Water resources - Knowledge

805: 754: 792: 1466: 1862:, based on the premise that by managing the urban water cycle as a whole; a more efficient use of resources can be achieved providing not only economic benefits but also improved social and environmental outcomes. One approach is to establish an inner, urban, water cycle loop through the implementation of reuse strategies. Developing this urban water cycle loop requires an understanding both of the natural, pre-development, water balance and the post-development water balance. Accounting for flows in the pre- and post-development systems is an important step toward limiting urban impacts on the natural water cycle. 1520: 1361: 323: 1791: 844: 5815: 4694: 4683: 357: 4716: 4411: 2091: 4705: 229: 1135: 348:

there, and more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than the global average. In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.

512:. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted. This is especially significant in 1773:, IWRM has been evolving into more sustainable approach as it considers the Nexus approach, which is a cross-sectoral water resource management. The Nexus approach is based on the recognition that "water, energy and food are closely linked through global and local water, carbon and energy cycles or chains." 1707:

IWRM is a paradigm that emerged at international conferences in the late 1900s and early 2000s, although participatory water management institutions have existed for centuries. Discussions on a holistic way of managing water resources began already in the 1950s leading up to the 1977 United Nations

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for a variety of purposes . It is also called wastewater reuse, water reuse or water recycling. There are many types of reuse. It is possible to reuse water in this way in cities or for irrigation in agriculture. Other types of reuse are environmental reuse, industrial reuse, and reuse for drinking

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and is found underground. The primary cause of groundwater depletion is the excessive pumping of groundwater up from underground aquifers. Insufficient recharge can lead to depletion, reducing the usefulness of the aquifer for humans. Depletion can also have impacts on the environment around the

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typically refers to violence or disputes associated with access to, or control of, water resources, or the use of water or water systems as weapons or casualties of conflicts. The term water war is colloquially used in media for some disputes over water, and often is more limited to describing a

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Warsinger, David M.; Chakraborty, Sudip; Tow, Emily W.; Plumlee, Megan H.; Bellona, Christopher; Loutatidou, Savvina; Karimi, Leila; Mikelonis, Anne M.; Achilli, Andrea; Ghassemi, Abbas; Padhye, Lokesh P.; Snyder, Shane A.; Curcio, Stefano; Vecitis, Chad D.; Arafat, Hassan A.; Lienhard, John H.

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runoff is considered to be surface water. The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from

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and sustainable cost recovery, monitoring and evaluation. There is not one correct administrative model. The art of IWRM lies in selecting, adjusting and applying the right mix of these tools for a given situation. IWRM practices depend on context; at the operational level, the challenge is to

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recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private. A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though they are rarely traditional wars waged over water alone. Instead, water has long been a source of tension and one of the causes for

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An IWRM approach aims at avoiding a fragmented approach of water resources management by considering the following aspects: Enabling environment, roles of Institutions, management Instruments. Some of the cross-cutting conditions that are also important to consider when implementing IWRM are:

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Drinking water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In most developed countries, the water supplied to domestic, commerce and industry is all of drinking water

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and the long-term impacts of past management actions, this decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative management strategies, including participatory approaches and

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Total renewable freshwater resources of the world, in mm/year (1 mm is equivalent to 1 L of water per m) (long-term average for the years 1961–1990). Resolution is 0.5° longitude x 0.5° latitude (equivalent to 55 km x 55 km at the equator). Computed by the global freshwater model

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Operationally, IWRM approaches involve applying knowledge from various disciplines as well as the insights from diverse stakeholders to devise and implement efficient, equitable and sustainable solutions to water and development problems. As such, IWRM is a comprehensive,

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Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the

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standards. Injecting reclaimed water into the water supply distribution system is known as direct potable reuse. Drinking reclaimed water is not typical. Reusing treated municipal wastewater for irrigation is a long-established practice. This is especially so in

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844 million people still lacked even a basic drinking water service in 2017. Of those, 159 million people worldwide drink water directly from surface water sources, such as lakes and streams. One in eight people in the world do not have access to safe water.

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Lord, Jackson; Thomas, Ashley; Treat, Neil; Forkin, Matthew; Bain, Robert; Dulac, Pierre; Behroozi, Cyrus H.; Mamutov, Tilek; Fongheiser, Jillia; Kobilansky, Nicole; Washburn, Shane; Truesdell, Claudia; Lee, Clare; Schmaelzle, Philipp H. (October 2021).

1559:, this is rarely possible in practice so decision-makers must prioritise issues of sustainability, equity and factor optimisation (in that order!) to achieve acceptable outcomes. One of the biggest concerns for water-based resources in the future is the 996:, or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of rainy seasons. 1415:

that are tied to water, affect people's water security on a daily basis. They include more frequent and intense heavy precipitation which affects the frequency, size and timing of floods. Also droughts can alter the total amount of

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There are several technologies used to treat wastewater for reuse. A combination of these technologies can meet strict treatment standards and make sure that the processed water is hygienically safe, meaning free from

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IUWM within an urban water system can also be conducted by performance assessment of any new intervention strategies by developing a holistic approach which encompasses various system elements and criteria including

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Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing the stream flow.

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is a system that distributes water under low pressure through a piped network and applies it as a small discharge to each plant. Micro-irrigation uses less pressure and water flow than sprinkler irrigation.

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has a target related to water resources management: "Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate."

