 5979: 4601: 3546:) to the use of the chemical modification of those materials (e.g., natural rubber, 3330:

emissions. Recycling rates lag behind those of other recoverable materials, such as

3193:, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic found in CDs. 3155:(strain 707) was isolated from a soil sample and found capable of using low-density 14583: 14185: 13946: 13841: 13774: 13608: 13447: 13410: 13040: 12989: 12982: 12735: 12681: 12568: 12445: 11765: 11760: 11735: 11534: 11507: 11114: 10757: 10695: 10624: 10594: 10584: 10463: 10210: 9747: 9442: 9344: 9319: 9251: 9117: 9112: 9057: 8922:"Material Properties of Plastics – Mechanical, Thermal & Electrical Properties" 8913: 8644: 8587: 8538: 8452: 8436: 8424: 8169: 8138: 8089: 7982: 7948: 7928: 7892: 7855: 7845: 7797: 7756: 7748: 7717: 7681: 7636: 7591: 7583: 7544: 7499: 7443: 7406: 7398: 7348: 7328: 7275: 7190: 7180: 7133: 7034: 7026: 6977: 6969: 6920: 6910: 6871: 6722: 6568: 6538: 6513: 6371: 6310: 6261: 6195: 6187: 6116: 6067: 5975: 5886: 5832: 5822: 5750: 5742: 5698: 5690: 5609: 5526: 5518: 5395: 5387: 5346: 5330: 5289: 5281: 5202: 5163: 5078: 5070: 5026: 4963: 4955: 4893: 4856: 4807: 4589: 4544: 4413: 4403: 4352: 4034: 4026: 3823: 3597: 3575: 3559: 3024: 2978: 2946: 2609: 2545: 2418: 2375: 2339:

Being petrochemicals, most plastics burn readily, flame retardants can prevent this

2310: 2170: 2162: 2000: 1002: 579: 325: 252: 14358: 11991: 11172: 9522: 8142: 7802: 7785: 7548: 6518: 6501: 6435: 6120: 5207: 5182: 5030: 4812: 4787: 4288: 3718:(UNEA-5.2) to establish an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) with the 3523:, which stipulates a minimum temperature of 850 °C for at least two seconds. 2863:

Photodegraded Plastic Straw. A light touch breaks larger straw into microplastics.

2199:

acid gases and ash which can contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as

2098: 2065: 1719:) is used for making sturdy containers; transparent containers may be made of PET. 1259: 603: 14447: 14433: 14157: 14036: 13576: 13566: 13252: 13235: 12965: 12960: 12834: 12795: 12720: 12691: 12671: 12654: 12575: 12106: 11898: 11815: 11795: 11775: 11675: 11524: 11136: 11034: 10945: 10513: 10235: 10165: 10146: 10131: 9611: 9597: 9462: 9349: 9339: 9107: 8649: 8624: 8592: 8567: 8256:"'They lied': plastics producers deceived public about recycling, report reveals" 8173: 8094: 8069: 7640: 4835:

Marturano, Valentina; Cerruti, Pierfrancesco; Ambrogi, Veronica (June 27, 2017).

4356: 3796: 3656: 3400: 3396: 3385: 3339: 3335: 2970: 2950: 2471: 2363: 2352: 2331: 2298: 2183: 1667:

The most commonly produced plastic consumer products include packaging made from

1502: 1040: 932: 570: 450: 181: 8396:"How is plastic made? Climate change is a key ingredient | Friends of the Earth" 6542: 6056:"Microplastics as an Emerging Threat to the Global Environment and Human Health" 5875:"Microplastics as an Emerging Threat to the Global Environment and Human Health" 2521:

Assist in forming/molding the plastic, includes processing aids (or flow aids),

2397:

Bulking agents. Can change appearance and mechanical properties, can lower price

2320:. For most products loadings are between 10 and 35%, high loadings are used for 14476: 14003: 13904: 13856: 13804: 13747: 13699: 13603: 13571: 13452: 13378: 13190: 13168: 13016: 12994: 12977: 12807: 12785: 12607: 12294: 12079: 12067: 11925: 11820: 11720: 11648: 11435: 11122: 11088: 10726: 10690: 10649: 10495: 10327: 10230: 10205: 10121: 9640: 9452: 9354: 9225: 6291:"Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis" 6265: 6223: 5837: 5827: 5802: 5644: 5243: 4968: 3585: 3450: 3446: 3408: 3346: 3327: 3252: 3064:

Methanogenic microbial consortia degrade styrene, using it as a carbon source.

3057: 3048:. Nylon 4 (polybutyrolactam) can be degraded by the ND-10 and ND-11 strands of 3036: 2898: 2721: 2687: 2032: 1459: 1399: 1288: 1151: 1008: 940: 906: 457: 404: 345: 264: 166: 8211:"Recycling was a lie — a big lie — to sell more plastic, industry experts say" 7932: 7896: 7465:"Studies on Biodegradation of Polyethylene terephthalate: A synthetic polymer" 6677: 6375: 4548: 4175: 380:

A plastic handle from a kitchen utensil, deformed by heat and partially melted

14651: 14470: 14063: 14018: 13933: 13677: 13662: 13640: 13623: 13462: 13418: 13351: 13210: 13202: 13173: 13143: 13101: 13057: 13035: 13011: 12940: 12580: 12540: 12501: 12469: 12351: 12057: 11908: 11863: 11843: 11665: 11440: 11014: 10960: 10921: 10853: 10843: 10604: 10360: 10337: 10136: 10095: 9994: 9984: 9827: 9634: 9420: 9410: 9400: 9304: 9205: 9127: 9077: 8962: 8910:

Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

8892:

Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics

8448: 8293: 8150: 8103: 7962: 7821: 7587: 6894: 6324: 6128: 6081: 5900: 5846: 5374:

Alonso-Magdalena P, Morimoto S, Ripoll C, Fuentes E, Nadal A (January 2006).

4379: 3857: 3829: 3784: 3632: 3612:

In 1893, French chemist Auguste Trillat discovered the means to insolubilize

3579: 3574:, many materials were reported. The development of plastics accelerated with 3377: 3370: 3354: 3315: 3129: 2958: 2930: 2906: 2867: 2842: 2835: 2792: 2772: 2754: 2738: 2605: 2541: 2522: 1991: 1963: 1800: 1626:- Small thin-walled hollow objects in large quantities (drinks bottles, toys) 1526: 1478: 1466: 1450: 1296: 1180: 1112:

plastics are plastics that degrade (break down) upon exposure to sunlight or

1109: 1087: 928: 912: 888: 548: 533: 511: 400: 388: 297: 285: 146: 120: 112: 76: 8975:"Timeline of important milestone of plastic injection moulding and plastics" 8440: 7986: 6876: 6859: 6726: 5613: 5000:"Emission Scenario Documents: N°3 Plastic Additives (2004, revised in 2009)" 4959: 4656:"Becoming Employed in a Growing Bioplastics Industry - bioplastics MAGAZINE" 3675:

The discovery of polyethylene terephthalate is credited to employees of the

14175: 14170: 13991: 13799: 13794: 13672: 13516: 13428: 13395: 13383: 13158: 13045: 13023: 12625: 12590: 12385: 12311: 12228: 12223: 12118: 11601: 11596: 11584: 11544: 11529: 11217: 10893: 10685: 10425: 10375: 10268: 10215: 9447: 9437: 9299: 9147: 9092: 9067: 8882: 8658: 8601: 8552: 8466: 7994: 7940: 7869: 7850: 7786:"Managing Plastic Waste─Sorting, Recycling, Disposal, and Product Redesign" 7770: 7752: 7693: 7685: 7648: 7605: 7556: 7476: 7420: 7340: 7287: 7145: 7048: 6991: 6934: 6734: 6383: 6332: 6209: 6136: 5987: 5764: 5746: 5712: 5694: 5621: 5540: 5522: 5409: 5360: 5303: 5216: 5092: 5074: 4977: 4821: 4427: 4408: 4048: 4030: 3851: 3790: 3763: 3689: 3685: 3617: 3563: 3498: 3170: 3156: 3145: 2533: 2408: 2036: 1623: 1542: 1470: 1394: 1300: 566: 522: 500: 408: 309: 150: 135: 9182: 8282:"Americans' plastic recycling is dumped in landfills, investigation shows" 8068:

Brown, Erina; MacDonald, Anna; Allen, Steve; Allen, Deonie (May 1, 2023).

7503: 7448: 7204: 5181:

Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P (February 2018).

4861: 4836: 4786:

Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P (February 2018).

1299:

in nature. Such facilities are normally large and are visually similar to

555: 544: 194: 39: 14466: 14438: 14373: 14180: 13916: 13851: 13846: 13767: 13742: 13655: 13630: 13596: 13548: 13489: 13131: 13052: 12935: 12923: 12548: 12361: 12206: 12052: 11715: 11670: 11539: 11512: 11067: 10420: 10355: 10301: 10263: 10258: 10225: 10116: 10020: 9999: 9959: 9630: 9602: 9537: 9457: 9256: 9137: 9132: 7664: 7402: 7302:"CanadaWorld – WCI student isolates microbe that lunches on plastic bags" 7233: 7030: 6973: 6915: 6497: 5679:"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments" 5626:

The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea

4093:

Fantastic Recycled Plastic: 30 Clever Creations to Spark Your Imagination

3748: – resin that cures when exposed to light of appropriate wavelengths 3601: 3567: 3539: 3428: 3381: 3020: 2918: 2811: 2709: 2671: 2456: 2439: 2275: 2241: 2234: 2044: 1855: 1554: 1549: 1518: 1489:(PS) and synthetic fibers, which together represent 86% of all plastics. 1486: 1172: 1147: 1120:

degradation requires that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas

1061: 1024: 916: 559: 392: 272: 256: 80: 8198:"How Big Oil Misled The Public Into Believing Plastic Would Be Recycled" 6072: 6055: 5891: 5874: 5285: 4675:"Global Market Trends and Investments in Polyethylene and Polyproplyene" 3793: – Plastic debris suspended in water and organisms which live in it 3519:

In the European Union, municipal waste incineration is regulated by the

3364:

at the molecular level, and requires that waste be sorted by colour and

3052:

found in sludge, resulting in GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) as a byproduct.

14542: 14225: 14210: 13692: 13667: 13536: 13472: 13440: 13388: 13346: 13274: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13116: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12822: 12790: 12513: 12506: 12491: 12457: 12329: 12299: 12272: 12255: 12201: 12130: 12022: 11780: 10915: 10868: 10797: 10589: 10100: 9706: 9334: 9324: 8423:

Meng, Fanran; Brandão, Miguel; Cullen, Jonathan M (February 13, 2024).

6200: 5803:"Growing environmental footprint of plastics driven by coal combustion" 5342: 4593: 3947:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 3719: 3506: 2922: 2733:, present in plastic wrap based on PVC, is also of concern, as are the 2578: 2475: 2421:

plastic contains fillers. High levels can also protect against UV rays.

2316:

80–90% of world production is used in PVC, much of the rest is used in

2040: 1815: 1613:

equipment exist which can then form the plastic into almost any shape.

1592: 1404: 1235: 1212: 1141: 975: 469: 442: 427: 313: 301: 263:. Each polymer chain consists of several thousand repeating units. The 8906:"J. Harry Dubois Collection on the History of Plastics, ca. 1900–1975" 7741:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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and without recycling, spreads across the environment where it causes

3133:

has been found to partially degrade low-molecular-weight polyethylene

3027:

will take 450 years, and fishing line will take 600 years to degrade.

2097:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

2064:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

2047:), electronics (phones, computers, televisions) and as machine parts. 1664:

to give solid products, but much of the equipment is broadly similar.

