559:
1092:
719:, but contemporary materials such as PVC piping are used. In traditional situations it is played only by men, usually as an accompaniment to ceremonial or recreational singing, or, much more rarely, as a solo instrument. Skilled players use the technique of circular breathing to achieve a continuous sound, and also employ techniques for inducing multiple harmonic resonances. Traditionally the instrument was not widespread around the country, but was only used by Aboriginal groups in the most northerly areas.
1010:
453:
690:
626:
889:
5074:
949:
296:
5061:
5047:
1083:. Music culture in Slovakia had not formed until the 9th century while these instruments go back to 4-6th century AD, so while they cannot be connected to Slovak culture they prove that music had existed in this region at that time. They may have been used for ceremonies, rituals, or cults for dancing and singing to ward off evil spirits or call to the gods for help.
1051:. The harpist is approximately 23 cm (9 in) high and dates to around 2700â2500 BCE. He expresses concentration and intense feelings and tilts his head up to the light. The meaning of these and many other figures is not known; perhaps they were used to ward off evil spirits, had religious significance, served as toys, or depicted figures from
842:. Banks Island Eskimos were still using bullroarers circa 1963 (59-year-old "Susie" being documented scaring off four polar bears armed with only three seal hooks and vocals. Aleut, Eskimo and Inuit used bullroarers occasionally as a children's toy or musical instruments, but preferred drums and rattles.
570:
and date back to 10,730 and 9760 cal BC. Smaller bird bones were preferred to bigger ones due to the difference in sound, although they are more difficult to play as a result of their size. The pitch of the tone the flutes produce are believed to mimic the call of several birds. It is likely that the
469:
The peoples of
Southern Africa in the South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zambia region used bone, clay, and metal for creating instruments, as idiophones and aerophones were the two types of instruments that were made. Spinning disks, bone tubes, and a bullroarer were found in the Southern and Western Capes
930:
carving. On announcing the discovery, scientists suggested that the "finds demonstrate the presence of a well-established musical tradition at the time when modern humans colonized Europe". Scientists have also suggested that the discovery of the flute may help to explain why early humans survived,
855:
Clay bells were found in
Austria and Hungary which date to the early neolithic period. One is from the StarÄevo site in GellĂ©nhĂĄza, Hungary, and the other is from the Brunn site located on the outskirts of Vienna which was excavated in 1999. Unlike modern bells these bells lack a clapper. They were
812:
with notable sound modulations occurring from the rotation of the roarer along its longitudinal axis, and the choice of whether a shorter or longer length of cord is used to spin the bullroarer. By modifying the expansiveness of its circuit and the speed given it, and by changing the plane in which
460:
Excavations in 1969 found a 90-115,000 year old bone flute fragment in the Haua Fteah cave in Libya. It has one manmade punctured hole, which resembles similar bone flutes found in Europe and the
Mediterranean. The exact species the bone comes from is unknown, but it seems to have come from a large
591:
Two deer antlers were discovered in the Go O Chua site of southern
Vietnam which were used as stringed instruments, they are dated to be at minimum 2,000 years old. One discovered in 1997, and the other in 2008. The instrument has a single string which was attached on both ends of the antler, with
427:
was also considered a goddess of music. Rhythms during this time were unvaried and music served to create rhythm. Small shells were used as whistles. During the predynastic period of
Egyptian history, funerary chants continued to play an important role in Egyptian religion and were accompanied by
380:, and the exploration of prehistoric instruments using acoustic testing. Such work has included acoustic field tests to capture and analyze the impulse response of archaeological sites; acoustic tests of lithophones or 'rock gongs'; and reconstructions of soundscapes as experimental archaeology.
1071:, in the winter of 2003, carbon-dated at around 2167±30 BCE. A wood-lined pit contained a group of six flutes made from yew wood, between 30 and 50 cm (12 and 20 in) long, tapered at one end, but without any finger holes. They may once have been strapped together.
123:
Many languages traditionally have terms for music that include dance, religion, or cult. The context in which prehistoric music took place has also become a subject of study and debate, as the sound made by music in prehistory would have been somewhat different depending on the
233:
have also been discovered. The latter musical finds date back as far as the
Paleolithic era, although there is some ambiguity over archaeological finds which can be variously interpreted as either musical or non-musical instruments/tools.
1583:
Brown, Eleanor D.; Farabaugh, Susan M. (1991). "Song
Sharing in a Group-Living Songbird, the Australian Magpie, Gymnorhina Tibicen. Part Iii. Sex Specificity and Individual Specificity of Vocal Parts in Communal Chorus and Duet Songs".
2592:
1318:
921:
in June 2009. It is one of several similar instruments found in the area, which date to around 42,000 years ago, making this the oldest confirmed finds of any musical instruments in history. The Hohle Fels flute was found next to the
241:, the vocal-gestural communication between mothers and infants. This form of communication involves melodic, rhythmic and movement patterns as well as the communication of intention and meaning, and in this sense is similar to music.
659:
and ceremonial observances of these people, down through the millennia of their individual and collective histories to the present day, and has existed for 40,000 years. The traditional forms include many aspects of performance and
856:
suspended by string and most likely struck with wooden sticks or animal bones. Both bells were recreated and played, but neither were loud enough to be used as instruments, which might be why they were destroyed and thrown away.
1115:, and has been dated to about 43,000 years ago. However, whether it is truly a musical instrument or simply a carnivore-chewed bone is a matter of ongoing debate. In 2012, some flutes that were discovered years earlier in the
715:. It is one of the oldest instruments to date. It consists of a long tube, without finger holes, through which the player blows. It is sometimes fitted with a mouthpiece of beeswax. Didgeridoos are traditionally made of
1150:â singing is widely popular, with many of its performers also using a variety of musical instruments. They used the materials at hand to make their instruments for thousands of years before Europeans immigrated to the
795:. Typically, the wood slat is trimmed down to a sharp edge around the edges, and serrations along the length of the wooden slat may or may not be used, depending on the cultural traditions of the region in question.
2342:
D'Errico, Francesco; Villa, Paola; Llona, Ana C. Pinto; Idarraga, Rosa Ruiz (March 1998). "A Middle
Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone 'flute'".
1790:
Davin, Laurent; Tejero, José-Miguel; Simmons, Tal; Shaham, Dana; Borvon, Aurélia; Tourny, Olivier; Bridault, Anne; Rabinovich, Rivka; Sindel, Marion; Khalaily, Hamudi; Valla, François (9 June 2023).