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Water Conference. The development of IWRM was particularly recommended in the final statement of the ministers at the International Conference on Water and the Environment in 1992, known as the

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that requires water for cooling. Over the long term the average rate of precipitation within a watershed is the upper bound for average consumption of natural surface water from that watershed.

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Ebrahimi, Atieh; Najafpour, Ghasem D; Yousefi Kebria, Daryoush (2019). "Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions".

736:; however, these alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide. Desalination processes are using either thermal methods (in the case of 1248: 1070:. Ultimately, the energy in a hydroelectric power plant is supplied by the sun. Heat from the sun evaporates water, which condenses as rain in higher altitudes and flows downhill. 2781:

Elsaid, Khaled; Kamil, Mohammed; Sayed, Enas Taha; Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Wilberforce, Tabbi; Olabi, A. (2020). "Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review".

1539:. The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global 946:

has been used in field crops in areas with high water tables for many years. It involves artificially raising the water table to moisten the soil below the root zone of plants.

275:. The total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial 1651:

Further challenges to sustainable and equitable water resources management include the fact that many water bodies are shared across boundaries which may be international (see

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have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in

1905:(USGS) and its partners monitor water resources, conduct research and inform the public about groundwater quality. Water resources in specific countries are described below: 1731:

Social equity: ensuring equal access for all users (particularly marginalized and poorer user groups) to an adequate quantity and quality of water necessary to sustain human

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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characteristics of the land in the watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water loss.

3530: 2555:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden" 1473:, short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences. 3509: 3749:

Gleeson, Tom; Wada, Yoshihide; Bierkens, Marc F. P.; van Beek, Ludovicus P. H. (9 August 2012). "Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint".

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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

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The total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consideration. Some human water users have an intermittent need for water. For example, many

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Panagopoulos, Argyris; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne; Loizidou, Maria (2019-11-25). "Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - A review".

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Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Åsa (2023-10-15).

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plants also exist, which use grid electricity to pump water uphill when demand is low, and use the stored water to produce electricity when demand is high.

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Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how

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This article is about all types of waters that are of potential use to humans. For a naturally occurring type of water resource that humans use a lot, see

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disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from

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planning and implementation tool for managing and developing water resources in a way that balances social and economic needs, and that ensures the

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Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is an aspect of

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van Vliet, Michelle T H; Jones, Edward R; Flörke, Martina; Franssen, Wietse H P; Hanasaki, Naota; Wada, Yoshihide; Yearsley, John R (2021-02-01).

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are examples of arid areas. Economic water scarcity results from a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers,

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Schematic illustration of a proposed approach for capturing moisture above the ocean surface and transporting it to proximal land for improving

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Economic efficiency: bringing the greatest benefit to the greatest number of users possible with the available financial and water resources.

3623:); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007 816:

require large quantities of water in the spring, and no water at all in the winter. Other users have a continuous need for water, such as a

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Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels;

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for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and

1720:, which was attended by a more varied group of stakeholders than the preceding conferences and contributed to the creation of the GWP. 3725: 922:, which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation. 649:. Some water-demanding activities do not require high grade water. In this case, wastewater can be reused with little or no treatment. 3534: 3483: 1996: 1388:

conflicts. Water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.

4200: 1627:, originally articulated in 1992 at the Dublin (January) and Rio (July) conferences. The four Dublin Principles, promulgated in the 791: 2451: 4050:

Ibisch, Ralf B.; Bogardi, Janos J.; Borchardt, Dietrich (2016), Borchardt, Dietrich; Bogardi, Janos J.; Ibisch, Ralf B. (eds.),

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Map of water stress and spatial variability of water yield along the delineated near-offshore region of 200 km across the world

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Shafeian, Nafise; Ranjbar, A.A.; Gorji, Tahereh B. (June 2022). "Progress in atmospheric water generation systems: A review".

2250: 1047:. Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture. 4201:"Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems" 4142: 4109: 4069: 3939: 3459: 3420: 3163: 2894: 2843: 2483: 1929: 1624: 1613: 2876: 933:, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices. 540:

is another important source. It is important to consider the economic and environmental side effects of these technologies.

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Andersson, K., Rosemarin, A., Lamizana, B., Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Seidu, R., Dickin, S. and Trimmer, C. (2016).

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At present, only about 0.08 percent of all the world's fresh water is accessible. And there is ever-increasing demand for

5874: 1717: 1024: 5859: 3899:"International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)" 3229: 3035: 1510: 3379: 5668: 3487: 1815: 1808: 3633: 1465: 1088:

Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining,

929:, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In 5292: 2783: 1648:

Implementation of these principles has guided reform of national water management law around the world since 1992.

3707: 3322: 1754: 1445:) is occurring for example in Asia, South America and North America. It is still unclear how much natural renewal 4745: 4362: 2061: 1902: 1724: 1365: 1210:. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands. This includes water needed for 1071: 1010: 565: 2755: 2006: 1566: 1497: 1062:

is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. Significantly, hydroelectric power can also be used for

3714:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006. 3329:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006. 2985: 1757:

recommended IWRM and discussed information sharing, stakeholder participation, and gender and class dynamics.

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because water security is a goal or destination, whilst IWRM is the process necessary to achieve that goal.

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Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment;

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within the scope of the entire river basin. IUWM is commonly seen as a strategy for achieving the goals of

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Raveesh, G.; Goyal, R.; Tyagi, S.K. (July 2021). "Advances in atmospheric water generation technologies".

