Drinking water - Knowledge

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drinking water, and many more people still lack safe drinking water. Estimates suggest that at least 25% of improved sources contain fecal contamination and an estimated 1.8 billion people globally use a source of drinking water that suffers from fecal contamination. The quality of these sources varies over time and often gets worse during the wet season. Continued efforts are needed to reduce urban-rural disparities and inequities associated with poverty; to dramatically increase safe drinking water coverage in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania; to promote global monitoring of drinking water quality; and to look beyond the MDG target towards universal coverage.

1400:(WHO), "access to safe drinking-water is essential to health, a basic human right and a component of effective policy for health protection." In 1990, only 76 percent of the global population had access to drinking water. By 2015 that number had increased to 91 percent. In 1990, most countries in Latin America, East and South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa were well below 90%. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rates are lowest, household access ranges from 40 to 80 percent. Countries that experience violent conflict can have reductions in drinking water access: One study found that a conflict with about 2,500 battle deaths deprives 1.8% of the population of potable water. 352: 621:. PFAS chemicals have been detected in blood, both humans and animals, worldwide, as well as in food products, water, air and soil. Animal testing studies with PFAS have shown effects on growth and development, and possibly effects on reproduction, thyroid, the immune system and liver. As of 2022 the health impacts of many PFAS compounds are not understood. Scientists are conducting research to determine the extent and severity of impacts from PFAS on human health. PFAS have been widely detected in drinking water worldwide and regulations have been developed, or are under development, in many countries. 195: 562: 414: 215: 1143: 4306:. WHO, 2006. p. 32. Quote: "Concentrations in drinking-water of about 1 mg l–1 are associated with a lower incidence of dental caries, particularly in children, whereas excess intake of fluoride can result in dental fluorosis. In severe cases this can result in erosion of enamel. The margin between the beneficial effects of fluoride and the occurrence of dental fluorosis is small and public health programmes seek to retain a suitable balance between the two" 6519: 834: 223: 5120: 1780: 5386: 704: 3394: 2476: 5112: 36: 824:

all DALYs globally." Of the four health outcomes studied, it was diarrheal disease that had the most striking correlation, namely the highest number of "attributable burden of disease": over 1 million deaths and 55 million DALYs from diarrheal diseases was linked with lack of WASH. Of these deaths, 564,000 deaths were linked to unsafe sanitation in particular.

649:, yet there are no universally recognized and accepted international standards for drinking water. Even where standards do exist, the permitted concentration of individual constituents may vary by as much as ten times from one set of standards to another. Many countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes the 1551:, known as the water framework directive, is the primary piece of legislation governing water. This drinking water directive relates specifically to water intended for human consumption. Each member state is responsible for establishing the required policing measures to ensure that the legislation is implemented. For example, in the UK the 1651:(Ofwat) is the economic regulator of the water sector; it protects the interests of consumers by promoting effective competition and ensuring that water companies carry out their statutory functions. Ofwat has a management board comprising a chairman, Chief Executive and Executive and Non-Executive members. There is a staff of about 240. 916:, which dissolved from granite rocks. The effects are particularly evident in the bone deformations of children. Similar or larger problems are anticipated in other countries including China, Uzbekistan, and Ethiopia. Although helpful for dental health in low dosage, fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation. 672:

United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards. In Europe, this includes a requirement for member states to enact appropriate local legislation to mandate the directive in each country. Routine inspection and, where required, enforcement is enacted by means of penalties imposed by the

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The ability of point of use (POU) options to reduce disease is a function of both their ability to remove microbial pathogens if properly applied and such social factors as ease of use and cultural appropriateness. Technologies may generate more (or less) health benefit than their lab-based microbial

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Most water requires some treatment before use; even water from deep wells or springs. The extent of treatment depends on the source of the water. Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Only a few large urban areas

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The most efficient and convenient way to transport and deliver potable water is through pipes. Plumbing can require significant capital investment. Some systems suffer high operating costs. The cost to replace the deteriorating water and sanitation infrastructure of industrialized countries may be as

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In drinking water access, quality and quantity are both important parameters but the quantity is often prioritized. Throughout human history, water quality has been a constant and ongoing challenge. Certain crises have led to major changes in knowledge, policy, and regulatory structures. The drivers

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Improved sources are also monitored based on whether water is available when needed (5.8 billion people), located on premises (5.4 billion), free from contamination (5.4 billion), and within a 30-minute round trip. While improved water sources such as protected piped water are more likely to provide

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Because of the high initial investments, many less wealthy nations cannot afford to develop or sustain appropriate infrastructure, and as a consequence people in these areas may spend a correspondingly higher fraction of their income on water. 2003 statistics from El Salvador, for example, indicate

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The current priority of the proponents of POU treatment is to reach large numbers of low-income households on a sustainable basis. Few POU measures have reached significant scale thus far, but efforts to promote and commercially distribute these products to the world's poor have only been under way

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In 2023, WHO summarized the available data with the following key findings: "In 2019, use of safe WASH services could have prevented the loss of at least 1.4 million lives and 74 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from four health outcomes. This represents 2.5% of all deaths and 2.9% of

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for total water, based on median intakes, is 4.0 litres (141 imp fl oz; 135 US fl oz) per day for males older than 18, and 3.0 litres (106 imp fl oz; 101 US fl oz) per day for females over 18; it assumes about 80% from drink and 20% from

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is published every five years, and EPA is required to decide whether to regulate at least five or more listed contaminants. There are also many chemicals and substances for which there are no regulatory standards applicable to drinking water utilities. EPA operates an ongoing research program to

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Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are the European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the

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delivers safe, clean drinking water to consumers. The DWI was established in 1990 and comprises a Chief Inspector of Drinking Water and a team of about 40 people. The current standards of water quality are defined in Statutory Instrument 2016 No. 614 the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations

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According to this indicator on improved water sources, the MDG was met in 2010, five years ahead of schedule. Over 2 billion more people used improved drinking water sources in 2010 than did in 1990. However, the job is far from finished. 780 million people are still without improved sources of

1410: – and 71% of the world could access safely managed drinking water that is clean and available on-demand. Estimates suggest that at least 25% of improved sources contain fecal contamination. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by 1588:

The Water Services Act 2021 brought Taumata Arowai' into existence as the new regulator of drinking water and waste water treatment in New Zealand. Initial activities including the establishment of a national register of water suppliers and establishing a network of accredited laboratories for

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condition, protected dug well, protected spring, and rain water collection. Sources that do not encourage improved drinking water to the same extent as previously mentioned include: unprotected wells, unprotected springs, rivers or ponds, vender-provided water, bottled water (consequential of

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To improve water quality, Japan's Ministry of Health revised its water quality standards, which were implemented in April 2004. Numerous professionals developed the drinking water standards. They also determined ways to manage the high quality water system. In 2008, improved regulations were

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In the United States, the typical water consumption per capita, at home, is 69.3 US gallons (262 L; 57.7 imp gal) of water per day. Of this, only 1% of the water provided by public water suppliers is for drinking and cooking. Uses include (in decreasing order) toilets, washing

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but this requires abundant sources of fuel, and can be very onerous on consumers, especially where it is difficult to store boiled water in sterile conditions. Other techniques, such as filtration, chemical disinfection, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (including solar UV) have been

1723:(MCLs) and Treatment Technique requirements for some pollutants and naturally occurring constituents, determine various operational requirements, require public notification for violation of standards, provide guidance to state primacy agencies, and require utilities to publish 1728:

EPA has set standards for over 90 contaminants organized into six groups: microorganisms, disinfectants, disinfection byproducts, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals and radionuclides. EPA also identifies and lists unregulated contaminants which may require regulation. The

866:. In 2011, infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old and 250 million lost school days. This equates to about 2000 child deaths per day. Children suffering from diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight (due to 138:

The amount of drinking water required to maintain good health varies, and depends on physical activity level, age, health-related issues, and environmental conditions. For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres (4.2 US gal) a day may be required.

927:, bone deformities in children. Fluorosis severity depends on how much fluoride is present in the water, as well as people's diet and physical activity. Defluoridation methods include membrane-based methods, precipitation, absorption, and electrocoagulation. 1712:(entities that provide water for human consumption to at least 25 people for at least 60 days a year). Enforcement of the standards is mostly carried out by state health agencies. States may set standards that are more stringent than the federal standards. 2033:

Lord, Jackson; Thomas, Ashley; Treat, Neil; Forkin, Matthew; Bain, Robert; Dulac, Pierre; Behroozi, Cyrus H.; Mamutov, Tilek; Fongheiser, Jillia; Kobilansky, Nicole; Washburn, Shane; Truesdell, Claudia; Lee, Clare; Schmaelzle, Philipp H. (October 2021).

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In Northern Ireland the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) regulates drinking water quality of public and private supplies. The current standards of water quality are defined in the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2017.