745:, which are generally used to strike a drum, clapsticks are intended for striking one stick on another, and people as well. They are of oval shape with paintings of snakes, lizards, birds and more.
2613:
915:, Germany. The five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is made from a vulture wing bone. The researchers involved in the discovery officially published their findings in the journal
470:
of South Africa that date back from 2525±85 BP - 1732 AD. There were also many more bone tubes found in the Matjes River which may have been used for flutes, trumpets, whistles, bells, and
571:
flute was used for music and dance rather than hunting, since it is limited by the small range of birds imitated. It is common for birds to be used as an inspiration for music such as the
2964:
2015:
1533:
Dissanayake, E. (2000). "Antecedents of the temporal arts in early mother-infant interaction. In The origins of music". In Nils Wallin; Bjorn Merker; Steven Brown (eds.).
802:
of the roarer will keep it spinning about its axis even after the initial twist has unwound. The cord winds fully first in one direction and then the other, alternating.
813:
the bullroarer is whirled from horizontal to vertical or vice versa, the modulation of the sound produced can be controlled, making the coding of information possible.
2687:
1619:
Gahr, Manfred; Voigt, Cornelia; Leitner, Stefan (2006). "Repertoire and structure of duet and solo songs in cooperatively breeding white-browed sparrow weavers".
1772:
798:
The cord is given a slight initial twist, and the roarer is then swung in a large circle in a horizontal plane, or in a smaller circle in a vertical plane. The
50:
in different parts of the world, but still exists in isolated areas. However, it is more common to refer to the "prehistoric" music which still survives as
1139:
1079:
A clay egg-shaped rattle, bottle-shaped rattles, and pan pipes made of bone were all discovered in
Slovakia. They are dated back to 300-800 AD, during the
3337:
6472:
1852:
Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Hull, Jennifer R.; Há»ng, VÆ°ÆĄng Thu (February 2023). "In search of a musical past: evidence for early chordophones from
Vietnam".
2938:
255:, Miller suggested that music and dancing, as energetically costly activities, demonstrated the physical and psychological prowess of the singing and
205:
produced by work, such as pounding seed and roots into a meal, are a likely source of rhythm created by early humans. The first rhythm instruments or
2491:
1558:
Miller, G. (2000). "Evolution of human music through sexual selection. In The origins of music". In Nils Wallin; Bjorn Merker; Steven Brown (eds.).
5111:
6869:
6610:
6206:
1674:
Blench, Roger (March 2013). "Methods and results in the reconstruction of music history in Africa and a case study of instrumental polyphony".
1216:
2731:"Did Neanderthals and other early humans sing? Seeking the biological roots of music in the loud calls of primates, lions, hyenas, and wolves"
2060:
Pomberger, Beate Maria; Kotova, Nadiia; Stadler, Peter (22 September 2021). "New Hypothesized Musical Instruments of the European Neolithic".
4910:
4091:
3712:
2253:
6825:
6334:
508:
503:. At the time of discovery, one was found to be still playable. This playable bone flute is capable of using both the five- or seven-note
1975:
Dunbar-Hall, P.; Gibson, C. (2000). "Singing about nations within nations: Geopolitics and identity in Australian indigenous rock music".
4161:
1414:
B. Arensburg; A. M. Tillier; B. Vandermeersch; H. Duday; L. A. Schepartz; Y. Rak (April 1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone".
6657:
6108:
4900:
834:
The use of bullroarers has also been documented in ancient Greece, Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, Mali, New Zealand, and the Americas (
436:. Despite the lack of physical evidence in some cases, Egyptologists theorise that the development of certain instruments known of the
2933:
4616:
3686:
2971:
665:
611:
were also found across the country which would have been laid down on strings with wooden or bamboo frames and struck to make noise.
1704:
Kumbani, Joshua (2 April 2020). "Music and sound-related archaeological artefacts from southern Africa from the last 10,000 years".
1731:
Zhang, Juzhong; Xiao, Xinghua; Lee, Yun Kuen (December 2004). "The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes".
3094:
2996:
2009:
499:, China. They date to about 7000 BCE. They have between six and nine holes each and were made from the hollow bones of the
3044:
4731:
2083:
Fritz, C.; Tosello, G.; Fleury, G.; Kasarhérou, E.; Walter, Ph.; Duranthon, F.; Gaillard, P.; Tardieu, J. (12 February 2021).
4036:
2902:
2852:
2824:
2803:
2535:
2444:
1925:
1891:
1658:
831:
The low-frequency component of the sound travels extremely long distances, clearly audible over many miles on a quiet night.
5104:
2162:
Conard, Nicholas J. (May 2009). "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany".
1792:"Bone aerophones from Eynan-Mallaha (Israel) indicate imitation of raptor calls by the last hunter-gatherers in the Levant"
1383:"How Music and Instruments Began: A Brief Overview of the Origin and Entire Development of Music, from Its Earliest Stages"
1143:
2718:
3011:
630:
566:
The peoples of Israel had prehistoric bones that were specifically aerophones. Several of these bones were excavated at
4920:
4586:
3327:
1509:
970:
317:
6235:
5141:
5018:
4801:
3809:
3743:
2780:
2607:
2475:
1567:
1542:
1273:
996:
864:
A one-of-a-kind Upper Paleolithic era Seashell Horn was discovered in the Marsoulas cave in 1931, which is made of a
343:
129:
978:
325:
6442:
6329:
4276:
3728:
3691:
133:
6854:
6245:
5283:
5097:
4925:
4111:
3981:
3821:
3814:
43:
4905:
4606:
3826:
1163:
974:
872:
period, it was modified to be played as a wind instrument by blowing air through the mouthpiece located at the
672:
continent, and even beyond. The culture of the Torres Strait Islanders is related to that of adjacent parts of
321:
244:
2944:
6981:
6467:
5997:
5257:
4935:
4416:
3733:
620:
5325:
1039:(2900â2000 BCE) were discovered together in a single grave in the 19th century. They depict a standing
6462:
6002:
5475:
4766:
3901:
3775:
676:
and so their music is also related. Music is a vital part of Indigenous Australians' cultural maintenance.
429:
5151:
5428:
4986:
4915:
4806:
4086:
3765:
3681:
3006:
2499:
279:
6730:
6531:
4890:
4811:
4191:
4136:
3322:
3037:
2631:. Musiques & musiciens du monde âą Musics & musicians of the world. Montreal: Research Group in
741:
that, according to western musicological classification, falls into the category of percussion. Unlike
558:
6536:
6351:
4991:
4551:
3833:
3194:
3149:
2205:
668:; there are equally elements of musical tradition which are common or widespread through much of the
544:
93:
1119:
received a new high-resolution carbon-dating examination yielding an age of 42,000 to 43,000 years.