1270:, with a negative impact on their uses. It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include 1058:

derives energy from the force of water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This

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Researchers proposed air capture over oceans which would "significantly increasing freshwater through the

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type flows in urban water system can also be useful for analysing processes in urban water cycle of IUWM.

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Asit K.B. (2004). Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment, Water International, 29(2), 251

1234:, or other water sources. It also results from weak human capacity to meet water demand. Many people in 5854: 5818: 5702: 5646: 4738: 2071: 2026: 1961: 1067: 1006: 642: 3802:

Liu, Pang-Wei; Famiglietti, James S.; Purdy, Adam J.; Adams, Kyra H.; et al. (19 December 2022).

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Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water from

674:. More generally, desalination is the removal of salts and minerals from a substance. One example is 3568: 3194: 1745:

are acknowledged as users and that adequate allocation is made to sustain their natural functioning.

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standard even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.

5839: 5218: 4539: 4468: 3620: 3036:"Model suggests a billion people could get safe drinking water from hypothetical harvesting device" 2478:. Nairobi and Stockholm: United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environment Institute. 2066: 2021: 2001: 1976: 1971: 1674: 1656: 1644:

Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.

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Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed through a

2403:"Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies" 1500:, local climatic change, soil chemistry changes, and other deterioration of the local environment. 5879: 5393: 5282: 3881: 3340: 2056: 1712:. This concept aims to promote changes in practices which are considered fundamental to improved 1555:

and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other

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use desalination. Modern interest in desalination mostly focuses on cost-effective provision of

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Sanitation, Wastewater Management and Sustainability: from Waste Disposal to Resource Recovery

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Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture

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held in Johannesburg, which aimed to encourage the implementation of IWRM at a global level.

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of water use on the natural environment. The observation of water as an integral part of the

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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are

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resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is

498:'s subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. 8: 5884: 5849: 5782: 5690: 5678: 5568: 5521: 5329: 5252: 4978: 4769: 4660: 4400: 4355: 2126: 1778: 1727:

definition, IWRM rests upon three principles that together act as the overall framework:

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allows water to remain an alternative water source for human activities. This can reduce

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and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant

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There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants.

5844: 5792: 5777: 5707: 5663: 5553: 5139: 5044: 4799: 4410: 4115: 4051: 3999: 3838: 3803: 3784: 3660:"Drought and groundwater management: Interconnections, challenges, and policyresponses" 3247: 3221:

Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene : 2017 update and SDG baselines

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discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including

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It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes. These include

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United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008

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in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

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from natural sources, or water produced artificially from other sources, such as from

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Petersen-Perlman, Jacob D.; Aguilar-Barajas, Ismael; Megdal, Sharon B. (2022-08-01).

3455: 3416: 3268:"Global WASH Fast Facts | Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water | CDC" 3235: 3225: 3169: 3159: 3134: 3116: 2972: 2954: 2904: 2890: 2875:

Alix, Alexandre; Bellet, Laurent; Trommsdorff, Corinne; Audureau, Iris, eds. (2022).

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Sustainable water management requires a holistic approach based on the principles of

1594: 1545: 1335: 1109: 1016: 977: 483: 445: 330: 276: 4275: 4223: 4003: 3153: 2925:"Increasing freshwater supply to sustainably address global water security at scale" 2804: 2647: 2579: 2554: 5714: 5673: 5656: 5543: 5441: 4973: 4877: 4761: 4587: 4385: 4279: 4271: 4227: 4219: 4132: 4097: 4057: 3986: 3981: 3962:"Integrated water resources management: evolution, prospects and future challenges" 3961: 3927: 3833: 3823: 3788: 3768: 3751: 3679: 3447: 3406: 3360: 3124: 3108: 2962: 2944: 2882: 2831: 2800: 2737: 2702: 2643: 2574: 2525: 2509: 2422: 2379: 2375: 2338: 2299: 2247: 1847: 1799: 1709: 1682: 1628: 1617: 1552: 1059: 1040: 934: 768:

over oceans" to address present and, especially, future water scarcity/insecurity.

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and governance is handled differently by different countries. For example, in the

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Managing Water, Soil and Waste Resources to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals

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United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

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for future generations. In addition, in light of contributing the achievement of

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Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water;

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is estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by

271:. The only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation within its 161: 91: 4061: 3684: 3659: 3510:"In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam" 3364: 2741: 5772: 5719: 5629: 5548: 5533: 5528: 5480: 5368: 5164: 5112: 5095: 4929: 4697: 4348: 3866: 3828: 3112: 2949: 2427: 2402: 2303: 1866: 1831: 1790: 1701: 1690: 1686: 1652: 1578: 1560: 1540: 1412: 1384: 1375: 1353: 1339: 1215: 1195: 1189: 1143: 1125: 1093: 1078: 1063: 1036: 985: 758: 687: 607: 594: 509: 284: 272: 169: 165: 157: 4101: 3239: 2267:"What is Groundwater? | International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre" 5833: 5736: 5573: 5463: 5420: 5201: 5078: 4964: 4914: 4778: 4622: 4602: 4152: 3995: 3693: 3173: 3120: 2986:"Researchers propose new structures to harvest untapped source of freshwater" 2958: 2853: 2655: 2588: 2521: 2436: 2141: 2120: 1907: 1898: 1762: 1582: 1446: 1311: 1267: 1020: 943: 721: 578: 467: 223: 203: 130: 119: 4170:. Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( 3089:"Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy" 2266: 1551:

Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing

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that are potentially useful for humans, for example as a source of drinking

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Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation

3847: 3780: 3595: 3383:. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute. 3138: 3061:"Solar-powered harvesters could produce clean water for one billion people" 2976: 2812: 2714: 2663: 2596: 2539: 2343: 2326: 2132: 2096: 1870: 1835: 1586: 1476: 1458: 1442: 1227: 1219: 1163: 1155: 1121: 883: 776: 737: 671: 667: 660: 590: 537: 453: 211: 181: 107: 99: 79: 3922:

Sadoff, Claudia; Grey, David; Borgomeo, Edoardo (2020). "Water Security".