5145: 1321:. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth, it creates low levels of fluoride in 1403:

By 2015, 5.2 billion people representing 71% of the global population used safely managed drinking water services. As of 2017, 90% of people having access to water from a source that is suitable for drinking – called

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Numerous studies have shown that improvements in drinking water and sanitation (WASH) lead to decreased risks of diarrhea. Such improvements might include for example use of water filters, provision of high-quality piped water and

1704:(US EPA) standards. Over 286 million Americans get their tap water from a community water system. Eight percent of the community water systems—large municipal water systems—provide water to 82 percent of the US population. The 1611:. Singapore updated its water quality regulation in 2019, setting standards consistent with the WHO recommended standards. Monitoring is undertaken by the Environmental Public Health Department of the Singaporean Government 1450:

safe and adequate water as they may prevent contact with human excreta, for example, this is not always the case. According to a 2014 study, approximately 25% of improved sources contained fecal contamination.

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Poverty often leads to unhygienic living conditions, as in this community in the Indian Himalayas. Such conditions promote contraction of diarrheal diseases, as a result of contaminated drinking water, poor

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demonstrated in an array of randomized control trials to significantly reduce levels of water-borne disease among users in low-income countries, but these suffer from the same problems as boiling methods.

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Potable water is available in almost all populated areas of the Earth, although it may be expensive, and the supply may not always be sustainable. Sources where drinking water is commonly obtained include

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recommends 2.0 litres (70 imp fl oz; 68 US fl oz) of total water per day for women and 2.5 litres (88 imp fl oz; 85 US fl oz) per day for men.

5141: 662: 1476:(MDG) relating to drinking-water and sanitation (MDG 7, Target 7c), which is to: "Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation". 1457:

that the poorest 20% of households spend more than 10% of their total income on water. In the United Kingdom, authorities define spending of more than 3% of one's income on water as a hardship.

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The WHO has investigated which proportion of death and disease worldwide can be attributed to insufficient WASH services. In their analysis they focus on the following four health outcomes:

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goal in developing countries. In 2017, almost 22 million Americans drank from water systems that were in violation of public health standards, which could contribute to citizens developing

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The functions and duties of the bodies are formally defined in the Water Industry Act 1991 (1991 c. 56) as amended by the Water Act 2003 (2003 c. 37) and the Water Act 2014 (2014 c. 21).

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in Greenland. A cargo ship in harbour was able to maintain a minimum supply to the city for two days until the mains supply was restored and flushing of all the pipework was started.

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but also has made great efforts to reclaim as much used water as possible to ensure adequate provision for the very crowded city-state. Their reclaimed water is marketed as

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in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $ 1.32 per person-year.

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Kostyla, C.; Bain, R.; Cronk, R.; Bartram, J. (2015). "Seasonal variation of fecal contamination in drinking water sources in developing countries: A systematic review".

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is water that "does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages".

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Mayer, P.W.; DeOreo, W.B.; Opitz, E.M.; Kiefer, J.C.; Davis, W.Y.; Dziegielewski, B.; & Nelson, J.O., 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. AWWARF and AWWA, Denver.

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can have a more immediate impact. Physical parameters affect the aesthetics and taste of the drinking water and may complicate the removal of microbial pathogens.

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One of the main causes for contaminated drinking water in developing countries is lack of sanitation and poor hygiene. For this reason, the quantification of the

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William B. DeOreo, Peter Mayer, Benedykt Dziegielewski, Jack Kiefer. 2016. Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2. Water Research Foundation. Denver, Colorado.

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high as $ 200 billion a year. Leakage of untreated and treated water from pipes reduces access to water. Leakage rates of 50% are not uncommon in urban systems.

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Hayes EB, Matte TD, O'Brien TR, et al. (May 1989). "Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply".

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Egoz N, Shihab S, Leitner L, Lucian M (November 1988). "An outbreak of typhoid fever due to contamination of the municipal water supply in northern Israel".

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

2681: 3100:"Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression" 2013: 127:, even though only a small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Other typical uses for tap water include washing, toilets, and 4848:

ISO 24510 Activities relating to drinking water and wastewater services. Guidelines for the assessment and for the improvement of the service to users

4946: 1620: 1535: 589:. Chemical parameters tend to pose more of a chronic health risk through buildup of heavy metals although some components like nitrates/nitrites and 2763: 2436:"Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases: A systematic review of hydrogeochemistry research from Ethiopia and Kenya" 1080:

In 2004, contamination of the community water supply, serving the Bergen city centre of Norway, was later reported after the outbreak of waterborne

1000:, Canada. Seven people died from drinking contaminated water. Hundreds suffered from the symptoms of the disease, not knowing if they too would die. 4968: 2295: 1683: 3173: 4733:

Bain, R.; Cronk, R.; Hossain, R.; Bonjour, S.; Onda, K.; Wright, J.; Yang, H.; Slaymaker, T.; Hunter, P.; Prüss-Ustün, A.; Bartram, J. (2014).

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In the event of contamination of drinking water, government officials typically issue an advisory regarding water consumption. In the case of

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Access to safe drinking water is indicated by safe water sources. These improved drinking water sources include household connection, public

654: 3845: 2806: 2390: 821:("Good Health and Wellbeing"): Indicator 3.9.2 reports on the "mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene". 1549:

of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy

342: 4238: 4119:"Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" 1765: 5456: 2240: 1697: 1690: 2118: 1205:

is currently the most widely used water disinfection method, although chlorine compounds can react with substances in water and produce

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In emergency situations when conventional treatment systems have been compromised, waterborne pathogens may be killed or inactivated by

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Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G (September 2007). "Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review".

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is a low-cost method of purifying water that can often be implemented with locally available materials. Unlike methods that rely on

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limitations in quantity, not quality of water), and tanker truck water. Access to sanitary water comes hand in hand with access to

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Long-term consumption of water with high fluoride concentration (> 1.5 ppm F) can have serious undesirable consequences such as

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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

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Guidelines for the assessment and improvement of service activities relating to drinking water have been published in the form of

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The population in Australia, New Zealand, North America and Europe have achieved nearly universal basic drinking water services.

1346: 1232:, residents are usually advised to boil their water before consumption or to use bottled water as an alternative. In the case of 4407: 3336:"When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events" 2872: 5490: 2574: 2416: 1920: 1746: 968:; considered to be "the largest-scale mass poisoning of a population" (began in the 1970s–1980s, officially recognized in 1993) 958:

as originating from contaminated water from the Broad Street pump. This can be regarded as a founding event of the science of

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NTP Monograph on the State of the Science Concerning Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopment and Cognition: A Systematic Review

4630: 4485: 3921: 3691:"Outbreak of severe gastroenteritis with multiple aetiologies caused by contaminated drinking water in Denmark, January 2007" 3245: 3218: 3186: 2323: 1388: 3070: 2159: 7560: 1568: 931: 907: 4474: 3414: 1731: 1700:

is generally safe. In 2016, over 90 percent of the nation's community water systems were in compliance with all published

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Nowicki, Saskia; Birhanu, Behailu; Tanui, Florence; Sule, May N.; Charles, Katrina; Olago, Daniel; Kebede, Seifu (2023).

1798: 1626: 1249: 617:, waterproof fabrics, carpeting and cookware. PFAS are known to persist in the environment and are commonly described as 610: 369: 142:

Globally, by 2015, 89% of people had access to water from a source that is suitable for drinking – called

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Taricska JR, Wang LK, Hung YT, Li KH (2006). "Fluoridation and Defluoridation". In Wang LK, Hung YT, Shammas NK (eds.).

2787:"Does clean water matter? An updated meta-analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions and diarrhoeal diseases" 6555: 5281: 5261: 4299: 4276: 2722: 1753: 1099: 1047: 1013: 951: 2606:

and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution"

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connections. Diarrhea can be prevented - and the lives of 525,000 children annually be saved (estimate for 2017) - by

6880: 6372: 5033: 2526: 971: 558:(enteric). Microbial pathogenic parameters are typically of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk. 67: 2500: 1376: 7610: 5996: 1519: 1509: 1086:

In 2007, contaminated drinking water was pinpointed which had led to the outbreak of gastroenteritis with multiple

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Example for physical and chemical parameters measured in drinking water samples in Kenya and Ethiopia as part of a

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Parameters for drinking water quality typically fall within three categories: microbiological, chemical, physical.

274: 124: 4523:"Fecal Contamination of Drinking-Water in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 607:

of the chemical and the extent of human exposure are factors that are used to determine the specific health risk.

5449: 5253: 4860:"The Water Framework Directive: A New Directive for a Changing Social, Political and Economic European Framework" 738:

is estimated to result in more than half a million deaths per year. Contaminated water together with the lack of

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from consuming contaminated drinking water usually looks at water, sanitation and hygiene aspects together. The

3779: 1290: 974:(Chromium-6 contamination of private groundwater wells in Hinkley, California, United States (settled in 1996). 818: 743: 385: 2100: 5513: 5362: 2685: 1106: 798: 618: 17: 5344: 4057:

Rose, A; Roy, S; Abraham, V; Holmgren, G; George, K; Balraj, V; Abraham, S; Muliyil, J; et al. (2006).

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have access to sufficiently pure water of sufficient volume that no treatment of the raw water is required.

7171: 6065: 5900: 4735:"Global assessment of exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water based on a systematic review" 4339: 4303: 4230: 4210: 1392:

Population in survey regions living without safely managed drinking water as reported by the WHO/UNICEF JMP

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outbreak is caused by the public water supply of which the filtration was contaminated, in western Georgia

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may also be used for toilets or irrigation. Its use for irrigation however may be associated with risks.

80: 4975: 2972:"Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts" 1670:

In Scotland water quality is the responsibility of independent Drinking Water Quality Regulator (DWQR).