1274:

Annual global plastic production 1950–2015. Vertical lines denote the

1258:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

602:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

316:. They can also be classified by their physical properties, including 27:

Material of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids

14631: 14537: 14507: 14377: 14243: 14238: 14215: 14195: 13635: 13531: 13526: 13477: 13363: 13334: 13329: 13319: 13302: 13220: 13163: 12999: 12918: 12886: 12772: 12713: 12553: 12528: 12496: 12486: 12405: 12151: 11903: 11549: 10925: 10878: 10848: 10822: 10762: 10565: 10440: 10141: 10065: 9795: 9701: 9671: 9541: 9102: 9087: 9062: 8157: 7735:

Hopewell, Jefferson; Dvorak, Robert; Kosior, Edward (July 27, 2009).

5391: 5373: 4344: 4340: 3593: 3547: 3424: 3134: 2986: 2954: 2938: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2634: 2537: 2513: 2321: 2286: 2195: 1959: 1053: 1014: 365: 337: 293: 289: 84: 67: 8811:"'Biggest green deal since Paris': UN agrees plastic treaty roadmap" 8164:

Huffman, George L.; Keller, Daniel J. (1973). "The Plastics Issue".

5334: 3010:

by a variety of processes, the most significant of which is usually

491:. Unlike most other plastics these can often be identified by their 14552: 14200: 14190: 14165: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13789: 13709: 13650: 13645: 13324: 13294: 13247: 13082: 13069: 13028: 12930: 12827: 12740: 12698: 12649: 12474: 12440: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12346: 12238: 12216: 12135: 12074: 12062: 10858: 10619: 10609: 10370: 10220: 10040: 9974: 9939: 9929: 9716: 6258:

Primary microplastics in the oceans: A global evaluation of sources

3628: 3621: 3551: 3513: 3502: 3319: 3180: 2910: 2894: 2705: 2639: 2549: 2492: 2218: 2191: 1671:(e.g. bags, containers, food packaging film), containers made from 1292: 1216: 1208: 946: 479: 317: 142: 131: 104: 9188: 5268:

Yang CZ, Yaniger SI, Jordan VC, Klein DJ, Bittner GD (July 2011).

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The most widely used type of additives, all plastics will contain

2125:

which permit them to be melt-processed (molded) without suffering

14557: 14458: 13911: 13368: 13284: 13279: 13180: 13111: 13089: 12817: 12659: 12597: 12558: 12518: 12450: 12435: 12279: 12123: 12086: 11730: 11680: 10777: 10767: 10025: 10004: 9844: 9721: 9622: 6557:

See Section 3, "Environmental Degradation of Synthetic Polymers".

5800: 4441: 3543: 3365: 3071: 3041: 2926: 2913:

that are already 5.0 mm in size or less before entering the

2467: 2302: 2214: 2187: 1653: 1497: 1469:– polymers that can be melted and recast. Thermoplastics include 1439: 1434: 936: 376: 321: 260: 246: 55: 8937: 7158: 6828: 5780:"'Disastrous' plastic use in farming threatens food safety – UN" 4065:

American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks.

3211: 2933:(also known as nurdles). Secondary microplastics arise from the 1001:(PEEK): strong, chemical- and heat-resistant thermoplastic; its 14233: 14205: 13986: 13591: 13494: 13457: 13126: 13077: 12881: 12802: 12755: 12686: 12676: 12462: 12395: 12341: 12211: 12178: 12166: 12161: 12140: 12101: 11554: 10883: 10817: 10812: 10802: 10736: 10700: 10654: 10599: 10468: 7815: 7813: 6751:"Microplastics From Ocean Fishing Can 'Hide' in Deep Sediments" 5560: 5317:

Rubin BS, Murray MK, Damassa DA, King JC, Soto AM (July 2001).

3680: 3613: 3555: 3196: 2883: 1944: 1772: 1446: 1176: 1034: 1018: 987: 979: 971: 127: 92: 8316:"Amid controversy, industry goes all in on plastics pyrolysis" 7007:"Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi" 6950:"Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi" 5133:"New disease caused solely by plastics discovered in seabirds" 1759:); blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE. 1755:

Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of low density polythene (

1047: 13784: 13737: 13682: 13521: 13506: 13423: 13148: 13136: 13106: 13094: 12866: 12730: 12725: 12703: 12644: 12637: 12479: 12366: 12324: 12233: 12171: 12156: 12096: 10888: 10873: 10838: 10787: 10731: 10659: 10200: 9954: 9949: 9920: 9912: 8865:

by Greg Goebel (March 1, 2001), which is in the public domain

8622: 8374:"Plastic leakage and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing" 8279: 8243:"Plastics Industry Insiders Reveal the Truth About Recycling" 6251: 6249: 5180: 4785: 3501:. Municipal solid waste incinerators also normally treat the 3494: 3404: 2962: 2765: 2529: 1649: 1454: 1419: 1409: 1348: 983: 10534: 8127:"Current technologies for plastic waste treatment: A review" 8044:"Recycling plants spew a staggering amount of microplastics" 8023: 7810: 7706: 6560: 6095:

Green, DS; Jefferson, M; Boots, B; Stone, L (January 2021).

6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 5868: 5866: 5864: 3589:

Plaque commemorating Parkes at the Birmingham Science Museum

3014:. Their chemical structure determines their fate. Polymers' 371: 13499: 13435: 13307: 13185: 12970: 12898: 12854: 12762: 12745: 12615: 12523: 12390: 12336: 12284: 12267: 12243: 12147: 12111: 12091: 10991: 10807: 10792: 10782: 10752: 10721: 10435: 9881: 9082: 8985: 7955: 7232:(Ph.D.). Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University. Archived from 6169: 5950: 5676: 5640:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers" 5639: 4616:"Biochemical Opportunities in the UK, NNFCC 08-008 — NNFCC" 4313:

Area Array Packaging Processes: For BGA, Flip Chip, and CSP

4155:

Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon

4123:

Polymer Chemistry: Introduction to an Indispensable Science

3832: – Manufacturing process for molding plastic with heat 3664: 3296: 2982: 2404: 2222: 1756: 1716: 1414: 211: 88: 8565: 7885:

Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews

6858:

Kinoshita S, Kageyama S, Iba K, Yamada Y, Okada H (1975).

6857: 6698: 6353: 6246: 4526: 3423:

By heating to above 500 °C in the absence of oxygen (

3176:

Plastic-eating microbes also have been found in landfills.

1675:(e.g. milk bottles, shampoo bottles, ice cream tubs), and 13831: 13752: 13732: 13727: 13618: 13339: 13314: 12373: 12289: 12262: 12183: 10157: 7700: 7612: 7534: 6532: 6347: 6040: 6017: 5861: 5729:

Thompson RC, Swan SH, Moore CJ, vom Saal FS (July 2009).

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Barnes DK, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (July 2009).

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and potentially harmful. The now banned flame retardants

2006: 1522: 1093: 8067: 6569:"How Plastics from Your Clothes Can End up in Your Fish" 6094: 5002:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 4912:"Mapping exercise – Plastic additives initiative - ECHA" 3318:

into other products. Recycling can reduce dependence on

2708:

activity. The primary building block of polycarbonates,

1731:

Disposable suits can be made from non-woven HDPE fabric.

8946:"History of plastics, Society of the Plastics Industry" 7728: 7618: 7004: 6947: 6163: 6053: 5872: 5455:"More Kids' Products Found Containing Unsafe Chemicals" 5154:"Impact modifiers: how to make your compound tougher". 5107:"New disease caused by plastics discovered in seabirds" 4834: 3819:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3757: – Diode that emits light from an organic compound 2973:

in the bodies and tissues of many organisms. The toxic

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in children's toys and child-care articles through the

1017:: a high-temperature plastic used in materials such as 943:, when suspended in water with the use of other agents. 7661: 7115: 6629:"Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise" 6288: 5914:

Arthur, Courtney; Baker, Joel; Bamford, Holly (2009).

5316: 5267: 5052: 5050: 4459:. EuRIC - European Recycling Industries’ Confederation 4085: 4083: 3322:, conserve resources and protect the environment from 2905:

is used to differentiate from larger, non-microscopic

1146:

While most plastics are produced from petrochemicals,

8235: 8190: 7909: 7826:"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made" 6893: 6800: 6015: 5499:"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made" 5237: 5235: 5233: 4384:"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made" 3772: – Accumulation of plastic in natural ecosystems 3074:

oil into various biodegradable plastic|biodegradable

2584:

Normally only used for items intended for outdoor use

2208:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

1465:

In 2017, the global plastics market was dominated by

1163:

The plastic industry includes the global production,

582:, are ultimately attributable to commodity plastics. 8963:"A brief history of plastics, natural and synthetic" 7734: 7226:

Microbial Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride Plastics

4935: 3810:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3778: – Engineering field studying polymer materials 3750:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3672:(ICI) researchers Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett. 3609:

in London and garnered for Parkes the bronze medal.

2720:

finds that BPA leached from the lining of tin cans,

2289:are the dominant class, safer alternatives include 2194:

are an example of this, while the health effects of

483:

Chemical structures and uses of some common plastics

470:

Commodity, Engineering and High-performance plastics

12021: 11202: 5584: 5476:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. 5047: 4080: 3380:. Alternatively, plastic can be burned in place of 2355:

are ecologically safer, though often less efficient

1605:Companies that produce finished goods are known as 10386:Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority 8724: 7737:"Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities" 7469:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research 6502:"Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment" 6495: 5913: 5230: 3840:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces 3497:. This approach is widely used in municipal solid 2977:that come from both the ocean and runoff can also 1282:which caused brief lowering of plastic production. 8422: 7376: 6820: 6621: 5587:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" 618:Global plastic production by polymer type (2015) 43:Household items made of various types of plastics 14649: 8785:"Historical Overview and Industrial Development" 8727:Plastic : the making of a synthetic century 8700:. Websters-online-dictionary.org. Archived from 8679: 8124: 7318: 6436:"Development solutions: Building a better ocean" 4115: 4113: 4015:"Applications and societal benefits of plastics" 3736: – Manufacturers and recyclers' lobby group 3407:are more favourable and long-term solutions for 2704:Some plastic products degrade to chemicals with 2270:Share of global additive production (by weight) 1287:Plastics are produced in chemical plants by the 8885:work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 7819: 7257: 7218: 7216: 7214: 6889: 6887: 6829:"When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide" 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5585:Schmidt C, Krauth T, Wagner S (November 2017). 5496: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4377: 4067:"Bakelite: The World's First Synthetic Plastic" 4008: 3854: – Art that involves physical manipulation 3787: – Use of plastic materials in agriculture 2872:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2690:, the precursor to PVC, as a human carcinogen. 8895:, United Nations Environment Programme. 8859:Substantial parts of this text originated from 8344:"The Zadgaonkars turn carry-bags into petrol!" 6788:Examensarbeten I Geologi Vid Lunds Universitet 6704: 5023:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 4355:. Care should be taken not to confuse it with 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3627:The world's first fully synthetic plastic was 3096:has been grown on PVC in a mineral salt agar. 2464:Protects against degradation during processing 919:, security windows, traffic lights, and lenses 141:The world's first fully synthetic plastic was 14344: 12007: 11188: 10550: 10173: 9897: 9508: 9001: 8482:"The monster footprint of digital technology" 8163: 6897:, Calabia BP, Ugwu CU, Aiba S (August 2009). 5724: 5722: 5020: 4579: 4110: 3817: – Substances that can repair themselves 2213:Other additives proven to be harmful such as 1586:Short video on injection molding (9 min 37 s) 99:production will reach over 1.1 billion tons. 8881: This article incorporates text from a 8756: 8754: 8752: 7913:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 7462: 7211: 6884: 6794: 6255: 5663: 4774: 4756:"Sustainable packaging materials for snacks" 4704:"Top 100 Producers: The Minderoo Foundation" 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4199: 3427:), plastics can be broken down into simpler 2995: 1803:film is a commonly used snack pack material. 959: 10086:United Kingdom food information regulations 8808: 8480:De Decker K (June 2009). Grosjean V (ed.). 8253: 7790:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7092:"Immortal Polystyrene Foam Meets its Enemy" 6903:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6506:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4642:"Bioplastics industry shows dynamic growth" 4335: 4333: 4012: 3985: 3944: 3742: – Use of corn (maize) in construction 3484: 3445:According to the OECD, plastic contributed 3434: 2684:International Agency for Research on Cancer 2435:Improved toughness and resistance to damage 1171:and sale of plastic products. Although the 1048:Amorphous plastics and crystalline plastics 117:found in all the world's major water bodies 14351: 14337: 12014: 12000: 11460: 11195: 11181: 10557: 10543: 10180: 10166: 9904: 9890: 9515: 9501: 9008: 8994: 8809:Geddie, John; Brock, Joe (March 2, 2022). 6690:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6599:"How Long Does it Take Trash to Decompose" 5777: 5719: 4089: 4060: 4058: 3766: – Thin continuous polymeric material 2771:There are differing estimates of how much 11706:Environmental issues in the United States 10127:Automatic identification and data capture 8749: 8722: 8648: 8591: 8542: 8479: 8456: 8341: 8196:National Public Radio, 12 September 2020 8093: 7859: 7849: 7801: 7760: 7595: 7447: 7410: 7377:Cappitelli F, Sorlini C (February 2008). 7194: 7184: 7038: 6981: 6924: 6914: 6875: 6517: 6314: 6199: 6071: 5890: 5836: 5826: 5754: 5702: 5530: 5497:Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (July 2017). 5452: 5399: 5350: 5293: 5206: 5174: 5082: 4967: 4883: 4860: 4811: 4726: 4724: 4417: 4407: 4362: 4119: 4038: 3475: 3449:in the equivalent of 1.8 billion tons of 3302:A watering can made from recycled bottles 3044:manufacture, such as the linear dimer of 2442:polymer, e.g. rubbers, styrene copolymers 1098: 994:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylenes 372:Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers 11691:Effects of climate change on agriculture 8760: 8544:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714 7463:Sharon, Chetna; Sharon, Madhuri (2012). 6826: 6567:Grossman, Elizabeth (January 15, 2015). 6566: 5241: 4330: 4232:Joanne and Steffanie's Plastics Web Site 3734:American Recyclable Plastic Bag Alliance 3706:Work is currently underway to develop a 3639:. Many chemists have contributed to the 3584: 3441:Ethylene § Greenhouse_gas_emissions 3210: 3184:can degrade PET with an esterase enzyme. 2849: 2841: 2744: 1642:- Solid objects (phone cases, keyboards) 1620:- Plastic films (carrier bags, sheeting) 1496: 478: 375: 267:is the part of the chain that is on the 38: 8074:Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 7961: 7882: 7569: 7222: 6464: 6256:Boucher, Julien; Friot, Damien (2017). 5997:from the original on September 20, 2021 5778:Carrington, Damian (December 7, 2021). 5637: 5471: 5135:. Natural History Museum. March 3, 2023 5014: 4055: 3945:Environment, U. N. (October 21, 2021). 3723:binding agreement by the end of 2024." 2791:The presence of plastics, particularly 2668:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act 1870:Extruded polystyrene foam ("Styrofoam") 1230:A SOCAR Polymer polypropylene plant in 879: 14: 14650: 12035: 11696:Effects of climate change on livestock 9098:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) 8960: 8698:"Dictionary – Definition of celluloid" 8524: 8506:. Low-Tech Magazine. December 26, 2014 8429:Environmental Science & Technology 8418: 8416: 7784:Lange, Jean-Paul (November 12, 2021). 7433: 7383:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 7260:Environmental Science & Technology 7165:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 7118:Environmental Science & Technology 7011:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 6954:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 6707:Environmental Science & Technology 6639:from the original on November 18, 2021 6579:from the original on November 18, 2020 6172:Environmental Science & Technology 5594:Environmental Science & Technology 4939:Environmental Science & Technology 4721: 4309: 3826: – Industrial cleaning techniques 3799: – British environmental campaign 3679:in the UK in 1941; it was licensed to 3643:of plastics, including Nobel laureate 3169:In the plastic-polluted waters of the 3090:effectively degrades plasticized PVC. 2716:that may leach into food. Research in 2258:Typical concentration when present (%) 1743:Plastic mailing envelopes made of HDPE 1094:Biodegradable plastics and bioplastics 1072: 202:) meaning "capable of being shaped or 14332: 14145: 13879: 12034: 11995: 11176: 10538: 10161: 9885: 9496: 9038:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) 9033:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 8989: 8314:Tullo, Alexander (October 10, 2022). 8313: 7783: 7710:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 7489: 6864:Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 6784:"Mikroplast i vattenavsatta sediment" 6781: 6761:from the original on January 18, 2022 6662:(First American ed.). New York. 6465:Resnick, Brian (September 19, 2018). 6446:from the original on October 21, 2021 6416:from the original on November 4, 2021 6224:"Where Does Marine Litter Come From?" 6028:from the original on January 15, 2022 5553: 5426: 4898:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.10.017 4672: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3647:, who has been called "the father of 2901:, and industrial processes. The term 2889:from a variety of sources, including 1632:- Large thick-walled hollow objects ( 1513:stage and include substances such as 974:: best known for their use in making 474: 172:, who has been called "the father of 62:makes it possible for plastics to be 54:or semi-synthetic materials that use 14606:List of environmental health hazards 14146: 11950: 11806:Tropical cyclones and climate change 10968:Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius 10519: 9850:List of environmental health hazards 9770:List of environmental health hazards 8731:. New York: HarperBusiness. p. 8041: 7361: 6477:from the original on January 5, 2022 4499: 4479:"Polymers in aerospace applications" 4096:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3860: – Number, approximately 1.3247 3215:Manual material triage for recycling 2693: 2247: 2083: 2050: 1598:Blow molding a plastic drinks bottle 1244: 588: 395:(PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 107:or persisting in the environment as 11839:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 8413: 8208: 7089: 6657: 5932:from the original on April 28, 2021 5156:Plastics, Additives and Compounding 3040:that digests certain byproducts of 2642:, the EU has restricted the use of 1158: 145:, invented in New York in 1907, by 24: 14491:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 9655:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 8789:International Furan Chemicals, Inc 7824:; Law, Kara Lavender (July 2017). 7063:"Deep Geologic Repository Project" 6839:from the original on April 5, 2018 6605:. January 20, 2017. Archived from 4758:. October 28, 2021. Archived from 4382:; Law, Kara Lavender (July 2017). 4281:"Composition and Types of Plastic" 3708:global treaty on plastic pollution 3631:, invented in New York in 1907 by 1882:Thermocol take-away food container 449: 434: 419: 279: 198:derives from the Greek πλαστικός ( 25: 14674: 14113:Social construction of technology 11486:pharmaceuticals and personal care 10056:List of food labeling regulations 8898: 8342:Narayanan S (December 12, 2005). 8254:Dharna Noor (February 15, 2024). 6234:from the original on May 18, 2021 5453:McCormick LW (October 30, 2009). 5380:Environmental Health Perspectives 5323:Environmental Health Perspectives 5274:Environmental Health Perspectives 4886:Polymer Degradation and Stability 4013:Andrady AL, Neal MA (July 2009). 3901: 3879:"Life Cycle of a Plastic Product" 3846:Plastic in the sense of malleable 3620:, producing material marketed as 3510:polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins 3118:can also effectively degrade PVC. 2718:Environmental Health Perspectives 2371:Prevents heat related degradation 2177: 1501:Plastic compounding scheme for a 1311:Global plastic production (2020) 1152:rising levels of greenhouse gases 1084:Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 915:(PC): compact discs, eyeglasses, 14309: 14297: 14286: 14285: 13880: 11961: 11960: 11949: 11637:decline in amphibian populations 11342:Deforestation and climate change 11152: 11151: 10518: 10509: 10508: 10393:Rubber Manufacturers Association 10366:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company 9187: 9181: 9073:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 9048:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 8876: 8862:An Introduction to Plastics v1.0 8828: 8802: 8777: 8716: 8690: 8686:. UK Patent office. p. 255. 8673: 8616: 8559: 8518: 8496: 8473: 8388: 8366: 8335: 8307: 8273: 8247: 8202: 8166:Polymers and Ecological Problems 8118: 8061: 8035: 7903: 7876: 7777: 7655: 7563: 7528: 7436:"Marine Microbes Digest Plastic" 7333:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02553.x 7304:. The Record.com. Archived from 7186:10.1128/AEM.59.11.3695-3700.1993 6295:Science of the Total Environment 6151:from the original on May 5, 2024 5242:McRandle PW (March–April 2004). 5222: 4684:. Reed business Information, Inc 4351:; all of which are used to make 4256: 3836:Timeline of materials technology 3616:(milk proteins) by immersion in 3395:Plastic recycling is low in the 3292:Baled colour-sorted used bottles 3271: 3262: 3251: 3242: 3225:This section is an excerpt from 2985:ecosystems and reduce weight of 2834:This section is an excerpt from 2828: 2411:. Also reinforcing fillers like 2088: 2055: 2014: 1999: 1971: 1952: 1933: 1918: 1902: 1887: 1875: 1863: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1808: 1792: 1780: 1764: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1708: 1693: 1591: 1569: 1249: 1223: 1200: 745:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 661:High-density polyethylene (HDPE) 593: 554: 543: 532: 521: 510: 499: 14298: 14101:Timeline of historic inventions 11771:Land surface effects on climate 11228:Environmental impact assessment 11204:Human impact on the environment 10994:, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE) 10051:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act 9053:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) 8321:Chemical & Engineering News 8241:PBS, Frontline, 31 March 2020, 7722:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.014 7510: 7483: 7456: 7427: 7370: 7355: 7321:Journal of Applied Microbiology 7312: 7294: 7251: 7152: 7109: 7083: 7055: 6998: 6941: 6851: 6775: 6651: 6591: 6526: 6489: 6458: 6398: 6316:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144085 6282: 6230:. British Plastics Federation. 