6971:
6725:
5817:
5362:
5065:
4671:
4566:
4516:
4486:
3787:
3579:
3124:
2957:
2844:
959:
306:
5889:
5884:
2261:
178:
bone with the modern human form has been dated to be 60,000 years old, predating the oldest known
6842:
6752:
5924:
5691:
5510:
5443:
5175:
4880:
4846:
3780:
2816:
1211:
1018:
963:
648:
310:
247:
suggests musical displays play a role in "demonstrating fitness to mate." Based on the ideas of
6966:
6930:
6804:
6410:
6301:
6289:
5985:
5726:
5565:
5202:
5136:
5120:
4371:
4226:
3804:
3522:
3342:
3154:
1036:
524:
512:
474:
keys. Numerous mbira keys were found in Zimbabwe that date back to 210±90 BP - Later Iron Age.
206:
100:
84:, is at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of
54:, indigenous or traditional music. Prehistoric music is studied alongside other periods within
2434:
2283:
6669:
6605:
6479:
6172:
6098:
5872:
5867:
5805:
5744:
5681:
5629:
5622:
5168:
4831:
4781:
4681:
4651:
4631:
4006:
3760:
3738:
3473:
3347:
3030:
2792:
1755:
1263:
1206:
1166:
which were elaborately carved and beautifully painted. In woodland areas, they made horns of
644:
217:. There are bone flutes and pipes which are unambiguously paleolithic. Additionally, pierced
6054:
2838:
2688:"Prenatal and infant conditioning, the mother schema, and the origins of music and religion"
1915:
1091:
136:. It may also serve entertainment or practical functions, for example in hunting scenarios.
6935:
6886:
6881:
6864:
6859:
6837:
6627:
6341:
6194:
6086:
5990:
5783:
5468:
5267:
5210:
4721:
4691:
4686:
4611:
4511:
4491:
4291:
4131:
3931:
3876:
3770:
3748:
3574:
3527:
2624:
2584:. Translated from Hungarian by Anita Rajkay BabĂł. Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications.
2171:
2096:
1803:
1423:
1201:
1116:
437:
260:
5438:
2144:
1138:
For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by Indigenous Peoples from a variety of
8:
6976:
6925:
6590:
6395:
6228:
5761:
5634:
5515:
5490:
4951:
4821:
4741:
4646:
4626:
4461:
4451:
4421:
4386:
4381:
4336:
4311:
4186:
4116:
4066:
4031:
3941:
3926:
3843:
3447:
3380:
3179:
2463:
1231:
1146:. Each of the Indigenous communities had (and have) their own unique musical traditions.
923:
593:
2730:
2409:
2175:
2100:
1824:
1807:
1791:
1752:
1427:
896:
6876:
6779:
6681:
6494:
5676:
5406:
5372:
5013:
4981:
4836:
4701:
4656:
4541:
4496:
4426:
4376:
4261:
4216:
3916:
3906:
3848:
3838:
3557:
3304:
3174:
2753:
2710:
2117:
2084:
1992:
1957:
1880:
1601:
1447:
1226:
880:, while unclear what the engravings represent, it is clear that they were intentional.
738:
708:
661:
252:
226:
140:
70:
2324:
2311:
6918:
6908:
6847:
6504:
6422:
5716:
5701:
5686:
5666:
5557:
5536:
5347:
5190:
4971:
4966:
4861:
4751:
4746:
4711:
4666:
4661:
4576:
4556:
4531:
4446:
4401:
4396:
4321:
4241:
4156:
4151:
4106:
4101:
4056:
4021:
4016:
4001:
3986:
3946:
3797:
3644:
3632:
3537:
3512:
3493:
3289:
3284:
2898:
2848:
2820:
2799:
2776:
2714:
2656:
2636:
2603:
2531:
2471:
2440:
2187:
2122:
1996:
1921:
1887:
1829:
1748:
1654:
1563:
1538:
1439:
1297:
1269:
540:
500:
488:
419:
because both were depicted as cows. Hathor's music was believed to have been used by
400:
275:
179:
85:
55:
2812:
The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality
2757:
2045:
711:
that, according to western musicological classification, falls into the category of
6913:
6820:
6563:
6346:
6146:
6066:
6022:
5822:
5644:
5495:
5455:
5003:
4885:
4841:
4826:
4816:
4796:
4771:
4676:
4636:
4591:
4506:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4436:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4296:
4251:
4246:
4211:
4196:
4171:
4146:
4141:
4121:
4096:
4071:
4061:
4011:
3976:
3956:
3951:
3936:
3921:
3911:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3676:
3547:
3468:
3427:
3369:
3264:
3234:
3061:
2745:
2702:
2352:
2319:
2179:
2112:
2104:
2069:
2065:
1984:
1882:
Aboriginal Australia & the Torres Strait Islands: Guide to Indigenous Australia
1861:
1819:
1811:
1740:
1713:
1683:
1628:
1593:
1488:
1478:
1451:
1431:
1394:
1080:
1022:
917:
604:. These are the first stringed instruments archaeologically discovered in Vietnam.