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Political will and commitment, capacity development, adequate investment,

5634: 5578: 5400: 5378: 5373: 5240: 5117: 5083: 5071: 4959: 4882: 4627: 4597: 4522: 4512: 4478: 4440: 4395: 3584: 1878: 1874: 1859: 1827: 1590: 1492: 1480: 1438: 1421: 1380: 1299: 1291: 1199: 1108:. Pollution includes discharged solutes and increased water temperature ( 949: 879: 843: 817: 725: 711: 610:. It also eases pressures on groundwater and other natural water bodies. 582: 487: 437: 413: 397: 373: 366: 260: 207: 199: 177: 142: 134: 126: 111: 87: 46: 20: 4027:"Integrated Water Resources Management: Basic Concepts | IWA Publishing" 3772: 3158:. Vol. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 593:, businesses, and industry. It is possible to treat wastewater to reach 5741: 5558: 5516: 5458: 5427: 5066: 4998: 4936: 4909: 4872: 4284: 4232: 4194: 4192: 4159: 3867:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) 2923:

Rahman, Afeefa; Kumar, Praveen; Dominguez, Francina (6 December 2022).

2498:"A review of polymeric membranes and processes for potable water reuse" 1882: 1843: 1839: 1823: 1819: 1732: 1600:

Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the

1524: 1417: 1331: 1307: 1101: 1089: 969: 957: 855: 836: 715: 695: 691: 574: 471: 449: 412:

and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

95: 83: 4719: 4133:

Jonathan Parkinson; J. A. Goldenfum; Carlos E. M. Tucci, eds. (2010).

3711: 3326: 3014:"Water, water, everywhere — and maybe here's how to make it drinkable" 2227: 462:

Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow

184:) is occurring for example in Asia, South America and North America. 5624: 5506: 5314: 5309: 5287: 5176: 5169: 4988: 4983: 4890: 4867: 4527: 4493: 3657: 3567:(4). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 3558:"Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin" 1694: 1673:

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been defined by the

1609: 1601: 1450: 1295: 1287: 1223: 1211: 1166:

at around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens.

1159: 1105: 903: 848: 707: 679: 618: 457: 150: 4730: 4189: 4168:"Advancing IUWM through an understanding of the urban water balance" 2826:

Cohen, Yoram (2021). "Advances in Water Desalination Technologies".

1869:

type ones in which integration of water system components including

5751: 5319: 5245: 5186: 5181: 5129: 5039: 5010: 5003: 4993: 4924: 4898: 4894: 4886: 1528: 981: 919: 797: 683: 614: 409: 389: 356: 103: 36: 3885: 2835: 1247: 678:. This is important for agriculture. It is possible to desalinate 5619: 5415: 5410: 5356: 5262: 5191: 5034: 4835: 3795: 3185: 3183: 2090: 1548:

are increasingly being used to strengthen water decision-making.

1488: 1283: 1231: 1198:(closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of 1151: 1147: 1134: 1044: 1028: 475: 463: 433: 420:

from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally at

404:

when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which

401: 393: 344: 248: 122: 115: 2327:"Review of sustainable methods for atmospheric water harvesting" 1523:

Global values of water resources and human water use (excluding

718:, it is one of the few water resources independent of rainfall. 156:

Water resources are under threat from multiple issues. There is

5468: 5433: 5257: 5213: 5061: 4859: 2727: 2625: 1318:. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the 1303: 1115: 915: 911: 561: 452:. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is 313: 309: 305: 256: 3180: 2494: 2325:

Jarimi, Hasila; Powell, Richard; Riffat, Saffa (18 May 2020).

1469:

Within a long period of groundwater depletion in California's

589:. Reused water also serve various needs in residences such as 5501: 5341: 5267: 5054: 4504: 4445: 4430: 4371: 4171: 2990:

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign via techxplore.com

2918: 2916: 2914: 2874: 1279: 1275: 961: 895: 887: 859: 699: 569: 513: 495: 429: 381: 377: 295: 228: 75: 3386: 2400: 524:

There are several artificial sources of fresh water. One is

5446: 5302: 5297: 5277: 5151: 5102: 4946: 4330: 3748: 3700: 3429: 2780: 1369: 1271: 1162:. Basic domestic water requirements have been estimated by 989: 965: 907: 891: 875: 867: 863: 813: 703: 599: 441: 405: 280: 244: 4056:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–32, 3726:"Glaciers May Melt Even Faster Than Expected, Study Finds" 3634:"Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know" 2911: 2819: 2678: 2129: – Law and regulations that relate to water resources 771:

A 2021 study proposed hypothetical portable solar-powered

5405: 5049: 4435: 3514: 2468: 1372:

flows by as much as 25% and devastate Egyptian farmlands.

1032: 516:

areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common.

138: 4340: 4335: 3801: 3617:

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research

2685:

Fischetti, Mark (September 2007). "Fresh from the Sea".

