Pre-Columbian era - Knowledge

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thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present

4028: 149: 1266: 160: 14310: 14274: 3249: 14320: 2908:. Their existence was recently discovered by archeological findings. Their culture is among the oldest found in the Americas, spanning from 3500 to 1800 BCE. The Valdivia lived in a community of houses built in a circle or oval around a central plaza. They were sedentary people who lived off farming and fishing, though occasionally they hunted for deer. From the remains that have been found, scholars have determined that Valdivians cultivated 2852: 36: 1055: 2492:. Out of all the civilizations in its area, the Tarascan Empire was the most prominent in metallurgy, harnessing copper, silver, and gold to create items such as tools, decorations, and even weapons and armor. Bronze was also used. The great victories over the Aztecs by the Tarascans cannot be understated. Nearly every war they fought in resulted in a Tarascan victory. Because the Tarascan Empire had little links to the former 2018: 3119: 3556: 1948: 2199: 1528: 4014: 2321: 1257:, a large complex of eleven platform mounds, was constructed beginning in 3400 BCE and added to over 500 years. This has changed earlier assumptions that complex construction arose only after societies had adopted agriculture, and become sedentary, with stratified hierarchy and usually ceramics. These ancient people had organized to build complex mound projects under a different social structure. 2983: 2874:, in the Supe Valley, is one of the largest and best-studied sites. The civilization did not know machinery or pottery but still managed to develop trade, especially cotton and dehydrated fish. It was a hierarchical society that managed its ecosystems and had intercultural exchange. Its economy was heavily dependent on agriculture and fishing on the nearby coast. It is considered one of the 2110:

their reach across Mesoamerica—and beyond—like no others. They consolidated power and distributed influence in matters of trade, art, politics, technology, and theology. Other regional power players made economic and political alliances with these civilizations over 4,000 years. Many made war with them, but almost all peoples found themselves within one of their spheres of influence.

3468: 1402:—may have reached a population of over 20,000. Other chiefdoms were constructed throughout the Southeast, and its trade networks reached to the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. At its peak, between the 12th and 13th centuries, Cahokia was the most populous city in North America. (Larger cities did exist in Mesoamerica and the Andes.) 2221:

exerted tremendous intellectual influence upon Mexico and Central America. The Maya built some of the most elaborate cities on the continent and made innovations in mathematics, astronomy, and calendrics. The Maya also developed the only true writing system native to the Americas using pictographs and syllabic elements in the form of

1122:, likely characterized by small, mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 50 members of an extended family. These groups moved from place to place as preferred resources were depleted and new supplies were sought. During much of the Paleo-Indian period, bands are thought to have subsisted primarily through hunting now-extinct 2091:. These early count markings were associated with astronomical events and underscore the influence that astronomical activities had upon Mesoamerican people before the arrival of Europeans. Many of the later Mesoamerican civilizations carefully built their cities and ceremonial centers according to specific astronomical events. 2190:. Teotihuacan's influence over the Maya civilization cannot be overstated: it transformed political power, artistic depictions, and the nature of economics. Within the city of Teotihuacan was a diverse and cosmopolitan population. Most of the regional ethnicities of Mexico were represented in the city, such as 3007:

The Chavín, a Peruvian preliterate civilization, established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BCE, according to some estimates and archeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters (10,423 ft). The Chavín civilization

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This period is considered a developmental stage without any massive changes in a short period but instead has a continuous development in stone and bone tools, leatherworking, textile manufacture, tool production, cultivation, and shelter construction. Some Woodland people continued to use spears and

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The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation

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as an opportunity to liberate them from the Aztecs and managed to successfully conquer the Aztecs with the help of the conquistadors. The Spaniards would reward the Tlaxcalans for preserving their culture and for their assistance in defeating the Aztecs. The Tlaxcalans would once again assist to the

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from the Oaxaca region. They lived in apartment communities where they worked their trades and contributed to the city's economic and cultural prowess. Teotihuacan's economic pull impacted areas in northern Mexico as well. It was a city whose monumental architecture reflected a monumental new era in

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during the 16th century and reported densely populated regions running hundreds of kilometers along the river. These populations left no lasting monuments, possibly because they used local wood as their construction material as stone was not locally available. While it is possible Orellana may have

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Initially, the lands that would someday comprise the lands of the powerful Tarascan Empire were inhabited by several independent communities. Around 1300, however, the first Cazonci, Tariacuri, united these communities and built them into one of the most advanced civilizations in Mesoamerica. Their

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plants, the last of which was used to make clothing. Valdivian pottery initially was rough and practical, but it became showy, delicate, and big over time. They generally used red and gray colors, and the polished dark red pottery is characteristic of the Valdivia period. In its ceramics and stone

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is the adjective generally used to refer to that group of pre-Columbian cultures. This refers to an environmental area occupied by an assortment of ancient cultures that shared religious beliefs, art, architecture, and technology in the Americas for more than three thousand years. Between 2000 and

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Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; Becker, Julia; Hering, Fabio; Frey, Eberhard; González, Arturo González; Fohlmeister, Jens; Stinnesbeck, Sarah; Frank, Norbert; Terrazas Mata, Alejandro; Benavente, Martha Elena; Avilés Olguín, Jerónimo; Aceves Núñez, Eugenio; Zell, Patrick; Deininger, Michael (2017-08-30).

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as a fraction of its original size. The local people fared much worse though, as the fatalities of diseases introduced by the expedition devastated the populations and produced much social disruption. By the time Europeans returned a hundred years later, nearly all of the Mississippian groups had

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Like the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs thrived in the Oaxaca Valley. The Mixtecs consisted of separate independent kingdoms and city-states, rather than a single unified empire. The Mixtecs would eventually be conquered by the Aztecs until the Spanish conquest. The Mixtecs saw the Spanish conquest as an

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Contemporary Teotihuacan's greatness was that of the Maya civilization. The period between 250 CE and 650 CE was a time of intense flourishing of Maya civilized accomplishments. While the many Maya city-states never achieved political unity on the order of the central Mexican civilizations, they

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While many city-states, kingdoms, and empires competed with one another for power and prestige, Mesoamerica can be said to have had five major civilizations: the Olmecs, Teotihuacan, the Toltecs, the Mexica, and the Mayas. These civilizations (except for the politically fragmented Maya) extended

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and other crops intensively, participated in an extensive trade network, and had a complex stratified society. The Mississippians first appeared around 1000 CE, following and developing out of the less agriculturally intensive and less centralized Woodland period. The largest urban site of these

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Early Indigenous peoples began using fire in a widespread manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was taken up to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories, thereby making travel easier and facilitating the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants that were

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Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendants of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over

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in the 1540s, mostly with disastrous results for both sides. Unlike the Spanish expeditions in Mesoamerica, which conquered vast empires with relatively few men, the de Soto expedition wandered the American Southeast for four years, becoming more bedraggled, losing more men and equipment, and

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Before the development of archaeology in the 19th century, historians of the pre-Columbian period mainly interpreted the records of the European conquerors and the accounts of early European travelers and antiquaries. It was not until the nineteenth century that the work of people such as

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commanded sizable regions of northern desert), having subjugated most of the other regional states by the 1470s. At their peak, the Valley of Mexico where the Aztec Empire presided, saw a population growth that included nearly one million people during the late Aztec period (1350–1519).

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The earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica is the Olmec. This civilization established the cultural blueprint by which all succeeding indigenous civilizations would follow in Mexico. Pre-Olmec civilization began with the production of pottery in abundance, around 2300 BCE in the

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passing a resolution to this effect in 1988. Other historians have contested this interpretation and believe the impact was minimal or did not exist, pointing to numerous differences between the two systems and the ample precedents for the constitution in European political thought.

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at the mouth of the Amazon River in northern Brazil between 800 and 1400 CE. The Marajoara consisted of a complex society that built mounds and constructed sophisticated settlements. The indigenous people of the area adopted methods of large-scale agriculture through the use of

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By the first millennium, South America's vast rainforests, mountains, plains, and coasts were the home of millions of people. Estimates vary, but 30–50 million are often given, and 100 million by some estimates. Some groups formed permanent settlements. Among those groups were

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After the migration or migrations, it was several thousand years before the first complex societies arose, the earliest emerging about seven to eight thousand years ago. As early as 5500 BCE, people in the Lower Mississippi Valley at Monte Sano and other sites in present-day

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Throughout thousands of years, paleo-Indian people domesticated, bred, and cultivated many plant species, including crops that now constitute 50–60% of worldwide agriculture. In general, Arctic, Subarctic, and coastal peoples continued to live as hunters and gatherers, while

2500:, Olmec, Mixtec, Maya, and others were very similar to each other, however. This is because they were all directly preceded by the Toltecs, and they therefore shared almost identical cultures. The Tarascans, however, possessed a unique religion, as well as other things. 2836:

analyses that disagreed with a Polynesian genetic origin. The origin and dating remain an open issue. Whether or not early Polynesian–American exchanges occurred, no compelling human-genetic, archaeological, cultural, or linguistic legacy of such contact has turned up.

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As skilled artisans, the Moche were a technologically advanced people. They traded with distant peoples such as the Maya. What has been learned about the Moche is based on the study of their ceramic pottery; the carvings reveal details of their daily lives. The

2446:, the Mexica thought of themselves, nevertheless, as heirs of the civilizations that had preceded them. For them, arts, sculpture, architecture, engraving, feather-mosaic work, and the calendar, were bequest from the former inhabitants of Tula, the Toltecs. 2159:. They transformed many peoples' thinking toward a new way of government, pyramid temples, writing, astronomy, art, mathematics, economics, and religion. Their achievements paved the way for the Maya civilization and the civilizations in central Mexico. 2378:. During the Post-Classic era, the Toltecs suffered a subsequent collapse in the early 12th century, due to famine and civil war. The Toltec civilization was so influential to the point where many groups such as the Aztecs claimed to be descended from. 2814:). Direct archaeological evidence for such pre-Columbian contacts and transport has not emerged. Similarities noted in the names of edible roots in Maori and Ecuadorian languages ("kumari") and Melanesian and Chilean ("gaddu") have been inconclusive. 1372:

The Mississippian culture was spread across the Southeast and Midwest of what is today the United States, from the Atlantic coast to the edge of the plains, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Upper Midwest, although most intensively in the area along the

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but sought to preserve native histories. Despite the destruction, a few original documents have survived, and others were transcribed or translated into Spanish, providing modern historians with valuable insights into ancient cultures and knowledge.

1475: 3026:-speaking communities were the most numerous, the most territorially extended and the most socio-economically developed of the pre-Hispanic Colombians. By the 8th century, the indigenous people had established their civilization in the northern 2488:

capital at Tzintzuntzan was just one of the many cities—there were ninety more under its control. The Tarascan Empire was among the largest in Central America, so it is no surprise that they routinely came into conflict with the neighboring

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Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally

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had been introduced into South America via Polynesia by late pre-Columbian times. These findings were challenged by a later study published in the same journal, that cast doubt on the dating calibration used and presented alternative

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of what is now called North America. Teotihuacan established a new economic and political order never before seen in Mexico. Its influence stretched across Mexico into Central America, founding new dynasties in the Maya cities of

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mutations, however, and are distinct from other Indigenous peoples with various mtDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.

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The Aymara kingdoms consisted of a confederation of separate diarchies that lasted from 1151 after the fall of Tiwanaku until 1477 when they were conquered by the Inca Empire. The Aymara kingdoms were primarily located in the

3053:. This is where the first farms and industries were developed. It is also where the independence movement originated. They are currently the richest areas in Colombia. The Chibcha developed the most populous zone between the 2247:

ethnic group that migrated northwards to the Gulf Coast of Mexico. The Huastecs are considered to be distinct from the Maya civilization, as they separated from the main Maya branch at around 2000 BCE and did not possess the

1436: 959:(mtDNA) supports the theory of multiple genetic populations migrating from Asia. After crossing the land bridge, they moved southward along the Pacific coast and through an interior ice-free corridor. Throughout millennia, 4657:

The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000–10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the

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was an important religious center for the Zapotecs and served as the capital of the empire from 700 BCE to 700 CE. The Zapotecs resisted the expansion of the Aztecs until they were subjugated in 1502 under Aztec emperor

2955:. They were an elaborate civilization with advanced architecture and complex religious beliefs. The Inca destroyed and burned most of their remains. The Cañari's old city was replaced twice, first by the Incan city of 1459: 4422:

Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the

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hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had declined by the time of the establishment of the first permanent European colonies, around the late 16th to early 17th centuries, and are known primarily through

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were common in Mesoamerica and some regions of North America; they were valued for their meat, feathers, and, possibly, eggs. There is documentation of Mesoamericans utilizing hairless dogs, especially the

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studies estimate the colonization of the Americas dates from between 40,000 and 13,000 years ago. The chronology of migration models is currently divided into two general approaches. The first is the

2106:, were among the largest in the world. These cities grew as centers of commerce, ideas, ceremonies, and theology, and they radiated influence outwards onto neighboring cultures in central Mexico. 797:, led to the reconsideration and criticism of the early European sources. Now, the scholarly study of pre-Columbian cultures is most often based on scientific and multidisciplinary methodologies. 14561: 3328:, the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 40,000-kilometer 11870: 2173:

The decline of the Olmec resulted in a power vacuum in Mexico. Emerging from that vacuum was Teotihuacan, first settled in 300 BCE. By 150 CE, Teotihuacan had risen to become the first true

15281: 1249:, probably for religious purposes. Beginning in the late twentieth century, archeologists have studied, analyzed, and dated these sites, realizing that the earliest complexes were built by 2790:

has received support from several lines of evidence, although solid confirmation remains elusive. A diffusion by human agents has been put forward to explain the pre-Columbian presence in

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opportunity for liberation and established agreements with the conquistadors that allowed them to preserve their cultural traditions, though relatively few sections resisted Spanish rule.

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in Peru; it was the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of

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that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the visits to the Caribbean by Christopher Columbus.

1414: 15773: 3498:. The number was much reduced after the Conquest, mainly through the spread of new diseases from Europe. There were two main north–south axes of the pre-Columbian population, producing 894:

diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The

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in southeastern Arizona from 1150 CE to the 15th century. Archaeological evidence suggests that they traded with far-away cultures, as evidenced by the presence of seashells from the

3780:, several cities were established by the Upano and Kilamope cultures around 500 BCE. The cities in the Upano Valley consisted of agricultural societies that cultivated crops such as 1289:. The Poverty Point site has earthworks in the form of six concentric half-circles, divided by radial aisles, together with some mounds. The entire complex is nearly a mile across. 3748:

exaggerated the level of development among the Amazonians, their semi-nomadic descendants have the odd distinction among tribal indigenous societies of a hereditary, yet landless,

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civilization. Through political maneuvers and ferocious martial skills, they managed to rule Mexico as the head of the 'Triple Alliance' which included two other Aztec cities,

15646: 3758:. Both of these discoveries, along with Cambeba ceramics discovered within the same archaeological levels suggest that a large and organized civilization existed in the area. 3707:

people. The people also constructed roads, bridges, and trenches for defensive purposes and were purported to be farmers, as evidenced by the fields of cassava and the use of

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in Brazil, Kuhikugu consisted of an urban complex that housed around 50,000 inhabitants and 20 settlements. The civilization was likely established by the ancestors of the

9681: 9341: 8198: 1134:. Paleo-Indian groups carried a variety of tools, including distinctive projectile points and knives, as well as less distinctive butchering and hide-scraping implements. 15363: 2469:. At its peak, it was one of the largest cities in the world with population estimates of 200,000–300,000. The market established there was the largest ever seen by the 1780:

was large enough to house 2,000 people. The Calusa ultimately collapsed into extinction at around 1750 after succumbing to diseases introduced by the Spanish colonists.

15368: 11863: 3827: 1629:, which served as an important commercial trading center. After 1375 CE, Hohokam society collapsed and the people abandoned their settlements, likely due to drought. 15463: 14803: 14673: 13537: 12716: 9384: 6786: 3155:

The Moche thrived on the north coast of Peru from about 100 to 800 CE. The heritage of the Moche is seen in their elaborate burials. Some were recently excavated by

6493: 11879: 9374: 4072: 3452:, yellow Muaco, and El Jobo in Falcón are some of the sites that have yielded archeological material from these times. These groups co-existed with megafauna like 3137:. Studies suggest that the civilization thrived from the 1st century CE until the Spanish arrival in the 16th century. The descendants of the Tairona, such as the 872: 16053: 14933: 5934:

Pärssinen, Martti; Schaan, Denise; Ranzi, Alceu (December 2009). "Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia".