6216: 6088: 6009: 5980:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.023 5944: 5907: 5794: 5771: 5638:Franzen H (November 30, 2017). 5631: 5578: 5547: 5490: 5465: 5446: 5420: 5367: 5310: 5261: 5147: 5125: 5099: 4992: 4929: 4904: 4877: 4828: 4748: 4696: 4666: 4648: 4634: 4608: 4573: 4555: 4520: 4503:Handbook of Materials Selection 4493: 4471: 4446: 4434: 4303: 4273: 4250: 4220: 4193: 3951:UNEP - UN Environment Programme 3702:Global plastic pollution treaty 3533:Timeline of plastic development 3531:For a chronological guide, see 2381:Almost exclusively used in PVC. 2378:, along with various synergists 2026: 897:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 640:Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) 11130:Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue 11043:Liberty Enlightening the World 10306: 10081:Radio-frequency identification 9416:Category:Plastics applications 9246: 9163:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) 9158:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 9143:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 8531:Annual Review of Public Health 7364:"Preventing "Sick" Spaceships" 6899:"Biodegradability of plastics" 6101:Journal of Hazardous Materials 5187:Journal of Hazardous Materials 4792:Journal of Hazardous Materials 4567:Copper Development Association 4168: 4140: 3964: 3871: 3521:Industrial Emissions Directive 3219: 2231:Minamata Convention on Mercury 1492: 1135: 629:Percentage of all plastics (%) 13: 1: 14529: 11642:decline in insect populations 10564: 9693: 9123:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) 8938:"Plastics Historical Society" 8143:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124523 8131:Journal of Cleaner Production 8015:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 7803:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c05013 7549:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001 6782:Lycke, Björn (June 9, 2022). 6519:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 6121:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070 5208:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 5168:10.1016/S1464-391X(04)00203-X 5031:10.1002/14356007.a20_543.pub2 4813:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 4454:"Plastic Recycling Factsheet" 3865: 3607:1862 International Exhibition 2700:Health effects of Bisphenol A 1560: 1291:of their starting materials ( 1280:financial crisis of 2007–2008 1186: 1179:produce most of the required 1052:Many plastics are completely 905:(HIPS): refrigerator liners, 206:," and in turn from πλαστός ( 14637:Toxic Substances Control Act 14596:Persistent organic pollutant 10939:Winged Victory of Samothrace 10484:Persistent organic pollutant 10398:United States Rubber Company 9911: 9840:Persistent organic pollutant 9801:Toxic Substances Control Act 9760:Persistent organic pollutant 9043:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 9015: 8887:license statement/permission 8763:"Jewelry Stone Make of Milk" 8650:10.1016/j.impact.2021.100357 8593:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.003 8174:10.1007/978-1-4684-0871-3_10 8095:10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100309 8042:Paul, Andrew (May 8, 2023). 7641:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004 5427:Zajac A (January 16, 2010). 4316:. McGraw Hill Professional. 4263:Plastics Consultancy Network 4259:"Periodic Table of Polymers" 4228:"Classification of Plastics" 4200:Ebbing D, Gammon SD (2016). 3755:Organic light emitting diode 3677:Calico Printers' Association 3670:Imperial Chemical Industries 3418: 3137:. When used in combination, 2149: 2112: 334:glass transition temperature 240: 187: 58:as a main ingredient. Their 7: 14591:Great Pacific garbage patch 14125:Technology acceptance model 10479:Great Pacific garbage patch 10381:Rubber industry in Malaysia 9965:Pressure-sensitive adhesive 9833:Great Pacific garbage patch 9755:Great Pacific garbage patch 9168:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 9083:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 8527:"Plastics and health risks" 7570:Rinaldi A (November 2006). 6801:American Chemical Society. 6543:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_3 6016:European Chemicals Agency. 5429:"FDA Issues BPA Guidelines" 4732:"Plastics – the Facts 2020" 4660:www.bioplasticsmagazine.com 4180:Online Etymology Dictionary 3726: 3714:voted at the resumed fifth 3285:Sorting plastic waste at a 3093:Phanerochaete chrysosporium 2759:Great Pacific garbage patch 2712:(BPA), is an estrogen-like 2623: 2343:Brominated flame retardants 2136: 1818:shell made of polypropylene 1295:); which are almost always 115:. Plastic pollution can be 77:fossil fuel-based chemicals 10: 14679: 14632:Japan Toxic Substances Law 14427:Miscellaneous plasticizers 10187: 9796:Japan Toxic Substances Law 9591:Miscellaneous plasticizers 8871: 8761:Trimborn C (August 2004). 8227:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 6266:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en 5828:10.1038/s41893-021-00807-2 5554:Leung H (April 21, 2018). 3699: 3655:, known as "the father of 3582:to harden natural rubber. 3530: 3526: 3438: 3386:energy recovery facilities 3345:Almost all plastic is non- 3224: 3152:Brevibacillus borstelensis 2999: 2833: 2748: 2735:volatile organic compounds 2697: 2571:Protects against UV damage 2153: 1686: 1475:polyethylene terephthalate 1139: 1102: 1076: 505:Polyethylene terephthalate 244: 180:, known as "the father of 153:, which is widely used in 29: 14627:European REACH regulation 14622:California Proposition 65 14614: 14571: 14528: 14490: 14457: 14426: 14372: 14365:polyhalogenated compounds 14280: 14259:Technological convergence 14224: 14156: 14152: 14141: 14118:Technological determinism 14074: 14059:Technological singularity 14027: 13969: 13932: 13890: 13886: 13875: 13708: 13547: 13409: 13293: 13201: 13068: 12951: 12771: 12606: 12539: 12404: 12310: 12194: 12045: 12041: 12030: 11944: 11879:Environmental engineering 11829: 11726:Environmental degradation 11617: 11503:fishing down the food web 11280: 11210: 11147: 10902: 10831: 10745: 10714: 10668: 10572: 10504: 10451: 10411: 10346: 10320: 10284: 10251: 10193: 10109: 10013: 9919: 9870: 9815: 9791:European REACH regulation 9786:California Proposition 65 9778: 9735: 9692: 9654: 9621: 9590: 9536: 9529:polyhalogenated compounds 9485: 9430: 9406:High-performance plastics 9375: 9368: 9280: 9239: 9231:High-performance plastics 9196: 9179: 9023: 8961:Knight L (May 17, 2014). 8680:UK Patent office (1857). 7933:10.1007/s11356-018-1234-9 7897:10.1080/15321799408009632 6827:Le Guern C (March 2018). 6376:10.1007/s00267-017-0947-8 5960:Marine Pollution Bulletin 5923:NOAA Technical Memorandum 4841:Physical Sciences Reviews 4673:Galie F (November 2016). 4549:10.1103/RevModPhys.60.781 4529:Reviews of Modern Physics 4516:– via Google Books. 4506:. 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As a 14254:Research and development 14084:Diffusion of innovations 14049:Technological utopianism 13942:Environmental technology 11884:Environmental mitigation 11741:Greenhouse gas emissions 11701:Environmental insecurity 10274:Micronized rubber powder 9216:Fibre-reinforced plastic 9153:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 8209:CBC (October 8, 2020) . 7588:10.1038/sj.embor.7400844 7434:Zaikab GD (March 2011). 6535:Freshwater Microplastics 6440:European Investment Bank 6356:Environmental Management 4149: 3485:Incineration of plastics 3435:Greenhouse gas emissions 2819:alternatives to plastics 2540:, metal stearates (i.e. 2446:Chlorinated polyethylene 1715:High density polythene ( 1384:Middle East & Africa 724:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 538:Low-density polyethylene 119:, for example, creating 32:Plastic (disambiguation) 13977:Government by algorithm 13959:Sustainable engineering 13924:Precautionary principle 13718:Artificial intelligence 11931:Sustainable consumption 11272:Social ecology (ethics) 10615:Environmental sculpture 10580:Architectural sculpture 10459:Airfield rubber removal 10292:Biodegradable additives 10076:Plain tobacco packaging 10036:Cigarette warning label 9267:Biodegradable additives 8889:). Text taken from 8441:10.1021/acs.est.3c05191 7987:10.1126/science.1260352 7537:Trends in Biotechnology 7090:Roy R (March 7, 2006). 6877:10.1271/bbb1961.39.1219 6727:10.1021/acs.est.9b04850 6024:. European Commission. 5614:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 5244:"Plastic Water Bottles" 4960:10.1021/acs.est.1c00976 3806:Roll-to-roll processing 3716:UN Environment Assembly 3392:policies are in place. 3287:single-stream recycling 3140:Pseudomonas fluorescens 1994:up to 33 cm thick. 1531:high impact polystyrene 1126:biodegradable additives 1031:Polytetrafluoroethylene 929:Polymethyl methacrylate 903:High impact polystyrene 165:of plastics, including 14518:Perfluorooctanoic acid 14042:Technology forecasting 14009:Strategy of Technology 13900:Appropriate technology 12781:Agricultural machinery 11874:Ecological engineering 11654:runaway climate change 10403:List of tire companies 9682:Perfluorooctanoic acid 9118:Polyphenyl ether (PPE) 9113:Polyoxymethylene (POM) 9058:Polyacrylic acid (PAA) 8979:Tangram Technology Ltd 8926:Plastics International 8683:Patents for inventions 7851:10.1126/sciadv.1700782 7753:10.1098/rstb.2008.0311 7686:10.1002/cssc.201300898 5747:10.1098/rstb.2009.0054 5695:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 5523:10.1126/sciadv.1700782 5162:(3): 46–49. May 2004. 5075:10.1098/rstb.2008.0284 4563:"Properties of Copper" 4409:10.1126/sciadv.1700782 4031:10.1098/rstb.2008.0304 3635:, who coined the term 3590: 3476:Production of plastics 3216: 2967:terrestrial ecosystems 2864: 2847: 2686:(IARC) has recognized 1962:, a smartphone with a 1787:Food wrap made of LDPE 1700:Water bottles made of 1506: 1130:genetically engineered 1114:ultra-violet radiation 1099:Biodegradable plastics 716:Unsaturated polyolefin 484: 454: 439: 424: 381: 358:biodegradable plastics 251:Most plastics contain 44: 14014:Technology assessment 13999:Persuasive technology 13982:Intellectual property 13970:Policy & politics 12586:Interchangeable parts 11257:List of global issues 11022:Kamagaya Great Buddha 10746:Traditional materials 10715:Elements in sculpture 10474:Environmental hazards 10071:Nutrition facts label 9862:Biodegradable plastic 9211:Thermosetting polymer 9108:Polylactic acid (PLA) 8916:on February 12, 2006. 7504:10.1038/news010628-11 7449:10.1038/news.2011.191 6609:on September 25, 2018 5807:Nature Sustainability 4862:10.1515/psr-2016-0130 4120:Teegarden DM (2004). 3883:Americanchemistry.com 3746:Light activated resin 3588: 3578:'s 1839 discovery of 3572:Industrial Revolution 3562:. In around 1600 BC, 3355:ocean garbage patches 3314:is the processing of 3214: 3087:Aspergillus fumigatus 3076:polyhydroxyalkanoates 2862: 2845: 2823:sustainable packaging 2745:Environmental effects 2438:Typically some other 2347:chlorinated paraffins 2229:(regulated under the 1988:Monterey Bay Aquarium 1830:A polypropylene chair 1500: 1105:Biodegradable plastic 482: 453: 438: 423: 379: 42: 14264:Technology lifecycle 14054:Technocracy movement 13812:Programming language 13485:Particle accelerator 13359:Laboratory glassware 12025:and related concepts 11859:Community resilience 11659:in the United States 11627:Biodiversity threats 11300:cannabis cultivation 11267:Planetary boundaries 11233:Environmental issues 11223:Ecological footprint 11107:The Motherland Calls 10956:(c. 200 BCE – 70 CE) 10953:Laocoön and His Sons 10942:(c. 2nd century BCE) 10910:Great Sphinx of Giza 9873:Identification codes 9473:Foam food containers 9396:Engineering plastics 8950:plasticsindustry.org 8723:Fenichell S (1996). 8704:on December 11, 2009 8400:friendsoftheearth.uk 8168:. pp. 155–167. 7403:10.1128/AEM.01768-07 7239:on December 24, 2013 7031:10.1128/AEM.00521-11 6974:10.1128/aem.00521-11 6916:10.3390/ijms10093722 6757:. 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On March 2, 2022, 1196:Polypropylene plants 999:Polyetheretherketone 885:Engineering plastics 880:Engineering plastics 362:engineering plastics 302:halogenated plastics 50:are a wide range of 30:For other uses, see 14548:Endocrine disruptor 14089:Technology transfer 13780:Client–server model 13231:CRISPR gene editing 13226:Genetic engineering 12813:Internal combustion 11921:Restoration ecology 11854:Climate engineering 11791:Ocean acidification 11781:Loss of green belts 11751:Holocene extinction 11746:Habitat destruction 11421:Environmental crime 11099:Christ the Redeemer 11091:Shrine of Democracy 11045:, Statue of Liberty 10669:Styles of sculpture 10312:Polymer stabilizers 10061:Mandatory labelling 9712:Endocrine disruptor 9310:Compression molding 9262:Polymer stabilizers 8641:2021NanoI..2400357J 8584:2020WaMan.113..270R 8484:. Low-Tech Magazine 8354:on November 9, 2012 8086:2023JHzMA..1000309B 7979:2015Sci...347..768J 7925:2018ESPR...25.7287A 7842:2017SciA....3E0782G 7796:(47): 15722–15738. 7747:(1526): 2115–2126. 7678:2014ChSCh...7.1579I 7633:2009WaMan..29.2625A 7518:"Fungus 'Eats' CDs" 7395:2008ApEnM..74..564C 7272:2006EnST...40.4196G 7223:Ishtiaq AM (2011). 7177:1993ApEnM..59.3695C 7130:2006EnST...40.2433W 7023:2011ApEnM..77.6076R 6966:2011ApEnM..77.6076R 6719:2020EnST...54.2210X 6658:Nex, Sally (2021). 6368:2018EnMan..61....1C 6307:2021ScTEn.75744085K 6228:Marine Litter Facts 6184:2013EnST...47.6646C 6113:2021JHzM..40224070G 6073:10.3390/su151410821 5972:2014MarPB..79..293C 5892:10.3390/su151410821 5838:20.500.11850/518642 5819:2021NatSu...5..139C 5606:2017EnST...5112246S 5600:(21): 12246–12253. 