7116: 6961: 6946: 6522: 6406: 6350: 5442: 5240: 3945: 2741: 977: 5401: 3864:"Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1236:, residents may be advised to refrain from consuming tap water entirely until the matter is resolved. 7221: 5937: 3192: 2207: 1891: 1720: 1634: 1531: 1397: 1338: 1330: 1063:

occurred, caused by a contaminated fountain in the Minnesota zoo. Most of the sufferers were children

666: 159: 3828: 1430:, among others. Reduction of waterborne diseases and development of safe water resources is a major 351: 6951: 6590: 5922: 4913: 4716: 4689: 4576: 4438:"The Consequences of Contention: Understanding the Aftereffects of Political Conflict and Violence" 3640:"A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis-delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area" 2420: 1353:

found that water fluoridation levels above 1.5 mg/L are associated with lower IQ in children.

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Advances in Water Purification Techniques: Meeting the Needs of Developed and Developing Countries

2827: 2663: 878:. Chronic diarrhea can have a negative effect on child development (both physical and cognitive). 7713: 7156: 7151: 6860: 6802: 6782: 6097: 5986: 5319: 3098:

Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Cumming O, Bartram J, Bonjour S, Cairncross S, et al. (August 2014).

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Sixty million people are estimated to have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive

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in 2002. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the

658: 4010:"Solar disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age" 1384:

Indicator 6.1.1 in 2015: "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services"

613:(PFAS) are a group of synthetic compounds used in a large variety of consumer products, such as 7677: 7620: 7349: 7319: 6650: 6548: 6500: 6343: 6215: 4571:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report on the environment: drinking water. Available at:

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is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits. In 2011, the

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The recommended daily amount of drinking water for humans varies. It depends on activity, age,

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Hobbins M. (2003). The SODIS Health Impact Study, Ph.D. Thesis, Swiss Tropical Institute Basel

2391:"The quality of water produced by Turku Region Water is rated the best in the world by Unesco" 1492:

facilities for excreta, such as connection to public sewer, connection to septic system, or a

405:. However, relatively few studies have been focused on the drinking behavior of wild animals. 7662: 7615: 7371: 7314: 7299: 6771: 6297: 6292: 6087: 6028: 5431:- US Environmental Protection Agency. General info, regulations & technical publications. 4320:. 111 TW Alexander Dr, Durham, NC 27709: National Institute of Environmental Health Science. 2289: 2020:

Washington: American Water Works Association. Product No. OPF-0051634, Accessed 13 June 2012.

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suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L (milligrams per litre), depending on

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In 1993, a fluoride poisoning outbreak resulting from overfeeding of fluoride, in Mississippi

955: 903: 143: 5299: 3542:"A large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in Finland" 3500:"Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a water sprinkler fountain – Minnesota, 1997" 2860:

Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update

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was driven by political motivations and social priorities before the science was accepted.

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This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.

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This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.

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Publicly available treated water has historically been associated with major increases in

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outbreak that was brought by a non-chlorinated community water supply, in southern Finland

8: 7718: 7692: 7550: 7191: 6787: 6486: 6394: 6382: 6272: 6225: 6033: 5956: 5682: 5473: 4710:"Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress" 3499: 2261: 1793: 1761: 1709: 1630: 1489: 1435: 1415: 946:

Some well-known examples of water quality problems with drinking water supplies include:

886: 747: 690: 673: 166: 5417: 5391: 5166: 5083: 5054: 4795: 4593: 3351: 2987: 2859: 2632: 2601: 2548: 2451: 2051: 7646: 7545: 7467: 7304: 7269: 7166: 7146: 7041: 7016: 6817: 6710: 6580: 6496: 6481: 6411: 6367: 6257: 5843: 5748: 5503: 4879: 4759: 4734: 4549: 4522: 4333: 4178: 4083: 4058: 4034: 4009: 3985: 3960: 3939: 3888: 3863: 3748: 3732:"Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993" 3731: 3666: 3639: 3615: 3590: 3566: 3541: 3378: 3335: 3306: 3129: 3006: 2971: 2949: 2926: 2901: 2900:

Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, et al. (April 2013).

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Davenport, Christian; Mokleiv Nygård, Håvard; Fjelde, Hanne; Armstrong, David (2019).

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Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition; World Health Organization; 2022

115:. It is often (but not always) supplied through taps, in which case it is also called 7682: 7605: 7294: 7141: 7126: 7046: 7026: 6991: 6844: 6807: 6705: 6541: 6468: 5932: 5838: 5811: 5658: 5608: 5544: 5498: 5425:- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. General info, data and publications. 5188: 4883: 4807: 4764: 4554: 4481: 4376: 4295: 4272: 4170: 4130: 4118: 4088: 4039: 3990: 3927: 3917: 3893: 3753: 3712: 3671: 3620: 3571: 3511: 3480: 3453: 3383: 3365: 3311: 3293: 3251: 3241: 3214: 3182: 3121: 3052: 3011: 2931: 2649: 2637: 2600:

Kurwadkar, Sudarshan; Danea, Jason; Kanel, Sushil R.; et al. (22 October 2021).

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is the official United Nations mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards the

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in northern Israel, which was associated with the contaminated municipal water supply

1040: 778: 578: 566: 504: 469: 120: 5355: 5288:. Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016-11-02. 5229:. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 7, 2014. 5226: 4803: 4182: 3133: 2622: 2575:"Increasing Our Understanding of the Health Risks from PFAS and How to Address Them" 2460: 2435: 1929: 7687: 7452: 7261: 7211: 7036: 6956: 6915: 6875: 6635: 6600: 6418: 6377: 6360: 6247: 6145: 5677: 5581: 5465: 5249: 5219: 4871: 4799: 4754: 4746: 4544: 4534: 4449: 4366: 4321: 4264: 4217: 4197: 4162: 4078: 4070: 4029: 4021: 3980: 3972: 3883: 3875: 3743: 3702: 3661: 3651: 3610: 3602: 3561: 3553: 3445: 3373: 3355: 3301: 3285: 3111: 3042: 3001: 2991: 2921: 2913: 2798: 2627: 2617: 2455: 2275: 2071: 2055: 1574:

conducted to improve the water quality and reduce the risk of water contamination.

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contamination of water supply in Walkerton, Ontario, Canada in 2000). In 2000, an

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people worldwide had access to tap water, while another 2.4 billion had access to

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Clasen, T.; Schmidt, W.; Rabie, T.; Roberts, I.; Cairncross, S. (12 March 2007).

3849: 3807: 3270: 2996: 2729: 2163: 2156: 2125: 2017: 1419: 1178: 1137: 1116: 1074: 1010:

contamination of water supply in Flint, Michigan, United States, started in 2014)

735: 661:. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by 646: 544: 537: 515: 488: 426: 270: 185: 5000: 4268: 3879: 3497: 3449: 1736:

analyze various substances and consider whether additional standards are needed.

1209:(DBP) that pose problems to human health. Local geological conditions affecting 7555: 7525: 7520: 7472: 7406: 7236: 7231: 7056: 7051: 6895: 6833: 6777: 6725: 6660: 6476: 6423: 6333: 6252: 6237: 6232: 6184: 5868: 5816: 5799: 5633: 4685: 4399: 4371: 3707: 3690: 3410: 3360: 2361: 2059: 1828: 1659: 1641: 1625:

In the United Kingdom regulation of water supplies is a devolved matter to the

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said in 2010. Developing countries are most affected by unsafe drinking water.

150:, access to potable water ranged from 40% to 80% of the population. Nearly 4.2 5203:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Archived from 4521:

Bain, R.; Cronk, R.; Wright, J.; Yang, H.; Slaymaker, T.; Bartram, J. (2014).

4166: 3959:

Conroy, RM.; Meegan, ME.; Joyce, T.; McGuigan, K.; Barnes, J. (October 1999).

3591:"An outbreak of gastroenteritis from a non-chlorinated community water supply" 3557: 3255: 3030: 1928:. National Center for Environmental Assessment. September 2011. Archived from 359:

As of 2015, American households use an average of 300 gallons of water a day.

7707: 7672: 7636: 7505: 7442: 7111: 7011: 6920: 6812: 6792: 6620: 6615: 6440: 6277: 6167: 6124: 5905: 5782: 5668: 5618: 5482: 5422: 4656: 3931: 3606: 3369: 3297: 3056: 3047: 2756:"Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)" 2280: 2263: 2103:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Science in the Public Interest. Archived from 2067: 1443: 1431: 1354: 1282: 1233: 1194: 1182: 1053: 935: 767: 603:. Pesticides may be present in drinking water in low concentrations, but the 422: 288: 252: 207: 4353:

Hobson WL, Knochel ML, Byington CL, Young PC, Hoff CJ, Buchi KF (May 2007).

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Conroy, R.M.; Meegan, M.E.; Joyce, T.M.; McGuigan, K.G.; Barnes, J. (2001).