2135: – Right of a user to use water from a water source 1662: 3155:

Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics

2748: 2552: 2228:"The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute" 2137:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1104:. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is 1015:

It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in

779:

generation may sometimes "undermine efforts to develop

474:(frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability 4135:

Integrated urban water management : humid tropics

4049: 3549: 3522: 1782:

translate the agreed principles into concrete action.

830:

Sustainable Water and Innovative Irrigation Management

617:. The following are some of the typical technologies: 4331:

Portal to international hydrology and water resources

3960:

Rahaman, Muhammad Mizanur; Varis, Olli (April 2005).

3924:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science

3664:

Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health

3317: 3315: 3085: 2123: – Concept on hidden water in traded commodities 1563:

of the current and future water resource allocation.

602:

countries. Reusing wastewater as part of sustainable

519: 3395:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal" 2922: 2289: 2110:

List of countries by total renewable water resources

2086: 942:

delivers water directly to the root zone of plants.

4336:

Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox

1785: 1379:conflict between countries, states, or groups over 823: 577:of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing 466:, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain 360:

Relative groundwater travel times in the subsurface

55: Other Freshwater (e.g., Soil Moisture) (0.7%) 4090:Hülsmann, Stephan; Ardakanian, Reza, eds. (2018). 4089: 3921: 3312: 2546: 2324: 2207:"Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource" 1749:In 2002, the development of IWRM was discussed at 1441:is steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (or 670:is a process that removes mineral components from 180:is steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (or 4326:Renewable water resources in the world by country 3371: 3332: 2357: 2105:List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal 1043:, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a 740:) or membrane-based methods (e.g. in the case of 573:water, whether planned or not. Reuse may include 187: 5831: 4254: 4198: 3151: 2868: 2616:, via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007. 2331:International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 1881:subsystems would be advantageous. Simulation of 1700:Some scholars say that IWRM is complementary to 1689:in an equitable manner without compromising the 992:, which is common in many parts of the world as 114:; slightly over two-thirds of this is frozen in 3439:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2721: 2619: 1597:has been a growing challenge around the world. 1572: 1491:. Groundwater is one of the largest sources of 1330:when people use polluted water for drinking or 1266:(or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of 1066:unlike most renewable energy sources which are 3435: 1937: 748: 486:water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide 4746: 4356: 1923: 1794:Typical urban water cycle depicting drinking 1677:as "a process which promotes the coordinated 448:use by constructing and operating extraction 29:Distribution of freshwater resources by type 4165: 3966:Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 3959: 3555: 3392: 1504: 1399:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 1116:Drinking water and domestic use (households) 490:that can possibly influence the movement of 396:. About 30 percent of all readily available 255:and naturally lost through discharge to the 251:. Surface water is naturally replenished by 16:Sources of water that are potentially useful 4096:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 3865:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) 2166:Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023 1751:the World Summit on Sustainable Development 1432: 4753: 4739: 4363: 4349: 3338: 3252:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1930: 1916: 1741:Ecological sustainability: requiring that 436:. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for 4283: 4231: 3985: 3837: 3827: 3683: 3607:Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993). 3484:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 3410: 3152:Snyder, R. L.; Melo-Abreu, J. P. (2005). 3128: 2966: 2948: 2684: 2578: 2529: 2426: 2342: 2144: – Storage of water by various means 1177: 2614:The American Heritage Science Dictionary 2292:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2178: 1789: 1518: 1464: 1359: 1246: 1238:are living with economic water scarcity. 1133: 972:) or from non-conventional sources like 842: 803: 790: 752: 355: 227: 3556:Kameri-Mbote, Patricia (January 2007). 3528: 3490:from the original on September 18, 2021 3452:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01 1834:management plan. It builds on existing 5832: 3932:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.609 3480:Environmental Health Education Program 1496:aquifer, such as soil compression and 960:), from surface water (withdrawn from 878:. Irrigation has been a key aspect of 851:, Spain. Irrigation canal on the left. 339: 61: Directly Accessible Water (0.3%) 4760: 4734: 4344: 4264:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 3955: 3953: 3951: 3291: 3213: 3211: 2825: 2449: 1911: 1854:. IUWM seeks to change the impact of 1663:Integrated water resources management 1614:integrated water resources management 988:. Irrigation can be supplementary to 847:Irrigation of agricultural fields in 86:water. These resources can be either 4704: 4137:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 2. 3011: 2628:The Science of the Total Environment 1771:Sustainable Development goals (SDGs) 1625:Integrated Water Resource Management 1310:. Water pollution may affect either 1218:often face physical water scarcity. 773:atmospheric water harvesting devices 653: 3874: 3531:"Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight?" 3401:. Biological Wastewater Treatment. 