5515:2017SciA....3E0782G 5459:ConsumerAffairs.com 5286:10.1289/ehp.1003220 5248:National Geographic 5199:2018JHzM..344..179H 4969:20.500.11850/495854 4952:2021EnST...55.9339W 4853:2017PhSRv...2..130M 4837:"Polymer additives" 4804:2018JHzM..344..179H 4762:on October 28, 2021 4744:on October 7, 2021. 4644:. December 5, 2019. 4541:1988RvMP...60..781H 4400:2017SciA....3E0782G 4339:PP&A stand for 4291:on October 15, 2012 3362:polymer degradation 3299:ready for recycling 3190:Geotrichum candidum 3002:Polymer degradation 2949:, where they cause 2714:endocrine disruptor 2612:, clarifying agents 2482:polymer stabilizers 2127:polymer degradation 2123:polymer stabilizers 2033:stretchable fabrics 1842:Stools made of HDPE 1648:- Produces fibers ( 1312: 1276:1973–1975 recession 1073:Conductive polymers 1058:methyl methacrylate 619: 354:conductive polymers 14563:Polymer fume fever 13954:Sustainable design 13688:Integrated circuit 13512:Telecommunications 13468:Optical instrument 12564:Injection moulding 12251:Musical instrument 12036:Major technologies 11936:Waste minimization 11894:Mitigation banking 11889:Industrial ecology 11849:Cleaner production 11801:Resource depletion 11337:Corporate behavior 11295:animal agriculture 11075:Jules Verne's tomb 10974:Buddhas of Bamiyan 10932:Colossus of Rhodes 10916:Abu Simbel temples 10912:(c. 2558–2532 BCE) 10903:Notable sculptures 10573:Types of sculpture 10431:Rubberized asphalt 10297:Filler (materials) 10221:Chloroprene rubber 9945:In-mould labelling 9727:Polymer fume fever 9386:Commodity plastics 9360:Rotational molding 9330:Fiberglass molding 9290:Injection moulding 9272:Filler (materials) 9221:Corrugated plastic 9173:Tritan copolyester 9128:Polypropylene (PP) 9078:Polycarbonate (PC) 8932:on March 24, 2017. 8525:Halden RU (2010). 5472:Weisman A (2007). 4594:10.1007/BF00114555 3979:europarl.europa.eu 3645:Hermann Staudinger 3591: 3499:waste incineration 3466:sustainable energy 3462:fugitive emissions 3390:landfill diversion 3217: 3067:Pseudomonas putida 3016:marine degradation 2865: 2848: 2131:polyvinyl chloride 1858:foam ("Thermocol") 1630:Rotational molding 1507: 1483:polyvinyl chloride 1425:Shin-Etsu Chemical 1319:Global production 1310: 1305:economies of scale 1079:Conductive polymer 766:Polyurethane (PUR) 682:polypropylene (PP) 635:Thermal character 617: 527:Polyvinyl chloride 489:commodity plastics 485: 475:Commodity plastics 455: 440: 425: 382: 342:ionizing radiation 330:thermal resistance 170:Hermann Staudinger 159:polyvinyl chloride 45: 14645: 14644: 14579:Plastic pollution 14359:Health issues of 14326: 14325: 14276: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14249:Mature technology 14137: 14136: 14133: 14132: 13871: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13837:Graphics software 13216:Blood transfusion 12877:Epicyclic gearing 12709:Archimedes' screw 11989: 11988: 11811:Water degradation 11686:Ecological crisis 11632:biodiversity loss 11431:Industrialisation 11416:Genetic pollution 11262:Impact assessment 11170: 11169: 11060:The Golden Virgin 11052:The Gates of Hell 10986:Konark Sun Temple 10982:(c. 1194–1250 CE) 10980:Chartes Cathedral 10630:Kinetic sculpture 10532: 10531: 10491:Tire-derived fuel 10333:Rubber technology 10321:Rubber processing 10241:Styrene-butadiene 10155: 10154: 10031:Country of origin 9990:Security printing 9980:Security hologram 9935:Die cutting (web) 9879: 9878: 9857:Plastic recycling 9823:Plastic pollution 9809: 9808: 9743:Plastic pollution 9523:Health issues of 9481: 9480: 9377:Plastics industry 9295:Plastic extrusion 9148:Polyurethane (PU) 9138:Polysulfone (PES) 9093:Polyethylene (PE) 9068:Polybutylene (PB) 8742:978-0-88730-732-4 8215:CBC Documentaries 8183:978-1-4684-0873-7 7973:(6223): 768–771. 7822:Jambeck, Jenna R. 7627:(10): 2625–2643. 7308:on July 18, 2011. 7280:10.1021/es060408h 7138:10.1021/es0517668 6412:. July 11, 2019. 6192:10.1021/es400663f 5731:"Our plastic age" 5689:(1526): 1985–98. 5483:978-1-4434-0008-4 5433:Los Angeles Times 5069:(1526): 2027–45. 4946:(13): 9339–9351. 4513:978-0-471-35924-1 4380:Jambeck, Jenna R. 4349:acrylate polymers 4323:978-0-07-142829-3 4310:Gilleo K (2004). 4213:978-1-305-88729-9 4203:General Chemistry 4133:978-0-87355-221-9 4103:978-1-60059-342-0 4025:(1526): 1977–84. 3889:on March 17, 2010 3770:Plastic pollution 3740:Corn construction 3649:polymer chemistry 3641:materials science 3373:into wastewater. 3351:plastic pollution 3324:plastic pollution 3312:Plastic recycling 3236:Plastic recycling 3227:Plastic recycling 3103:Lentinus tigrinus 3025:disposable diaper 2947:marine ecosystems 2860: 2804:Montreal Protocol 2785:Ocean Conservancy 2751:Plastic pollution 2727:Los Angeles Times 2694:Bisphenol A (BPA) 2621: 2620: 2610:nucleating agents 2564:Light stabilizers 2546:fatty acid amides 2401:Calcium carbonate 2318:cellulose acetate 2264:Example compounds 2248:Types of additive 2163:plastic colorants 2156:Plastic recycling 2110: 2109: 2077: 2076: 1927:polyurethane foam 1894:Egg tray made of 1640:Injection molding 1581: 1430:Indorama Ventures 1391: 1390: 1271: 1270: 953:Urea-formaldehyde 876: 875: 615: 614: 465: 464: 174:polymer chemistry 163:materials science 155:product packaging 109:plastic pollution 16:(Redirected from 14670: 14584:Rubber pollution 14434:Organophosphates 14353: 14346: 14339: 14330: 14329: 14313: 14301: 14300: 14289: 14288: 14154: 14153: 14147:Related concepts 14143: 14142: 13947:Clean technology 13888: 13887: 13877: 13876: 13842:Operating system 13448:Magnetic storage 13411:Electromagnetism 13041:Air conditioning 12990:Geothermal power 12736:Block and tackle 12682:Four-bar linkage 12569:Lost-wax casting 12446:Horseback riding 12043: 12042: 12032: 12031: 12016: 12009: 12002: 11993: 11992: 11964: 11963: 11953: 11952: 11786:Phosphorus cycle 11766:Land consumption 11761:Land degradation 11736:Freshwater cycle 11535:Overexploitation 11508:marine pollution 11315:cocoa production 11197: 11190: 11183: 11174: 11173: 11155: 11154: 11115:Fallen Astronaut 10832:Modern materials 10696:Modern sculpture 10625:Installation art 10559: 10552: 10545: 10536: 10535: 10522: 10521: 10512: 10511: 10464:Rubber pollution 10307:Polymer additive 10252:Mechanical types 10211:Synthetic rubber 10182: 10175: 10168: 10159: 10158: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9883: 9882: 9748:Rubber pollution 9598:Organophosphates 9517: 9510: 9503: 9494: 9493: 9373: 9372: 9345:Filament winding 9320:Transfer molding 9247:Polymer additive 9191: 9185: 9133:Polystyrene (PS) 9010: 9003: 8996: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8981:. June 27, 2014. 8970: 8957: 8956:on July 6, 2009. 8952:. Archived from 8941: 8933: 8928:. Archived from 8917: 8912:. Archived from 8880: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8758: 8747: 8746: 8730: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8652: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8595: 8572:Waste Management 8563: 8557: 8556: 8546: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8460: 8435:(6): 2716–2727. 8420: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8350:. Archived from 8339: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8226: 8218: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8097: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8014: 8006: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7919:(8): 7287–7298. 7907: 7901: 7900: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7863: 7853: 7830:Science Advances 7817: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7764: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7672:(6): 1579–1593. 7659: 7653: 7652: 7621:Waste Management 7616: 7610: 7609: 7599: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7524:. June 22, 2001. 7514: 7508: 7507: 7492:"Fungus Eats CD" 7490:Bosch X (2001). 7487: 7481: 7480: 7475:(2) – via 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7414: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7362:Bell TE (2007). 7359: 7353: 7352: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7238: 7231: 7220: 7209: 7208: 7198: 7188: 7171:(11): 3695–700. 7156: 7150: 7149: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7042: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6985: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6928: 6918: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6870:(6): 1219–1223. 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6746: 6713:(4): 2210–2217. 6702: 6696: 6695: 6689: 6681: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6512:(9): 3494–3511. 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6318: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6203: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6051: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5966:(1–2): 293–298. 5957: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5894: 5870: 5859: 5858: 5840: 5830: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5741:(1526): 1973–6. 5726: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5674: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5591: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5503:Science Advances 5494: 5488: 5487: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5412:. Archived from 5403: 5392:10.1289/ehp.8451 5371: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5239: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5210: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4971: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4892:(9): 2249–2256. 4881: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4815: 4783: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4737:. Archived from 4736: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4708:www.minderoo.org 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4622:on July 20, 2011 4618:. Archived from 4612: 4606: 4605: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4421: 4411: 4388:Science Advances 4375: 4360: 4353:synthetic fibers 4337: 4328: 4327: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4287:. Archived from 4277: 4271: 4270: 4269:on July 3, 2008. 4265:. Archived from 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4234:. Archived from 4224: 4218: 4217: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4042: 4010: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3885:. Archived from 3875: 3841: 3824:Thermal cleaning 3820: 3811: 3802: 3781: 3760: 3751: 3712:UN Member States 3605:unveiled at the 3598:Alexander Parkes 3576:Charles Goodyear 3560:organic polymers 3447:greenhouse gases 3275: 3266: 3255: 3246: 3123:P. chrysosporium 3098:P. chrysosporium 3046:6-aminohexanoate 2917:. These include 2861: 2600:Antimicrobials, 2525:, slip additives 2472:phosphite esters 2429:Impact modifiers 2376:calcium stearate 2364:Heat stabilizers 2353:organophosphates 2351:Non-chlorinated 2332:Flame retardants 2252: 2251: 2171:electronic waste 2092: 2091: 2084: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2021:PVC blister pack 2018: 2003: 1985: 1975: 1956: 1937: 1922: 1906: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1851: 1839: 1827: 1812: 1796: 1784: 1775:bag made of LDPE 1768: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1712: 1697: 1595: 1583: 1582: 1313: 1309: 1253: 1252: 1245: 1227: 1204: 1159:Plastic industry 1067:semi-crystalline 1003:biocompatibility 909:and vending cups 703:Polystyrene (PS) 620: 616: 597: 596: 589: 580:biodegradability 558: 547: 540:(LDPE or PE-LD), 536: 525: 514: 503: 416: 415: 326:tensile strength 21: 18:Polymer additive 14678: 14677: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14668: 14667: 14648: 14647: 14646: 14641: 14610: 14567: 14524: 14486: 14453: 14422: 14368: 14357: 14327: 14322: 14321: 14268: 14220: 14158:Applied science 14148: 14129: 14070: 14037:Futures studies 14023: 13965: 13928: 13882: 13863: 13704: 13577:Electrical grid 13567:Circuit breaker 13543: 13405: 13289: 13253:Medical imaging 13236:Genetic testing 13197: 13064: 12947: 12835:Heavy equipment 12796:Washing machine 12767: 12692:Rack and pinion 12602: 12576:Mass production 12535: 12400: 12306: 12190: 12037: 12026: 12020: 11990: 11985: 11940: 11899:Organic farming 11825: 11816:Water pollution 11796:Ozone depletion 11776:Loss and damage 11676:Desertification 11613: 11525:Overconsumption 11446:cleaning agents 11347:Energy industry 11310:meat production 11276: 11206: 11201: 11171: 11166: 11143: 11137:Statue of Unity 11089:Mount Rushmore 11082:Abraham Lincoln 11035:Lion of Belfort 11028:Nelson's Column 10946:Terracotta Army 10898: 10827: 10741: 10710: 10664: 10568: 10563: 10533: 10528: 10500: 10447: 10407: 10342: 10316: 10280: 10247: 10236:Silicone rubber 10189: 10186: 10156: 10151: 10147:Track and trace 10132:Label dispenser 10105: 10046:EU energy label 10009: 9915: 9910: 9880: 9875: 9866: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9774: 9731: 9688: 9650: 9617: 9586: 9532: 9521: 9487: 9477: 9426: 9364: 9350:Solvent bonding 9340:Plastic welding 9282: 9276: 9235: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9177: 9088:Polyester (PEs) 9025: 9019: 9014: 8973: 8944: 8936: 8920: 8904: 8901: 8874: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8842:. March 2, 2022 8834: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8807: 8803: 8793: 8791: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8768: 8766: 8765:. GZ Art+Design 8759: 8750: 8743: 8721: 8717: 8707: 8705: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8678: 8674: 8621: 8617: 8564: 8560: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8421: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8377: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8340: 8336: 8326: 8324: 8312: 8308: 8298: 8296: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8260:theguardian.com 8252: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8220: 8219: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8162: 8158: 8123: 8119: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8048:Popular Science 8040: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8008: 8007: 7960: 7956: 7908: 7904: 7881: 7877: 7836:(7): e1700782. 