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When the Rivers Run Dry: Journeys Into the Heart of the World's Water Crisis

2036:"Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy" 7565: 7482: 7422: 7401: 7396: 7309: 7284: 7226: 7206: 7196: 7181: 7121: 7106: 7076: 7061: 6996: 6976: 6925: 6870: 6735: 6715: 6645: 6242: 6200: 5976: 5927: 5863: 5719: 5623: 4875: 4811: 4768: 4558: 4380: 4263:. Handbook of Environmental Engineering 4. Humana Press. pp. 293–315. 4174: 4134: 4092: 4043: 3994: 3897: 3716: 3675: 3624: 3575: 3387: 3315: 3235: 3125: 3015: 2935: 2744:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022-09-12. 2641: 2469: 2199: 2085: 1813: 1785: 1326: 1314: 1171: 1152: 959: 890: 720: 699:

Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)

574: 413: 397:

The qualitative and quantitative aspects of drinking water requirements on

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prescribe maximum values for substances that affect wholesomeness and the

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and is used mainly in dry areas with access to large bodies of saltwater.

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For these water sources to be consumed safely, they must receive adequate

206:. One litre of potable water is sold (into the customer's own bottle) for 7510: 7487: 7462: 7447: 7339: 7216: 7201: 7186: 7131: 7101: 7096: 7086: 7071: 7066: 6986: 6971: 6745: 6685: 6338: 6282: 6104: 6082: 6077: 5944: 5821: 5787: 5775: 5663: 5586: 4059:"Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India" 4025: 3976: 3799:

Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. Calgary, Alberta.

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with soap. In 2008 the same figure was estimated as 1.5 million children.

763: 728: 708: 321: 244: 173: 5257: 5113:"Water Quality Regulator says Scotland's tap water quality remains high" 4355:"Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children" 4302:. p. 168, 175, 372 and see also pp 370–373. See also J. Fawell, et al 3289: 2862:. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2255: 1142: 214: 7570: 7457: 7437: 7324: 7289: 7251: 7246: 7091: 6966: 6730: 6690: 6445: 6262: 6220: 6162: 6131: 5770: 5702: 5640: 5613: 5576: 1222: 1218: 1081: 1029: 839: 833: 739: 550: 430: 155: 128: 7601:

International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)

5167:"The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2017" 4750: 4435: 3116: 3099: 503:. Originally, fecal contamination was determined with the presence of 7575: 7432: 7427: 7366: 6900: 6865: 6828: 6700: 6665: 6630: 6625: 6595: 6328: 6210: 6018: 6013: 5991: 5880: 5873: 5692: 5687: 5594: 5571: 4403: 3916:. Kelly M. Buchanan. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. 2010. 2717:

What is the purpose of drinking water quality guidelines/regulations?

2318:(Report) (4 ed.). World Health Organization. 2017. p. 631. 1757: 1214: 1120: 1021: 759: 596: 586: 529: 500: 497: 338: 313: 132: 116: 104: 85: 5434: 3771: 941: 7641: 7329: 6675: 6655: 6610: 6585: 6564: 6455: 6023: 5949: 5890: 5885: 5833: 5743: 5714: 5707: 5697: 5628: 5602: 5598: 5590: 3961:"Solar disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal disease: an update" 3843:"Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Volume 1: Recommendations." 2674: 2104: 1708:

requires the US EPA to set standards for drinking water quality in

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In 1998, a non-chlorinated municipal water supply was blamed for a

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EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (2010).

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contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article

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Vestergaard LS, Olsen KE, Stensvold R, et al. (March 2007).

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (October 1998).

1779: 1608: 1427: 1423: 1345:, local environment, and other sources of fluoride. In 2024, the 1342: 1198: 993: 875: 843: 782: 751: 724: 669:

publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved.

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Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes

1985:"Unsafe water kills more people than war, Ban says on World Day" 1899:

Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes

1281:(< 1.0 ppm F) is intentionally added to tap water to improve 165:

About 1 to 2 billion people lack safe drinking water. Water can

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Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems

4914:"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Water Supply in Japan" 4236: 2357: 1603:

Singapore is a significant importer of water from neighbouring

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are also potential drinking water contaminants of the category

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World Water Development Report 3. p. 58 Accessed 13 June 2012.

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Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation

7279: 7241: 6885: 6855: 6205: 6045: 5971: 5758: 5282:"Primacy Enforcement Responsibility for Public Water Systems" 5144:. Belfast: Northern Ireland Environment Agency. 26 May 2016. 4394: 4392: 4390: 3397:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

3393: 3097: 2499:. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 16 September 2021. 2479:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

2475: 1648: 1381: 870:). This makes them more vulnerable to other diseases such as 771: 711:, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food), showing pathways of 508: 162:

considers access to safe drinking-water a basic human right.

100: 3540:

Kuusi M, Nuorti JP, Hänninen ML, et al. (August 2005).

2599: 2028: 2026: 7356: 7161: 6750: 6640: 6533: 6150: 6006: 6001: 5981: 5855: 5806: 5650: 5363:"Basic Information on the CCL and Regulatory Determination" 5345:"Basic Information on the CCL and Regulatory Determination" 4469: 4467: 4465: 4252: 3589:

Kuusi M, Klemets P, Miettinen I, et al. (April 2004).

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is sold for public consumption in most parts of the world.

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with 140 million people affected in 70 countries globally.

786: 4387: 4352: 4285: 4113: 4111: 2264:"Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water" 897: 435:

According to the World Health Organization's 2017 report,

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United Nations. World Water Assessment Programme (2009).

2023: 1658:(DWI) provides independent assurance that the privatised 746:

worldwide in 2010. According to the WHO, the most common

4826:"Progress on Drinking-water and Sanitation: 2012 Update" 4572: 4462: 4146: 1028:, for example due to a breakdown or design fault in the 799:

WASH § WASH-attributable burden of diseases and injuries

169:. More people die from unsafe water than from war, then- 4781: 4732: 4108: 3470: 3035:

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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Contamination of groundwater with arsenic in Bangladesh

111:

directly in liquid form or consumed indirectly through

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

828: 5007:. London: Ofwat (Water Services Regulation Authority) 3638:

Nygård K, Schimmer B, Søbstad Ø, et al. (2006).

3637: 3588: 3435: 2032: 3071:"Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview" 2902:"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea" 1775: 1213:

are determining factors for the presence of various

5055:"The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016" 5032:. London: Drinking Water Inspectorate. 2020-06-15. 4520: 3729: 3539: 2682:"Environmental quality standards for surface water" 680: 624: 5241: 4475:Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 4292:Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th Edition 4258: 2969: 2899: 457:has the best drinking water quality in the world. 355:Total renewable water resources per capita in 2020 332: 320:refers to water piped to homes and delivered to a 4974:. Singapore National Water Agency. Archived from 4516: 4514: 4512: 3772:"Uummannaq: Vand fra vandværket kan drikkes igen" 1621:Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom 1536:Water supply and sanitation in the European Union 1329:demineralizes and increases the rate at which it 942:Examples of poor drinking water quality incidents 417:Countries where tap water is safe to drink (blue) 7705: 5418:WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality (2022) 4359:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 3093: 3091: 2205: 1889: 1684:Water supply and sanitation in the United States 460: 401:are studied and described within the context of 3022: 2549:"Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances Factsheet" 2119:"Water in a Changing World: Facts and Figures." 657:(EPA) establishes standards as required by the 645:set for drinking water. Water may contain many 84:Drinking water that is supplied through a tap ( 5119:. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. 2019-08-05. 4851: 4509: 3801:"Household Water Treatment Guide," March 2008. 3181:. World Health Organization and UNICEF. 2008. 3140: 2098: 1809:List of water supply and sanitation by country 1514:List of water supply and sanitation by country 1460: 524:) serves as an indication of contamination by 348:machines, showers, baths, faucets, and leaks. 6549: 5450: 5327:"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations" 5314:"Drinking Water: A Half Century of Progress." 5197:"Moving Forward for America's Drinking Water" 3088: 2417:"Drinking Water Contaminants: Microorganisms" 2217:. World Health Organization. pp. 25–34. 2157:"Drinking Water: A Half Century of Progress." 1901:. World Health Organization. pp. 25–34. 1717:regulated by state and federal laws and codes 655:United States Environmental Protection Agency 507:, a convenient marker for a class of harmful 379:, and environment. In the United States, the 5312:Joseph Cotruvo, Victor Kimm, Arden Calvert. 4739:Tropical Medicine & International Health 4398: 4261:Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes 4189: 3334:Khan, Nameerah; Charles, Katrina J. (2023). 3166: 3104:Tropical Medicine & International Health 2294:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2155:Joseph Cotruvo, Victor Kimm, Arden Calvert. 2009:Hall, Ellen L.; Dietrich, Andrea M. (2000). 1094:Examples of chemical contamination include: 742:was estimated to cause about one percent of 343:Residential water use in the U.S. and Canada 226:Simplified diagram of a water supply network 5302:(Report). EPA. June 2004. EPA 816-F-04-030. 5142:"Duties of the Drinking Water Inspectorate" 3411:"Canada's worst-ever E. coli contamination" 3333: 3271:"Arsenic threat reaching global dimensions" 2970:Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013-09-16). 2865: 2854: 2852: 2307: 2305: 1698:Drinking water quality in the United States 1691:Drinking water quality in the United States 1035:Further examples of contamination include: 6556: 6542: 5457: 5443: 4408:"Water Access, Resources & Sanitation" 4316:National Toxicology Program (NTP) (2024). 3841:World Health Organization, Geneva (2004). 2785:Engell, Rebecca E; Lim, Stephen S (2013). 2351:"WWDR1: Water for People – water for life" 1804:List of countries by access to clean water 1584:Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand 1372:List of countries by access to clean water 1170:Another type of water treatment is called 952:cholera outbreak in London's Soho district 853:WASH § Diarrhea, malnutrition and stunting 5300:Understanding the Safe Drinking Water Act 4758: 4548: 4538: 4453: 4370: 4082: 4033: 3984: 3887: 3747: 3706: 3665: 3655: 3614: 3565: 3377: 3359: 3305: 3115: 3046: 3005: 2995: 2925: 2784: 2720:. Canada: Safe Drinking Water Foundation. 2631: 2621: 2459: 2279: 2075: 1885: 1883: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1119:entered the water supply for the city of 715:. The vertical blue lines show barriers: 573:Physical and chemical parameters include 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 5239:United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. 5194: 4216: 4196: 3793: 3730:Penman AD, Brackin BT, Embrey R (1997). 2849: 2742:"Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act" 2419:. EPA. 21 September 2010. Archived from 2302: 1599:Water supply and sanitation in Singapore 1589:drinking water and waste water analysis 1387: 1375: 1269:, it has low impact on the environment. 1141: 832: 702: 694: 560: 412: 350: 221: 213: 193: 79: 7611:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI) 4943:"Taumata Arowai: a new water regulator" 4239:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3063: 1922:Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition 1754:cholera epidemic in the 1850s in London 1347:Department of Health and Human Services 1272: 1239: 898:Consumption of contaminated groundwater 748:diseases linked with poor water quality 14: 7706: 5316:EPA Alumni Association. March 1, 2016. 4945:. NZ Ministry of Health. 9 June 2022. 4591: 3403: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3268: 3208: 3202: 2766:from the original on 26 September 2019 2503:from the original on 16 September 2022 2397:from the original on 21 September 2022 2224:from the original on 22 February 2016. 1947: 1913: 1908:from the original on 22 February 2016. 1880: 1841: 1747:History of water supply and sanitation 1715:Drinking water quality in the U.S. is 1357:typically has unknown fluoride levels. 1098:In 1988, many people were poisoned in 287:Springs are often used as sources for 6537: 5464: 5438: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4857: 4480:(Report). JMP, WHO and UNICEF. 2014. 4455:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064057 4237:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3631: 3582: 3233: 2581:from the original on 29 November 2022 2555:from the original on 22 December 2022 2529:from the original on 22 December 2022 2497:National Pesticide Information Center 2313:Guidelines for Drinking‑water Quality 2166:EPA Alumni Association. 1 March 2016. 1032:system, or by chemical contaminants. 1020:Water supply can get contaminated by 478:, and specific pathogenic species of 362: 7561:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 4604:from the original on 22 October 2009 3723: 3682: 3533: 3491: 3464: 3429: 3417:from the original on 23 October 2004 3278:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3028: 2011:"A Brief History of Drinking Water." 1702:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1569:Water supply and sanitation in Japan 1289:remains a controversial issue. (See 1277:In many areas, low concentration of 932:arsenic contamination of groundwater 908:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 663:Ministry of Environmental Protection 29: 4667:from the original on 19 August 2019 3322: 3269:Bagchi, Sanjit (20 November 2007). 3227: 3075:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2668:Directorate-General for Environment 2664:"European Drinking Water Directive" 2427: 2187:from the original on 3 October 2021 2169: 1799:Human right to water and sanitation 1649:Water Services Regulation Authority 1640:In England and Wales there are two 1544:sets legislation on water quality. 1255:removal performance would suggest. 1250:Self-supply of water and sanitation 829:Diarrhea, malnutrition and stunting 611:Perfluorinated alkylated substances 468:Microbiological parameters include 370:Daily consumption of drinking water 24: 5246:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 4901: 4646:page 51 Referenced 20 October 2008 4624:"| Human Development Reports" 4592:Walker, Andrew (5 February 2009). 4442:Annual Review of Political Science 4418:from the original on 21 March 2018 3827:. Christchurch, NZ. Archived from 2820: 2393:. City of Turku. 1 December 2021. 2237:"US daily reference intake values" 2149: 1325:, which reduces the rate at which 1048:Milwaukee Cryptosporidium outbreak 1014:Jackson, Mississippi, water crisis 528:. Additional contaminants include 25: 7730: 6881:Push-to-pull compression fittings 5377: 5195:Beauvais, Joel (April 26, 2016). 5173:. London: National Archives, UK. 5090:. London: National Archives, UK. 5061:. London: National Archives, UK. 4636:from the original on 2 April 2015 4497:from the original on 20 July 2018 4123:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 2371:from the original on 16 June 2017 1614: 1525: 1102:, when a worker put 20 tonnes of 972:Hinkley groundwater contamination 862:is primarily transmitted through 651:European Drinking Water Directive 6518: 6517: 5413:WHO fact sheet on drinking water 5384: 5367:Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) 5337: 5306: 5292: 5274: 5233: 5171:Northern Ireland Statutory Rules 4949:from the original on 23 May 2022 4784:Science of the Total Environment 3392: 2670:. Brussels: European Commission. 2610:Science of the Total Environment 2474: 2440:Science of the Total Environment 2206:Ann C. Grandjean (August 2004). 1991:from the original on 11 May 2018 1965:from the original on 5 June 2015 1890:Ann C. Grandjean (August 2004). 1868:from the original on 5 June 2015 1778: 1760:to further our understanding of 1689:This section is an excerpt from 1677: 1520:drinking water quality standards 1510:Drinking water quality standards 1361: 1297:This section is an excerpt from 1189:can greatly reduce the risks of 851:This section is an excerpt from 797:This section is an excerpt from 681:Health issues due to low quality 639:Drinking water quality standards 632:Drinking water quality standards 630:This section is an excerpt from 625:Drinking water quality standards 368:This section is an excerpt from 275:drinking water quality standards 125:drinking water quality standards 34: 5429:Ground water and drinking water 5331:Ground Water and Drinking Water 5177:from the original on 2020-10-28 5159: 5148:from the original on 2020-10-15 5134: 5123:from the original on 2023-01-13 5105: 5094:from the original on 2020-11-02 5076: 5065:from the original on 2020-11-01 5047: 5036:from the original on 2020-11-25 5018: 4993: 4961: 4935: 4924:from the original on 2021-11-18 4890:from the original on 2022-12-29 4842: 4818: 4804:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.018 4775: 4726: 4702: 4679: 4649: 4616: 4585: 4565: 4429: 4309: 4099: 4050: 4001: 3952: 3904: 3855: 3835: 3813: 3782:from the original on 2022-08-19 3778:(in Danish). 