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Breitburg, Emanual; Broster, John B.; Reesman, Arthur L.; Stearns, Richard G. (1996). "Coats-Hines Site: Tennessee's First Paleo-Indian Mastodon Association".

4272: 4206:"Human Y chromosome sequences from Q Haplogroup reveal a South American settlement pre-18,000 years ago and a profound genomic impact during the Younger Dryas" 1330:

of North American pre-Columbian cultures lasted from roughly 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. The term was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites between the

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League of Nations or "People of the Long House" was a politically advanced, democratic society, which is thought by some historians to have influenced the

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The Sinagua were hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists who lived in central Arizona. Like the Hohokam, they constructed kivas and great houses as well as

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Mexican civilization, declining in political power about 650 CE—but lasting in cultural influence for the better part of a millennium, to around 950 CE.

11351: 5112: 4435: 3713:. Like most other Amazonian civilizations, the disappearance of Kuhikugu was largely attributed to Old World diseases introduced by European colonists. 15741: 15599: 13359: 13206: 11946: 4386: 1899: 1806:, which had a population of 20,000 people. The city was eventually abandoned around the 18th century after it was encountered by Spanish conquistadors 755:

and oral histories. Other civilizations, contemporaneous with the colonial period, were documented in European accounts of the time. For instance, the

15303: 15090: 14277: 11904: 1889: 15795: 15768: 15085: 13759: 13384: 13333: 11939: 11934: 9990: 9334: 3735:. The Cambeba were a populous, organized society in the late pre-Columbian era whose population suffered a steep decline in the early years of the 1869: 1864: 16143: 16103: 14439: 13394: 13212: 13107: 12645: 11748: 11489: 11085: 6048: 3346: 3274:

from 300 to 1000 CE. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important South American civilizations before the birth of the

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were one of the few indigenous groups in the Americas to have escaped full colonial conquest and retain a majority of their indigenous cultures.

1098:. It finally stabilized about 10,000 years ago; climatic conditions were then very similar to today's. Within this time frame, roughly about the 15951: 14869: 14356: 13529: 12108: 8280: 8173: 6819: 2113: 1026: 16760: 16165: 15401: 14608: 13516: 9905: 8801: 8158: 6410: 4617:"Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations" 4102: 5006: 3633:

The Huetar people were a major ethnic group that lived in Costa Rica. The Huetar were composed of several independent kingdoms, such as the

3209:. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of Peru. The best-preserved remnants, besides the 2143:

delta. Between 1600 and 1500 BCE, the Olmec civilization had begun, with the consolidation of power at their capital, a site today known as

1410:. The culture reached its peak in about 1200–1400 CE, and in most places, it seems to have been in decline before the arrival of Europeans. 990:, which proposes that the first group of people entered the hemisphere at a much earlier date, possibly 50,000–40,000 years ago or earlier. 15783: 15380: 15196: 15137: 14720: 14678: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 13424: 13364: 13263: 13010: 12938: 12839: 12750: 12726: 12632: 12513: 12429: 12352: 12300: 12220: 11704: 11213: 4077: 2783: 6620:"Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages" 5523: 5467: 966:

Exactly when the first people migrated into the Americas is the subject of much debate. One of the earliest identifiable cultures was the

16907: 16750: 16645: 16390: 16128: 15248: 15159: 14901: 14886: 14768: 14195: 13543: 13305: 13120: 11929: 11909: 9949: 9794: 9327: 9277: 7135: 6758: 3809: 3752:. Archaeological evidence has revealed the continued presence of semi-domesticated orchards, as well as vast areas of land enriched with 1884: 790: 17: 6245:

Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (Eds.) (2008): Handbook of South American Archaeology 1st ed. 2008. Corr. 2nd printing, XXVI, 1192,

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300 BCE, complex cultures began to form in Mesoamerica. Some matured into advanced pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations such as the

16733: 16248: 16243: 16233: 15606: 15335: 14583: 13886: 13832: 13796: 13369: 12758: 11536: 10987: 9654: 9649: 9217: 8906: 4521:"High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas" 2362:

The Toltec civilization was established in the 8th century CE. The Toltec Empire expanded its political borders to as far south as the

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In the Colombian Andes, the Chibcha comprised several tribes who spoke similar languages (Chibcha). They included the following: the

2866:, Norte Chico or Caral-Supe (as known in Peru) was a civilization that emerged around 3200 BCE (contemporary with urbanism's rise in 1319: 1030: 735:

prior to significant European influence, which in some cases did not occur until decades or even centuries after Columbus's arrival.

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Lorandi, A.M. (1988). "Los diaguitas y el tawantinsuyu: Una hipótesis de conflicto". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.).

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were among other plants grown by natives. Over two-thirds of all types of food crops grown worldwide are native to the Americas.

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and permanent settled agriculture basically maize and tobacco. The indigenous peoples of Venezuela had already encountered crude

1617:. The Hohokam were responsible for the construction of a series of irrigation canals that led to the successful establishment of 1153:

and cultural groups. This is reflected in the oral histories of the indigenous peoples, described by a wide range of traditional

690: 3522:, the thick, black liquid was primarily used for medicinal purposes, as an illumination source, and for the caulking of canoes. 2609:

An offshoot of the Pipil people from El Salvador, the Nicarao people were a tribal confederation that flourished in present-day

1659:. Like most other cultures in Oasisamerica, the Mogollon constructed sophisticated kivas and cliff dwellings. In the village of 603: 100: 16956: 16665: 16348: 16253: 16083: 16031: 15992: 15559: 15554: 15408: 15345: 15298: 15276: 15241: 14896: 14752: 13452: 13291: 13276: 13201: 13184: 8741: 8676: 8656: 4363: 3353: 2514:

Tlaxcala was a Nahua republic and confederation in central Mexico. The Tlaxcalans fiercely resisted Aztec expansion during the

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The Lenca people were composed of several distinct multilingual confederations and city-states in present-day El Salvador and

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soon spreading throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct tribes. The Paleo-Indians were

72: 16772: 16660: 16530: 16434: 16343: 16267: 15812: 15778: 14793: 14783: 14778: 14636: 14631: 14495: 14460: 14313: 13881: 13778: 13686: 13431: 13313: 13270: 13135: 12103: 12098: 12085: 11919: 9780: 9676: 8881: 7155: 6685: 6662: 6608: 6250: 5748: 5580: 5500: 5414: 5343: 5243: 5192: 5145: 5092: 5030:"Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" 4939: 4834: 4343: 4139: 2970:

The Cañari were most notable for having repelled the Incan invasion with fierce resistance for many years until they fell to

1879: 1776:. Instead of agriculture, the Calusa economy relied on abundant fishing. According to Spanish sources, the "king's house" at 970:, with sites dating from some 13,000 years ago. However, older sites dating back to 20,000 years ago have been claimed. Some 864: 724: 13223: 2124:. These networks operated with various interruptions from pre-Olmec times and up to the Late Classical Period (600–900 CE). 16968: 16865: 16802: 16792: 16675: 16466: 16429: 16358: 16190: 16155: 15706: 15436: 15169: 14940: 14891: 14864: 14788: 14747: 13097: 12010: 9983: 9915: 9910: 8244: 8069: 7184: 6721: 4771: 3526: 3483: 2345: 2284: 1346:

during this period built monumental earthwork architecture and established continent-spanning trade and exchange networks.

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would have arrived separately and at a much later date, probably no more than 2,000 years ago, moving across the ice from

494: 406: 16924: 16912: 16850: 16607: 16098: 15997: 15594: 15253: 15149: 15033: 14303: 13720: 13470: 13023: 12963: 12553: 12067: 11951: 11899: 9935: 9790: 9614: 9262: 9237: 9187: 8651: 8128: 7179: 7057: 6483: 4067: 4062: 1859: 1777: 835:. Researchers have found genetic evidence that the Q1a3a haplogroup has been in South America since at least 18,000 BCE. 79: 6389: 2974:. Many of their descendants are still present in Cañar. The majority did not mix with the colonists or become Mestizos. 1798:

were a loose confederation that consisted of sedentary agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers who resided in the eastern

986:

occurring no earlier than 14,000–17,000 years ago, followed by successive waves of immigrants. The second belief is the

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region in the United States. It is commonly suggested that the culture of the Ancestral Puebloans emerged during the

1022: 119: 16944: 16890: 16875: 16777: 16612: 16088: 16041: 16036: 15938: 15865: 15565: 15330: 14859: 13746: 13000: 12829: 12662: 12622: 12501: 12035: 11914: 11321: 11208: 9725: 8756: 7943: 7632: 6600: 5383:

Gibson, John L. "Navels of the Earth: Sedentism in Early Mound-Building Cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley."

1894: 1018: 86: 5972: 3685:, which would support complex chiefdoms. Studies suggest that the civilization housed around 100,000 inhabitants. 3077:, the Chibcha of the eastern and north-eastern Highlands of Colombia developed the most notable culture among the 2370:. The Toltecs established vast trading relations with other Mesoamerican civilizations in Central America and the 16978: 16767: 16708: 16617: 16508: 16483: 15980: 15970: 15535: 15453: 15391: 15375: 15221: 15216: 14980: 14960: 14950: 14945: 13947: 13681: 13637: 13033: 12531: 12387: 11733: 11124: 10162: 9976: 9858: 9803: 9765: 9745: 9420: 9257: 9222: 9026: 8896: 8746: 8701: 8013: 7643: 7325: 7140: 6751: 4525: 4082: 3995: 3201:

The Wari Empire was located in the western portion of Peru and existed from the 6th century to the 11th century.

2562: 1494: 5359: 5268:

Kelly, Robert L.; Todd, Lawrence C. (1988). "Coming into the Country: Early Paleo-Indian Hunting and Mobility".

16961: 16635: 16582: 16498: 16488: 16456: 16385: 16373: 16328: 16215: 16113: 15975: 15895: 15885: 15671: 15528: 15231: 15189: 15132: 14906: 14817: 13417: 13286: 13053: 9920: 9848: 9838: 9823: 9750: 9591: 9167: 8961: 8936: 8856: 8548: 8292: 8105: 7948: 6796: 5876: 4991: 4057: 2116:

have been the subject of considerable research. There is evidence of trade routes starting as far north as the

1626: 1331: 1099: 1049: 971: 828: 644: 397: 57: 8084: 7360: 4417: 68: 16713: 16577: 16493: 16424: 16395: 16333: 16223: 16195: 15839: 15211: 15104: 14342: 14132: 13741: 13726: 13661: 13651: 13622: 13612: 13150: 11346: 10876: 10136: 9853: 9828: 9808: 9755: 8094: 7335: 6839: 5120: 2622: 2532: 1157:

which often say that a given people have been living in a certain territory since the creation of the world.

10204: 8110: 3653:. After their annexation into Spanish administration, the descendants of the Huetar currently reside in the 3183:, had blood-drinking rituals and that their religion incorporated non-procreative sexual practices (such as 2591:

were important commercial centers for the Lenca. During the Spanish conquest, several Lenca leaders such as

2419:. They were also a desert people, one of seven groups who formerly called themselves "Azteca", in memory of 1587:. The Ancestral Puebloans are also known as "Anasazi", though the term is controversial, as the present-day 1292:

Mound building was continued by succeeding cultures, who built numerous sites in the middle Mississippi and

589: 17008: 17001: 16934: 16797: 16680: 16602: 16592: 16446: 16407: 16363: 16323: 16280: 16228: 16160: 16133: 16093: 16071: 15880: 15694: 15641: 15574: 15431: 15387: 15315: 15236: 15154: 14965: 14829: 14658: 14566: 14374: 13731: 13705: 13691: 13666: 13656: 13607: 13523: 13130: 12640: 12414: 12308: 12093: 12019: 11956: 11341: 10881: 10354: 9833: 9813: 9770: 9760: 9720: 9172: 8721: 8188: 8116: 8080: 7150: 6528: 6312: 4439: 4050: 3801: 3728: 3130: 278: 10030: 4562:

Saillard, Juliette; Forster, Peter; Lynnerup, Niels; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Nørby, Søren (September 2000).

3613:

during his voyage in 1492. The Taíno would later be subject to slavery by the Spanish colonists under the

2274:

from the late 6th century BCE until their downfall at the hands of the Spanish conquistadors. The city of

742:

developed permanent settlements, cities, agricultural practices, civic and monumental architecture, major

561: 556: 16929: 16880: 16695: 16597: 16520: 16402: 16298: 16123: 16108: 16046: 15681: 15636: 15443: 15325: 15179: 14161: 14057: 13627: 12896: 12273: 12238: 10307: 9878: 9818: 9567: 9511: 9379: 9267: 9036: 8621: 8606: 8480: 7782: 7654: 7240: 6982: 6791: 4394: 3164: 2103: 1285:. Built about 1500 BCE, it is the centerpiece of a culture extending over 100 sites on both sides of the 752: 683: 442: 6590: 5866: 2144: 1381:. One of the distinguishing features of this culture was the construction of complexes of large earthen 1277:

Until the accurate dating of Watson Brake and similar sites, the oldest mound complex was thought to be

17049: 16833: 16703: 16535: 16515: 16503: 16313: 16303: 15985: 15890: 15503: 15493: 15020: 15015: 15005: 15000: 14522: 13751: 13736: 13601: 13115: 12457: 12233: 12203: 12168: 11609: 11410: 9843: 8876: 8631: 8009: 7893: 7736: 6744: 6708: 5400: 3486:; it may have been around a million people, in addition to today's peoples included groups such as the 3291: 2120:, and going down to the Pacific coast. These trade routes and cultural contacts then went on as far as 1750: 1698: 1450: 920: 244: 3205:, as the former capital city was called, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of the city of 1406:, the major ceremonial center of Cahokia, remains the largest earthen construction of the prehistoric 16412: 15718: 15523: 15518: 15080: 14534: 14241: 14226: 14216: 14175: 14097: 14062: 13632: 12699: 12526: 12496: 12265: 11415: 11230: 9427: 9094: 9046: 6726: 5618:

Marquardt, W. H. (2014). Tracking the Calusa: A Retrospective. Southeastern Archaeology, 33(1), 1–24.

3836:(corn) from ears 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) in length to the current size that is familiar today. 2933:

works, the Valdivia culture shows a progression from the most simple to much more complicated works.

2755:

were the four most important sedentary Amerindian groups in South America. Since the 1970s, numerous

1727:

feathers from Mexico. Most of the cliff dwellings constructed by the Salado are primarily located in

1694: 907: 891: 8568: 6012: 4286: 17059: 16525: 15905: 15875: 15870: 15860: 15626: 15582: 15423: 15184: 14970: 14834: 14648: 14588: 14246: 14221: 14137: 14042: 14002: 13594: 13140: 12983: 12968: 12869: 12817: 12775: 12763: 12600: 12402: 12003: 11604: 10696: 10241: 9506: 8981: 8836: 8806: 8365: 7716: 7320: 7245: 7122: 7097: 6811: 2846: 2618: 2022: 1564: 1548: 1536: 1399: 1282: 1243: 860: 832: 743: 716: 480: 12677: 10768: 10763: 5014: 2079:

Archaic inscriptions on rocks and rock walls all over northern Mexico (especially in the state of

575: 570: 387: 16019: 15755: 15513: 14480: 14236: 14231: 14211: 14102: 14092: 14087: 14067: 13617: 13145: 12462: 12407: 12208: 11721: 11631: 10803: 10570: 10389: 10322: 10054: 9925: 9521: 9453: 9272: 9006: 8996: 8956: 8831: 8563: 8498: 7792: 7465: 6962: 5605: 4519:

Zegura, Stephen L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Hammer, Michael F. (January 2004).

3396:

have discovered evidence of the earliest known inhabitants of the Venezuelan area in the form of

3050: 2875: 1942: 1728: 704: 452: 46: 12153: 8017: 6362: 5516: 1453:) in summer. The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs. 17017: 16471: 15821: 15631: 15611: 15413: 15268: 15063: 15010: 14995: 14839: 14527: 14267: 14251: 14190: 14017: 13932: 13876: 13160: 13092: 13028: 12956: 12721: 12474: 12419: 12330: 12253: 12158: 12143: 11848: 11809: 11683: 11289: 11180: 11168: 10864: 10605: 10444: 10081: 10015: 9999: 8941: 8661: 8508: 8451: 8385: 8370: 6596:

Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic: 1229–1492

6516: 6044:"Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile" 5475: 4281: 4155:

Bortolini, Maria-Catira; Salzano, Francisco M.; Thomas, Mark G.; et al. (September 2003).