3217: 2248:Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting 1818:(IUWM) is the practice of managing 1334:. Water pollution also reduces the 714:for human use. Along with recycled 543: 502: 243:Surface water is water in a river, 13: 4409: 3948: 3915: 3859: 3723: 3619:(Department of Political Science, 3529:Tulloch, James (August 26, 2009). 3341:"Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?" 3208: 2830:. Vol. 17. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. 2707:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 2514:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.01.004 1846:settlement by incorporating urban 1511:Research Institute for Groundwater 1242: 1077:Thermoelectric power plants using 1019:. Major industrial users include 520:Artificial sources of usable water 283:beneath these storage bodies, the 14: 5896: 4319: 4255:Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015). 4199:Behzadian, K; Kapelan, Z (2015). 3033: 2188:. United States Geological Survey 2162:"Strains on freshwater resources" 1816:Integrated urban water management 1809:Integrated urban water management 1392: 1346: 1182: 176:. However, the world's supply of 141:. People use water resources for 5814: 5813: 4714: 4703: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4208:Science of the Total Environment 3191:"WBCSD Water Facts & Trends" 2784:Science of The Total Environment 2559:Science of the Total Environment 2450:Tuser, Cristina (May 24, 2022). 2360:Energy Conversion and Management 2089: 1807:This section is an excerpt from 1786:Managing water in urban settings 1457:This section is an excerpt from 1404:This section is an excerpt from 1352:This section is an excerpt from 1256:This section is an excerpt from 1188:This section is an excerpt from 835:This section is an excerpt from 824:Agriculture and other irrigation 659:This section is an excerpt from 549:This section is an excerpt from 365:This section is an excerpt from 321: 217: 172:. Fresh water is in principle a 106:). 97% of the water on Earth is 4292: 4276:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.03.015 4248: 4224:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 4126: 4083: 4043: 4019: 4010: 3891: 3742: 3717: 3651: 3626: 3610: 3589: 3578: 3502: 3468: 3285: 3260: 3145: 3079: 3053: 3027: 3005: 2805:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528 2774: 2648:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351 2603: 2580:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185 2443: 2394: 1903:United States Geological Survey 1725:International Water Association 1406:Water security § Climate change 1383:to access water resources. The 1342:provided by the water resource. 1011:Industrial wastewater treatment 948:Irrigation water can come from 698:of the desalination process is 585:. This latter is also known as 329:Panorama of a natural wetland ( 3987:10.1080/15487733.2005.11907961 2407:Environmental Research Letters 2380:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114226 2351: 2318: 2283: 2259: 2241: 2220: 2199: 2154: 1675:Global Water Partnership (GWP) 1567:Sustainable Development Goal 6 781:permanent piped infrastructure 351: 188:Natural sources of fresh water 1: 4583:Extraterrestrial liquid water 3393:Von Sperling, Marcos (2007). 3345:Agricultural Water Management 3339:Rijsberman, Frank R. (2006). 2148: 1889: 1479:is the process of extracting 1000: 786: 560:is the process of converting 4779:Pollution / quality 2186:"Earth's water distribution" 1852:Water Sensitive Urban Design 1718:the second World Water Forum 1573:Sustainable water management 1364:Ethiopia's move to fill the 1214:to function. Regions with a 1072:Pumped-storage hydroelectric 534:atmospheric water generators 494:. It is likely that much of 7: 4062:10.1007/978-3-319-25071-7_1 3685:10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100364 3365:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001 2742:10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 2502:Progress in Polymer Science 2082: 1755:The third World Water Forum 1669:Integrated Flood Management 1025:thermoelectric power plants 749:Research into other options 194:Water distribution on Earth 10: 5901: 5875:Water resources management 3829:10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x 3436:Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000). 3113:10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w 2983:University press release: 2950:10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2 2304:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112325 1938:Water resources by country 1806: 1666: 1508: 1456: 1424:storage, and reduction in 1403: 1396: 1368:'s reservoir could reduce 1351: 1255: 1187: 1119: 1007:Industrial water treatment 1004: 902:. It is also used to cool 834: 827: 658: 548: 456:, also called groundwater 364: 279:, the permeability of the 221: 191: 110:and only three percent is 18: 5860:Water and the environment 5809: 5750: 5615: 5608: 5489: 5350:Types / location 5349: 5340: 5150: 4945: 4858: 4828: 4777: 4768: 4676: 4643: 4575: 4502: 4461: 4421: 4407: 4378: 4370: 4102:10.1007/978-3-319-75163-4 3533:. Allianz. Archived from 3399:Water Intelligence Online 2760:Science History Institute 1943: 1895:Water resource management 1842:considerations within an 1714:water resource management 1655:) or intra-national (see 1505:Water resource management 239:volcano in northern Chile 3870:SDG-Tracker.org, website 3621:University of Heidelberg 2452:"What is potable reuse?" 2428:10.1088/1748-9326/abbfc3 1767:protection of ecosystems 1449:this usage, and whether 1433:Groundwater overdrafting 1158:, cleaning, laundry and 783:" among other problems. 1420:and cause a decline in 1326:. Another is spreading 1208:economic water scarcity 686:, to produce water for 568:into water that can be 384:'s surface in rock and 4593:Planetary oceanography 4415: 3604:International Security 2253:July 23, 2009, at the 1803: 1716:. IWRM was a topic of 1604:and in minimizing the 1537:water cycle management 1532: 1474: 1437:The world's supply of 1373: 1252: 1178:Challenges and threats 1139: 1098:natural gas extraction 1027:, which use water for 852: 809: 801: 761: 361: 240: 4413: 4166:Barton, A.B. (2009). 4031:www.iwapublishing.com 3808:Nature Communications 3600:"Water and conflict." 3444:John Wiley & Sons 3412:10.2166/9781780402086 2887:10.2166/9781789063172 1793: 1522: 1509:Further information: 1468: 1397:Further information: 1363: 1250: 1137: 1092:production and other 1039:, which use water in 846: 828:Further information: 807: 794: 756: 566:industrial wastewater 359: 231: 192:Further information: 5725:remnant natural area 5362:storage and recovery 5028:habitat conservation 4846:Deforestation (REDD) 4656:Ocean stratification 4489:Doubly labeled water 4210:. 