597:
357:
197:
research suggest that music first arose when stone tools first began to be used by
74:
27:
6405:
6361:
2226:
2085:"First record of the sound produced by the oldest Upper Paleolithic seashell horn"
1717:
1103:
ever discovered may be the so-called Divje Babe flute, found in the Cerkno Hills,
6794:
6764:
6526:
6454:
6432:
6390:
6285:
6255:
6120:
6115:
5766:
5649:
5220:
5023:
4961:
4895:
4856:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4736:
4716:
4641:
4601:
4596:
4571:
4546:
4521:
4441:
4431:
4391:
4346:
4331:
4326:
4306:
4281:
4231:
4221:
4206:
4176:
4081:
4026:
3996:
3991:
3971:
3961:
3896:
3723:
3671:
3604:
3589:
3517:
3503:
3390:
3224:
3159:
3089:
2991:
2980:
2888:
2810:
2632:
2019:
1687:
1413:
1241:
1236:
1133:
1013:
Cycladic statues of a double flute player (foreground) and a harpist (background)
877:
865:
452:
441:
190:
160:
99:
sites. India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the worldâreferences to
3219:
2884:
2749:
2706:
2648:
1759:
567:
6903:
6830:
6652:
6617:
6548:
6437:
6309:
6017:
5602:
5592:
5413:
5394:
5077:
5030:
4998:
4976:
4930:
4851:
4761:
4726:
4706:
4696:
4621:
4581:
4536:
4501:
4481:
4476:
4411:
4366:
4316:
4301:
4286:
4256:
4236:
4201:
4181:
4126:
4051:
4046:
3966:
3661:
3627:
3594:
3532:
3395:
2556:
2430:
1815:
1632:
1357:
1009:
873:
576:
394:
194:
2582:
Tracing shamans in Siberia. The story of an ethnographical research expedition
2356:
1988:
1744:
824:
818:
6960:
6789:
6774:
6720:
6698:
6595:
6583:
6499:
6368:
6250:
6211:
6199:
6187:
5899:
5810:
5739:
5480:
5423:
5401:
5310:
5242:
5237:
5215:
5008:
4756:
4561:
4526:
4406:
4341:
4271:
4266:
4166:
4076:
4041:
3755:
3696:
3639:
3609:
3584:
3569:
3542:
3422:
3417:
3269:
3259:
3209:
3189:
3139:
3101:
3084:
3074:
2923:
2665:
2640:
2429:
2396:
1483:
1466:
1196:
580:
408:
365:
248:
47:
5330:
1597:
1516:
1399:
1382:
1107:
in 1995, though this is disputed. The item in question is a fragment of the
689:
625:
6708:
6664:
6645:
6600:
6400:
6324:
6081:
6076:
6032:
5659:
5541:
5505:
5485:
5337:
5315:
5227:
5051:
3792:
3666:
3552:
3458:
3442:
3407:
3317:
3244:
3129:
2652:
2191:
2126:
2108:
1833:
1301:
1221:
1183:
1159:
932:
799:
377:
373:
6757:
2677:
Sorce Keller, M. (1984). "Origini della musica". In Basso, Alberto (ed.).
1950:
Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice
1865:
1562:. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 329â360.
1537:. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 389â410.
1443:
1292:
Brown, Robert E (1971). "India's music". In McAllester, David Park (ed.).
888:
539:
tradition. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of
403:, music and chanting were commonly used in magic and rituals. The ancient
182:
by some 20,000 years, but the true chronology may date back much further.
6747:
6737:
6693:
6688:
6640:
6578:
6541:
6514:
6415:
6385:
6260:
6182:
6103:
6091:
5852:
5837:
5827:
5798:
5756:
5671:
5639:
5587:
5520:
5357:
5232:
5089:
3654:
3463:
3412:
3385:
3312:
3079:
2834:
1948:
Newton, Janice (1990). "Becoming 'Authentic' Australians through Music".
1186:. These musical instruments provide the background for songs and dances.
892:
869:
547:
213:
of hands, stones hit together, or other things that are useful to create
186:
172:
152:
144:
96:
89:
73:
carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced. The disputed
62:
2183:
1961:
6891:
6784:
6742:
6558:
6521:
6484:
6380:
5967:
5879:
5706:
5607:
5580:
5500:
5298:
5252:
5163:
5131:
3599:
3564:
3294:
3249:
2670:
The Singing Neanderthals: the Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body
1605:
1493:
1171:
908:
837:
762:
742:
716:
704:
698:
673:
608:
369:
361:
51:
39:
2928:
2371:
6799:
6568:
6553:
6151:
6136:
6061:
6044:
5962:
5847:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5696:
5575:
5463:
5389:
5156:
5146:
4956:
3279:
3111:
2894:
1435:
1167:
1151:
1112:
1052:
1032:
734:
728:
712:
669:
572:
404:
267:
238:
218:
156:
125:
78:
2929:
Sound sample and playing instructions for reconstructed bone flutes.
2574:. Terebess Ăzsia E-TĂĄr (in Hungarian). Budapest: MagvetĆ KönyvkiadĂł.
2468:
Canadian native art; arts and crafts of Canadian Indians and Eskimos
948:
523:
India has the oldest musical traditions in the world. References to
295:
6573:
6509:
6356:
6314:
6049:
5957:
5832:
5654:
5617:
5597:
3402:
3364:
3199:
2231:
1147:
1104:
263:
259:
individual. Similarly, communal singing occurs among both sexes in
210:
198:
112:
69:
and piercing tools to create instruments. Archeologists have found
35:
3649:
2949:
2571:
SĂĄmĂĄnok nyomĂĄban SzibĂ©ria földjĂ©n. Egy nĂ©prajzi kutatĂłĂșt törtĂ©nete
2284:"The Wicklow Pipes / The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia"
1515:(Report). Darwin College Research Report. DCRR-002. Archived from
6635:
6427:
6373:
6319:
6141:
5947:
5857:
5711:
5612:
5570:
5433:
5352:
5305:
5293:
3483:
3204:
3164:
3144:
2569:
1175:
1068:
1064:
806:
768:
656:
652:
601:
504:
256:
222:
148:
66:
2939:
Information about a supposed Neanderthal flute found in Slovenia
2679:
Dizionario Enciclopedico Universale della Musica e dei Musicisti
6703:
6240:
6218:
6071:
6007:
5952:
5342:
5320:
5288:
5262:
3478:
3214:
3169:
3134:
3119:
2919:
Ensemble Musica Romana: Music from Antiquity, Prehistoric music
1155:
900:
634:
424:
420:
416:
271:
214:
2918:
2341:
423:
as part of his effort to civilise the world. The lion-goddess
6769:
6489:
6223:
6177:
6039:
5894:
5842:
5418:
5384:
3701:
3332:
3254:
3184:
3053:
2530:(2nd ed.). McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 12â28.
2257:
1179:
1108:
1100:
1040:
1028:
927:
809:
536:
532:
496:
492:
471:
433:
412:
202:
175:
164:
108:
81:
31:
2681:(in Italian). Vol. III. Torino: UTET. pp. 494â500.
2082:
1261:
6715:
6676:
6156:
6012:
5942:
5862:
5734:
5247:
3488:
3274:
2771:
Ellen Hickmann, Anne D. Kilmer and Ricardo Eichmann, (ed.)
1917:
The Soundscapes of Australia: Music, Place And Spirituality
1048:
1044:
792:
772:
230:
168:
2563:. The Magazine for Traditional Music Throughout the World.
1043:
player and a sitting musician playing a triangular-shaped
415:. The cult of Bat was eventually syncretised into that of
6027:
5793:
5751:
2941:â the article written by Dr. Ivan Turk who discovered it.