3642: 3634: 3336:

was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful

2509: 2222: 2064:. They also invented the wheel, but it was used solely as a toy. In addition, they used native 1686: 1165:

was adopted in more temperate and sheltered regions, permitting a dramatic rise in population.

1103: 676: 434: 368: 190: 93: 7435: 6271: 5830: 5679: 5568: 5180: 4956: 3332:. Cities were built with precise stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. 16670: 16353: 15468: 15025: 14990: 14985: 14928: 14911: 14641: 14052: 14047: 13922: 13645: 13196: 13179: 13155: 13048: 13043: 12990: 12812: 12780: 12588: 12573: 12163: 12138: 12123: 11548: 11484: 11358: 11051: 10977: 10751: 10746: 10684: 10623: 10560: 10508: 10501: 10047: 9930: 9609: 9516: 9135: 9069: 9016: 8911: 8811: 8578: 8543: 8533: 8474: 7938: 7853: 7787: 7420: 7174: 7145: 6944: 6919: 6884: 5490: 5135: 3991: 3740: 3700: 3419: 3283: 3160: 2674: 2592: 2558: 2253: 2011: 1367: 1335: 266: 10933: 7072: 6731: 6675: 6594: 5541: 5404: 5333: 5233: 4927: 4333: 4264: 3576: 551: 169: 17022: 16150: 16024: 15915: 15293: 14725: 14705: 14653: 14603: 14544: 14475: 14323: 14142: 14107: 14012: 13987: 13676: 13173: 13125: 13065: 12901: 12822: 12682: 12605: 12563: 12442: 12392: 12377: 12360: 12260: 12148: 12118: 11814: 11765: 11760: 11743: 11738: 11716: 11506: 11220: 11073: 10965: 10869: 10662: 10347: 10146: 10089: 9888: 9883: 9599: 9389: 8706: 8558: 8430: 8222: 8089: 7953: 7918: 7838: 7527: 7235: 7130: 7112: 7012: 6736: 6712: 6116: 6057: 5787: 5209: 4872: 4684: 4473: 4217: 3817: 3610: 3042: 2871: 2670: 2664: 2265: 2238: 2191: 1991: 1983: 1754: 1568: 1034: 728: 541: 471: 392: 378: 254: 250: 10317: 7415: 5098: 3179:, Peru, has an extensive collection of such ceramics. They show that the people practiced 3046: 2363: 805: 8: 16562: 16478: 16288: 16004: 15689: 15320: 14517: 14127: 14077: 14032: 14022: 14007: 13997: 13982: 13962: 13937: 13927: 13917: 13671: 13491: 13481: 12923: 12672: 12365: 12283: 12278: 12228: 12128: 11996: 11894: 11804: 11469: 11274: 11107: 10640: 10513: 10394: 10369: 9197: 8493: 8420: 8395: 8360: 8340: 8055: 7817: 6849: 6829: 6304: 5936: 5406:

Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms

3947: 3602: 3572: 3214: 2432: 2415:. Into this new political game of contenders to the Toltec throne stepped outsiders: the 2049: 1842: 1522: 1469:

from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050–1400 CE

778: 536: 420: 353: 7047: 6451: 6120: 6061: 5791: 4876: 4688: 4477: 4221: 3564: 2482: 1314: 15802: 15790: 15508: 15498: 15475: 15458: 14854: 14598: 14593: 14465: 14147: 14122: 14027: 13967: 13942: 13912: 13902: 13501: 13496: 13486: 13476: 13189: 13167: 12687: 12546: 12521: 12491: 12452: 12335: 12178: 11755: 11658: 11560: 11373: 10555: 10285: 10251: 9893: 9686: 9282: 8826: 8821: 8681: 8528: 8464: 8445: 8380: 8375: 8307: 8178: 8168: 8074: 7898: 7807: 7586: 7330: 7275: 7250: 6914: 6909: 6879: 6874: 6636: 6619: 6573: 6548: 6139: 6104: 6080: 6043: 5977: 5953: 5905: 5811: 5672: 5598:"Did the Founding Fathers Really Get Many of Their Ideas of Liberty from the Iroquois?" 5295: 5287: 5270: 5214: 5056: 5029: 4903: 4860: 4807: 4799: 4715: 4672: 4643: 4621: 4616: 4588: 4563: 4307: 4240: 4205: 4181: 4156: 4128: 3823: 3767: 3736: 3443: 3325: 2776: 2656: 2523: 1720: 1622: 1343: 944: 794: 594: 466: 297: 8400: 7797: 6547:

Brown, Michael D.; Hosseini, Seyed H.; Torroni, Antonio; et al. (December 1998).

6272:

Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries

6103:

Gongora, Jaime; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Mobegi, Victor A.; et al. (July 29, 2008).

5799: 3832:

Early inhabitants of the Americas developed agriculture, developing and breeding wild

3518:

and asphalts that seeped up through the ground to the surface. Known to the locals as

2771:, supporting Spanish accounts of complex and ancient Amazonian civilizations, such as 1834:

or confederations in response to European colonization. These are often classified by

759:

maintained written records, which were often destroyed by Christian Europeans such as

16545: 15701: 15053: 14551: 14470: 14319: 14082: 14037: 13977: 13952: 13907: 13850: 13087: 12918: 12731: 12318: 12113: 11797: 11787: 11777: 11726: 11383: 11301: 10595: 10580: 10565: 10545: 10436: 10415: 10226: 10069: 9740: 9624: 9399: 9319: 9109: 8816: 8573: 8553: 8335: 8203: 8133: 8099: 7822: 7812: 7522: 7490: 7370: 7300: 7032: 7007: 6939: 6929: 6681: 6658: 6641: 6604: 6578: 6415: 6246: 6217: 6144: 6085: 5982: 5910: 5872: 5836: 5803: 5683: 5647: 5576: 5547: 5496: 5410: 5339: 5299: 5239: 5188: 5141: 5088: 5061: 4962: 4935: 4908: 4890: 4840: 4830: 4811: 4791: 4720: 4702: 4648: 4593: 4544: 4501: 4496: 4461: 4339: 4299: 4245: 4186: 4135: 3813: 3669: 3320:, Peru, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as 3054: 2795: 2764: 2712: 2634: 2566: 2423:, but they changed their name after years of migrating. Since they were not from the 2215: 1979: 1656: 1374: 1286: 1162: 956: 840: 756: 720: 411: 7400: 7265: 7231: 6549:"mtDNA haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe/Western Asia and North America?" 6105:"Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA" 6021: 5957: 4615:

Torroni, Antonio; Schurr, Theodore G.; Yang, Chi-Chuan; et al. (January 1992).

4367: 3580: 3002: 2948: 2679: 16461: 16308: 16014: 15834: 14844: 14685: 14668: 14663: 14502: 14112: 13992: 13957: 13855: 13770: 13765: 13256: 12694: 12657: 12583: 12541: 12437: 12397: 12198: 12193: 11792: 11699: 11442: 11225: 11025: 10945: 10901: 10701: 10523: 10374: 10334: 9898: 9572: 9252: 9089: 9041: 8991: 8931: 8846: 8771: 8761: 8736: 8691: 8538: 8488: 8469: 8459: 8410: 8405: 7903: 7843: 7827: 7710: 7674: 7581: 7485: 7285: 7102: 7077: 6894: 6889: 6631: 6618:

Schurr, Theodore G.; Ballinger, Scott W.; Gan, Yik-Yuen; et al. (March 1990).

6568: 6560: 6420: 6134: 6124: 6075: 6065: 5945: 5795: 5279: 5051: 5043: 4898: 4880: 4783: 4710: 4692: 4638: 4630: 4583: 4575: 4534: 4491: 4481: 4311: 4291: 4235: 4225: 4176: 4168: 4157:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" 3598: 3560: 3476: 3431: 3329: 3101: 3023: 2901: 2895: 2732: 2704: 2696: 2640: 2613:. The migration of the Nicarao is theorized to have led to the fall of the city of 2424: 2412: 2026: 1807: 1638: 1618: 1482: 1418: 1154: 1064: 836: 622: 283: 11284: 11240: 6717: 5643: 1811: 1559:, multi-story houses, and apartment blocks made from stone and adobe, such as the 16170: 15946: 15844: 15616: 14916: 14849: 14618: 14539: 14485: 14180: 14117: 14072: 13972: 12978: 12911: 12807: 12768: 12652: 12595: 12467: 12370: 12268: 12188: 12183: 12133: 11673: 11643: 11405: 11333: 11311: 11269: 11164: 11134: 10999: 10994: 10645: 10528: 10099: 9577: 9145: 9099: 8851: 8796: 8786: 8646: 8425: 8355: 8350: 8330: 8297: 8026: 7705: 7664: 7649: 7612: 7576: 7470: 7365: 7280: 7255: 7216: 7201: 7022: 6859: 6394: 6042:

Storey, Alice A.; Ramírez, José Miguel; Quiroz, Daniel; et al. (June 2007).

5633: 4885: 4697: 4634: 4230: 3606: 3371: 3333: 3295: 3287: 3257: 3180: 2960: 2449:

The Mexica-Aztecs were the rulers of much of central Mexico by about 1400 (while

2315: 2152: 2121: 2117: 1835: 1827: 1327: 1309: 1265: 1250: 1173: 1119: 847:

in that the majority of the Y-chromosome is unique and does not recombine during

786: 747: 639: 321: 180:(bottom) are amongst the longest standing objects by pre-Columbian civilizations. 173: 137: 3097: 2496:, they were also quite independent in culture from their neighbors. The Aztecs, 2344:

as important commercial trading centers. The Totonacs would later assist in the

1961:

is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of

1826:

had a wide range of lifeways from sedentary, agrarian societies to semi-nomadic

16640: 16540: 15923: 15058: 15048: 15043: 15038: 14710: 14573: 14507: 13860: 12928: 12906: 12884: 12862: 12857: 12382: 12313: 12243: 11988: 11924: 11782: 11709: 11531: 11496: 11427: 11316: 11188: 10896: 10481: 10471: 10292: 10273: 9547: 9537: 9468: 9227: 9212: 9202: 8841: 8671: 8626: 8523: 8435: 8390: 7957: 7923: 7767: 7742: 7699: 7689: 7679: 7669: 7627: 7410: 7221: 7211: 6904: 6864: 6854: 5047: 4466:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4019: 3964: 3952: 3722: 3511: 3457: 3423: 3218: 3122: 3062: 2971: 2952: 2917: 2728: 2708: 2604: 2557:. According to legend, Cuzcatlan was established by Toltec migrants during the 2300: 2156: 2140: 1995: 1914: 1795: 1789: 1710: 1610: 1588: 1584: 1486: 1386: 1382: 1137:

The vastness of the North American continent, and the variety of its climates,

1131: 997:

to 14,000 years ago, and accordingly humans have been proposed to have reached

967: 903: 887: 760: 358: 9104: 8236: 8059: 8043: 7863: 6702: 5949: 5543:

Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 1754

4738: 4564:"mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos: The Edge of the Beringian Expansion" 4295: 4130:

A History of Mexican Archaeology: The Vanished Civilizations of Middle America

3983:, were another source of meat in Mexico, Central, and northern South America. 2779:

in present-day eastern Ecuador predate all known complex Amazonian societies.

2275: 2187: 17043: 15621: 14921: 14730: 14365: 13070: 12847: 11668: 11653: 11599: 11577: 11474: 11462: 11378: 11247: 11129: 11090: 11078: 11066: 10778: 10689: 10618: 10359: 10302: 10280: 10189: 10121: 10116: 10094: 9542: 9483: 9364: 9084: 9079: 8971: 8921: 8916: 8901: 8891: 8886: 8636: 8513: 8325: 8302: 7913: 7757: 7726: 7694: 7638: 7606: 7445: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7380: 7375: 7310: 7305: 7260: 6824: 6781: 6671: 6390:"Scientists find evidence discrediting theory Amazon was virtually unlivable" 5986: 5914: 5832:

Conquistador: Hernán Cortés, King Montezuma, and the last stand of the Aztecs

5807: 5667: 5161: 5028:

Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; et al. (2008).

4894: 4844: 4795: 4706: 4486: 3638: 3628: 3538: 3495: 3491: 3337: 3279: 3237: 3150: 3085: 3070: 3041:

The areas that they occupied in Colombia were the present-day Departments of

3017: 2760: 2744: 2720: 2700: 2493: 2428: 2357: 2271: 2229:

inscribed on stone, pottery, wood, or perishable books made from bark paper.

1854: 1664: 1660: 1591:

consider the term to be derogatory, due to the word tracing its origins to a

1355: 1339: 1297: 1278: 1270: 994: 960: 948: 936: 924: 632: 307: 198: 11835: 10209: 8004: 8000: 6992: 6987: 6424: 6129: 6070: 4539: 4520: 3654: 2528: 2252:. Other accounts also suggest that the Huastecs migrated as a result of the 2080: 15928: 15900: 14955: 13059: 12995: 12536: 11961: 11587: 11543: 11524: 11479: 11279: 11203: 10960: 10955: 10911: 10538: 10420: 10384: 10364: 10216: 10194: 10106: 9735: 9473: 9463: 9458: 9287: 9242: 9192: 9182: 9162: 9130: 9031: 8986: 8966: 8751: 8731: 8696: 8611: 8596: 8415: 8287: 7996: 7972: 7928: 7878: 7873: 7762: 7747: 7731: 7596: 7547: 7542: 7517: 7495: 7460: 7340: 7042: 6977: 6934: 6517:"Chapter 2 (TERRA–2): The History of Native Plant Communities in the South" 6488: 6148: 6089: 5468:"The Effect of the Iroquois Constitution on the United States Constitution" 5065: 4912: 4724: 4597: 4548: 4303: 4249: 4190: 3998:, and as far north as southern Canada. Potatoes were used by the Inca, and 3939: 3873: 3857: 3789: 3744: 3732: 3575:. The Diaguita culture emerged around 1000 CE after the replacement of the 3412: 3401: 3393: 3357: 3172: 3093: 3089: 2986: 2925: 2879: 2807: 2799: 2550: 2519: 2489: 2470: 2462: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2367: 2244: 2099: 2032:

These Indigenous civilizations are credited with many inventions: building

1925:, and others, and some established large settlements, even cities, such as 1910: 1846: 1799: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1532: 1254: 1115: 1095: 1086: 1045: 782: 739: 329: 302: 177: 11636: 7480: 6645: 6582: 4756: 4739:"Study confirms Bering land bridge flooded later than previously believed" 4652: 4505: 2947:

The Cañari were the indigenous natives of today's Ecuadorian provinces of

2348:

as an opportunity to liberate themselves from Aztec military imperialism.

1952: 1094:

The North American climate was unstable as the ice age receded during the

993:

Artifacts have been found in both North and South America which have been

859:

experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes: first with the initial

16205: 15736: 15073: 14975: 14715: 14578: 14334: 12951: 12879: 12795: 12615: 12340: 11966: 11626: 11616: 11572: 11567: 11519: 11457: 11420: 11393: 11294: 11264: 11139: 11061: 10982: 10970: 10731: 10716: 10706: 10677: 10635: 10550: 10518: 10466: 10399: 10236: 10111: 9968: 9140: 9021: 9001: 8866: 8726: 8716: 8601: 8345: 7992: 7982: 7601: 7532: 7385: 7355: 7062: 6954: 6834: 5453:

Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca (Vols. 1–3)

3773: 3754: 3749: 3709: 3681: 3453: 3449: 3307: 3275: 3196: 3138: 3058: 2913: 2867: 2683: 2660: 2614: 2554: 2466: 2340:. The Totonacs were responsible for the establishment of cities, such as 2288: 2249: 2168: 2095: 2053: 2037: 1975: 1958: 1802:. They lived in permanent settlements and even established a city called 1716: 1668: 1442: 1427:

vanished, and vast swaths of their territory were virtually uninhabited.

1403: 1235: 1150: 1073: 508: 503: 373: 223: 5815: 5775: 5388: 4861:"The earliest settlers of Mesoamerica date back to the late Pleistocene" 4673:"The earliest settlers of Mesoamerica date back to the late Pleistocene" 3583:

until they were forced to surrender and submit to Spanish rule in 1667.

3416: 2647:. It existed from 800 CE until the Spanish arrival in the 16th century. 2595:

resisted conversion to Christianity, while others converted peacefully.