527–528: 220–231. 3218:WHO, UNICEF (2017). 2828:Materials and Energy 2344:10.1093/ijlct/ctz072 2209:. GreenFacts Website 1657:Murray-Darling basin 1616:, based on the 1992 1606:environmental impact 1426:groundwater recharge 1328:water-borne diseases 1083:once-through cooling 931:sprinkler irrigation 898:fields, and prevent 766:capture of humid air 587:groundwater recharge 562:municipal wastewater 538:Desalinated seawater 269:groundwater recharge 206:, under river flow, 133:, under river flow, 5679:Earth Overshoot Day 5253:Marine conservation 5234:non-timber products 4661:Lake stratification 4644:Physical parameters 4216:2015ScTEn.527..220B 3978:2005SSPP....1...15R 3820:2022NatCo..13.7825L 3773:10.1038/nature11295 3765:2012Natur.488..197G 3730:Scientific American 3676:2022COESH..2800364P 3518:. 27 February 2018. 3357:2006AgWM...80....5R 3105:2021Natur.598..611L 2941:2022NatSR..1220262R 2797:2020ScTEn.74841528E 2699:2007SciAm.297c.118F 2687:Scientific American 2640:2019ScTEn.69333545P 2571:2023ScTEn.89565185T 2419:2021ERL....16b4020V 2372:2021ECM...23914226R 2127:Water resources law 1830:as components of a 1779:financial stability 1557:resource management 1515:Water resources law 1056:Hydroelectric power 994:rainfed agriculture 631:membrane bioreactor 340:Water from glaciers 198:Natural sources of 5664:Ecosystem services 4787:Ambient standards 4608:List of Candidates 4469:Deuterium-depleted 4416: 3405:. IWA Publishing. 3067:. 13 November 2021 2929:Scientific Reports 2881:. IWA Publishing. 1997:Dominican Republic 1804: 1796:water purification 1743:aquatic ecosystems 1533: 1475: 1374: 1336:ecosystem services 1324:aquatic ecosystems 1253: 1236:Sub-Saharan Africa 1140: 1041:chemical processes 974:treated wastewater 927:Surface irrigation 900:soil consolidation 853: 810: 802: 762: 734:water conservation 643:advanced oxidation 526:treated wastewater 362: 265:evapotranspiration 241: 174:renewable resource 5855:Natural resources 5827: 5826: 5805: 5804: 5604: 5603: 5283:genetic resources 5219:genetic resources 4854: 4853: 4762:Natural resources 4728: 4727: 4668:Ocean temperature 4300:"Water Resources" 4174:). Archived from 4144:978-0-203-88117-0 4111:978-3-319-75162-7 4071:978-3-319-25069-4 3941:978-0-19-938941-4 3759:(7410): 197–200. 3724:Harvey, Chelsea. 3486:. July 23, 2013. 3482:. Cambridge, MA: 3476:"Water Pollution" 3461:978-0-471-48494-3 3422:978-1-78040-208-6 3165:978-92-5-105328-7 3099:(7882): 611–617. 2896:978-1-78906-317-2 2845:978-981-12-2697-7 2484:978-92-807-3488-1 2456:Wastewater Digest 2079: 2078: 1856:urban development 1618:Dublin Principles 1595:natural resources 1553:demands for water 1546:adaptive capacity 1110:thermal pollution 1050:Water is used in 978:desalinated water 688:human consumption 676:soil desalination 654:Desalinated water 627:aerobic treatment 558:Water reclamation 416:. Groundwater is 331:Sinclair Wetlands 72:natural resources 5892: 5865:Water management 5817: 5816: 5768: 5715:Natural heritage 5674:overexploitation 5613: 5612: 5347: 5346: 5293:herbal medicines 5273:FAO Plant Treaty 4813: 4790: 4775: 4774: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4718: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4695: 4685: 4588:Asteroidal water 4576:Extraterrestrial 4365: 4358: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4261: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3989: 3957: 3946: 3945: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3895: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3857: 3856:of chart itself) 3851: 3841: 3831: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3708:Chapter 4: Water 3704: 3698: 3697: 3687: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3614: 3608: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3565:Navigating Peace 3562: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3414: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3336: 3330: 3323:Chapter 4: Water 3319: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3300:on 16 April 2013 3296:. Archived from 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3193:. Archived from 3187: 3178: 3177: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3132: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2980: 2970: 2952: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2762:. March 19, 2019 2752: 2746: 2745: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2623: 2617: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2582: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2533: 2492: 2486: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2430: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2271:www.un-igrac.org 2263: 2257: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2230:. Worldwater.org 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2158: 2138: 2099: 2094: 2093: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1848:water management 1800:sewage treatment 1710:Dublin Statement 1629:Dublin Statement 1453:are threatened. 1060:hydroelectricity 952:(extracted from 935:Micro-irrigation 872:landscape plants 775:. However, such 702:. Many seagoing 647:activated carbon 604:water management 544:Wastewater reuse 503:Under river flow 386:soil pore spaces 380:present beneath 325: 60: 54: 44: 34: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5840:Aquatic ecology 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5801: 5766: 5746: 5732:Systems ecology 5698:Natural capital 5600: 5485: 5474:reclaimed water 5336: 5298:UPOV Convention 5146: 4941: 4850: 4824: 4820:Ozone depletion 4811: 4788: 4764: 4759: 4729: 4724: 4672: 4639: 4571: 4498: 4457: 4417: 4405: 4374: 4369: 4322: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4181: 4179: 4164: 4160: 4145: 4131: 4127: 4112: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 3958: 3949: 3942: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3879: 3875: 3864: 3860: 3800: 3796: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3722: 3718: 3705: 3701: 3656: 3652: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3615: 3611: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3391: 3387: 3376: 3372: 3337: 3333: 3320: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3166: 3150: 3146: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3012:McDonald, Bob. 3010: 3006: 2994: 2992: 2984: 2921: 2912: 2897: 2873: 2869: 2846: 2824: 