912:
3022:
1789:
360:
uses acoustic techniques to explore prehistoric sounds,
1467:"The origins of music: Evidence, theory, and prospects"
907:
In 2008, archaeologists discovered a bone flute in the
579:
in which dancers used whistles to mimic eagles, or the
65:
archaeology sites suggest that prehistoric people used
2436:
Encyclopedia of Native American Music of North America
2433:; Tim Archambault; John M. H. Kelly (March 31, 2013).
2059:
693:
Buskers playing didgeridoos at Fremantle Markets, 2009
641:
Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander music
132:
within their music; often, this feature is related to
2863:
The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, East and West
2600:
Macht Musik. Musik als GlĂŒck und Nutzen fĂŒr das Leben
1653:. Editorial Centro de Estudios Egipcios. p. 28.
118:
2462:
147:
itself, which can make a vast array of sounds, from
3338:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
185:Theoretically, music may have existed prior to the
16:
Music produced in preliterate cultures (prehistory)
2728:
2470:. Don Mills, Ont., Collier-Macmillan. p. 36.
2138:
2136:
1879:
583:who wore rainforest birds' feathers as ornaments.
2882:
1974:
1510:The Evolutionary Origins and Archaeology of Music
1063:The oldest known wooden pipes were discovered in
6958:
2775:, 2001, VML Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH., Germany
2629:Inuit Games and Songs âą Chants et Jeux des Inuit
2369:
1618:
629:Performance of Aboriginal song and dance in the
364:, and instruments; it has included the study of
2206:"SchwĂ€bische Alb: Ălteste Flöte vom Hohle Fels"
2133:
1777:By Reginald MASSEY, Jamila MASSEY. Google Books
1913:
1851:
1644:
1642:
1582:
1217:International Study Group on Music Archaeology
285:
5105:
3038:
2965:
2676:
2635:, Faculty of Music, University of Montreal.
2309:
1907:
1730:
876:. There are engravings on the inside of the
2378:. University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents
1639:
1532:
1507:
977:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
926:and a short distance from the oldest known
651:. Music has formed an integral part of the
372:, of the acoustics of ritual sites such as
324:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5119:
5112:
5098:
3045:
3031:
2972:
2958:
2945:The Carnyx, an ancient war/ceremonial Horn
2578:This book has been translated to English:
2458:
2456:
2337:
2335:
2281:
1031:(ÎÎÏÎżÏ), two marble statues from the late
753:Used as a hand-held free reed instrument.
679:
664:which are unique to particular regions or
3687:Music technology (electronic and digital)
2554:
2323:
2312:"Ancient Musical Discoveries in Slovakia"
2116:
1823:
1706:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
1676:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
1492:
1482:
1398:
997:Learn how and when to remove this message
596:. The instrument is similar in form to a
344:Learn how and when to remove this message
2685:
2579:
2567:
2525:
2208:[Oldest flute from Hohle Fels].
1329:
1090:
1008:
887:
688:
624:
562:The 7 bone flutes found in Eynan-Mallaha
557:
451:
2623:
2453:
2332:
2145:"Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music"
2142:
2030:
1703:
1651:Egypt: Music in the Age of the Pyramids
1380:
1344:
1287:
1285:
1262:Reginald Massey; Jamila Massey (1996).
1182:were generally made of carved wood and
6959:
2808:
2664:
2590:
2521:
2519:
2492:"The Aboriginal Curatorial Collective"
2221:
2219:
2161:
1947:
1673:
1648:
1557:
1464:
1340:
1338:
1314:
850:
6283:
5922:
5188:
5093:
3866:
3220:Vietnam imperial court musicâNhĂŁ nháșĄc
3026:
2953:
2870:The Wellsprings of Music, McGraw-Hill
2833:
2787:The Music of the Most Ancient Nations
2729:Hagen, EH and; Hammerstein P (2009).
2423:
2305:
2303:
2055:
2053:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1785:
1783:
1699:
1697:
1291:
791:(2 in) wide) attached to a long
6284:
2143:Wilford, John Noble (24 June 2009).
1886:. Lonely Planet Publications. 2001.
1350:
1282:
1268:. Abhinav Publications. p. 11.
975:adding citations to reliable sources
942:
767:A bullroarer consists of a weighted
322:adding citations to reliable sources
289:
237:Another possible origin of music is
221:(usually interpreted as "phalangeal
42:), beginning somewhere in very late
2979:
2516:
2484:
2227:"'Oldest musical instrument' found"
2216:
1335:
1308:
631:Australian National Maritime Museum
491:(lit. "bone flutes") were found in
46:. Prehistoric music is followed by
13:
4901:Classical and art music traditions
3328:History of lute-family instruments
3145:Cambodian ceremonial musicâPinpeat
2765:
2410:"Earliest music instruments found"
2300:
2050:
1840:
1780:
1694:
1323:
1144:several major linguistic groupings
903:), which is about 35,000 years old
805:It makes a characteristic roaring
464:
119:Origins of prehistoric instruments
14:
6993:
6236:Megalithic architectural elements
2912:
2325:10.33779/2658-4824.2019.3.006-009
592:the burr of the antler forming a
5923:
5073:
5072:
5059:
5045:
4617:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4092:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3692:Sound recording and reproduction
3140:Burmese classical musicâMahÄgÄ«ta
2773:Studies in Music Archaeology III
2528:First Nations?.. Second Thoughts
2031:Douglas, William O. (May 1964).
1381:Montagu, Jeremy (20 June 2017).
947:
895:flute made from a vulture bone,
868:shell. Dating back to the early
294:
6855:Evolutionary origin of religion
4921:Jazz and popular music glossary
2797:The Music of the Bible Revealed
2402:
2390:
2363:
2275:
2246:
2198:
2155:
2076:
2039:
2024:
2003:
1968:
1941:
1872:
1766:
1724:
1667:
1612:
1576:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1122:
444:, took place during this time.
134:shamanistic beliefs or practice
128:present. Some cultures include
92:, have been recovered from the
4162:Federated States of Micronesia
2887:; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000).
2370:Tenenbaum, David (June 2000).
2070:10.15407/arheologia2021.03.028
1465:Killin, Anton (January 2018).
1458:
1407:
1374:
1255:
1:
6468:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
5998:British megalith architecture
3200:Philippine art songsâKundiman
3120:Afghan classical musicâKlasik
2548:
1718:10.1080/0067270X.2020.1761686
1649:Arroyo, Rafael PĂ©rez (2003).