21 December 2011. 3764: 3522:from the original on 2022-03-07 3262: 3148:"Diarrhoeal disease Fact sheet" 2963: 2950:"WHO | Diarrhoeal disease" 2942: 2893: 2838:from the original on 2021-07-10 2809:from the original on 2022-07-21 2778: 2748: 2734: 2708: 2699: 2656: 2623:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151003 2593: 2567: 2541: 2515: 2493:"Drinking Water and Pesticides" 2485: 2461:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166929 2409: 2383: 2343: 2332:from the original on 2021-11-02 2229: 2140: 2131: 1285:, although in some communities 713:fecal–oral disease transmission 333:Usage for general household use 4699:, accessed on 27 February 2010 4690:World Water Assessment Program 4594:"The water vendors of Nigeria" 2873:"Call to action on sanitation" 2111: 2092: 2003: 1977: 1577: 1503: 1291:water fluoridation controversy 819:Sustainable Development Goal 3 744:disability adjusted life years 653:and in the United States, the 386:European Food Safety Authority 13: 1: 2918:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6 2803:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61298-2 1834: 1559:polices the water companies. 1217:, often rendering the water " 791:water, sanitation and hygiene 619:persistent organic pollutants 461:Parameters to monitor quality 7621:World Plumbing Council (WPC) 7172:Reduced pressure zone device 6563: 5483:Pollution / quality 4969:"Our Drinking Water Quality" 4540:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001644 4231:American Antiquarian Society 4211:American Antiquarian Society 4155:Clinical Oral Investigations 4129:(RR-14): 1–42. August 2001. 3595:J Epidemiol Community Health 3504:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep 2997:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784 2177:"Drinking Water Regulations" 1766:London's sanitary revolution 1725:Consumer Confidence Reports. 1592: 1438:. Safe drinking water is an 1127: 1115:In 2019 oil for an electric 1070:outbreak in northern Finland 889:, clean drinking water, and 872:acute respiratory infections 811:acute respiratory infections 282:atmospheric water generators 7: 7616:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) 7335:Instant hot water dispenser 7137:Piping and plumbing fitting 4858:Maria, Kaika (April 2003). 4269:10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_9 3880:10.1136/bmj.39118.489931.BE 3450:10.1056/NEJM198905253202103 1771: 1656:Drinking Water Inspectorate 1557:Drinking Water Inspectorate 1496:with a slab or water seal. 1474:Millennium Development Goal 1461:Global monitoring of access 1351:National Toxicology Program 1246:Portable water purification 327: 218:Diagram of water well types 10: 7735: 6962:Backflow prevention device 6947:Atmospheric vacuum breaker 5349:Contaminant Candidate List 4575:. Accessed March 3, 2023. 4372:10.1001/archpedi.161.5.457 4304:Fluoride in Drinking-water 3821:"Our water – Water supply" 3708:10.2807/esw.12.13.03164-en 3361:10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 2060:10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w 1987:. UN News. 22 March 2010. 1744: 1740: 1732:Contaminant Candidate List 1721:maximum contaminant levels 1688: 1681: 1618: 1596: 1581: 1566: 1529: 1507: 1365: 1296: 1243: 1131: 901: 850: 796: 687:WASH § Health aspects 684: 629: 420: 408: 392: 367: 336: 298: 280:An experimental source is 183: 179: 27:Water safe for consumption 7655: 7629: 7589: 7534: 7496: 7415: 7260: 7222:Thermostatic mixing valve 6939: 6759: 6571: 6513: 6454: 6319: 6312: 6193: 6054:Types / location 6053: 6044: 5854: 5649: 5562: 5532: 5481: 5472: 5084:"Water Industry Act 1991" 4864:European Planning Studies 4167:10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6 3825:Christchurch City Council 3806:20 September 2008 at the 3558:10.1017/S0950268805003808 3152:World Health Organization 2239:. Iom.edu. Archived from 2101:"Water, Water Everywhere" 1959:World Health Organization 1635:Northern Ireland Assembly 1553:Water Quality Regulations 1532:Water Framework Directive 1398:World Health Organization 1339:World Health Organization 1024:which may originate from 676:on non-compliant nations. 667:World Health Organization 445:According to a report by 294: 160:World Health Organization 6952:Automatic bleeding valve 6591:Compatibility (chemical) 5059:UK Statutory Instruments 4338:: CS1 maint: location ( 3607:10.1136/jech.2003.009928 3234:Ahuja, Satinder (2018). 3048:10.2166/washdev.2017.027 2577:. EPA. 3 November 2021. 2525:. EPA. 18 October 2021. 2281:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459 1862:"Water Fact sheet N°391" 1752:of change can vary: the 1644:regulatory authorities. 1562: 1263:Solar water disinfection 1230:biological contamination 1207:disinfection by-products 1052:In 1998, an outbreak of 316:, delivered by domestic 167:carry vectors of disease 7157:Pressure-balanced valve 7152:Pressure vacuum breaker 6861:Pipe (fluid conveyance) 6803:Drain-waste-vent system 6783:Chemical drain cleaners 4695:21 January 2008 at the 4579:March 10, 2023, at the 4075:10.1136/adc.2005.077867 3868:British Medical Journal 3657:10.1186/1471-2458-6-141 3240:. San Diego: Elsevier. 3213:. Toronto: Key Porter. 2551:. CDC. 16 August 2021. 2099:Schardt, David (2000). 2016:8 February 2015 at the 1706:Safe Drinking Water Act 659:Safe Drinking Water Act 569:of published literature 255:(from rivers, streams, 7678:Template:Public health 7350:water recycling shower 7320:Hot water storage tank 6651:Onsite sewage facility 5227:"Public Water Systems" 5088:UK Public General Acts 4876:10.1080/09654310303640 3944:: CS1 maint: others ( 1393: 1385: 1234:chemical contamination 1147: 1059:In 1997, 369 cases of 1016:, United States (2022) 847: 732: 700: 641:describes the quality 583:total suspended solids 570: 418: 356: 227: 219: 211: 171:U.N. secretary-general 144:improved water sources 89: 7663:Fire sprinkler system 7372:Tankless water heater 7315:Garbage disposal unit 7300:Electric water boiler 6772:British Standard Pipe 4573:https://cfpub.epa.gov 4326:10.22427/ntp-mgraph-8 4143:from CDC, 2007-08-09. 3209:Pearce, Fred (2006). 2183:. 21 September 2015. 1682:Further information: 1436:water-borne illnesses 1414:. This can result in 1407:improved water source 1391: 1379: 1366:Further information: 1146:Water treatment plant 1145: 996:outbreak occurred in 904:Groundwater pollution 836: 706: 698: 685:Further information: 601:chemical contaminants 564: 416: 354: 337:Further information: 225: 217: 197: 184:Further information: 83: 7362:Storage water heater 6931:Water heat recycling 6839:National Pipe Thread 6741:Water supply network 6429:remnant natural area 6066:storage and recovery 5732:habitat conservation 5550:Deforestation (REDD) 4026:10.1136/adc.85.4.293 3977:10.1136/adc.81.4.337 3848:4 March 2016 at the 3198:on 12 February 2009. 2616:. Elsevier: 151003. 2124:24 June 2012 at the 1935:on 24 September 2015 1710:public water systems 1631:Scottish Parliaments 1547:Directive 2000/60/EC 1440:environmental health 1273:Addition of fluoride 1240:Point of use methods 923:, enamel mottle and 647:harmful constituents 399:domesticated animals 305:Water supply network 249:rainwater harvesting 158:or public taps. The 7693:Template:Wastewater 7551:Hydrostatic testing 7192:Rooftop water tower 6788:Compression fitting 6383:Earth Overshoot Day 5957:Marine conservation 5938:non-timber products 4796:2015ScTEn.514..333K 3352:2023ExpHe..15..519K 3340:Exposure and Health 3290:10.1503/cmaj.071456 2988:2013PLoSO...873784S 2912:(9875): 1405–1416. 2452:2023ScTEn.90466929N 2423:on 2 February 2015. 2052:2021Natur.598..611L 1794:Boil-water advisory 1762:waterborne diseases 1522:such as ISO 24510. 1490:improved sanitation 1416:infectious diseases 1315:public water supply 1309:is the addition of 1191:waterborne diseases 887:improved sanitation 691:Waterborne diseases 674:European Commission 121:developed countries 7647:Waterborne disease 7546:Hydronic balancing 7305:Evaporative cooler 7270:Accessible bathtub 7167:Radiator (heating) 7147:Pressure regulator 7042:Double check valve 7017:Concentric reducer 6818:Garden Hose Thread 6711:Thermal insulation 6581:Air gap (plumbing) 6368:Ecosystem services 5491:Ambient standards 5369:. EPA. 2022-03-21. 5351:. EPA. 2019-07-19. 5333:. EPA. 2019-09-17. 4663:. WHO and UNICEF. 4412:OurWorldInData.org 3913:Water disinfection 2728:2011-10-06 at the 2162:2020-07-31 at the 1824:Water intoxication 1819:Water fluoridation 1394: 1386: 1307:Water fluoridation 1299:Water fluoridation 1287:water fluoridation 1187:Water disinfection 1148: 1134:Water purification 1109:in the wrong tank. 1104:aluminium sulphate 1068:campylobacteriosis 1004:Flint water crisis 998:Walkerton, Ontario 954:was identified by 925:skeletal fluorosis 848: 736:Contaminated water 733: 701: 571: 514:. The presence of 419: 363:Usage for drinking 357: 228: 220: 212: 148:sub-Saharan Africa 123:, tap water meets 90: 7701: 7700: 7683:Template:Sewerage 7630:Health and safety 7606:NSF International 7416:Specialized tools 7295:Drinking fountain 7262:Plumbing fixtures 7142:Plug (sanitation) 7127:Nipple (plumbing) 7047:Eccentric reducer 7027:Coupling (piping) 6992:Chemigation valve 6845:Nominal Pipe Size 6808:Ductile iron pipe 6706:Thermal expansion 6531: 6530: 6509: 6508: 6308: 6307: 5987:genetic resources 5923:genetic resources 5558: 5557: 5466:Natural resources 4838:on 28 March 2012. 4751:10.1111/tmi.12334 4722:on March 4, 2016. 4487:978-92-4-151289-3 3923:978-1-61122-401-6 3736:Public Health Rep 3644:BMC Public Health 3546:Epidemiol. Infect 3247:978-0-12-814791-7 3220:978-1-55263-741-8 3188:978-92-806-4313-8 3117:10.1111/tmi.12331 2760:Our World in Data 2325:978-92-4-154995-0 2243:on 6 October 2011 2046:(7882): 611–617. 1540:For example, the 1396:According to the 1259:for a few years. 