2341: 2083:) demonstrate an early propensity for counting. Their number system was 148: 15068: 14874: 14700: 14695: 14613: 13038: 12946: 12852: 12785: 12558: 11770: 11663: 11621: 11437: 11400: 11363: 11259: 10846: 10758: 10585: 10486: 10459: 10379: 10177: 10131: 10042: 10010: 9478: 9448: 9177: 9074: 8946: 8861: 8686: 8030: 7868: 7848: 7290: 7082: 6844: 6677:

Stolen Continents: 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas

6484:"Valley of lost cities that flourished 2,000 years ago found in Amazon" 6188: 5901:"Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World" 3968: 3916: 3904: 3888: 3615: 3210: 3202: 2644: 2522:. The Tlaxcalans would later ally with the Spanish conquistadors under 2515: 2497: 2375: 2332:

The Totonac civilization was concentrated in the present-day states of

2174: 1962: 1772:

The Calusa were a complex paramountcy/kingdom that resided in southern

1576: 1378: 1293: 1142: 879: 844: 824: 524: 334: 287: 262: 208: 12874: 8776: 7475: 6704:

Ancient civilizations can show us how to protect the Amazon rainforest

5291: 4803: 4772:"Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America" 3248: 895: 16557: 16550: 12704: 12323: 12173: 11678: 11447: 11432: 11030: 11015: 10940: 10923: 10841: 10726: 10667: 10657: 10652: 10575: 10454: 10342: 10268: 10035: 10025: 8951: 8781: 8051: 8047: 8022: 7772: 7107: 6997: 6411:"Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago" 6276: 3999: 3943: 3912: 3908: 3869: 3861: 3849: 3646: 3427: 3378: 3078: 2964: 2956: 2851: 2787: 2687: 2610: 2544: 2427:, they were initially seen as crude and unrefined in the ways of the 2371: 2280: 2084: 2041: 1407: 1231: 1123: 1001:

at the southern tip of South America by this time. In that case, the

998: 983: 852: 627: 348: 212: 159: 7556: 7226: 5597: 3675: 3597:

The Taíno people were fragmented into numerous chiefdoms across the

2942: 2420: 1551:

during the 12th century BCE. The Ancestral Puebloans were a complex

1149:, and landforms, led ancient peoples to coalesce into many distinct 35: 14740: 14690: 13080: 13018: 12790: 12709: 11452: 11388: 11235: 11193: 10928: 10836: 10711: 10533: 10496: 10476: 9730: 9150: 9114: 9064: 8926: 8711: 8038: 7888: 7430: 7425: 7315: 7295: 6564: 6456: 5283: 4787: 4579: 4172: 3884: 3694: 3650: 3550: 3534: 3472: 3222: 3206: 3184: 3134: 3035: 2883: 2772: 2756: 2740: 2724: 2588: 2584: 2436: 2333: 2325: 2148: 2061: 2045: 1930: 1746: 1740: 1127: 1082: 1054: 940: 883: 810: 809:

Schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of

339: 236: 7450: 3592: 3438:

tips, come from a similar site in northwestern Venezuela known as

3118: 2870:). It had a cluster of large-scale urban settlements of which the 1613:

in what is now the U.S. state of Arizona and the Mexican state of

1058:

Simplified map of subsistence methods in the Americas at 1000 BCE

11514: 11306: 11252: 11198: 11020: 10826: 10736: 10590: 10491: 10449: 10312: 10231: 10184: 10172: 9157: 8641: 8518: 8440: 8034: 7571: 7455: 7196: 7092: 7067: 7052: 6972: 6967: 6924: 6899: 6869: 3924: 3892: 3853: 3841: 3785: 3777: 3727:

Also known as the Omagua, Umana, and Kambeba, the Cambeba are an

3704: 3555: 3461: 3408: 3263: 3113: 3074: 2921: 2905: 2828: 2791: 2752: 2736: 2716: 2443: 2033: 2017: 1926: 1922: 1906: 1803: 1773: 1680: 1644: 1604: 1446: 1395: 1239: 1138: 1006: 848: 11878: 7500: 5871:(in Spanish). Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. p. 148. 3571:

The Diaguita consisted of several distinct chiefdoms across the

2639:

The Nicoya kingdom was an elective monarchy that thrived in the

1253:

societies, whose people occupied the sites on a seasonal basis.

11582: 11119: 11097: 10950: 10886: 10831: 10221: 10199: 10167: 10141: 8503: 7977: 7967: 7350: 7345: 7270: 7206: 7087: 7037: 7027: 7002: 3987: 3980: 3976: 3960: 3920: 3900: 3880: 3877: 3845: 3837: 3507: 3503: 3487: 3313: 3031: 2929: 2768: 2553:

confederacy of kingdoms and city-states located in present-day

2454: 2416: 2408: 2337: 2198: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2014:

since they were three smaller kingdoms loosely united together.

2003: 1999: 1987: 1918: 1838:, loosely based on geography. These can include the following: 1767: 1652: 1614: 1592: 1527: 1423: 1351: 979: 663: 5973:"Remnants of Sprawling Ancient Cities Are Found in the Amazon" 5868:

Historia de Costa Rica: breve, actualizada y con ilustraciones

5731:

Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e islas de Tierra Firme

5492:

33 Questions about American History You're Not Supposed to Ask

5312: 4561: 4518: 3482:

It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the

2320: 1947: 11648: 11368: 11102: 11056: 10918: 10773: 10721: 10297: 10263: 9247: 7617: 7561: 7552: 7440: 7017: 3972: 3956: 3896: 3833: 3781: 3609:. The Taíno were the first pre-Columbian people to encounter 3499: 3435: 3382: 3317: 3271: 3230: 3027: 2982: 2909: 2856: 2833: 2578: 2450: 2226: 2203: 2183: 2179: 2133: 2007: 1971: 1905:

Numerous pre-Columbian societies were sedentary, such as the

1850: 1831: 1724: 1648: 1390: 1246: 1146: 1114:

The unstable climate led to widespread migration, with early

1002: 899: 878:

Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the

764: 8199:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

6766: 6102: 5423: 5210:"Evidence Supports Earlier Date for People in North America" 4154: 2989:

houses the largest private collection of pre-Columbian art.

2381: 11594: 11555: 11035: 10891: 10821: 10741: 10613: 10126: 9207: 6546: 4857: 4669: 3865: 3467: 3404: 3397: 3267: 3176: 3156: 3066: 2994: 2990: 2863: 2819: 2748: 2088: 2073: 1625:. The Hohokam also established complex settlements such as 1556: 868: 5185:

Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia

4614: 3828:

List of pre-Columbian engineering projects in the Americas

3030:. At one point, the Chibchas occupied part of what is now 951:, and possibly along the coast. Genetic evidence found in 10906: 10672: 10630: 6589: 6041: 5027: 3619:

system until they were deemed virtually extinct in 1565.

3529:

began in Venezuelan territory, the population of several

3515: 2824: 2786:

across the South Pacific Ocean between South America and

2621:. The Nicarao civilization was disestablished during the 867:. The former is the determinant factor for the number of 5569:"The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League" 5335:

People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

4827:

First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America

4073:

Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

3931:

important for both food and medicines. This created the

3422:

implements exposed on the high riverine terraces of the

1109: 6617: 5387:, Vol. 38, No. 2 (June 2006), pp. 311-329. Stable URL: 4436:"Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q" 3579:. The Diaguita resisted Spanish colonialism during the 1583:

that stretched from Chaco Canyon to Kutz Canyon in the

1354:

until the end of the period when they were replaced by

963:

spread throughout the rest of North and South America.

731:'s voyage in 1492. This era encompasses the history of 9349: 4273:

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

8194:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

6718:

Collection: "Pre-Columbian Central and South America"

6163:"Caral, cradle of the oldest civilization in America" 5639:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

4265:"Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world" 4043:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

3986:

By the 15th century, maize had been transmitted from

2686:. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of 2270:

The Zapotecs were a civilization that thrived in the

931:

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

851:. This has the effect that the historical pattern of 819:

Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

5933: 4009: 2565:, Cuzcatlan was forced to surrender to conquistador 1663:, the Mogollon are revealed to have housed pens for 1177:

Major cultural areas of the pre-Columbian Americas:

1031:

Native Americans in the United States § History

871:

lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's

6297: 2967:, the city of gold from the mythology of Colombia. 2959:and later on the same site by the colonial city of 2151:. The Olmec influence extended across Mexico, into 1543:The Ancestral Puebloans thrived in what is now the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6732:Art of the Americas at the Cleveland Museum of Art 5671: 4928:"Early Population Flows In the Western Hemisphere" 4127: 2476: 1643:The Mogollon resided in the present-day states of 4824: 3229:("Flea Town"), a short distance southeast of the 2411:civilization came political fragmentation in the 1023:History of North America § Pre-Columbian era 17041: 15769:Native American recognition in the United States 12018: 6521:Southern Forest Resource Assessment Final Report 6216:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p. 91. 3510:plains were cultivated through a combination of 2878:in the world and Caral-Supe is the oldest known 2287:, the Zapotecs resisted Spanish rule until King 8266: 6288: 6230: 6109:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6049:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5232:Imbrie, John; Imbrie, Katherine Palmer (1979). 4984:"Americas Settled 15,000 Years Ago, Study Says" 3034:, and the high plains of the Eastern Sierra of 2963:. The city was also believed to be the site of 2010:. The Mexica civilization is also known as the 8174:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 8159:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 6205: 5864: 5835:. Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. p. 106. 5072: 4414:"New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop" 3979:and a range of wild animals, such as deer and 3792:. The cities fell into decline around 600 CE. 2827:and archaeological evidence that domesticated 2114:Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica 1300:, conical and ridge mounds, and other shapes. 1027:List of archaeological periods (North America) 17055:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 16166:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 14350: 12289:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 12004: 11864: 11840: 9984: 9335: 8252: 6752: 6727:Ancient American art at the Denver Art Museum 6652: 5429: 4948: 4416:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 4387:"First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover" 4103:"Early European Settlements in North America" 3381:in Bolivia as well as some parts of Peru and 2798:species native to South America, such as the 1039: 914: 855:can easily be studied. The pattern indicates 684: 13213:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 6452:"Huge ancient lost city found in the Amazon" 5970: 5575:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 107–128. 5331: 5231: 5087:. Multicultural History Society of Ontario. 4829:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4325: 4078:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories 3955:breed, for their meat. Andean societies had 1508:A human head effigy pot from the Nodena site 6325: 5776:"Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire" 5760:Toltecáyotl: Aspectos de la cultura náhuatl 5714: 5628: 5626: 5624: 4512: 3810:Agriculture on the prehistoric Great Plains 3795: 3294:, about 72 kilometres (45 mi) west of 2840: 2162: 1019:Aboriginal peoples in Canada § History 791:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 14364: 14357: 14343: 12011: 11997: 11871: 11857: 9998: 9991: 9977: 9342: 9328: 8259: 8245: 6759: 6745: 6363:"Ancient Amazon Actually Highly Urbanized" 6340: 5971:Yuhas, Alan; Jiménez, Jesus (2024-01-23). 5604:. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, 5546:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6–8. 5522:. United States Senate. October 21, 1988. 5187:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 682–683. 4357: 4355: 4148: 2862:On the north-central coast of present-day 1951:One of the pyramids in the upper level of 1389:traditions of earlier cultures. They grew 691: 677: 15779:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 12737:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8767:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 8164:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 6655:The Chaco Handbook: An Encyclopedic Guide 6653:Vivian, R. Gwinn; Hilpert, Bruce (2012), 6635: 6572: 6476: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6138: 6128: 6079: 6069: 6005: 5267: 5227: 5225: 5137:Indians in the Americas: The Untold Story 5055: 4954: 4902: 4884: 4714: 4696: 4642: 4587: 4538: 4495: 4485: 4428: 4285: 4239: 4229: 4203: 4180: 4034:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 3544: 3262:The Tiwanaku empire was based in western 2518:ever since the Aztecs expelled them from 2382:Aztec/Mexica/Triple Alliance civilization 2094:The biggest Mesoamerican cities, such as 882:, with an initial 20,000-year layover on 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 6768:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 6657:(2 ed.), University of Utah Press, 6508: 5674:The Olmecs: America's First Civilization 5621: 5105: 4925: 4769: 4438:. Genebase Systems. 2009. Archived from 3806:Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest 3761: 3554: 3466: 3324:, or "the land of the four regions", in 3247: 3225:. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of 3129:The Tairona civilization thrived in the 3117: 3107: 2981: 2850: 2678: 2391: 2319: 2197: 2016: 1946: 1526: 1361: 1313: 1264: 1172: 1168: 1081: complex farming societies (tribal 1053: 804: 27:The Americas prior to European influence 15830:List of counties and county equivalents 12892:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 6525:United States Department of Agriculture 6449: 6402: 6331: 5855:Restall and Asselbergs 2007, pp. 79–81. 5566: 5539: 5533: 5450: 5207: 5078: 4981: 4361: 4352: 3933:pre-Columbian savannas of North America 3011: 2309: 2259: 2232: 1689:. Several of the Sinagua ruins include 753:archaeological research of the Americas 14: 17042: 6670: 6387: 6256: 6214:Encyclopedic Dictionary of archaeology 6211: 5898: 5678:. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 5660: 5595: 5560: 5399: 5222: 5178: 5133: 4958:The Journey of Man – A Genetic Odyssey 4757:"Bering Land Bridge National Preserve" 4459: 4453: 4125: 3446:, these date from 13,000 to 7000 BCE. 2977: 2351: 2294: 1516: 1417:were encountered by the expedition of 1260: 14338: 13820: 13582: 13244: 12048: 11992: 11852: 11839: 11162: 10801: 10067: 9972: 9323: 8240: 6740: 6450:Rannard, Georgina (11 January 2024). 5773: 5723: 5666: 5488: 5360:"Native Americans: The First Farmers" 5332:Fagan, Brian; Durrani, Nadia (2016). 5208:Wilford, John Noble (April 4, 2008). 4932:A Companion to Latin American History 4555: 4405: 4364:"Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q-M242" 4335:The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey 4331: 4262: 3388: 3144: 3081:Indigenous peoples in South America. 2561:in approximately 1200 CE. During the 2127: 2044:, medicine, writing, highly accurate 1110:Lithic stage and early Archaic period 865:European colonization of the Americas 11163: 6722:University of Michigan Museum of Art 6514: 6496:from the original on 12 January 2024 6464:from the original on 11 January 2024 6431:from the original on 12 January 2024 6408: 5828: 5737: 5632: 5465: 5154: 4998: 4411: 4378: 4204:Sepúlveda, Paz; et al. (2022). 3674:The Marajoara culture flourished on 3663: 2503: 2346:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 2285:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 2209: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 9238:Norse colonization of North America 7192:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 6443: 5745:América Latina en la época colonial 5315:Current Research in the Pleistocene 5004: 4955:Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). 4068:Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru 4063:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America 3312:Holding their capital at the great 2889: 1824:Indigenous peoples of North America 1579:. The Puebloans also constructed a 738:During the pre-Columbian era, many 24: 12579:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 12569:Assassination of James A. Garfield 9623: 9351:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 8267: 8184:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 7163:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 6624:American Journal of Human Genetics 6553:American Journal of Human Genetics 6388:Forero, Juan (September 5, 2010). 6186: 5366:. Allbusiness.com. October 1, 1999 5338:(fourteenth ed.). Routledge. 5079:Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. (1999). 5035:American Journal of Human Genetics 4982:Lovgren, Stefan (March 13, 2008). 4961:. Random House. pp. 138–140. 4603:of haplogroup A2 in North America. 4568:American Journal of Human Genetics 4384: 4366:. Genebase Systems. Archived from 4161:American Journal of Human Genetics 3963:for meat and wool, as well as for 3622: 3365: 3243: 1817: 1485:from Moundville, illustrating two 1303: 857:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 813:, from 25,000 years ago to present 25: 17071: 15175:Director of National Intelligence 12611:Assassination of William McKinley 11115:Megalithic architectural elements 7175:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 7146:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 6696: 6013:Journal of the Polynesian Society 5800:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-76 5455:. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press. 3360:, symbol of the Inca civilization 2904:was concentrated on the coast of 2628: 1595:word meaning "ancestor enemies". 1385:and grand plazas, continuing the 771: 15331:Government Accountability Office 14318: 14309: 14308: 14273: 14272: 12830:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 12623:Nadir of American race relations 12502:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 11977: 10802: 9398: 8216: 7168:Archaeological sites in Colombia 7141:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 6601:University of Pennsylvania Press 6515:Owen, Wayne (December 8, 2013). 6409:Wade, Lizzie (11 January 2024). 5529:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5085:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples 4930:. In Holloway, Thomas H. (ed.). 4770:Fladmark, K. R. (January 1979). 4321:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4054:, 2013 book by Daniel K. Richter 4026: 4012: 3942:, indigenous Americans did have 3506:in the east. Large parts of the 3345: 2936: 2650: 1501: 1474: 1458: 1435: 1012: 939:are thought to have entered the 158: 147: 136: 34: 12532:First transcontinental railroad 11734:Evolutionary origin of religion 9258:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 7151:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 6539: 6381: 6355: 6336:(in Spanish). pp. 197–214. 6282: 6239: 6187:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 6180: 6155: 6096: 6035: 5999: 5964: 5927: 5892: 5858: 5849: 5822: 5767: 5752: 5705: 5696: 5612: 5589: 5567:Clifton, James A., ed. (1990). 5509: 5482: 5459: 5444: 5435: 5409:. University of Georgia Press. 5393: 5377: 5352: 5325: 5306: 5261: 5252: 5201: 5172: 5127: 5021: 4975: 4926:Dillehay, Tom D. (2011-03-21). 4919: 4851: 4818: 4763: 4749: 4731: 4663: 4608: 4526:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4083:Pre-Columbian history of Brazil 3996:East Coast of the United States 2784:theory of pre-Columbian contact 2563:Spanish conquest of El Salvador 2477:Tarascan/Purépecha civilization 2442:Latecomers to Mexico's central 1495:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 978:with the first movement beyond 789:, and institutions such as the 45:needs additional citations for 16974:Separation of church and state 15190:National Reconnaissance Office 15133:President of the United States 5596:Rakove, Jack (July 21, 2005). 5179:Bryant, Vaughn M. Jr. (1998). 4256: 4197: 4119: 4095: 4058:List of pre-Columbian cultures 3938:While not as widespread as in 3301: 3266:and extended into present-day 3213:, are the recently discovered 3190: 1936: 1050:Archaic period in the Americas 829:Indigenous Amerindian genetics 827:most commonly associated with 176:(middle) and the Inca city of 13: 1: 11347:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 10877:British megalith architecture 8095:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 7156:Archaeological sites in Chile 5865:Molina Jiménez, Iván (1997). 5762:. Fondo de Cultura Economica 5235:Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery 4088: 3434:hunting artifacts, including 3008:spanned from 900 to 300 BCE. 2623:Spanish conquest of Nicaragua 2366:, including the Maya city of 1667:, which were introduced from 843:, differs from other nuclear 833:Y-chromosome haplogroup Q1a3a 15336:Government Publishing Office 14804:Technological and industrial 13700:Hispanic and Latino American 12554:Second Industrial Revolution 12388:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 12094:Exploration of North America 12020:History of the United States 11342:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 10882:Nordic megalith architecture 9223:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 9173:Eastern Agricultural Complex 8189:Mesoamerican writing systems 8146: 7185:Archaeological sites in Peru 6531:, Southern Research Station. 6529:United States Forest Service 6313:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 6291:Chronology of Venezuelan Oil 6212:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). 6193:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 5899:Romero, Simon (2012-01-14). 5540:Shannon, Timothy J. (2002). 5238:. Harvard University Press. 5113:"Atlas of the Human Journey" 4886:10.1371/journal.pone.0183345 4698:10.1371/journal.pone.0183345 4460:Ruhlen, M. (November 1998). 4231:10.1371/journal.pone.0271971 3990:and was being farmed in the 3971:were raised for meat in the 3802:Eastern Agricultural Complex 3131:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 2538: 2465:, is the site of modern-day 2147:near the coast in southeast 1822:When the Europeans arrived, 7: 16808:Women's reproductive health 15774:Federally recognized tribes 15637:Public utilities commission 15541:Public Health Service Corps 15444:Code of Federal Regulations 15326:Congressional Budget Office 15180:Central Intelligence Agency 15086:Water supply and sanitation 14513:Declaration of Independence 13224:Indictments of Donald Trump 12415:First Industrial Revolution 12249:Declaration of Independence 12239:Second Continental Congress 8607:Bandelier National Monument 8481:List of Mississippian sites 8268:Pre-Columbian North America 8085:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 6711:published on July 5, 2019, 6334:La frontera del estado Inca 6189:"Sacred City of Caral-Supe" 5495:. Crown Forum. p. 62. 5183:. In Gibbon, Guy E. (ed.). 5013:. Microsoft. Archived from 5011:Encarta Online Encyclopedia 4462:"The origin of the Na-Dene" 4005: 3688: 3252:Gate of the Sun in Tiwanaku 3165:National Geographic Society 3133:mountain range in northern 1830:societies. Many formed new 1734: 1632: 1609:The Hohokam thrived in the 1269:Artist's reconstruction of 800: 18:Pre-Columbian South America 10: 17076: 15986:Red states and blue states 15891:City commission government 15886:Council–manager government 13821: 13583: 13245: 13116:Killing of Osama bin Laden 12204:First Continental Congress 12049: 11884:Indigenous North Americans 11490:British Isles and Brittany 11411:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 9027:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 8632:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 8341:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 8111:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 8014:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 6020:(128): 255. Archived from 5774:Smith, Michael E. (1997). 5642:. Vintage Books. pp. 5048:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 4825:Meltzer, David J. (2009). 4635:10.1093/genetics/130.1.153 3821: 3799: 3765: 3720: 3716: 3692: 3667: 3626: 3590: 3548: 3369: 3340:in the Inca civilization. 3305: 3255: 3194: 3148: 3111: 3015: 3000: 2940: 2893: 2844: 2817:A 2007 paper published in 2703:" or "Muysca"), Valdivia, 2668: 2654: 2632: 2602: 2598: 2576: 2542: 2507: 2480: 2385: 2355: 2313: 2298: 2263: 2236: 2213: 2166: 2131: 1940: 1787: 1783: 1765: 1751:United States Constitution 1738: 1715:The Salado resided in the 1708: 1678: 1674: 1636: 1602: 1598: 1520: 1465:An artistic recreation of 1451:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1365: 1307: 1043: 1040:Lithic and Archaic periods 1016: 928: 921:Settlement of the Americas 918: 915:Settlement of the Americas 816: 16995: 16821: 16694: 16626: 16279: 16275: 16266: 16214: 16079: 16070: 15966: 15937: 15914: 15853: 15820: 15811: 15754: 15742:Comparison of governments 15717: 15680: 15657: 15573: 15553: 15484: 15422: 15344: 15267: 15125: 15116: 15112: 15103: 14825: 14816: 14761: 14721:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 14562:drafting and ratification 14535:Articles of Confederation 14448: 14382: 14373: 14294: 14260: 14204: 14168: 14156: 13895: 13869: 13831: 13827: 13816: 13589: 13578: 13251: 13240: 13106: 13009: 12937: 12838: 12749: 12700:Wall Street Crash of 1929 12631: 12512: 12497:Emancipation Proclamation 12428: 12351: 12299: 12266:Articles of Confederation 12219: 12104:Native American epidemics 12084: 12059: 12055: 12044: 12026: 11975: 11890: 11846: 11841:Links to related articles 11692: 11505: 11332: 11179: 11175: 11158: 11044: 11008: 10857: 10814: 10810: 10797: 10604: 10435: 10408: 10333: 10259: 10250: 10155: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10063: 10006: 9944: 9871: 9789: 9706: 9697: 9667: 9590: 9560: 9530: 9499: 9492: 9441: 9407: 9396: 9357: 9296: 9268:Three Sisters agriculture 9123: 9055: 8587: 8316: 8274: 8212: 8154: 8145: 8065: 7988: 7963: 7934: 7909: 7884: 7859: 7834: 7803: 7778: 7753: 7722: 7685: 7660: 7623: 7592: 7567: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7509: 7336:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 7121: 6953: 6810: 6774: 6591:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe 6008:"The Story of the Kumara" 6006:Christian, F. W. (1923). 5950:10.1017/s0003598x00099373 5758:León-Portilla, M. (2016) 5743:León-Portilla, M. (2002) 5489:Woods, Thomas E. (2007). 5451:Di Peso, Charles (1974). 5430:Vivian & Hilpert 2012 5140:. Book Tree. p. 11. 5081:"Beginnings to 1500 C.E." 4934:. John Wiley & Sons. 4296:10.1080/10409230490460765 4263:Orgel, Leslie E. (2004). 4126:Bernal, Ignition (1980). 3852:(a husked green tomato), 3525:In the 16th century when 2052:, intensive agriculture, 1761: 1704: 1555:society that constructed 1318:Hopewell mounds from the 908:haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA) 715:, spans from the initial 16761:Prescription drug prices 15881:Mayor–council government 15871:Coterminous municipality 15861:Consolidated city-county 15627:Agriculture commissioner 15277:House of Representatives 15185:National Security Agency 14835:Contiguous United States 14186:Northern Mariana Islands 12759:Strike wave of 1945–1946 8807:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 8366:Buttermilk Creek complex 8223:Civilizations portal 7180:Cultural periods of Peru 6289:Anibal Martinez (1969). 5134:Marder, William (2005). 4988:National Geographic News 4487:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 4002:was used by the Aztecs. 3796:Agricultural development 3586: 3163:in association with the 2847:Norte Chico civilization 2841:Norte Chico civilization 2759:have been discovered on 2572: 2407:With the decline of the 2256:around the year 900 CE. 2163:Teotihuacan civilization 2145:San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán 2060:calculator, and complex 1565:Mesa Verde National Park 1549:Early Basketmaker II Era 1537:Mesa Verde National Park 1400:East St. Louis, Illinois 1296:valleys as well, adding 1283:Lower Mississippi Valley 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1074:simple farming societies 861:peopling of the Americas 717:peopling of the Americas 16846:Criticism of government 16191:Social welfare programs 15784:State-recognized tribes 14769:Outline of U.S. history 14481:Continental Association 13721:Middle Eastern American 13538:Technology and industry 12408:Seneca Falls Convention 12209:Continental Association 12109:Settlement of Jamestown 11722:Evolutionary musicology 11125:Oldest extant buildings 11052:Archaeological features 10571:Prepared-core technique 9007:Town Creek Indian Mound 8977:Sierra de San Francisco 8832:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 8117:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 6963:Mesoamerican chronology 6425:10.1126/science.zzti03q 6349:Encyclopædia Britannica 6130:10.1073/pnas.0801991105 6071:10.1073/pnas.0703993104 5606:George Mason University 5466:Daly, Janet L. (1997). 4759:. National Park System. 4362:Tymchuk, Wendy (2008). 4332:Wells, Spencer (2002). 4134:. Thames & Hudson. 