756:
722:
684:
621:Indigenous music of Australia
543:have been recovered from the
6463:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
6003:Nordic megalith architecture
5066:Record production portal
4911:Cultural and regional genres
3165:Indonesian art musicâGamelan
2701:(2, supplemental): 119â150.
2399:, UCLA. Retrieved June 2007.
2310:Strenacikova, Maria (2019).
2260:. 2009-06-24. Archived from
1688:10.1080/0067270X.2013.771016
1508:Iain Morley (October 2003).
783:(24 in) long and about
771:(a rectangular thin slat of
666:Indigenous Australian groups
614:
535:, ancient scriptures of the
280:white-browed sparrow-weavers
139:It is likely that the first
7:
3682:Music technology (electric)
3215:Thai classical musicâPiphat
3170:Japanese court musicâGagaku
3007:Society for Ethnomusicology
2934:Dr.Ann Buckely Publications
2750:10.1177/1029864909013002131
2707:10.1177/1029864909013002071
2598:. In Gerhard Kilger (ed.).
2593:"Music in Shamanic Healing"
2439:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 306â.
2010:Wilurarra Creative (2010).
1920:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1294:Readings in Ethnomusicology
1189:
1086:
1074:
748:
286:Archaeoacoustic methodology
10:
6998:
6611:British Isles and Brittany
6532:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
3323:History of the harpsichord
3210:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
2877:The World's Earliest Music
2840:Music in Primitive Culture
2212:(in German). 24 June 2009.
1816:10.1038/s41598-023-35700-9
1633:10.1163/156853906775900739
1131:
1058:
1016:
883:
760:
726:
696:
618:
586:
392:
6813:
6626:
6453:
6300:
6296:
6279:
6165:
6129:
5978:
5935:
5931:
5918:
5725:
5556:
5529:
5454:
5380:
5371:
5276:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5184:
5127:
5039:
4944:
4873:
3873:
3859:
3710:
3620:
3502:
3438:
3360:
3303:
3233:
3150:Chinese traditional music
3110:
3060:
3052:
2987:
2924:Prehistoric Music Ireland
2580:DiĂłszegi, Vilmos (1968).
2568:DiĂłszegi, Vilmos (1960).
2555:DeschĂȘnes, Bruno (2002).
2357:10.1017/S0003598X00086282
1989:10.1080/03007760008591767
1977:Popular Music and Society
1745:10.1017/S0003598X00113432
1127:
938:
859:
845:
553:
545:Indus Valley Civilisation
383:
209:most likely involved the
94:Indus Valley civilization
4037:Central African Republic
3580:Computational musicology
3125:Andalusi classical music
2845:Harvard University Press
2602:. Köln: Wienand Verlag.
1484:10.1177/2059204317751971
1248:
518:
482:
447:
388:
6843:Evolutionary musicology
6246:Oldest extant buildings
6173:Archaeological features
5692:Prepared-core technique
4926:Music genres and styles
3225:Western classical music
3195:Persian classical music
2817:Oxford University Press
2591:HoppĂĄl, MihĂĄly (2006).
2018:11 October 2011 at the
1914:Fiona Richards (2007).
1598:10.1163/156853991X00319
1400:10.3389/fsoc.2017.00008
1347:, program notes, page 5
1212:Evolutionary musicology
1019:Music of ancient Greece
680:Traditional instruments
662:musical instrumentation
649:Torres Strait Islanders
507:scale and the six-note
477:
6805:Unchambered long cairn
6653:Mound Builders culture
5986:Neolithic architecture
5121:Prehistoric technology
4906:Classical music genres
3982:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3523:Doctor of Musical Arts
3343:History of the trumpet
3155:Indian classical music
2793:Haik Vantoura, Suzanne
2557:"Inuit Throat-Singing"
2526:Flanagan, Tom (2008).
2109:10.1126/sciadv.abe9510
1387:Frontiers in Sociology
1358:"Inuit Throat-Singing"
1096:
1037:Early Cycladic culture
1014:
904:
825:changing orbital plane
694:
645:Aboriginal Australians
643:includes the music of
637:
563:
525:Indian classical music
513:Chinese musical system
457:
456:Entrance of Haua Fteah
411:with the invention of
261:cooperatively breeding
207:percussion instruments
180:Paleolithic bone flute
101:Indian classical music
6480:List of Stone Age art
5682:Microblade technology
5630:Langdale axe industry
5228:Ard / plough
4732:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4607:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4587:Republic of the Congo
3348:History of the violin
2809:Morley, Iain (2013).
2625:Nattiez, Jean Jacques
1866:10.15184/aqy.2022.170
1207:Neuroscience of music
1094:
1017:Further information:
1012:
891:
692:
628:
561:
511:scale of the ancient
455:
407:credited the goddess
6982:Cognitive musicology
6887:Prehistoric medicine
6882:Prehistoric counting
6865:Prehistoric religion
6860:Paleolithic religion
6838:Behavioral modernity
6195:Causewayed enclosure
6087:Abri de la Madeleine
5211:Neolithic Revolution
4802:United Arab Emirates
3867:
3575:Cognitive musicology
2890:The Origins of Music
2865:, W.W. Norton, 1943.
2686:Parncutt, R (2009).
2496:kingfisher (ACC/CCA)
2464:Patterson, Nancy-Lou
1560:The origins of music
1535:The origins of music
1296:. pp. 293â329.
1202:Behavioral modernity
1117:GeiĂenklösterle cave
971:improve this section
823:Sound modulation by
541:stringed instruments
318:improve this section
86:stringed instruments
6926:Prehistoric warfare
5672:Magdalenian culture
5635:Levallois technique
5566:Earliest toolmaking
4952:Aesthetics of music
4767:Trinidad and Tobago
3902:Antigua and Barbuda
3381:Band (rock and pop)
3305:Musical instruments
3180:Lao classical music
2997:Fumio Koizumi Prize
2879:, Wm. Reeves, 1904.
2789:, Wm. Reeves, 1929.
2655:website curated by
2282:Clint Goss (2012).
2254:"Music for cavemen"
2184:10.1038/nature07995
2176:2009Natur.459..248C
2101:2021SciA....7.9510F
2033:National Geographic
1808:2023NatSR..13.8709D
1477:: 205920431775197.