7820:Geyer, Roland; 7818: 7811: 7782: 7778: 7733: 7729: 7705: 7701: 7660: 7656: 7617: 7613: 7568: 7564: 7533: 7529: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7488: 7484: 7461: 7457: 7432: 7428: 7375: 7371: 7360: 7356: 7327:(5): 1093–100. 7317: 7313: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7212: 7157: 7153: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7096:Livescience.com 7088: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7070:Ceaa-acee.gc.ca 7065: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7017:(17): 6076–84. 7003: 6999: 6960:(17): 6076–84. 6946: 6942: 6892: 6885: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6799: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6764: 6762: 6749: 6703: 6699: 6683: 6682: 6670: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6612: 6610: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6531: 6527: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6352: 6348: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6254: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6178:(12): 6646–55. 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6093: 6089: 6052: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5871: 5862: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5776: 5772: 5727: 5720: 5675: 5664: 5650: 5648: 5636: 5632: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5566: 5564: 5552: 5548: 5509:(7): e1700782. 5495: 5491: 5484: 5470: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5421: 5372: 5368: 5335:10.2307/3454783 5315: 5311: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5240: 5231: 5221: 5179: 5175: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5113:. March 3, 2023 5105: 5104: 5100: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4882: 4878: 4833: 4829: 4784: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4682:ICIS Whitepaper 4677: 4671: 4667: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4578: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4500:Kutz M (2002). 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4394:(7): e1700782. 4378:Geyer, Roland; 4376: 4363: 4357:polyphthalamide 4338: 4331: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4088: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4011: 3986: 3981:. October 2020. 3974: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3839: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3797:Refill (scheme) 3779: 3758: 3749: 3729: 3704: 3698: 3657:polymer physics 3536: 3529: 3487: 3478: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3399:, meaning that 3397:waste hierarchy 3309: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3050:Pseudomonas sp. 3012:photo-oxidation 3004: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2951:water pollution 2931:plastic pellets 2921:from clothing, 2874:(NOAA) and the 2850: 2839: 2831: 2761: 2747: 2722:dental sealants 2702: 2696: 2626: 2448:is used for PVC 2407:, glass beads, 2250: 2184:bioaccumulating 2180: 2158: 2152: 2139: 2115: 2106: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2060: 2056: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1983: 1976: 1967: 1966:"unibody" shell 1957: 1948: 1938: 1929: 1923: 1914: 1907: 1898: 1892: 1883: 1880: 1871: 1868: 1859: 1852: 1843: 1840: 1831: 1828: 1819: 1813: 1804: 1797: 1788: 1785: 1776: 1769: 1760: 1753: 1744: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1720: 1713: 1704: 1698: 1689: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1570: 1563: 1503:thermosoftening 1495: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1272: 1267: 1254: 1250: 1238: 1228: 1219: 1205: 1189: 1161: 1144: 1138: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1081: 1075: 1050: 1041:Polyamide-imide 962: 882: 877: 865: 858: 839: 834: 818: 813: 797: 792: 787:PP&A Fibers 776: 771: 755: 750: 734: 729: 713: 708: 692: 687: 671: 666: 650: 645: 626:Production (Mt) 611: 598: 594: 571:mass production 518:(HDPE or PE-HD) 477: 472: 374: 282: 280:Classifications 257:repeating units 249: 243: 190: 182:polymer physics 121:garbage patches 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14676: 14666: 14665: 14660: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14618: 14616: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14575: 14573: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14534: 14532: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14494: 14492: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14484: 14477:Vinyl chloride 14474: 14471:Polycarbonates 14463: 14461: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14445: 14436: 14430: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14404: 14399: 14393: 14388: 14382: 14380: 14370: 14369: 14356: 14355: 14348: 14341: 14333: 14324: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14307: 14295: 14282: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14230: 14228: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14162: 14160: 14150: 14149: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14127: 14122: 14121: 14120: 14115: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14080: 14078: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14033: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14004:Science policy 14001: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13979: 13973: 13971: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13962: 13961: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13938: 13936: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13909: 13908: 13907: 13905:Low technology 13896: 13894: 13884: 13883: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13857:Word processor 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13814: 13809: 13808: 13807: 13805:World Wide Web 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13720: 13714: 13712: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13700:Superconductor 13697: 13696: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13628: 13627: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13604:Electric light 13601: 13600: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13553: 13551: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13509: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13500:Motion picture 13497: 13487: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13475: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13453:Microwave oven 13450: 13445: 13444: 13443: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13379:Chromatography 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13317: 13312: 13311: 13310: 13299: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13207: 13205: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13191:Spinning wheel 13188: 13178: 13177: 13176: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13087: 13086: 13085: 13074: 13072: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13043: 13033: 13032: 13031: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13014: 13004: 13003: 13002: 12995:Heat exchanger 12992: 12987: 12986: 12985: 12978:Energy storage 12975: 12974: 12973: 12968: 12957: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12901: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12837: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12808:Electric motor 12800: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12783: 12777: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12751:Potter's wheel 12748: 12743: 12738: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12701: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12618: 12612: 12610: 12608:Simple machine 12604: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12556: 12551: 12545: 12543: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12489: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12472: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12410: 12408: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12316: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12295:Printing press 12292: 12287: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12241: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12204: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12080:Sewing machine 12072: 12071: 12070: 12068:Working animal 12065: 12060: 12049: 12047: 12039: 12038: 12028: 12027: 12019: 12018: 12011: 12004: 11996: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11957: 11945: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11926:Sustainability 11923: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11835: 11833: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11823: 11821:Water scarcity 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11756:Nitrogen cycle 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11721:Forest dieback 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11649:Climate change 11646: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11623: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11490: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11466:nanotechnology 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11286: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11250:on marine life 11242: 11241: 11240: 11238:list of issues 11230: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11207: 11200: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11177: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11133: 11127: 11123:Mother Ukraine 11119: 11111: 11103: 11095: 11086: 11078: 11072: 11064: 11056: 11048: 11039: 11031: 11025: 11019: 11011: 11003: 10995: 10989: 10983: 10977: 10971: 10965: 10957: 10949: 10943: 10935: 10929: 10919: 10913: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10835: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10727:Negative space 10724: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10691:Jain sculpture 10688: 10683: 10678: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10650:Soft sculpture 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10569: 10562: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10539: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10516: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10496:Tire recycling 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10461: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10417: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10328:Rubber tapping 10324: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10288: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10231:Nitrile rubber 10228: 10223: 10218: 10208: 10206:Natural rubber 10203: 10197: 10195: 10194:Chemical types 10191: 10190: 10185: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10162: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10122:Authentication 10119: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9995:Security label 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9917: 9916: 9909: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9886: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9751: 9750: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9641:Vinyl chloride 9638: 9635:Polycarbonates 9627: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9609: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9568: 9563: 9557: 9552: 9546: 9544: 9534: 9533: 9520: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9448:Packaging film 9445: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9431:Specific goods 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9382: 9380: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9357: 9355:Vacuum forming 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9226:Polymeric foam 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9103:Polyimide (PI) 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9063:Polyamide (PA) 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9013: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8971: 8958: 8942: 8934: 8918: 8900: 8899:External links 8897: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8854: 8853: 8840:UN Environment 8827: 8801: 8776: 8748: 8741: 8715: 8689: 8672: 8615: 8558: 8517: 8495: 8472: 8412: 8387: 8365: 8334: 8306: 8272: 8246: 8234: 8201: 8189: 8182: 8156: 8117: 8060: 8034: 8022: 7963:Jambeck, Jenna 7954: 7902: 7875: 7809: 7776: 7727: 7716:(2): 246–259. 7699: 7654: 7611: 7582:(11): 1075–9. 7562: 7527: 7509: 7482: 7455: 7426: 7369: 7354: 7311: 7293: 7266:(13): 4196–9. 7250: 7210: 7151: 7108: 7082: 7054: 6997: 6940: 6909:(9): 3722–42. 6883: 6850: 6819: 6793: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6697: 6669:978-0744029284 6668: 6650: 6620: 6590: 6559: 6552:978-3319616148 6551: 6525: 6488: 6457: 6427: 6397: 6346: 6281: 6275:978-2831718279 6274: 6245: 6215: 6162: 6087: 6060:Sustainability 6039: 6008: 5943: 5906: 5879:Sustainability 5860: 5813:(2): 139–148. 5793: 5782:. The Guardian 5770: 5718: 5662: 5645:Deutsche Welle 5630: 5577: 5546: 5489: 5482: 5464: 5445: 5419: 5366: 5309: 5260: 5229: 5173: 5146: 5124: 5098: 5046: 5039: 5013: 4991: 4928: 4916:echa.europa.eu 4903: 4876: 4827: 4773: 4747: 4720: 4695: 4665: 4647: 4633: 4607: 4582:Biodegradation 4572: 4554: 4535:(3): 781–850. 4519: 4512: 4492: 4470: 4445: 4433: 4361: 4329: 4322: 4302: 4272: 4249: 4219: 4212: 4192: 4167: 4139: 4132: 4126:. NSTA Press. 