3739:. The Spanish explorer 2876:cradles of civilization 2617:and the Toltec city of 1943:Mesoamerican chronology 1729:Tonto National Monument 1489:, perhaps referring to 1422:eventually arriving in 1104:archaeological cultures 976:short chronology theory 955:' maternally inherited 705:history of the Americas 16908:Environmental movement 16751:Health insurance costs 16646:Educational attainment 16171:Federal Reserve System 16129:Science and technology 15632:Insurance commissioner 15170:Intelligence Community 14865:minor outlying islands 14628:Civil rights movement 13841:Admission to the Union 13207:Afghanistan withdrawal 13202:January 6 insurrection 13121:Rise in mass shootings 13093:Virginia Tech shooting 12646:Paris Peace Conference 12420:Second Great Awakening 12159:American Enlightenment 11684:Unchambered long cairn 11532:Mound Builders culture 10865:Neolithic architecture 10000:Prehistoric technology 8662:Coso Rock Art District 8549:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 8452:List of Hopewell sites 6820:Archaeological periods 6367:scientificamerican.com 5711:Richter 2010, pp. 2–3. 4420:on February 19, 2008. 3568: 3545:Diaguita confederation 3479: 3475:like the ones seen by 3253: 3126: 2998: 2859: 2691: 2510:Tlaxcala (Nahua state) 2404: 2329: 2206: 2118:Mexico Central Plateau 2029: 1955: 1870:Southeastern Woodlands 1865:Northeastern Woodlands 1540: 1336:Mississippian cultures 1323: 1281:, also located in the 1274: 1242:were building complex 1226: 1206: Isthmo-Colombian 1106:have been identified. 1091: 988:long chronology theory 873:Indigenous populations 814: 16734:Immigrant health care 16249:Transportation safety 16244:Transportation policy 16234:Public transportation 15304:President pro tempore 15160:Executive departments 14929:National Park Service 14584:Territorial evolution 13833:Territorial evolution 13197:George Floyd Protests 13180:Unite the Right rally 13049:Oklahoma City bombing 13044:Republican Revolution 12991:Space Shuttle program 12813:Civil Rights Movement 12781:North Atlantic Treaty 12589:Sherman Antitrust Act 12574:Chinese Exclusion Act 12164:French and Indian War 12154:Prelude to Revolution 12139:First Great Awakening 12099:European colonization 11359:List of Stone Age art 10561:Microblade technology 10509:Langdale axe industry 10107:Ard / plough 9677:European colonization 9070:Arlington Springs Man 8912:Portsmouth Earthworks 8123:List of Conquistadors 8010:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 7421:Quebrada de Humahuaca 6840:Caddoan Mississippian 6269:Wunder, Sven (2003), 4540:10.1093/molbev/msh009 4051:Before the Revolution 3992:Mississippi embayment 3800:Further information: 3762:Upano Valley cultures 3741:Francisco de Orellana 3701:Xingu Indigenous Park 3558: 3470: 3284:Tiwanaku Municipality 3251: 3161:Christopher B. Donnan 3121: 3108:Tairona confederation 2985: 2854: 2682: 2675:Isthmo-Colombian Area 2559:Classic Maya collapse 2533:conquest of Guatemala 2527:Spaniards during the 2399:, the capital of the 2395: 2323: 2291:surrendered in 1563. 2254:Classic Maya collapse 2202:Maya architecture at 2201: 2020: 2012:Aztec Triple Alliance 1950: 1941:Further information: 1530: 1415:Mississippian peoples 1398:—located near modern 1368:Mississippian culture 1362:Mississippian culture 1317: 1268: 1176: 1169:Middle Archaic period 1057: 1017:Further information: 929:Further information: 808: 763:, who viewed them as 725:European colonization 279:Age of the human race 16903:Environmental issues 16568:Political ideologies 16467:Indigenous languages 15667:List of legislatures 15464:separation of powers 15165:Independent agencies 15091:World Heritage Sites 14726:September 11 attacks 14649:Spanish–American War 14589:Mexican–American War 14545:Confederation period 14476:Continental Congress 13747:Palestinian American 13174:Obergefell v. Hodges 13066:September 11 attacks 12902:Second-wave feminism 12823:Cuban Missile Crisis 12683:Bath School disaster 12601:Spanish–American War 12564:The Gospel of Wealth 12443:California Gold Rush 12403:Mexican–American War 12393:Nullification crisis 12361:Era of Good Feelings 12261:Confederation period 12169:Proclamation of 1763 12119:Atlantic slave trade 11766:Prehistoric medicine 11761:Prehistoric counting 11744:Prehistoric religion 11739:Paleolithic religion 11717:Behavioral modernity 11074:Causewayed enclosure 10966:Abri de la Madeleine 10090:Neolithic Revolution 9390:Solutrean hypothesis 9278:Transoceanic contact 9168:Container Revolution 8742:Gila Cliff Dwellings 8707:Etowah Indian Mounds 8090:Francisco de Montejo 8018:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 7131:Andean civilizations 7058:Shaft tomb tradition 6680:. Houghton Mifflin. 6253:. pp. 430, 433–434 6236:Kipfer 2000, p. 172. 5829:Levy, Buddy (2008). 5702:Foster 2002, p. 274. 5602:History News Network 5162:"Journey of mankind" 3948:Domesticated turkeys 3818:Hoe-cultivation belt 3611:Christopher Columbus 3537:(descendants of the 3527:Spanish colonization 3221:, and Cerro Baul in 3012:Muisca confederation 2872:Sacred City of Caral 2855:The ancient city of 2699:-speaking peoples (" 2671:Andean civilizations 2665:Muisca Confederation 2324:The Totonac city of 2310:Totonac civilization 2266:Zapotec civilization 2260:Zapotec civilization 2243:The Huastecs were a 2239:Huastec civilization 2233:Huastec civilization 1567:in Colorado and the 1035:Pre-Columbian Mexico 947:(Beringia), now the 906:populations exhibit 880:Bering Sea coastline 729:Christopher Columbus 711:, also known as the 54:improve this article 16746:Health care finance 16239:Rail transportation 16005:Imperial presidency 15727:State constitutions 15672:List of legislators 15622:Auditor/Comptroller 15595:Lieutenant governor 15321:Library of Congress 15212:Diplomatic Security 14855:Indian reservations 14518:American Revolution 14196:U.S. Virgin Islands 13682:Lithuanian American 13638:Vietnamese American 12984:End of the Cold War 12974:Invasion of Grenada 12924:Iran hostage crisis 12673:Tulsa race massacre 12480:Election of Lincoln 12475:Dred Scott decision 12463:Kansas–Nebraska Act 12366:Missouri Compromise 12284:Northwest Ordinance 12274:Pennsylvania Mutiny 12269:and Perpetual Union 12229:American Revolution 12144:War of Jenkins' Ear 11805:Prehistoric warfare 10551:Magdalenian culture 10514:Levallois technique 10445:Earliest toolmaking 9776:Trinidad and Tobago 9198:Green Corn Ceremony 9012:Turkey River Mounds 8802:Lake Jackson Mounds 8622:Blue Spring Shelter 8056:Manco Inca Yupanqui 7361:Manteño-Huancavilca 6830:Ancestral Puebloans 6492:. 11 January 2024. 6305:"Pueblos diaguitas" 6293:. Purnell and Sons. 6121:2008PNAS..10510308G 6115:(30): 10308–10313. 6062:2007PNAS..10410335S 6056:(25): 10335–10339. 5792:1997SciAm.277c..76S 5780:Scientific American 5720:Richter 2010, p. 3. 5166:BradShaw Foundation 5117:National Geographic 4877:2017PLoSO..1283345S 4689:2017PLoSO..1283345S 4478:1998PNAS...9513994R 4472:(23): 13994–13996. 4397:on March 13, 2012. 4222:2022PLoSO..1771971P 3605:, and the northern 3603:Lucayan Archipelago 3573:Argentine Northwest 3215:Northern Wari ruins 3045:(North and South), 2978:Chavín civilization 2804:Lagenaria siceraria 2352:Toltec civilization 2295:Mixtec civilization 1523:Ancestral Puebloans 1517:Ancestral Puebloans 1487:horned rattlesnakes 1261:Late Archaic period 888:founding population 779:John Lloyd Stephens 733:Indigenous cultures 727:, which began with 354:Classical antiquity 69:"Pre-Columbian era" 16856:affirmative action 16829:Capital punishment 16788:Poverty and health 16783:Physician shortage 16756:Health care prices 16686:Standard of living 16369:standard of living 16176:Financial position 15803:Hawaiian home land 15791:Indian reservation 15764:Tribal sovereignty 15607:Secretary of state 15476:United States Code 15392:Territorial courts 15364:Associate Justices 15249:Inspector generals 14736:War in Afghanistan 14599:Reconstruction era 14466:Stamp Act Congress 13846:Historical regions 13802:Transgender people 13360:Capital punishment 13219:Support of Ukraine 13168:Black Lives Matter 13076:War in Afghanistan 13001:Invasion of Panama 12957:Iran–Contra affair 12818:Early–mid Cold War 12688:Harlem Renaissance 12547:Compromise of 1877 12522:Reconstruction era 12458:Fugitive Slave Act 12453:Compromise of 1850 12398:Westward expansion 12336:Louisiana Purchase 12179:Stamp Act Congress 12124:King William's War 11756:Origin of language 11749:Spiritual drug use 11659:Rectangular dolmen 11561:Dartmoor kistvaens 11374:Carved stone balls 11086:Circular enclosure 11045:Other architecture 10988:Alp pile dwellings 10576:Solutrean industry 10487:Gravettian culture 10137:Secondary products 9936:In popular culture 9687:Columbian exchange 9682:Population history 9408:Mythology/Religion 9283:Underwater panther 8957:Rosenstock Village 8827:Marmes Rockshelter 8812:L'Anse aux Meadows 8179:Columbian exchange 8169:Portal:Mesoamerica 7321:La Tolita (Tumaco) 7136:Indigenous peoples 6875:Hopewell tradition 6802:Indigenous peoples 5978:The New York Times 5944:(322): 1084–1095. 5906:The New York Times 5517:"H. Con. Res. 331" 5441:Cordell, pp. 18–19 5401:Hudson, Charles M. 5271:American Antiquity 5215:The New York Times 5005:Meltzer, David J. 4994:on March 14, 2008. 4776:American Antiquity 4412:Than, Ker (2008). 4385:Viegas, Jennifer. 4370:on June 22, 2010. 4046:by Charles C. Mann 3824:Columbian Exchange 3776:valley of eastern 3768:Upano Valley sites 3737:Columbian Exchange 3577:Las Ánimas complex 3569: 3531:indigenous peoples 3480: 3444:radiocarbon dating 3389:Arawaks and Caribs 3254: 3145:Moche civilization 3127: 2999: 2860: 2777:Upano Valley sites 2692: 2657:Pre-Columbian Peru 2405: 2330: 2207: 2128:Olmec civilization 2076:for metalworking. 2030: 1956: 1721:Gulf of California 1647:, New Mexico, and 1623:Salt River Project 1541: 1344:Hopewell tradition 1324: 1275: 1227: 1194: Aridoamerica 1124:giant land animals 1092: 953:Indigenous peoples 945:Bering Land Bridge 904:Indigenous Alaskan 815: 795:Harvard University 170:Temple of Kukulcán 17050:Pre-Columbian era 17037: 17036: 17031: 17030: 16991: 16990: 16987: 16986: 16957:National security 16666:Income inequality 16546:Statue of Liberty 16349:income inequality 16262: 16261: 16254:Trucking industry 16066: 16065: 16062: 16061: 15993:Foreign relations 15981:Electoral College 15962: 15961: 15750: 15749: 15702:District attorney 15549: 15548: 15376:Courts of appeals 15099: 15098: 14812: 14811: 14753:COVID-19 pandemic 14706:Feminist Movement 14552:American frontier 14471:Thirteen Colonies 14332: 14331: 14290: 14289: 14286: 14285: 13851:American frontier 13812: 13811: 13742:Lebanese American 13727:Egyptian American 13662:Estonian American 13652:Albanian American 13646:European American 13623:Japanese American 13613:Filipino American 13574: 13573: 13236: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13185:COVID-19 pandemic 13088:Hurricane Katrina 13029:Los Angeles riots 12919:Watergate scandal 12764:Start of Cold War 12732:Manhattan Project 12319:Whiskey Rebellion 12149:King George's War 12114:Thirteen Colonies 12075:Pre-Columbian Era 11986: 11985: 11930:Eastern Woodlands 11833: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11778:Prehistoric music 11727:music archaeology 11384:Cup and ring mark 11209:Clothing/textiles 11154: 11153: 11150: 11149: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10596:Yubetsu technique 10581:Striking platform 10546:Lithic technology 10431: 10430: 10416:Game drive system 10335:Projectile points 10227:Mortar and pestle 9966: 9965: 9867: 9866: 9663: 9662: 9586: 9585: 9556: 9555: 9370:Pre-Columbian era 9317: 9316: 9309:Pre-Columbian era 9110:Spirit Cave mummy 8907:Plum Bayou Mounds 8817:Lynch Quarry Site 8336:Ancient Beringian 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8204:Pre-Columbian art 8140: 8139: 8134:Francisco Pizarro 8100:Pedro de Alvarado 7416:Pucará de Tilcara 6687:978-0-618-49240-4 6664:978-1-60781-195-4 6610:978-0-333-40382-2 6251:978-0-387-74906-8 5668:Diehl, Richard A. 5582:978-1-4128-2659-4 5502:978-0-307-34668-1 5416:978-0-8203-5290-9 5385:World Archaeology 5345:978-1-317-34682-1 5245:978-0-674-44075-3 5194:978-0-8153-0725-9 5147:978-1-58509-104-1 5094:978-0-8020-2938-6 5007:"First Americans" 4941:978-1-4443-9164-0 4836:978-0-520-94315-5 4345:978-0-8129-7146-0 4141:978-0-5007-8008-4 3814:Incan agriculture 3729:indigenous people 3670:Marajoara culture 3664:Marajoara culture 3292:La Paz Department 3217:near the city of 3125:("The Lost City") 2765:Amazon rainforest 2727:, postdating the 2713:Marajoara culture 2635:Kingdom of Nicoya 2587:. Cities such as 2567:Pedro de Alvarado 2504:Tlaxcala republic 2364:Yucatán peninsula 2216:Maya civilization 2210:Maya civilization 1929:, in what is now 1885:Northwest Plateau 1491:The Great Serpent 1375:Mississippi River 1200: Mesoamerica 957:mitochondrial DNA 757:Maya civilization 721:Upper Paleolithic 709:pre-Columbian era 701: 700: 653: 652: 645:Political history 270: 258: 228: 224:Pleistocene epoch 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 17067: 17011: 17004: 16891:African American 16773:Health insurance 16661:Household income 16531:National symbols 16462:American English 16435:Federal holidays 16344:household income 16277: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16077: 16076: 16015:Anti-Americanism 15939:Special district 15866:Independent city 15835:County executive 15818: 15817: 15612:Attorney general 15571: 15570: 15560:Federal District 15143:Executive Office 15123: 15122: 15114: 15113: 15110: 15109: 14870:populated places 14850:federal enclaves 14845:federal district 14823: 14822: 14686:American Century 14669:Great Depression 14664:Roaring Twenties 14624:Women's suffrage 14503:Halifax Resolves 14496:Founding Fathers 14491:military history 14456:Pre-colonial era 14380: 14379: 14359: 14352: 14345: 14336: 14335: 14322: 14312: 14311: 14276: 14275: 14205:Outlying islands 14162:Washington, D.C. 14157:Federal District 13856:Manifest destiny 13829: 13828: 13818: 13817: 13760:Native Americans 13732:Iranian American 13706:Mexican American 13692:Serbian American 13677:Italian American 13667:Finnish American 13657:English American 13608:Chinese American 13595:African American 13580: 13579: 13385:Direct democracy 13375:The Constitution 13334:Higher education 13257:American Century 13242: 13241: 12695:Great Depression 12668:Women's suffrage 12658:Roaring Twenties 12584:Haymarket affair 12542:Enforcement Acts 12331:Jeffersonian era 12279:Shays' Rebellion 12199:Intolerable Acts 12194:Boston Tea Party 12129:Queen Anne's War 12057: 12056: 12046: 12045: 12013: 12006: 11999: 11990: 11989: 11981: 11980: 11873: 11866: 11859: 11850: 11849: 11837: 11836: 11793:Divje Babe flute 11700:Archaeoastronomy 11443:Petrosomatoglyph 11177: 11176: 11160: 11159: 11009:Water management 10812: 10811: 10799: 10798: 10702:Denticulate tool 10524:Lithic reduction 10257: 10256: 10078: 10077: 10065: 10064: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9970: 9969: 9704: 9703: 9621: 9620: 9497: 9496: 9439: 9438: 9402: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9321: 9320: 9253:Projectile point 9090:Leanderthal Lady 9017:Upward Sun River 8992:Stallings Island 8982:Shell ring sites 8932:Recapture Canyon 8847:Moorehead Circle 8692:El Fin del Mundo 8677:Cueva de la Olla 8483: 8470:Maritime Archaic 8454: 8284: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8143: 8142: 8129:Spanish Conquest 8106:Spanish Conquest 8081:Spanish Conquest 8070:Spanish Conquest 7512: 7511: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6705: 6691: 6667: 6649: 6639: 6614: 6586: 6576: 6559:(6): 1852–1861. 6533: 6532: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6369:. 28 August 2008 6359: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6286: 6280: 6267: 6254: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6132: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6073: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5771: 5765: 5756: 5750: 5747:. Grupo Planeta 5741: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5677: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5634:Mann, Charles C. 5630: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5478:on July 2, 2017. 5474:. Archived from 5463: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5397: 5391: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5119:. Archived from 5109: 5103: 5102: 5097:. Archived from 5076: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4990:. Archived from 4979: 4973: 4972: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4888: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4745:. July 31, 1996. 4735: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4700: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4646: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4591: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4489: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4393:. Archived from 4382: 4376: 4375: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4338:. Random House. 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4289: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4233: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4184: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4133: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4099: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4015: 3994:, as far as the 3965:beasts of burden 3599:Greater Antilles 3565:Tucumán Province 3561:Ruins of Quilmes 3502:in the west and 3484:Spanish Conquest 3477:Amerigo Vespucci 3432:Late Pleistocene 3407:, together with 3349: 3316:-shaped city of 2902:Valdivia culture 2896:Valdivia culture 2890:Valdivia culture 2796:cultivated plant 2641:Nicoya peninsula 2549:Cuzcatlan was a 2483:Purépecha Empire 2425:Valley of Mexico 2413:Valley of Mexico 2155:, and along the 1836:cultural regions 1808:Jusepe Gutierrez 1691:Montezuma Castle 1639:Mogollon culture 1619:Phoenix, Arizona 1505: 1478: 1467:The Kincaid site 1462: 1439: 1419:Hernando de Soto 1342:and the ensuing 1320:Mound City group 1225: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1155:creation stories 1120:hunter-gatherers 1080: 1071: 1065:hunter-gatherers 1062: 863:and second with 837:Y-chromosome DNA 748:complex societal 723:to the onset of 693: 686: 679: 668: 662: 623:Age of Discovery 530: 529: 298:Earliest records 284:Recorded history 260: 248: 220: 218: 207: 186: 185: 162: 151: 140: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 17075: 17074: 17070: 17069: 17068: 17066: 17065: 17064: 17060:Historical eras 17040: 17039: 17038: 17033: 17032: 17027: 17014: 17007: 17000: 16983: 16969:Opioid epidemic 16886:Native American 16866:intersex rights 16817: 16813:Life expectancy 16803:Medical deserts 16793:Race and health 16690: 16676:Personal income 16622: 16526:National anthem 16359:personal income 16324:Economic issues 16258: 16210: 16058: 15958: 15947:School district 15933: 15916:Minor divisions 15910: 15849: 15807: 15746: 15732:Statutory codes 15713: 15676: 15653: 15563: 15558: 15545: 15480: 15437:civil liberties 15418: 15409:Other tribunals 15388:District courts 15340: 15299:current members 15282:current members 15263: 15197:Law enforcement 15095: 14808: 14757: 14748:Great Recession 14619:Progressive Era 14609:Native genocide 14540:Perpetual Union 14528:Treaty of Paris 14486:United Colonies 14444: 14369: 14363: 14333: 14328: 14282: 14256: 14200: 14164: 14152: 13891: 13865: 13823: 13808: 13714:Jewish American 13687:Polish American 13628:Korean American 13618:Indian American 13585: 13570: 13425:Merchant Marine 13395:Law enforcement 13247: 13228: 13102: 13098:Great Recession 13005: 12979:Reagan Doctrine 12933: 12912:Stonewall riots 12834: 12808:Project Mercury 12769:Truman Doctrine 12745: 12653:First Red Scare 12627: 12596:Progressive Era 12508: 12468:Bleeding Kansas 12424: 12371:Monroe Doctrine 12347: 12295: 12254:Treaty of Paris 12215: 12189:Boston Massacre 12184:Sons of Liberty 12080: 12051: 12040: 12022: 12017: 11987: 11982: 11978: 11973: 11905:Northwest Coast 11886: 11877: 11842: 11834: 11821: 11688: 11674:Stone box grave 11644:Megalithic tomb 11549:Cotswold-Severn 11501: 11406:Guardian stones 11334:Prehistoric art 11328: 11171: 11146: 11135:Timber trackway 11040: 11004: 11000:Wattle and daub 10853: 10832:Standing stones 10806: 10785: 10600: 10427: 10404: 10329: 10246: 10156:Food processing 10151: 10100:New World crops 10072: 10059: 10002: 9997: 9967: 9962: 9940: 9863: 9785: 9699: 9693: 9669: 9659: 9619: 9582: 9552: 9526: 9488: 9437: 9433:Human sacrifice 9421:List of deities 9403: 9394: 9353: 9348: 9318: 9313: 9304:Genetic history 9292: 9146:Ceremonial pipe 9119: 9100:Minnesota Woman 9057: 9051: 8872:Ocmulgee Mounds 8852:Morrison Mounds 8797:Kolomoki Mounds 8787:Kimball Village 8647:Candelaria Cave 8589: 8583: 8564:Suwannee Valley 8499:Old Cordilleran 8479: 8450: 8318: 8312: 8278: 8270: 8265: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8150: 8141: 8131: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8072: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8027:Quemuenchatocha 8025: 8016: 8012: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7956: 7825: 7734: 7708: 7697: 7644:Human Sacrifice 7641: 7633:Human Sacrifice 7630: 7604: 7577:Mayan Languages 7505: 7117: 6949: 6806: 6787:Genetic history 6770: 6765: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6665: 6611: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6432: 6407: 6403: 6395:Washington Post 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6330: 6326: 6317: 6315: 6309:Memoria chilena 6303: 6302: 6298: 6287: 6283: 6268: 6257: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6195: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6167:www.peru.travel 6161: 6160: 6156: 6101: 6097: 6040: 6036: 6027: 6025: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5989: 5969: 5965: 5932: 5928: 5919: 5917: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5772: 5768: 5757: 5753: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5631: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5573:Invented indian 5565: 5561: 5554: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5487: 5483: 5464: 5460: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5398: 5394: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5311: 5307: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5230: 5223: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5177: 5173: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5132: 5128: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5095: 5077: 5073: 5026: 5022: 5003: 4999: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4924: 4920: 4871:(8): e0183345. 