1471:Music & Science
1428:1989Natur.338..758A
1232:Origins of religion
924:Venus of Hohle Fels
851:Austria and Hungary
531:) are found in the
171:. The oldest known
107:) are found in the
26:) is a term in the
22:(previously called
6877:Origin of language
6870:Spiritual drug use
6780:Rectangular dolmen
6682:Dartmoor kistvaens
6495:Carved stone balls
6207:Circular enclosure
6166:Other architecture
6109:Alp pile dwellings
5697:Solutrean industry
5608:Gravettian culture
5258:Secondary products
5014:Musical instrument
4982:Music and politics
4112:Dominican Republic
3860:By sovereign state
3175:Korean court music
3135:Azerbaijani Mugham
2619:on 8 October 2007.
2561:Musical Traditions
2149:The New York Times
1796:Scientific Reports
1774:The Music of India
1362:www.mustrad.org.uk
1265:The Music of India
1227:Origin of language
1140:different cultures
1097:
1015:
905:
739:musical instrument
709:musical instrument
695:
638:
564:
458:
438:Old Kingdom period
253:handicap principle
141:musical instrument
71:Paleolithic flutes
44:geological history
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6899:Prehistoric music
6848:music archaeology
6505:Cup and ring mark
6330:Clothing/textiles
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5717:Yubetsu technique
5702:Striking platform
5667:Lithic technology
5552:
5551:
5537:Game drive system
5456:Projectile points
5348:Mortar and pestle
5087:
5086:
4972:Music and fashion
4967:Music and emotion
4869:
4868:
4137:Equatorial Guinea
3633:A-side and B-side
3538:Music archaeology
3513:Bachelor of Music
3356:
3355:
3290:Psychedelic music
3285:Progressive music
3205:Scottish CeĂČl MĂłr
3020:
3019:
3002:Prehistoric music
2904:978-0-262-73143-0
2854:978-0-674-59000-7
2826:978-0-19-923408-0
2804:978-2-249-27102-1
2738:Musicae Scientiae
2695:Musicae Scientiae
2657:Jerome Rothenberg
2633:Musical Semiotics
2537:978-0-7735-3443-8
2446:978-0-313-05506-5
2372:"Neanderthal jam"
2170:(7244): 248â252.
1927:978-0-7546-4072-1
1893:978-1-86450-114-8
1660:978-84-932796-1-5
1422:(6218): 758â760.
1027:On the island of
1007:
1006:
999:
787:(0.5 in) to
501:red-crowned crane
487:In 1986, several
401:prehistoric Egypt
354:
353:
346:
56:music archaeology
20:Prehistoric music
6989:
6914:Divje Babe flute
6821:Archaeoastronomy
6564:Petrosomatoglyph
6298:
6297:
6281:
6280:
6130:Water management
5933:
5932:
5920:
5919:
5823:Denticulate tool
5645:Lithic reduction
5378:
5377:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5076:
5075:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5052:Music portal
5050:
5049:
5048:
5004:Music technology
4992:Environmentalism
4945:Related articles
4552:Papua New Guinea
4417:Marshall Islands
3864:
3863:
3810:Central American
3548:Music psychology
3428:Backing vocalist
3265:Electronic music
3108:
3107:
3062:History of music
3047:
3040:
3033:
3024:
3023:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2908:
2875:Smith, Hermann,
2858:
2830:
2761:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2717:. Archived from
2692:
2682:
2673:
2649:available online
2647:These songs are
2644:
2620:
2618:
2612:. Archived from
2597:
2585:
2575:
2564:
2542:
2541:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2498:. Archived from
2488:
2482:
2481:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2089:Science Advances
2080:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1860:(391): 141â157.
1849:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1787:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1739:(302): 769â778.
1728:
1722:
1721:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1592:(3â4): 244â274.
1580:
1574:
1573:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1436:10.1038/338758a0
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1095:Divje Babe flute
1081:Migration Period
1023:Cycladic culture
1002:
995:
991:
988:
982:
951:
943:
935:became extinct.
897:Geissenklösterle
790:
786:
782:
778:
358:archaeoacoustics
349:
342:
338:
335:
329:
298:
290:
75:Divje Babe flute
28:history of music
6997:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6972:Ethnomusicology
6957:
6956:
6955:
6942:
6809:
6795:Stone box grave
6765:Megalithic tomb
6670:Cotswold-Severn
6622:
6527:Guardian stones
6455:Prehistoric art
6449:
6292:
6267:
6256:Timber trackway
6161:
6125:
6121:Wattle and daub
5974:
5953:Standing stones
5927:
5906:
5721:
5548:
5525:
5450:
5367:
5277:Food processing
5272:
5221:New World crops
5193:
5180:
5123:
5118:
5088:
5083:
5060:
5058:
5046:
5044:
5035:
4962:Fictional music
4940:
4865:
4672:Solomon Islands
4517:North Macedonia
3869:
3855:
3717:
3715:regional genres
3714:
3706:
3672:Record producer
3616:
3605:Sociomusicology
3590:Ethnomusicology
3518:Master of Music
3498:
3452:
3434:
3391:All-female band
3374:
3352:
3299:
3236:
3229:
3185:Mandé art music
3160:Byzantine music
3106:
3056:
3051:
3021:
3016:
2992:Ethnochoreology
2983:
2981:Ethnomusicology
2978:
2915:
2905:
2855:
2827:
2768:
2766:Further reading
2733:
2721:
2690:
2616:
2610:
2595:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2368:
2364:
2340:
2333:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2160:
2156:
2141:
2134:
2081:
2077:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2020:Wayback Machine
2008:
2004:
1973:
1969:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1850:
1841:
1788:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1729:
1725:
1702:
1695:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1647:
1640:
1617:
1613:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1463:
1459:
1412:
1408:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1330:DiĂłszegi (1960)
1328:
1324:
1313:
1309:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:Sound symbolism
1237:Prehistoric art
1192:
1136:
1134:Music of Canada
1130:
1125:
1089:
1077:
1061:
1035:culture called
1025:
1003:
992:
986:
983:
968:
952:
941:
886:
866:Charonia lampus
862:
853:
848:
788:
784:
780:
779:(6 in) to
776:
765:
759:
751:
731:
725:
701:
687:
682:
623:
617:
589:
556:
521:
485:
480:
467:
465:Southern Africa
450:
442:end-blown flute
397:
391:
386:
350:
339:
333:
330:
315:
299:
288:
245:Geoffrey Miller
191:Anthropological
121:
77:, a perforated
24:primitive music
17:
12:
11:
5:
6995:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6928:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6904:Alligator drum
6896:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6831:lunar calendar
6828:
6817:
6815:
6814:Other cultural
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6632:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6618:Venus figurine
6615:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6549:Megalithic art
6546:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6502:
6500:Cave paintings
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6302:Material goods
6294:
6293:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6221:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6025:
6020:
6018:Cliff dwelling
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5603:Fire hardening
5600:
5595:
5593:Clovis culture
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5562:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5516:Manis Mastodon
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5460:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5395:throwing stick
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5207:
5205:
5195:
5194:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5069:
5055:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5031:Women in music
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5019:Classification
5011:
5006:
5001:
4999:Music festival
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4979:
4977:Music industry
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4847:Western Sahara
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:United Kingdom
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Czech Republic
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3822:North American
3819:
3818:
3817:
3815:South American
3812:
3805:Latin American
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Middle Eastern
3768:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3720:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Audio engineer
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:New musicology
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:Rhythm section
3393:
3388:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2913:External links
2911:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2883:Wallin, Nils;
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2831:
2825:
2806:
2790:
2783:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2726:
2724:on 2011-06-05.