2820: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2726: 2722: 2683: 2679: 2624: 2620: 2608: 2604: 2551: 2547: 2493: 2489: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2448: 2444: 2399: 2395: 2356: 2352: 2323: 2319: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2255:Wayback Machine 2246: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2136: 2115:Socio-hydrology 2095: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2075: 1939: 1936: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1858:on the natural 1812: 1788: 1671: 1665: 1575: 1517: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1498:land subsidence 1462: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1357: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1264:Water pollution 1261: 1258:Water pollution 1245: 1243:Water pollution 1240: 1239: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1156:toilet flushing 1132: 1130:Water footprint 1120:Main articles: 1118: 1052:renewable power 1013: 1003: 998: 997: 940:Drip irrigation 840: 832: 826: 789: 751: 746: 745: 744:) energy types. 742:reverse osmosis 730:water recycling 664: 656: 651: 650: 639:reverse osmosis 635:forward osmosis 623:ultrafiltration 591:toilet flushing 554: 551:Reclaimed water 546: 530:reclaimed water 522: 505: 500: 499: 428:, and can form 408:pore spaces or 394:rock formations 370: 354: 342: 335: 326: 247:or fresh water 226: 220: 196: 190: 162:water pollution 92:reclaimed water 68:Water resources 65: 64: 63: 62: 58: 56: 52: 50: 42: 40: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5880:Water industry 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5767:(perpetuation) 5762: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5720:Nature reserve 5717: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5353: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197:climate change 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5165:Bioprospecting 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5042: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4810:Clean Air Act 4802: 4797: 4792: 4783: 4781: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4711: 4700: 4689: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4651:Stratification 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4320:External links 4318: 4316: 4315: 4291: 4247: 4188: 4158: 4143: 4125: 4110: 4082: 4070: 4042: 4018: 4009: 3947: 3940: 3914: 3890: 3873: 3858: 3814:(7825): 7825. 3794: 3741: 3716: 3699: 3650: 3625: 3609: 3588: 3577: 3574:on 2010-07-06. 3548: 3521: 3501: 3467: 3460: 3428: 3421: 3385: 3370: 3331: 3311: 3284: 3259: 3231:978-9241512893 3230: 3207: 3179: 3164: 3144: 3078: 3052: 3026: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2910: 2895: 2867: 2844: 2818: 2773: 2747: 2720: 2693:(3): 118–119. 2677: 2618: 2612:(definition), 2610:"Desalination" 2602: 2545: 2487: 2467: 2442: 2393: 2350: 2337:(2): 253–276. 2317: 2282: 2258: 2240: 2219: 2198: 2177: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1912: 1891: 1888: 1867:sustainability 1813: 1805: 1798:and municipal 1787: 1784: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1702:water security 1691:sustainability 1687:social welfare 1664: 1661: 1653:water conflict 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1574: 1571: 1561:sustainability 1541:climate change 1506: 1503: 1471:Central Valley 1463: 1455: 1434: 1431: 1413:climate change 1410: 1402: 1394: 1393:Climate change 1391: 1385:United Nations 1376:Water conflict 1358: 1354:Water conflict 1350: 1348: 1347:Water conflict 1345: 1340:drinking water 1262: 1254: 1251:Polluted water 1244: 1241: 1216:desert climate 1196:Water scarcity 1194: 1190:Water scarcity 1186: 1184: 1183:Water scarcity 1181: 1179: 1176: 1144:drinking water 1138:Drinking water 1126:Drinking water 1117: 1114: 1094:chemical plant 1079:cooling towers 1064:load following 1037:oil refineries 1002: 999: 986:fog collection 982:drainage water 914:, and support 841: 833: 825: 822: 788: 785: 759:water security 750: 747: 665: 657: 655: 652: 595:drinking water 564:or sewage and 555: 547: 545: 542: 532:). Another is 521: 518: 510:hyporheic zone 504: 501: 371: 363: 353: 350: 341: 338: 337: 336: 333:, New Zealand) 327: 320: 222:Main article: 219: 216: 189: 186: 170:climate change 166:water conflict 158:water scarcity 57: 51: 41: 31: 27: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5897: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5798: 5797:Non-renewable 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5737:Urban ecology 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Privatization 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5464:Surface water 5462: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4965:peak farmland 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4603:Hycean planet 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414:Water droplet 4412: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4178:on 2008-03-24 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3537:on 2008-08-29 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3494:September 18, 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351:(1–3): 5–22. 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3255: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3214: 3212: 3197:on 2012-03-01 3196: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3066: 3065:Physics World 3062: 3056: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3015: 3008: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2836:10.1142/12009 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2413:(2): 024020. 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2229: 2223: 2208: 2202: 2187: 2181: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2142:Water storage 2140: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121:Virtual water 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1899:United States 1896: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:participatory 1758: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1620:(see below). 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:manufacturing 1580: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:surface water 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298:results when 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1249: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206:The other is 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1136: 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