1061:cryptosporidiosis 1041:cryptosporidiosis 864:fecal–oral routes 779:burden of disease 707:The "F-diagram" ( 579:organic compounds 567:systematic review 505:coliform bacteria 470:coliform bacteria 103:that is safe for 78: 77: 70: 16:(Redirected from 7726: 7688:Template:Toilets 7453:Flare-nut wrench 7212:Submersible pump 7037:Dielectric union 6957:Automatic faucet 6916:Thread seal tape 6876:Plastic pipework 6636:Hydrostatic loop 6601:Drain (plumbing) 6558: 6551: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6521: 6520: 6472: 6419:Natural heritage 6378:overexploitation 6317: 6316: 6051: 6050: 5997:herbal medicines 5977:FAO Plant Treaty 5517: 5494: 5479: 5478: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5388: 5387: 5371: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5278: 5272: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4910: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4831:. 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Sci 3468: 3462: 3461: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3381: 3363: 3331: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3191:. Archived from 3180: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3119: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3009: 2999: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2828:"Drinking-water" 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2684:. 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J. 4206: 4198:McCusker, J. J. 4194: 4190: 4151: 4147: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4055: 4051: 4006: 4002: 3957: 3953: 3937: 3936: 3924: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3860: 3856: 3850:Wayback Machine 3840: 3836: 3831:on 12 May 2015. 3819: 3818: 3814: 3808:Wayback Machine 3798: 3794: 3785: 3783: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3728: 3724: 3687: 3683: 3636: 3632: 3587: 3583: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3496: 3492: 3469: 3465: 3444:(21): 1372–76. 3438:N. Engl. J. Med 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3332: 3323: 3284:(11): 1344–45. 3273: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3096: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3029:Mara D (2017). 3027: 3023: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2857: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2810: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2730:Wayback Machine 2714: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2326: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2287: 2286: 2260: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2164:Wayback Machine 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2126:Wayback Machine 2116: 2112: 2107:on 16 May 2009. 2097: 2093: 2031: 2024: 2018:Wayback Machine 2008: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1905: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1842: 1837: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1749: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1694: 1686: 1680: 1623: 1617: 1601: 1595: 1586: 1580: 1571: 1565: 1538: 1528: 1516: 1508:Main articles: 1506: 1463: 1420:gastroenteritis 1374: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1302: 1275: 1252: 1244:Main articles: 1242: 1179:life expectancy 1140: 1138:Water treatment 1132:Main articles: 1130: 1117:transformer oil 1075:gastroenteritis 944: 910: 902:Main articles: 900: 895: 894: 856: 831: 826: 825: 802: 789:- standing for 693: 683: 678: 677: 635: 627: 545:Giardia lamblia 538:Cryptosporidium 516:fecal coliforms 489:Vibrio cholerae 463: 433: 427:Water pollution 421:Main articles: 411: 395: 390: 389: 381:Adequate Intake 373: 365: 345: 335: 330: 307: 299:Main articles: 297: 271:water treatment 237:hyporheic zones 198:Drinking water 192: 186:Water resources 182: 119:. Typically in 74: 63: 57: 54: 51: 43:This article's 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7732: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7714:Drinking water 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7595: 7592:organizations 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7556:Leak detection 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7526:Water metering 7523: 7521:Water detector 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7473:Plumber wrench 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7407:Water softener 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7237:Vacuum ejector 7234: 7232:Vacuum breaker 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7057:Faucet aerator 7054: 7052:Expansion tank 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6896:Sewage pumping 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6834:Leak detection 6831: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6778:Cast iron pipe 6775: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6726:Venturi effect 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6661:Sanitary sewer 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6606:Drinking water 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6561: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6471:(perpetuation) 6466: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6424:Nature reserve 6421: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6057: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:climate change 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5869:Bioprospecting 5866: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5746: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514:Clean Air Act 5506: 5501: 5496: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5423:Drinking Water 5420: 5415: 5402:Drinking water 5390: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378:External links 5376: 5373: 5372: 5354: 5336: 5318: 5305: 5291: 5273: 5262:42 U.S.C. 5232: 5218: 5187: 5158: 5133: 5104: 5075: 5046: 5017: 4992: 4960: 4934: 4918:www.mhlw.go.jp 4900: 4870:(3): 299–316. 4850: 4841: 4817: 4774: 4725: 4701: 4686:United Nations 4678: 4648: 4615: 4584: 4564: 4508: 4486: 4461: 4428: 4386: 4365:(5): 457–461. 4345: 4308: 4300:978-9241548151 4284: 4278:978-1597450294 4277: 4251: 4235:1800–present: 4188: 4161:(3): 189–193. 4145: 4107: 4098: 4063:Arch Dis Child 4049: 4014:Arch Dis Child 4000: 3965:Arch Dis Child 3951: 3922: 3903: 3854: 3834: 3812: 3792: 3763: 3722: 3681: 3630: 3581: 3552:(4): 593–601. 3532: 3510:(40): 856–60. 3490: 3479:(11): 640–43. 3463: 3428: 3402: 3346:(3): 519–537. 3321: 3261: 3246: 3226: 3219: 3201: 3187: 3165: 3139: 3110:(8): 928–942. 3087: 3062: 3021: 2962: 2941: 2892: 2880:United Nations 2864: 2848: 2819: 2777: 2747: 2733: 2707: 2698: 2673: 2655: 2592: 2566: 2540: 2514: 2484: 2426: 2408: 2382: 2362:Berghahn Books 2342: 2324: 2301: 2254: 2228: 2198: 2168: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2110: 2091: 2022: 2002: 1976: 1961:. March 2018. 1946: 1912: 1879: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1829:Water security 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1773: 1770: 1745:Main article: 1742: 1739: 1695: 1687: 1679: 1676: 1665: 1664: 1660:water industry 1652: 1642:water industry 1616: 1615:United Kingdom 1613: 1594: 1591: 1579: 1576: 1564: 1561: 1527: 1526:European Union 1524: 1505: 1502: 1462: 1459: 1380:World map for 1363: 1360: 1335:Defluoridation 1303: 1295: 1274: 1271: 1241: 1238: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1113: 1110: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1050: 1044: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1001: 975: 969: 963: 943: 940: 899: 896: 868:stunted growth 857: 849: 830: 827: 815:undernutrition 803: 795: 682: 679: 636: 628: 626: 623: 615:food packaging 462: 459: 440:drinking water 410: 407: 394: 391: 374: 366: 364: 361: 334: 331: 329: 326: 296: 293: 289:bottled waters 190:Water security 181: 178: 107:, either when 93:Drinking water 76: 75: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7731: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7673:Template:HVAC 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7637:Plumbing code 7635: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594:and standards 7588: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7506:Control valve 7504: 7503: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443:Drain cleaner 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:Hose coupling 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7012:Closet flange 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:Threaded pipe 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813:Flare fitting 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6793:Copper tubing 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Grade (slope) 6619: 6617: 6616:Friction loss 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6502: 6501:Non-renewable 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441:Urban ecology 6439: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:Privatization 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Surface water 6166: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5670: 5669:peak farmland 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5453: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5315: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4977: 4970: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4845: 4834: 4827: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4745:(8): 917–27. 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527:PLOS Medicine 4524: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4240: 4232: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4069:(2): 139–41. 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020:(4): 293–95. 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971:(4): 337–38. 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874:(7597): 782. 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3781: 3777: 3776:Sermitsiaq.AG 3773: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3742:(5): 403–09. 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695:Euro Surveill 3692: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3601:(4): 273–77. 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2982:(9): e73784. 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2702: 2688:on 2018-08-03 2687: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2596: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2291: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2242: 2238: 2232: 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July 2014. 