4109: 4102: 4079: 4054: 3984: 3963: 3900: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3843: 3842: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3697: 3694: 3596:, invented by 3528: 3525: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3454: 3451:carbon dioxide 3436: 3433: 3420: 3417: 3409:sustainability 3328:greenhouse gas 3304: 3303: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3194: 3185: 3177: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3126: 3119: 3082: 3079: 3062: 3058:Pestalotiopsis 3053: 3037:Flavobacterium 3000:Main article: 2997: 2994: 2899:food packaging 2840: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2746: 2743: 2695: 2692: 2688:vinyl chloride 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2606:blowing agents 2598: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2544:), long-chain 2526: 2523:release agents 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2478: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2415: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2349: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2314: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2179: 2178:Health effects 2176: 2154:Main article: 2151: 2148: 2138: 2135: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2096: 2094: 2087: 2075: 2074: 2063: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1980:water pressure 1977: 1970: 1968: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1943:cookware with 1939: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1911:packaging foam 1908: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1658: 1657: 1643: 1637: 1627: 1621: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1494: 1491: 1467:thermoplastics 1460:European Union 1445:Historically, 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1400:LyondellBasell 1397: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1301:oil refineries 1289:polymerization 1273: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1188: 1185: 1160: 1157: 1140:Main article: 1137: 1134: 1103:Main article: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1077:Main article: 1074: 1071: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1028: 1022: 1012: 1009:Polyetherimide 1006: 996: 991: 961: 958: 957: 956: 950: 944: 941:acrylic paints 926: 923: 920: 910: 907:food packaging 900: 889:polymer blends 881: 878: 874: 873: 870: 867: 863: 860: 856: 853: 847: 846: 843: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 826: 825: 822: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 805: 804: 803:Thermoplastic 801: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 763: 762: 761:Thermoplastic 759: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 742: 741: 740:Thermoplastic 738: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 721: 720: 719:Thermoplastic 717: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 700: 699: 698:Thermoplastic 696: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 679: 678: 677:Thermoplastic 675: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 658: 657: 656:Thermoplastic 654: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 637: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 613: 612: 601: 599: 592: 587: 564: 563: 552: 541: 530: 519: 508: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 462: 458:Thermoplastics 447: 432: 373: 370: 346:thermoplastics 281: 278: 242: 239: 189: 186: 167:Nobel laureate 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14675: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14655: 14653: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14613: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14585: 14582: 14581: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14570: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14531: 14530:Health issues 14527: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14489: 14482: 14478: 14475: 14472: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14456: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14425: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14366: 14362: 14354: 14349: 14347: 14342: 14340: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14318: 14317: 14312: 14308: 14306: 14305: 14296: 14294: 14293: 14284: 14283: 14279: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14227: 14223: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14163: 14161: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14144: 14140: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14106: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14073: 14065: 14064:Transhumanism 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14047: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14029:Progressivism 14026: 14020: 14019:Technorealism 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13972: 13968: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13937: 13935: 13934:Ecotechnology 13931: 13925: 13922: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13910: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13878: 13874: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13711: 13707: 13701: 13698: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13679: 13678:Semiconductor 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13663:Lightning rod 13661: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13641:Circuit board 13639: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13629: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13602: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13550: 13546: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13470: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13463:Optical fiber 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13434: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13419:Electromagnet 13417: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13376: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13353: 13352:Haber process 13350: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13322: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13211:Birth control 13209: 13208: 13206: 13204: 13203:Biotechnology 13200: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13175: 13174:Vulcanization 13172: 13171: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13144:Nanomaterials 13142: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13102:Chipped stone 13100: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13091: 13088: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13071: 13067: 13059: 13058:Photovoltaics 13056: 13055: 13054: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13036:Refrigeration 13034: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12976: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12761: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12631: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12581:Assembly line 12579: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12541:Manufacturing 12538: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12502:Space station 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12470:Motor vehicle 12468: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12403: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12352:Fortification 12350: 12349: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12309: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12149: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12058:Domestication 12056: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12033: 12029: 12024: 12017: 12012: 12010: 12005: 12003: 11998: 11997: 11994: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11958: 11956: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11909:Reforestation 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11864:Cultured meat 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11844:Birth control 11842: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11828: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11666:Deforestation 11664: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11616: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11441:Manufacturing 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11389:nuclear power 11387: 11385: 11384:fracking (US) 11382: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11198: 11193: 11191: 11186: 11184: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11139: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11112: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11015:Veiled Christ 11012: 11009: 11008: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10978: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10966: 10964:(130–100 BCE) 10963: 10962: 10961:Venus de Milo 10958: 10955: 10954: 10950: 10948:(246–210 BCE) 10947: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10922:Elgin Marbles 10920: 10918:(c. 1264 BCE) 10917: 10914: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10605:Gas sculpture 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10560: 10555: 10553: 10548: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10525: 10517: 10515: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10450: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10338:Vulcanization 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10183: 10178: 10176: 10171: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10137:Label printer 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10096:Warning label 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9985:Release liner 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9902: 9900: 9895: 9893: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9828:Garbage patch 9826: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9814: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9694:Health issues 9691: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9518: 9513: 9511: 9506: 9504: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9490: 9484: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9468:Shopping bags 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9423:(Agriculture) 9422: 9421:Plasticulture 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:Geosynthetics 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9305:Thermoforming 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9206:Thermoplastic 9204: 9203: 9201: 9195: 9190: 9184: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9022: 9018: 9011: 9006: 9004: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8884: 8879: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8764: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8744: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8728: 8719: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8685: 8684: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8537:(1): 179–94. 8536: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8505: 8499: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8417: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8375: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8310: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8230: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8185: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8018: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7814: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7235: 7228: 7227: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7124:(7): 2433–7. 7123: 7119: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7071: 7064: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6808: 6807:Science Daily 6804: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6613:September 25, 6608: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6554: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6250: 6238:September 25, 6233: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6066:(14): 10821. 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6012: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5885:(14): 10821. 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5659: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386:(1): 106–12. 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5329:(7): 675–80. 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280:(7): 989–96. 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5040:9783527306732 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4766:September 10, 4761: 4757: 4751: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4588:(4): 237–43. 