4856: 4852: 4837: 4823: 4819: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4683:(8): e0183345. 4668: 4664: 4613: 4609: 4560: 4556: 4517: 4513: 4458: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4442:on May 10, 2011 4434: 4433: 4429: 4410: 4406: 4383: 4379: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4287:10.1.1.537.7679 4267: 4261: 4257: 4216:(8): e0271971. 4202: 4198: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4008: 3830: 3820: 3798: 3770: 3764: 3725: 3719: 3699:Located in the 3697: 3691: 3672: 3666: 3643:eastern kingdom 3635:western kingdom 3631: 3625: 3623:Huetar kingdoms 3607:Lesser Antilles 3595: 3589: 3553: 3547: 3442:. According to 3391: 3374: 3372:Aymara kingdoms 3368: 3366:Aymara kingdoms 3363: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3350: 3334:Terrace farming 3310: 3304: 3288:Ingavi Province 3260: 3258:Tiwanaku Empire 3246: 3244:Tiwanaku Empire 3199: 3193: 3181:human sacrifice 3153: 3147: 3116: 3110: 3057:region and the 3020: 3014: 3005: 2980: 2945: 2939: 2898: 2892: 2849: 2843: 2812:Ipomoea batatas 2677: 2667: 2655:Main articles: 2653: 2637: 2631: 2607: 2601: 2581: 2575: 2547: 2541: 2512: 2506: 2485: 2479: 2461:Their capital, 2390: 2384: 2374:in present-day 2360: 2354: 2318: 2316:Totonac culture 2312: 2303: 2297: 2268: 2262: 2241: 2235: 2218: 2212: 2171: 2165: 2153:Central America 2136: 2130: 2122:Central America 1945: 1939: 1890:Northwest Coast 1828:hunter-gatherer 1820: 1818:Historic tribes 1792: 1786: 1770: 1764: 1743: 1737: 1713: 1707: 1683: 1677: 1671:through trade. 1641: 1635: 1607: 1601: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1497: 1481:Engraved stone 1479: 1470: 1463: 1454: 1440: 1370: 1364: 1356:bows and arrows 1328:Woodland period 1312: 1310:Woodland period 1306: 1304:Woodland period 1273:, 1500 BCE 1263: 1251:hunter-gatherer 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1212: Caribbean 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1188: Northwest 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1112: 1090: 1078: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1060: 1052: 1044:Main articles: 1042: 1037: 1015: 933: 927: 919:Main articles: 917: 821: 803: 787:Alfred Maudslay 774: 713:pre-contact era 697: 666: 660: 655: 654: 649: 609: 608: 599: 585: 566: 547: 546: 527: 517: 516: 515: 499: 485: 476: 462: 448: 447: 437: 427: 426: 425: 416: 402: 383: 364: 363: 344: 324: 314: 313: 312: 293: 274: 273: 259: 247: 239: 216: 205: 184: 183: 182: 181: 174:Aztec sun stone 165: 164: 163: 154: 153: 152: 143: 142: 141: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17073: 17063: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17035: 17034: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17025: 17020: 17013: 17012: 17005: 16997: 16996: 16993: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16985: 16984: 16982: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16965: 16964: 16954: 16953: 16952: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16925:Mass shootings 16922: 16917: 16916: 16915: 16913:Climate change 16910: 16900: 16895: 16894: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16851:Discrimination 16848: 16843: 16842: 16841: 16831: 16825: 16823: 16819: 16818: 16816: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16764: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16706: 16700: 16698: 16692: 16691: 16689: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16641:American Dream 16638: 16632: 16630: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16608:Transportation 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16554: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16541:Mount Rushmore 16538: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16481: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16438: 16437: 16427: 16422: 16421: 16420: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16399: 16398: 16393: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16285: 16283: 16270: 16264: 16263: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16220: 16218: 16212: 16211: 16209: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16161:Federal budget 16158: 16153: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16099:Communications 16096: 16091: 16080: 16074: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16063: 16060: 16059: 16057: 16056: 16051: 16050: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16029: 16028: 16027: 16022: 16020:exceptionalism 16017: 16007: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15998:foreign policy 15990: 15989: 15988: 15983: 15973: 15967: 15964: 15963: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15954: 15943: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15920: 15918: 15912: 15911: 15909: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15857: 15855: 15851: 15850: 15848: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15826: 15824: 15815: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15766: 15760: 15758: 15752: 15751: 15748: 15747: 15745: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15723: 15721: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15711: 15710: 15709: 15699: 15698: 15697: 15695:Chief justices 15690:Supreme courts 15686: 15684: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15674: 15669: 15663: 15661: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15651: 15650: 15649: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15592: 15591: 15590: 15579: 15577: 15568: 15551: 15550: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15532: 15531: 15529:National Guard 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15490: 15488: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15473: 15472: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15446: 15441: 15440: 15439: 15432:Bill of Rights 15428: 15426: 15420: 15419: 15417: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15402:list of judges 15399: 15397:list of courts 15385: 15384: 15383: 15381:list of judges 15373: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15350: 15348: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15316:Capitol Police 15313: 15312: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15284: 15273: 15271: 15265: 15264: 15262: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15245: 15244: 15239: 15237:Secret Service 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15150:Vice President 15147: 15146: 15145: 15140: 15129: 15127: 15120: 15107: 15101: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15030: 15029: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14934:National Parks 14926: 14925: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14894: 14889: 14887:Extreme points 14884: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14826: 14820: 14814: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14765: 14763: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14744: 14743: 14738: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14574:Federalist Era 14571: 14570: 14569: 14567:Bill of Rights 14564: 14554: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14532: 14531: 14530: 14525: 14515: 14510: 14508:Lee Resolution 14505: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14458: 14452: 14450: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14386: 14384: 14377: 14371: 14370: 14368: articles 14362: 14361: 14354: 14347: 14339: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14316: 14306: 14304:Historiography 14301: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14280: 14270: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14242:Navassa Island 14239: 14234: 14229: 14227:Johnston Atoll 14224: 14219: 14217:Howland Island 14214: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14176:American Samoa 14172: 14170: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14098:South Carolina 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14063:North Carolina 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13899: 13897: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13889: 13887:The West Coast 13884: 13879: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13863: 13861:Indian removal 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13837: 13835: 13825: 13824: 13814: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13782: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13752:Saudi American 13749: 13744: 13739: 13737:Iraqi American 13734: 13729: 13717: 13710: 13709: 13708: 13696: 13695: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13672:Irish American 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13602:Asian American 13598: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13576: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13534: 13533: 13532: 13530:Sexual slavery 13520: 13513: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13467: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13428: 13421: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13400:Postal service 13397: 13392: 13390:Foreign policy 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13345: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13310: 13309: 13308: 13296: 13295: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13267: 13260: 13252: 13249: 13248: 13238: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13193: 13192: 13182: 13177: 13170: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13118: 13112: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13068: 13063: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13015: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12966: 12964:Crack epidemic 12961: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12943: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12929:Moral Majority 12926: 12921: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12907:Gay liberation 12904: 12899: 12897:Counterculture 12894: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12885:Fall of Saigon 12882: 12877: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12863:Apollo program 12860: 12858:Project Gemini 12850: 12844: 12842: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12776:Early Cold War 12773: 12772: 12771: 12761: 12755: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12729: 12724: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12655: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12637: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12625: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12556: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12518: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12460: 12455: 12448:Prelude to War 12445: 12440: 12438:Antebellum Era 12434: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12383:Trail of Tears 12378:Jacksonian era 12375: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12357: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12338: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12314:Federalist Era 12311: 12309:Bill of Rights 12305: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12244:Lee Resolution 12241: 12236: 12225: 12223: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12078: 12071: 12063: 12061: 12053: 12052: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12016: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11993: 11984: 11983: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11937: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11880:Cultural areas 11876: 11875: 11868: 11861: 11853: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11831: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11807: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11783:Alligator drum 11775: 11774: 11773: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11719: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11710:lunar calendar 11707: 11696: 11694: 11693:Other cultural 11690: 11689: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11511: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11499: 11497:Venus figurine 11494: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11428:Megalithic art 11425: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11386: 11381: 11379:Cave paintings 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11344: 11338: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11262: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11185: 11183: 11181:Material goods 11173: 11172: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11100: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10904: 10899: 10897:Cliff dwelling 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10808: 10807: 10795: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10675: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10616: 10610: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10482:Fire hardening 10479: 10474: 10472:Clovis culture 10469: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10395:Manis Mastodon 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10339: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10295: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10274:throwing stick 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10086: 10084: 10074: 10073: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10007: 10004: 10003: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9973: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9953: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9875: 9873: 9872:Related topics 9869: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9800: 9798: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9712: 9710: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9673: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9635: 9629: 9627: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9596: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9501: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9469:Medicine wheel 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9445: 9443: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9375:Classification 9372: 9367: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9347: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9324: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9228:Mound Builders 9225: 9220: 9215: 9213:Medicine wheel 9210: 9205: 9203:Horned Serpent 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9061: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8942:Roberts Island 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8877:Old Stone Fort 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8842:Moaning Cavern 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8792:Kincaid Mounds 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8672:Cuarenta Casas 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8627:Bluefish Caves 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8593: 8591: 8588:Archaeological 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8386:Caloosahatchee 8383: 8378: 8373: 8371:Caborn-Welborn 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8317:Archaeological 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8138: 8137: 8126: 8103: 8078: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8041: 8020: 8007: 7990: 7989:Notable Rulers 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7958:Neo-Inca State 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7703: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7636: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7599: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6715: 6698: 6697:External links 6695: 6693: 6692: 6686: 6672:Wright, Ronald 6668: 6663: 6650: 6630:(3): 613–623. 6615: 6609: 6587: 6565:10.1086/302155 6543: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6507: 6475: 6442: 6401: 6380: 6354: 6339: 6324: 6311:(in Spanish), 6296: 6281: 6255: 6238: 6229: 6222: 6204: 6179: 6154: 6095: 6034: 5998: 5963: 5926: 5891: 5877: 5857: 5848: 5842:978-0553384710 5841: 5821: 5766: 5751: 5736: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5659: 5652: 5620: 5611: 5588: 5581: 5559: 5552: 5532: 5508: 5501: 5481: 5472:IPOAA Magazine 5458: 5443: 5434: 5432:, p. 137. 5422: 5415: 5392: 5376: 5351: 5344: 5324: 5305: 5284:10.2307/281017 5278:(2): 231–244. 5260: 5258:Jacobs (2002). 5251: 5244: 5221: 5200: 5193: 5171: 5153: 5146: 5126: 5123:on 2011-05-01. 5104: 5101:on 2010-12-06. 5093: 5071: 5042:(3): 583–592. 5020: 5017:on 2009-10-21. 4997: 4974: 4967: 4947: 4940: 4918: 4850: 4835: 4817: 4788:10.2307/279189 4762: 4748: 4730: 4662: 4629:(1): 153–162. 4607: 4580:10.1086/303038 4574:(3): 718–726. 4554: 4533:(1): 164–175. 4511: 4452: 4427: 4404: 4391:Discovery News 4377: 4351: 4344: 4324: 4255: 4196: 4173:10.1086/377588 4167:(3): 524–539. 4147: 4140: 4118: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4023: 4020:History portal 4007: 4004: 3953:Xoloitzcuintle 3874:sweet potatoes 3797: 3794: 3766:Main article: 3763: 3760: 3743:traversed the 3723:Cambeba people 3721:Main article: 3718: 3715: 3693:Main article: 3690: 3687: 3668:Main article: 3665: 3662: 3627:Main article: 3624: 3621: 3591:Main article: 3588: 3585: 3581:Calchaquí Wars 3549:Main article: 3546: 3543: 3512:slash-and-burn 3424:Pedregal River 3390: 3387: 3370:Main article: 3367: 3364: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3306:Main article: 3303: 3300: 3256:Main article: 3245: 3242: 3195:Main article: 3192: 3189: 3149:Main article: 3146: 3143: 3123:Ciudad Perdida 3112:Main article: 3109: 3106: 3061:. Next to the 3016:Main article: 3013: 3010: 3003:Chavín culture 3001:Main article: 2979: 2976: 2972:Tupac Yupanqui 2941:Main article: 2938: 2935: 2894:Main article: 2891: 2888: 2845:Main article: 2842: 2839: 2729:Herrera Period 2652: 2649: 2633:Main article: 2630: 2629:Nicoya kingdom 2627: 2605:Nicarao people 2603:Main article: 2600: 2597: 2577:Main article: 2574: 2571: 2543:Main article: 2540: 2537: 2508:Main article: 2505: 2502: 2481:Main article: 2478: 2475: 2471:conquistadores 2386:Main article: 2383: 2380: 2356:Main article: 2353: 2350: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2301:Mixtec culture 2299:Main article: 2296: 2293: 2264:Main article: 2261: 2258: 2237:Main article: 2234: 2231: 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2167:Main article: 2164: 2161: 2157:Gulf of Mexico 2141:Grijalva River 2132:Main article: 2129: 2126: 1938: 1935: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1819: 1816: 1796:Wichita people 1790:Wichita people 1788:Main article: 1785: 1782: 1766:Main article: 1763: 1760: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1711:Salado culture 1709:Main article: 1706: 1703: 1679:Main article: 1676: 1673: 1665:scarlet macaws 1637:Main article: 1634: 1631: 1611:Sonoran desert 1603:Main article: 1600: 1597: 1589:Pueblo peoples 1585:San Juan Basin 1521:Main article: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1455: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1387:mound-building 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1332:Archaic period 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1262: 1259: 1170: 1167: 1111: 1108: 1100:Archaic Period 1077: 1068: 1059: 1041: 1038: 1014: 1011: 968:Clovis culture 935:Asian nomadic 916: 913: 892:microsatellite 817:Main article: 802: 799: 773: 772:Historiography 770: 761:Diego de Landa 699: 698: 696: 695: 688: 681: 673: 670: 669: 657: 656: 651: 650: 648: 647: 642: 637: 636: 635: 625: 619: 616: 615: 611: 610: 607: 606: 600: 598: 597: 592: 590:Southeast Asia 586: 584: 583: 578: 573: 567: 565: 564: 559: 554: 548: 545: 544: 539: 533: 528: 523: 522: 519: 518: 514: 513: 512: 511: 500: 498: 497: 492: 490:Southeast Asia 486: 484: 483: 477: 475: 474: 469: 463: 461: 460: 455: 449: 446: 445: 439: 438: 433: 432: 429: 428: 424: 423: 417: 415: 414: 409: 407:Southeast Asia 403: 401: 400: 395: 390: 384: 382: 381: 376: 371: 365: 362: 361: 359:Late antiquity 356: 351: 345: 343: 342: 337: 332: 326: 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 305: 300: 294: 292: 291: 281: 275: 272: 271: 241: 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 202: 201: 195: 194: 167: 166: 157: 156: 155: 146: 145: 144: 135: 134: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17072: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17047: 17045: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17015: 17010: 17006: 17003: 16999: 16998: 16994: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16963: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16905: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16898:Energy policy 16896: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16853: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16840: 16839:incarceration 16837: 16836: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16748: 16747: 16744: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16724:Prenatal care 16722: 16720: 16719:Birth control 16717: 