1863: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1685: 1678:United States 1675: 1671: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1575: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1444:Bottled water 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:public health 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1362:Global access 1356: 1355:Bottled water 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:remineralizes 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:dental health 1280: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:public health 1181:and improved 1180: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054:typhoid fever 1051: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1026:human excreta 1023: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 995: 991: 990:Campylobacter 987: 983: 981: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948: 947: 939: 937: 936:global threat 933: 928: 926: 922: 917: 915: 909: 905: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 854: 845: 841: 835: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 800: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 697: 692: 688: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 633: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 568: 563: 559: 557: 553: 552: 547: 546: 541: 539: 534: 531: 527: 523: 522: 517: 513: 510: 506: 502: 499: 495: 491: 490: 485: 481: 477: 476: 471: 466: 458: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 438: 432: 428: 424: 423:Water quality 415: 406: 404: 400: 387: 382: 378: 371: 360: 353: 349: 344: 340: 325: 323: 319: 318:water systems 315: 311: 306: 302: 292: 290: 285: 283: 278: 276: 272: 267: 265: 262: 258: 254: 253:surface water 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 224: 216: 209: 205: 201: 196: 191: 187: 177: 175: 172: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 97:potable water 94: 87: 82: 72: 69: 61: 49: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 18:Potable water 7566:Pipe marking 7539:and services 7535:Professions, 7483:Strap wrench 7423:Basin wrench 7402:Water heater 7397:Water filter 7310:Flush toilet 7285:Dehumidifier 7227:Trench drain 7207:Street elbow 7197:Safety valve 7182:Relief valve 7122:Needle valve 7107:Grinder pump 7077:Flow limiter 7062:Float switch 6997:Chopper pump 6977:Booster pump 6926:Tube bending 6871:Pipe support 6736:Water hammer 6716:Thermosiphon 6646:Neutral axis 6605: 6499: / 6373:Exploitation 6258:Conservation 6201:Desalination 6136: 6072: 6029:conservation 5864:Biodiversity 5812:conservation 5659:Agricultural 5587:Fossil fuels 5400: 5399: 5398:profile for 5395: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5308: 5294: 5285: 5276: 5268: 5235: 5221: 5211:December 17, 5209:. Retrieved 5205:the original 5200: 5190: 5179:. Retrieved 5170: 5161: 5150:. Retrieved 5136: 5125:. Retrieved 5116: 5107: 5096:. Retrieved 5087: 5078: 5067:. Retrieved 5058: 5049: 5038:. Retrieved 5029: 5026:"What We Do" 5020: 5009:. Retrieved 5004: 5001:"Our duties" 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4976:the original 4963: 4951:. Retrieved 4937: 4926:. Retrieved 4917: 4892:. Retrieved 4867: 4863: 4853: 4844: 4833:the original 4820: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4717:the original 4704: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4660: 4651: 4638:. Retrieved 4618: 4606:. Retrieved 4597: 4587: 4567: 4530: 4526: 4499:. Retrieved 4445: 4441: 4431: 4420:, retrieved 4411: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4317: 4311: 4287: 4260: 4254: 4244:February 29, 4242:. Retrieved 4222: 4202: 4191: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4126: 4122: 4101: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4017: 4013: 4003: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3912: 3906: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3837: 3829:the original 3824: 3815: 3795: 3784:. 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Retrieved 2241:the original 2231: 2214: 2201: 2189:. Retrieved 2180: 2171: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2113: 2105:the original 2094: 2043: 2039: 2005: 1993:. Retrieved 1979: 1967:. Retrieved 1958: 1949: 1937:. Retrieved 1930:the original 1921: 1915: 1898: 1870:. Retrieved 1814:Water filter 1786:Water portal 1750: 1730: 1724: 1719:, which set 1714: 1696: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1639: 1624: 1602: 1587: 1572: 1545: 1539: 1517: 1498: 1478: 1464: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1405: 1402: 1395: 1327:tooth enamel 1304: 1276: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1227: 1203:Chlorination 1176: 1172:desalination 1169: 1161: 1153:Christchurch 1149: 1093: 1034: 1019: 1007: 989: 988:O157:H7 and 985: 979: 960:epidemiology 945: 929: 918: 911: 891:hand washing 858: 804: 790: 785:for this is 776: 734: 637: 609: 600: 595: 575:heavy metals 572: 549: 543: 536: 521:E. Coli 519: 487: 473: 467: 464: 444: 439: 436: 434: 396: 358: 346: 312: 308: 301:Water supply 286: 279: 268: 229: 164: 141: 137: 96: 92: 91: 64: 55: 46:lead section 44: 7511:Flow sensor 7499:and control 7497:Measurement 7488:Tap and die 7463:Pipe wrench 7448:Driving cap 7340:Laundry tub 7217:Tap (valve) 7202:Sewage pump 7187:Riser clamp 7132:Pinch valve 7102:Grease trap 7097:Globe valve 7087:Flushometer 7072:Floor drain 7067:Float valve 6987:Check valve 6972:Bleed screw 6746:Water table 6686:Storm sewer 6572:Fundamental 6492:Nationalism 6464:Common-pool 6105:Hydrosphere 6098:remediation 6083:Groundwater 5678:Degradation 5271:1974-12-16. 5266:§ 300f 4448:: 361–377. 4294:WHO, 2011. 4215:1700–1799: 4195:1634–1699: 4141:lay summary 3041:(1): 1–12. 2858:WHO (2023) 2832:www.who.int 2274:(3): 1459. 2181:www.epa.gov 1764:. However, 1578:New Zealand 1504:Regulations 1494:pit latrine 1319:tooth decay 1211:groundwater 1157:New Zealand 1088:aetiologies 1073:In 2000, a 1039:In 1987, a 950:In 1854, a 764:hepatitis A 729:handwashing 324:or spigot. 261:desalinated 245:groundwater 174:Ban Ki-moon 7719:Sanitation 7708:Categories 7571:Pipefitter 7458:Pipecutter 7438:Core drill 7325:Humidifier 7290:Dishwasher 7252:Zone valve 7247:Water tank 7092:Gate valve 6967:Ball valve 6940:Components 6760:Technology 6731:Wastewater 6691:Stormwater 6487:Extraction 6446:Wilderness 6407:accounting 6390:Management 6356:ecological 6344:tragedy of 6263:Peak water 6248:Efficiency 6221:Sanitation 6163:Stormwater 6156:harvesting 6132:Irrigation 6034:management 5992:gene banks 5933:management 5911:management 5827:resilience 5793:phosphorus 5749:industrial 5727:Management 5703:soundscape 5609:Geothermal 5252:; 88 5181:2020-10-23 5152:2020-10-23 5127:2023-01-13 5098:2020-10-23 5069:2020-10-23 5040:2023-01-13 5011:2020-10-23 4928:2021-11-18 4894:2020-08-31 4790:: 333–43. 4671:16 October 4640:23 October 4608:23 October 4404:Roser, Max 3786:2020-09-23 3526:2023-10-25 3256:1078565849 3158:29 October 2956:2014-03-10 2842:2020-11-28 2813:2023-10-26 2791:The Lancet 2692:2013-02-11 2446:: 166929. 2336:2018-03-22 2247:5 December 1835:References 1619:See also: 1597:See also: 1582:See also: 1567:See also: 1530:See also: 1418:, such as 1317:to reduce 1215:metal ions 1090:in Denmark 1082:giardiasis 1030:sanitation 1008:Legionella 1006:(lead and 978:Walkerton 840:sanitation 740:sanitation 721:safe water 643:parameters 597:Pesticides 551:Legionella 431:Hard water 384:food. The 129:irrigation 58:March 2024 7590:Industry 7576:Pipelayer 7433:Borescope 7428:Blowtorch 7367:Sump pump 6901:Soldering 6866:Pipe dope 6829:Hydronics 6701:Tap water 6666:Sewer gas 6631:Heat trap 6626:Greywater 6596:Corrosion 6497:Renewable 6482:Depletion 6469:Conflict 6351:Economics 6329:enclosure 6288:Resources 6268:Pollution 6185:Watershed 6088:pollution 6019:Seed bank 6014:Rangeland 5896:Fisheries 5881:Biosphere 5874:biopiracy 5817:fertility 5693:cityscape 5688:Landscape 5595:peak coal 5582:Resources 5533:Emissions 4884:153351550 4334:cite book 4139:See also 3940:cite book 3932:730450380 3370:2451-9766 3298:1488-2329 3057:2043-9083 2952:. Who.int 2885:15 August 2650:239494337 2585:7 January 2559:7 January 2533:7 January 2507:6 January 2191:4 October 2068:1476-4687 1758:John Snow 1593:Singapore 1481:standpipe 1442:concern. 1128:Treatment 1121:Uummannaq 1107:coagulant 1100:Camelford 1046:In 1993, 1022:pathogens 956:John Snow 760:dysentery 587:turbidity 530:protozoan 512:pathogens 501:parasites 498:protozoan 486:-causing 482:(such as 339:Water use 314:Tap water 273:and meet 133:Greywater 117:tap water 105:ingestion 86:tap water 7656:See also 7642:Scalding 7330:Icemaker 7117:Manifold 6676:Sewerage 6656:Pressure 6611:Fuel gas 6586:Backflow 6574:concepts 6565:Plumbing 6523:Category 6456:Resource 6395:adaptive 6293:improved 6253:Conflict 6238:Security 6233:Scarcity 6226:improved 6216:Leaching 6093:recharge 6073:Drinking 6024:Wildlife 5891:Bushmeat 5886:Bushfood 5839:planning 5744:gemstone 5739:Minerals 5720:property 5708:viewshed 5698:seascape 5629:sunlight 5603:peak oil 5599:peak gas 5201:EPA Blog 5175:Archived 5146:Archived 5121:Archived 5092:Archived 5063:Archived 5034:Archived 5030:About Us 5005:About us 4947:Archived 4922:Archived 4888:Archived 4812:25676921 4769:24811893 4693:Archived 4665:Archived 4631:Archived 4602:Archived 4598:BBC News 4577:Archived 4559:24800926 4501:22 March 4492:Archived 4422:22 March 4416:archived 4406:(2018), 4381:17485621 4220:(1992). 4200:(1997). 4183:13189520 4175:17333303 4135:11521913 4093:16403847 4044:11567937 3995:10490440 3898:17353208 3846:Archived 3804:Archived 3780:Archived 3717:17439795 3676:16725025 3625:15026434 3576:16050503 3520:Archived 3415:Archived 3388:36196073 3316:18025421 3134:22903164 3126:24811732 3080:27 April 3016:24066070 2976:PLOS ONE 2936:23582727 2836:Archived 2807:Archived 2764:Archived 2726:Archived 2642:34695467 2633:10184764 2579:Archived 2553:Archived 2527:Archived 2501:Archived 2470:37689199 2395:Archived 2366:Archived 2364:. 2003. 2330:Archived 2219:Archived 2185:Archived 2160:Archived 2122:Archived 2086:34707305 2014:Archived 1989:Archived 1969:23 March 1963:Archived 1903:Archived 1866:Archived 1772:See also 1633:and the 1605:Malaysia 1485:borehole 1465:The WHO/ 1311:fluoride 1279:fluoride 1267:firewood 1193:such as 1151:such as 982:outbreak 930:Natural 914:fluoride 860:Diarrhea 807:diarrhea 756:diarrhea 605:toxicity 577:, trace 535:such as 480:bacteria 328:Quantity 264:seawater 257:glaciers 247:), from 241:aquifers 204:Thailand 7581:Plumber 7537:trades, 7478:Plunger 7387:Washlet 7275:Bathtub 7177:Reducer 7007:Cistern 6911:Swaging 6891:Sealant 6767:Brazing 6324:Commons 6313:Related 6278:Quality 6194:Aspects 6120:glacial 6061:Aquifer 5967:Pasture 5918:Forests 5844:reserve 5619:Nuclear 5589: ( 5545:Trading 5540:Airshed 5392:Scholia 5269:et seq. 5242:Pub. 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