4587: 4583: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4496: 4480: 4474: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4295:September 29, 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4196: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4084: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3859: 3858:Plastic ratio 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3838: – Tools 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830:Thermoforming 3828: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785:Plasticulture 3783: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633:Leo Baekeland 3630: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3580:vulcanization 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:Mesoamericans 3561: 3557: 3556:milk proteins 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3378:capital costs 3374: 3372: 3371:microplastics 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:biodegradable 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316:plastic waste 3313: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3254: 3245: 3228: 3213: 3206: 3202: 3201:Cyanobacteria 3198: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3130:Acinetobacter 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907:plastic waste 2904: 2903:microplastics 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2878:. They cause 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868:Microplastics 2844: 2837: 2836:Microplastics 2829:Microplastics 2826: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802:Prior to the 2800: 2796: 2794: 2793:microplastics 2789: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2773:plastic waste 2769: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2755:Marine debris 2752: 2742: 2740: 2739:new car smell 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2581:and quenchers 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:zinc stearate 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500:Imparts color 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2255:Additive type 2254: 2253: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2157: 2147: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2104: 2103:MediaWiki.org 2100: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2071: 2070:MediaWiki.org 2067: 2062: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1992:acrylic glass 1989: 1981: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1964:polycarbonate 1961: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1801:polypropylene 1795: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1594: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527:polymer blend 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1499: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:polypropylene 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1451:North America 1448: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1358:Latin America 1357: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297:petrochemical 1294: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1265: 1264:MediaWiki.org 1261: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1184: 1182: 1181:petrochemical 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Biodegradable 1106: 1091: 1089: 1088:polyacetylene 1085: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 970: 969: 968: 966: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 914: 913:Polycarbonate 911: 908: 904: 901: 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 886: 871: 868: 866: 861: 859: 854: 852: 849: 848: 844: 841: 836: 831: 828: 827: 823: 820: 815: 810: 807: 806: 802: 799: 794: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 773: 768: 765: 764: 760: 757: 752: 747: 744: 743: 739: 736: 731: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 710: 705: 702: 701: 697: 694: 689: 684: 681: 680: 676: 673: 668: 663: 660: 659: 655: 652: 647: 642: 639: 638: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 621: 609: 608:MediaWiki.org 605: 600: 591: 590: 586: 583: 581: 577: 572: 568: 567:Polyurethanes 561: 557: 553: 550: 549:Polypropylene 546: 542: 539: 535: 531: 528: 524: 520: 517: 513: 509: 507:(PET or PETE) 506: 502: 498: 497: 496: 494: 490: 481: 460: 459: 452: 448: 445: 444: 437: 433: 430: 429: 422: 418: 417: 414: 413: 412: 410: 406: 402: 401:vulcanization 396: 394: 390: 389:polypropylene 385: 378: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 314:cross-linking 311: 307: 303: 299: 298:polyurethanes 295: 291: 287: 277: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 248: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 147:Leo Baekeland 144: 139: 137: 133: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 113:microplastics 110: 106: 100: 96: 95:derivatives. 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 14374:Plasticizers 14360: 14315: 14303: 14291: 14176:Construction 14171:Architecture 13992:Trade secret 13881:Perspectives 13800:Social media 13795:Peer-to-peer 13673:Oscilloscope 13614:Incandescent 13517:Mobile phone 13429:Optical disc 13396:Spectrometer 13384:Distillation 13159:Rammed earth 13153: 13046:Refrigerator 13024:Oil drilling 12872:Differential 12626:Ball bearing 12591:Machine tool 12386:Stonemasonry 12312:Construction 12229:Lock and key 12224:Cryptography 12119:Food storage 11602:urban sprawl 11597:Urbanization 11545:Particulates 11530:Overdrafting 11245:Human impact 11218:Anthropocene 11135: 11121: 11113: 11105: 11097: 11090: 11080: 11066: 11058: 11050: 11042: 11033: 11013: 11005: 10997: 10976:(507–554 CE) 10959: 10951: 10937: 10934:(c. 292 BCE) 10894:Found object 10863: 10686:Detonography 10426:Rubber mulch 10376:Rubber Board 10269:Crumb rubber 10216:Butyl rubber 9969: 9923:construction 9538:Plasticizers 9524: 9486:Environment 9438:Blister pack 9391:Construction 9300:Blow molding 9016: 8978: 8967:BBC Magazine 8966: 8954:the original 8949: 8930:the original 8925: 8914:the original 8909: 8891: 8883:free content 8875: 8864: 8858: 8844:. 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Retrieved 8047: 8037: 8025: 8011:cite journal 7970: 7966: 7957: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7891:(1): 25–76. 7888: 7884: 7878: 7833: 7829: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7579: 7576:EMBO Reports 7575: 7565: 7543:(8): 350–4. 7540: 7536: 7530: 7521: 7512: 7495: 7485: 7477:ResearchGate 7472: 7468: 7458: 7439: 7429: 7389:(3): 564–9. 7386: 7382: 7372: 7357: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7306:the original 7296: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7243:December 23, 7241:. Retrieved 7234:the original 7225: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7099:. Retrieved 7095: 7085: 7073:. Retrieved 7069: 7057: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6906: 6902: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6843:November 10, 6841:. Retrieved 6833:Coastal Care 6832: 6822: 6810:. Retrieved 6806: 6796: 6787: 6777: 6763:. Retrieved 6755:ECO Magazine 6754: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6659: 6653: 6641:. Retrieved 6632: 6623: 6611:. Retrieved 6607:the original 6602: 6593: 6581:. Retrieved 6572: 6562: 6534: 6528: 6509: 6505: 6498:Suh, Sangwon 6491: 6479:. Retrieved 6470: 6460: 6448:. Retrieved 6439: 6430: 6418:. Retrieved 6409: 6400: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6257: 6236:. Retrieved 6227: 6218: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6153:. Retrieved 6104: 6100: 6090: 6063: 6059: 6032:September 8, 6030:. Retrieved 6021: 6011: 5999:. Retrieved 5963: 5959: 5946: 5934:. Retrieved 5922: 5909: 5882: 5878: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5784:. Retrieved 5773: 5738: 5734: 5686: 5682: 5656: 5651:December 18, 5649:. Retrieved 5643: 5633: 5625: 5597: 5593: 5580: 5572: 5565:. Retrieved 5559: 5549: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5473: 5467: 5458: 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5432: 5422: 5414:the original 5383: 5379: 5369: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5253:November 13, 5251:. Retrieved 5190: 5186: 5176: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5127: 5115:. Retrieved 5111:The Guardian 5110: 5101: 5066: 5062: 5022: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4994: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4915: 4906: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4795: 4791: 4764:. Retrieved 4760:the original 4750: 4739:the original 4711:. Retrieved 4707: 4698: 4688:December 16, 4686:. Retrieved 4681: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4636: 4624:. Retrieved 4620:the original 4610: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4502: 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4473: 4461:. Retrieved 4448: 4436: 4391: 4387: 4312: 4305: 4293:. Retrieved 4289:the original 4284: 4275: 4267:the original 4262: 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4236:the original 4231: 4222: 4202: 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4179: 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4154: 4148:"Plastikos" 4142: 4122: 4092: 4072:February 23, 4070:. Retrieved 4022: 4018: 3978: 3966: 3954:. Retrieved 3950: 3891:. Retrieved 3887:the original 3882: 3873: 3852:Plastic arts 3845: 3844: 3791:Plastisphere 3764:Plastic film 3705: 3690:Dow Chemical 3686:Giulio Natta 3674: 3661: 3636: 3626: 3618:formaldehyde 3611: 3592: 3537: 3518: 3507:carcinogenic 3488: 3479: 3470: 3459: 3444: 3429:hydrocarbons 3422: 3394: 3382:fossil fuels 3375: 3359: 3344: 3310: 3204: 3200: 3188: 3179: 3171:Sargasso Sea 3160:degradation. 3157:polyethylene 3150: 3146:Sphingomonas 3144: 3138: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3070:can convert 3065: 3056: 3049: 3035: 3029: 3005: 2971:accumulation 2902: 2882:by entering 2866: 2821:such as for 2816: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2762: 2726: 2703: 2676: 2672:alkylphenols 2627: 2552:, erucamide) 2534:Paraffin wax 2484:of some sort 2457:Antioxidants 2413:carbon-fiber 2409:carbon black 2276:Plasticizers 2239: 2212: 2205: 2181: 2167: 2159: 2140: 2120: 2116: 2079: 2045:wing mirrors 2030: 2027:Applications 1913:made of LDPE 1681: 1666: 1659: 1624:Blow molding 1618:Film blowing 1604: 1547: 1543:laminar flow 1535: 1519:plasticizers 1508: 1471:polyethylene 1464: 1444: 1395:Dow Chemical 1340:Rest of Asia 1286: 1211:facility in 1190: 1162: 1145: 1108: 1082: 1051: 963: 917:riot shields 883: 862: 855: 850: 800:Condensation 779:Condensation 758:Condensation 632:Polymer type 584: 565: 486: 456: 441: 426: 409:polyisoprene 397: 386: 383: 310:polyaddition 306:condensation 283: 268: 259:formed from 250: 218: 216: 207: 199: 193: 191: 151:polyethylene 140: 136:vinyl siding 125: 101: 97: 47: 46: 36: 14663:Dielectrics 14615:Regulations 14467:Bisphenol A 14181:Engineering 13917:Neo-Luddism 13852:Web browser 13847:Spreadsheet 13768:Touchscreen 13743:Motherboard 13656:Vacuum tube 13631:Electronics 13609:Fluorescent 13597:Transformer 13549:Electricity 13490:Photography 13132:Ironworking 13053:Solar power 12924:Vacuum pump 12892:Whippletree 12549:3D printing 12362:Scaffolding 12207:Calculation 12053:Agriculture 12046:Necessities 11716:Externality 11711:Coral reefs 11671:Defaunation 11540:Overgrazing 11513:overfishing 11493:Marine life 11367:electricity 11290:Agriculture 11102:(1927–1931) 11094:(1927–1941) 11068:The Thinker 11055:(1890–1917) 11010:(1501–1504) 11002:(1498–1499) 10706:Renaissance 10421:Rubber band 10356:Bridgestone 10302:Plasticizer 10264:Foam rubber 10259:Cold rubber 10226:EPDM rubber 10117:Advertising 10021:Advertising 10000:Smart label 9960:Perforation 9779:Regulations 9631:Bisphenol A 9315:Calendering 9257:Plasticizer 9197:Mechanical 8708:October 26, 8578:: 270–279. 8327:January 17, 7665:ChemSusChem 6633:www.bbc.com 6201:10871/19651 6155:October 17, 6001:February 6, 5936:October 25, 5786:December 8, 5193:: 179–199. 4798:: 179–199. 4713:October 14, 4481:. Euroshore 4463:November 9, 4150:πλαστι^κ-ός 3653:Herman Mark 3602:nitric acid 3568:Middle Ages 3369:release of 3187:The fungus 3084:The fungus 3021:bisphenol A 2935:degradation 2919:microfibers 2915:environment 2812:ozone layer 2737:present in 2710:bisphenol A 2602:antistatics 2579:UV blockers 2440:elastomeric 2261:Description 2242:plasticosis 2235:bisphenol A 2099:Phabricator 2066:Phabricator 2041:body panels 1909:A piece of 1856:polystyrene 1555:homogeneous 1550:Masterbatch 1515:stabilizers 1511:compounding 1493:Compounding 1487:polystyrene 1260:Phabricator 1173:Middle East 1165:compounding 1148:bioplastics 1136:Bioplastics 1062:Crystalline 1033:(PTFE), or 1025:Polysulfone 737:Halogenated 604:Phabricator 560:Polystyrene 393:polystyrene 273:side chains 231:compression 178:Herman Mark 81:natural gas 14652:Categories 14543:Carcinogen 14508:Organotins 14378:Phthalates 14226:Innovation 14211:Navigation 14108:Philosophy 13775:Networking 13693:Transistor 13668:Multimeter 13537:Television 13473:Microscope 13441:Eyeglasses 13389:Filtration 13374:Separation 13347:Fertilizer 13275:Prosthesis 13268:Antibiotic 13263:Anesthesia 13258:Medication 13117:Metallurgy 12914:Jackhammer 12909:Compressor 12904:Pneumatics 12840:Hydraulics 12823:Waterwheel 12791:Dishwasher 12514:Watercraft 12507:Space suit 12492:Spacecraft 12458:Jet engine 12357:Foundation 12330:Irrigation 12300:Typewriter 12273:Video game 12256:Phonograph 12202:Accounting 12131:Sanitation 12023:Technology 11981:mitigation 11976:assessment 11971:by country 11869:Decoupling 11831:Mitigation 11560:Reservoirs 11481:pesticides 11426:Explosives 11404:reservoirs 11305:irrigation 10869:Fiberglass 10798:Terracotta 10645:Pedimental 10640:Monumental 10590:Bas relief 10585:Assemblage 10101:Wine label 9707:Carcinogen 9672:Organotins 9542:Phthalates 9488:and health 9335:Pultrusion 9325:Laminating 9283:processing 8635:: 100357. 8629:NanoImpact 8380:August 11, 8137:: 124523. 8080:: 100309. 6678:1241100709 6481:October 4, 6450:August 19, 6362:(1): 1–8. 6301:: 144085. 6107:: 124070. 4847:(6): 130. 4285:Infoplease 3866:References 3700:See also: 3439:See also: 3295:Recovered 3115:A. sydowii 3006:Plastics 2987:earthworms 2979:biomagnify 2939:containers 2925:, plastic 2923:microbeads 2887:ecosystems 2749:See also: 2706:estrogenic 2698:See also: 2635:phthalates 2538:wax esters 2528:Hazardous 2514:Lubricants 2476:thioethers 2474:, certain 2322:plastisols 2287:Phthalates 2196:phthalates 1816:Kinder Joy 1799:Metalized 1607:converters 1561:Converting 1529:, such as 1405:Exxonmobil 1236:Azerbaijan 1213:Bratislava 1187:Production 1169:conversion 1142:Bioplastic 976:body armor 808:All Others 782:Thermoset 695:Polyolefin 674:Polyolefin 653:Polyolefin 529:(PVC or V) 443:Elastomers 428:Thermosets 366:elastomers 350:thermosets 290:polyesters 245:See also: 235:Plasticity 219:plasticity 60:plasticity 14572:Pollution 14538:Teratogen 14469:(BPA, in 14244:Invention 14239:High tech 14216:Surveying 14196:Logistics 14186:Forensics 13892:Criticism 13636:Capacitor 13587:Generator 13532:Telephone 13527:Telegraph 13478:Telescope 13401:Synthesis 13364:Pesticide 13335:Gunpowder 13330:Fireworks 13320:Explosive 13303:Detergent 13221:Dentistry 13164:Recycling 13000:Heat pump 12919:Rivet gun 12887:Gyroscope 12862:Mechanism 12786:Appliance 12773:Machinery 12714:Propeller 12554:Carpentry 12529:Submarine 12497:Satellite 12487:Scuba set 12406:Transport 12152:Equipment 11904:Recycling 11570:Transport 11555:Quarrying 11550:Pollution 11409:transport 11399:petroleum 11394:oil shale 11357:biodiesel 10988:(1250 CE) 10928:(438 BCE) 10926:Parthenon 10924:from the 10879:Aluminium 10849:Jesmonite 10823:Soapstone 10763:Limestone 10681:Classical 10610:Earth art 10566:Sculpture 10285:Additives 10142:Packaging 10066:Nameplate 9736:Pollution 9702:Teratogen 9633:(BPA, in 9281:Plastics 9252:Colorants 9240:Additives 9024:Chemical 8846:August 3, 8820:August 3, 8667:239252029 8610:219948357 8510:April 18, 8488:April 18, 8449:0013-936X 8348:The 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