16715: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16699: 16697: 16693: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16656:Homeownership 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16629: 16625: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16533: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16486: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16432: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16380: 16379:working class 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16339:homeownership 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16326: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16278: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16265: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16213: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16119:Manufacturing 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16055: 16052: 16048: 16047:Third parties 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16030: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15991: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15965: 15953: 15950: 15949: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15940: 15936: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15921: 15919: 15917: 15913: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15852: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15827: 15825: 15823: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15804: 15801: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15757: 15753: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15720: 15716: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15703: 15700: 15696: 15693: 15692: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15683: 15679: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15660: 15656: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15589: 15586: 15585: 15584: 15581: 15580: 15578: 15576: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15561: 15556: 15552: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15496: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15487: 15483: 15477: 15474: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15451: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15438: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15425: 15421: 15415: 15414:U.S. attorney 15412: 15410: 15407: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15389: 15386: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15374: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15359:Chief Justice 15357: 15356: 15355: 15354:Supreme Court 15352: 15351: 15349: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15278: 15275: 15274: 15272: 15270: 15266: 15260: 15259:Public policy 15257: 15255: 15254:Civil service 15252: 15250: 15247: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15199: 15198: 15195: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15135: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15102: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14943: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14931: 14930: 14927: 14923: 14922:Sierra Nevada 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14860:insular zones 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14832: 14831: 14828: 14827: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14815: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14732: 14731:War on Terror 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14711:LGBT Movement 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14533: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14372: 14367: 14366:United States 14360: 14355: 14353: 14348: 14346: 14341: 14340: 14337: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14315: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14299:List of years 14297: 14296: 14293: 14279: 14271: 14269: 14268:Urban history 14266: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14247:Palmyra Atoll 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14222:Jarvis Island 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14169:Insular areas 14167: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14138:West Virginia 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14043:New Hampshire 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14003:Massachusetts 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13894: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13868: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13834: 13830: 13826: 13819: 13815: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13788: 13787: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13648: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13633:Thai American 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13603: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13592: 13591: 13588: 13581: 13577: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13521: 13519: 13518: 13514: 13512: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13471:Party Systems 13468: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13434: 13433: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13422: 13420: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13410:Voting rights 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13351: 13350: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13272: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13254: 13253: 13250: 13243: 13239: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13175: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13109: 13105: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13072: 13071:War on terror 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13008: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12969:Late Cold War 12967: 12965: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12848:Great Society 12846: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12837: 12831: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12803:Post-war boom 12801: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12634: 12630: 12624: 12621: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12376: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12077: 12076: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12047: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12014: 12009: 12007: 12002: 12000: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11881: 11874: 11869: 11867: 11862: 11860: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11845: 11838: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11691: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11669:Simple dolmen 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11654:Passage grave 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11600:Gallery grave 11598: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11515:Burial mounds 11513: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:Statue menhir 11473: 11471: 11468: 11464: 11463:Stone carving 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11302:Sewing needle 11300: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11130:Timber circle 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11079:Tor enclosure 11077: 11076: 11075: 11072: 11068: 11067:fulacht fiadh 11065: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10303:spear-thrower 10301: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10281:Bow and arrow 10279: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10190:Grinding slab 10188: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10122:Domestication 10120: 10118: 10117:Digging stick 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10095:Founder crops 10093: 10092: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10036:New Stone Age 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9791:South America 9788: 9782: 9781:United States 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9708:North America 9705: 9702: 9698:Modern groups 9696: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9666: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561:South America 9559: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9484:Turtle Island 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442:North America 9440: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9401: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9365:Paleo-Indians 9363: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9340: 9338: 9333: 9331: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9188:Falcon dancer 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124:Miscellaneous 9122: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9095:Melbourne Man 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9085:La Brea Woman 9083: 9081: 9080:Kennewick Man 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972:Serpent Mound 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8922:Pueblo Bonito 8920: 8918: 8917:Poverty Point 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Pinson Mounds 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Painted Bluff 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8772:Horr's Island 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8702:Effigy Mounds 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8667:Crystal River 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8579:Weeden Island 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8544:Safety Harbor 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8534:Poverty Point 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8514:Paleo-Indians 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8475:Mississippian 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8225: 8224: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8135: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8075:Hernán Cortés 8071: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7123:South America 7120: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6945:Weeden Island 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6920:Poverty Point 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885:Mississippian 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6812:North America 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6782:Paleo-Indians 6780: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6328: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6233: 6225: 6223:0-306-46158-7 6219: 6215: 6208: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6024:on 2017-05-20 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5861: 5852: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5691: 5689:0-500-28503-9 5685: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5655: 5653:1-4000-3205-9 5649: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5553:0-8014-8818-4 5549: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5447: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5380: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5255: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4968:0-8129-7146-9 4964: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4280:(2): 99–123. 4279: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4122: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4024: 4021: 4010: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858:chili peppers 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3676:Marajó Island 3671: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3629:Huetar people 3620: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496:Timoto-cuicas 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3394:Archeologists 3386: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3338:brain surgery 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280:Lake Titicaca 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3238:Lake Titicaca 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3151:Moche culture 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3018:Muisca people 3009: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2937:Cañari people 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926:chili peppers 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651:South America 2648: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2524:Hernán Cortés 2521: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2494:Toltec Empire 2491: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2453:, Coras, and 2452: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2358:Toltec Empire 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2272:Oaxaca Valley 2267: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2087:and included 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1855:Yupik peoples 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1812:Juan de Oñate 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:Oasisamerican 1550: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1472: 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Gore 13058: 12996:War on drugs 12870:Mid Cold War 12722:Pearl Harbor 12717:World War II 12537:Ku Klux Klan 12134:Dummer's War 12074: 12073: 12066: 12060:Pre-Colonial 11962:Aridoamerica 11940:Southeastern 11935:Northeastern 11610:wedge-shaped 11595:Funeral pyre 11588:Great dolmen 11544:Chamber tomb 11525:Round barrow 11480:Stone circle 11352:Blombos Cave 11280:Grooved ware 11204:Chalcolithic 11108:Thornborough 11026:Flush toilet 10961:Blombos Cave 10956:Rock shelter 10912:Quiggly hole 10804:Architecture 10779:illustration 10421:Buffalo jump 10242:Storage pits 10205:Aşıklı Höyük 10195:Ground stone 10031:Subdivisions 9955: 9948: 9670:colonization 9474:The red road 9464:Medicine man 9459:Great Spirit 9369: 9308: 9288:Water glyphs 9243:Oasisamerica 9233:N.A.G.P.R.A. 9193:Folsom point 9183:Effigy mound 9163:Clovis point 9131:Aridoamerica 9032:Wickiup Hill 8987:Spiro Mounds 8967:Salmon Ruins 8962:Russell Cave 8757:Helen Blazes 8752:Grimes Point 8732:Fort Juelson 8722:Fort Ancient 8697:El Vallecito 8657:Chaco Canyon 8597:Angel Mounds 8559:Steed-Kisker 8509:Paleo-Arctic 8431:Glacial Kame 8416:Fort Ancient 8308:Post-Classic 8279: 8214: 8147: 7997:Moctezuma II 7954:Inca history 7879:Andean Music 7823:Architecture 7818:Architecture 7813:Architecture 7808:Architecture 7804:Architecture 7798:Gender Roles 7543:Tenochtitlan 7466:Timoto–Cuica 7461:Tierradentro 7246:Casma–Sechin 6978:Chalcatzingo 6767: 6676: 6654: 6627: 6623: 6595: 6556: 6552: 6540:Bibliography 6520: 6510: 6498:. 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15269:Legislative 15064:Red (South) 15054:Mississippi 14976:New England 14912:Appalachian 14882:Earthquakes 14779:Discoveries 14774:Demographic 14716:Vietnam War 14659:World War I 14654:Imperialism 14604:Indian Wars 14579:War of 1812 14252:Wake Island 14018:Mississippi 13933:Connecticut 13877:New England 13544:Agriculture 13463:Coast Guard 13458:Space Force 13306:Immigration 13034:WTC bombing 12952:Reaganomics 12880:Vietnam War 12796:McCarthyism 12678:Second Klan 12663:Prohibition 12641:World War I 12616:Square Deal 12606:Imperialism 12341:War of 1812 12068:Prehistoric 11967:Mesoamerica 11920:Great Basin 11632:unchambered 11627:Long barrow 11617:Grave goods 11573:Court cairn 11568:Clava cairn 11520:Bowl barrow 11458:Rock cupule 11401:Golden hats 11394:Hill figure 11295:Unstan ware 11275:Cord-marked 11140:Sweet Track 11062:Burnt mound 10983:Stilt house 10971:Sibudu Cave 10764:Tally stick 10732:Quern-stone 10717:Hammerstone 10707:Fire plough 10678:Pesse canoe 10636:Bannerstone 10606:Other tools 10519:Lithic core 10467:Aurignacian 10355:Bare Island 10237:Quern-stone 9879:Ethnobotany 9736:El Salvador 9638:Visual arts 9507:Cosmovision 9493:Mesoamerica 9454:Fifth World 9415:Mythologies 9380:Archaeology 9358:Pre-history 9273:Thunderbird 9141:Black drink 9105:Peñon woman 9042:Winterville 9022:Velda Mound 9002:Taos Pueblo 8897:Parkin Park 8882:Orwell site 8867:Nodena site 8762:Holly Bluff 8737:Four Mounds 8727:Fort Center 8652:Casa Grande 8602:Anzick site 8494:Monongahela 8421:Fort Walton 8396:Coles Creek 8361:Belle Glade 8346:Anishinaabe 8060:Túpac Amaru 8044:Manco Cápac 7993:Moctezuma I 7904:Agriculture 7899:Agriculture 7894:Agriculture 7885:Agriculture 7828:Road System 7717:Mathematics 7582:Muysc Cubun 7436:San Agustín 7386:Monte Verde 7063:Teotihuacan 6955:Mesoamerica 6850:Coles Creek 6835:Anishinaabe 6792:Archaeology 6318:January 30, 3969:Guinea pigs 3913:blueberries 3909:raspberries 3889:cocoa beans 3774:Upano River 3755:terra preta 3750:aristocracy 3710:terra preta 3682:terra preta 3458:glyptodonts 3454:megatherium 3450:Taima-Taima 3426:in western 3356:The iconic 3330:road system 3308:Inca Empire 3302:Inca Empire 3276:Inca Empire 3197:Wari Empire 3191:Wari Empire 3059:Inca Empire 2868:Mesopotamia 2794:of several 2684:Muisca raft 2661:Inca Empire 2615:Teotihuacan 2555:El Salvador 2516:Flower Wars 2467:Mexico City 2289:Cosijopii I 2276:Monte Albán 2250:Maya script 2188:Kaminaljuyú 2169:Teotihuacan 2096:Teotihuacan 2054:engineering 2038:mathematics 1976:Teotihuacan 1959:Mesoamerica 1937:Mesoamerica 1880:Great Basin 1753:, with the 1717:Tonto Basin 1669:Mesoamerica 1651:as well as 1581:road system 1539:, Colorado. 1443:Monks Mound 1404:Monks Mound 1287:Mississippi 1236:Mississippi 1224: Andes 1163:agriculture 1102:, numerous 845:chromosomes 509:Renaissance 172:(top), the 17044:Categories 16979:Xenophobia 16768:Disability 16709:Healthcare 16618:Visual art 16563:Philosophy 16509:television 16499:newspapers 16489:journalism 16479:Literature 16391:attainment 16042:Republican 16037:Democratic 16010:Ideologies 15971:Corruption 15536:NOAA Corps 15459:preemption 15454:federalism 15069:Rio Grande 14971:Midwestern 14951:West Coast 14946:East Coast 14789:Inventions 14701:Space Race 14696:Korean War 14679:home front 14614:Gilded Age 14133:Washington 14053:New Mexico 14048:New Jersey 13923:California 13418:Journalism 13370:Corruption 13349:Government 13300:Demography 13287:Newspapers 13136:Sandy Hook 13039:Waco siege 12947:Reagan era 12853:Space Race 12786:Korean War 12727:home front 12559:Gilded Age 12527:Amendments 11915:California 11771:trepanning 11664:Ring cairn 11622:Jar burial 11605:transepted 11537:U.S. sites 11438:Petroglyph 11364:Bird stone 11322:wine press 10995:Stone roof 10978:Roundhouse 10870:long house 10847:Stonehenge 10815:Ceremonial 10759:Stone tool 10586:Tool stone 10556:Metallurgy 10460:Mousterian 10437:Toolmaking 10375:Cumberland 10348:Transverse 10318:Schöningen 10210:Qesem cave 10178:Earth oven 10132:Irrigation 10043:Technology 10011:Prehistory 9921:Philosophy 9726:Costa Rica 9700:by country 9531:Variations 9522:World tree 9479:Totem pole 9449:Arborglyph 9218:Metallurgy 9178:Eden point 9075:Buhl Woman 8947:Rock Eagle 8937:River Styx 8862:Mummy Cave 8857:Moundville 8837:Mesa Verde 8822:Marksville 8569:Tchefuncte 8529:Plaquemine 8465:Las Palmas 8381:Calf Creek 8376:Cades Pond 8031:Tisquesusa 8005:Cuauhtémoc 8001:Cuitláhuac 7331:Lauricocha 7301:Gran Chaco 7291:Cupisnique 7276:Chinchorro 7251:Chachapoya 7241:Caral–Supe 7083:Tlaxcaltec 7073:Teuchitlán 6988:Chupícuaro 6915:Plum Bayou 6910:Plaquemine 6880:Marksville 6845:Chichimeca 6500:12 January 6468:12 January 6435:12 January 6373:20 January 6198:2022-05-02 6028:2013-12-15 5992:2024-07-06 5920:2024-07-06 5878:9977674116 5729:Durán, D. 5370:2011-06-03 5364:AgExporter 4446:2009-11-22 4112:2017-05-06 4089:References 3850:tomatillos 3822:See also: 3655:Quitirrisí 3616:encomienda 3227:Pikillaqta 3211:Wari Ruins 3102:Chitareros 2761:deforested 2743:, and the 2715:, and the 2669:See also: 2645:Costa Rica 2529:Mixtón War 2498:Tlaxcaltec 2376:New Mexico 2175:metropolis 2081:Nuevo León 1963:Costa Rica 1895:California 1687:ballcourts 1577:New Mexico 1379:Ohio River 1294:Ohio River 1151:linguistic 1143:vegetation 825:haplogroup 744:earthworks 640:Futurology 581:South Asia 481:South Asia 398:South Asia 335:Bronze Age 330:Copper Age 288:Common Era 263:10,000 BCE 209:Prehistory 168:The Mayan 80:newspapers 16962:Terrorism 16739:Rationing 16636:Affluence 16583:Sexuality 16551:Uncle Sam 16457:Languages 16386:Education 16329:affluence 16289:Americana 16216:Transport 16114:Insurance 16104:Companies 16084:By sector 15976:Elections 15617:Treasurer 15575:Executive 15514:Air Force 15486:Uniformed 15309:President 15126:Executive 14897:Mountains 14830:Territory 14818:Geography 14642:1954–1968 14637:1896–1954 14632:1865–1896 14594:Civil War 14435:1991–2008 14430:1980–1991 14425:1964–1980 14420:1945–1964 14415:1917–1945 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9859:Venezuela 9804:Argentina 9766:Nicaragua 9746:Guatemala 9741:Greenland 9428:Religions 9263:Stickball 8952:Rock Hawk 8782:Key Marco 8574:Troyville 8554:St. Johns 8539:Red Ocher 8298:Formative 8052:Atahualpa 8048:Pachacuti 8023:Nemequene 7889:Chinampas 7711:Astronomy 7700:Astronomy 7680:Mythology 7675:Mythology 7670:Mythology 7665:Mythology 7661:Mythology 7491:Wankarani 7481:Tuncahuán 7371:Marajoara 7326:Las Vegas 7212:Atacameño 7108:Xochipala 7048:Purépecha 7008:Epi-Olmec 6998:Cuicuilco 6940:Troyville 6930:St. Johns 6720:from the 6347:"Taino". 6279:. p. 130. 6277:Routledge 5987:0362-4331 5937:Antiquity 5915:0362-4331 5884:18 August 5808:0036-8733 5636:(2006) . 5300:161058784 4895:1932-6203 4845:609850106 4812:162243347 4796:0002-7316 4743:Cyberwest 4707:1932-6203 4658:Amerinds. 4282:CiteSeerX 4000:chocolate 3944:livestock 3870:pineapple 3647:El Guarco 3645:ruled by 3637:ruled by 3462:toxodonts 3428:Venezuela 3379:Altiplano 3079:sedentary 3043:Santander 2965:El Dorado 2957:Tumebamba 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