2683:
2674:
2666:Mithen, Steven
2662:
2661:
2660:
2621:
2608:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2565:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2515:
2483:
2476:
2452:
2445:
2431:Elaine Keillor
2422:
2401:
2389:
2362:
2351:(275): 65â79.
2331:
2299:
2274:
2245:
2215:
2197:
2154:
2132:
2075:
2049:
2038:
2035:. p. 722.
2023:
2002:
1967:
1956:(27): 93â101.
1940:
1926:
1906:
1892:
1871:
1839:
1779:
1765:
1723:
1712:(2): 217â241.
1693:
1666:
1659:
1638:
1627:(2): 159â182.
1611:
1575:
1568:
1550:
1543:
1525:
1522:on 2007-07-05.
1500:
1457:
1406:
1373:
1349:
1345:Nattiez (2014)
1334:
1322:
1307:
1281:
1274:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1132:Main article:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1111:of a juvenile
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1060:
1057:
1005:
1004:
987:September 2017
955:
953:
946:
940:
937:
885:
882:
861:
858:
852:
849:
847:
844:
829:
828:
821:
761:Main article:
758:
755:
750:
747:
727:Main article:
724:
721:
697:Main article:
686:
683:
681:
678:
619:Main article:
616:
613:
588:
585:
577:Plains Indians
555:
552:
548:archaeological
520:
517:
497:Henan Province
484:
481:
479:
476:
466:
463:
449:
446:
440:, such as the
395:Music of Egypt
393:Main article:
390:
387:
385:
382:
352:
351:
302:
300:
293:
287:
284:
195:archaeological
120:
117:
97:archaeological
88:, such as the
61:Findings from
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6994:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6967:Ancient music
6965:
6964:
6962:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:Simple dolmen
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:Passage grave
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6721:Gallery grave
6719:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6636:Burial mounds
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:Statue menhir
6594:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6584:Stone carving
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6423:Sewing needle
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6251:Timber circle
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6200:Tor enclosure
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6188:fulacht fiadh
6186:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:spear-thrower
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5402:Bow and arrow
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Grinding slab
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Domestication
5241:
5239:
5238:Digging stick
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Founder crops
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5157:New Stone Age
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5080:
5079:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Music therapy
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:United States
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Liechtenstein
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Guinea-Bissau
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3713:Cultural and
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:Extended play
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3610:Zoomusicology
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Ecomusicology
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Biomusicology
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Music history
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Improvisation
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Lead vocalist
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:Military band
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Hip hop music
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Country music
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Ottoman music
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2893:. Cambridge:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2885:Merker, Björn
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:Sachs, Curt,
2867:
2864:
2861:Sachs, Curt,
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2843:. Cambridge:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:Engel, Carl,
2784:
2782:
2781:3-89646-640-2
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2609:3-87909-865-4
2605:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2505:on 2008-11-20
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2477:0-02-975610-3
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2397:Flute History
2393:
2377:
2376:The Why Files
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2264:on 2009-06-26
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1569:9780262232067
1565:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1544:9780262232067
1540:
1536:
1529:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1332:, p. 203
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1315:HoppĂĄl (2006)
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1275:9788170173328
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Ancient music
1195:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1001:
998:
990:
980:
976:
972:
966:
965:
961:
956:This section
954:
950:
945:
944:
936:
934:
929:
925:
920:
919:
914:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
857:
843:
841:
839:
832:
826:
822:
820:
819:demonstration
817:Audio/visual
816:
815:
814:
811:
808:
803:
801:
796:
794:
774:
770:
764:
754:
746:
744:
740:
737:is a type of
736:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
707:is a type of
706:
700:
691:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
636:
632:
627:
622:
612:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
584:
582:
581:Kaluli people
578:
574:
569:
568:Eynan-Mallaha
560:
551:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
475:
473:
462:
454:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
396:
381:
379:
378:stone circles
375:
374:chamber tombs
371:
367:
366:ringing rocks
363:
359:
356:The field of
348:
345:
337:
327:
323:
319:
313:
312:
308:
303:This section
301:
297:
292:
291:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:honest signal
246:
242:
240:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
130:sound mimesis
127:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
48:ancient music
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
6898:
6731:wedge-shaped
6716:Funeral pyre
6709:Great dolmen
6665:Chamber tomb
6646:Round barrow
6601:Stone circle
6473:Blombos Cave
6401:Grooved ware
6325:Chalcolithic
6229:Thornborough
6147:Flush toilet
6082:Blombos Cave
6077:Rock shelter
6033:Quiggly hole
5925:Architecture
5900:illustration
5542:Buffalo jump
5363:Storage pits
5326:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
5316:Ground stone
5152:Subdivisions
5071:
5057:
5043:
4832:Vatican City
4782:Turkmenistan
4682:South Africa
4652:Sierra Leone
4632:Saudi Arabia
4007:Burkina Faso
3667:Record label
3553:Music school
3408:Concert band
3318:Angular harp
3245:Circus music
3130:Arabic music
3069:
3001:
2889:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2839:
2835:Nettl, Bruno
2811:
2796:
2786:
2772:
2741:
2737:
2719:the original
2698:
2694:
2678:
2669:
2653:ethnopoetics
2628:
2614:the original
2599:
2581:
2570:
2560:
2527:
2507:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
2486:
2467:
2435:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2412:. 2012-05-25
2404:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2375:
2365:
2348:
2344:
2315:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:
2277:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2235:. 2009-06-25
2230:
2209:
2200:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2148:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2064:(3): 28â35.
2061:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2011:
2005:
1983:(2): 45â73.
1980:
1976:
1970:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1916:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1881:
1874:
1857:
1853:
1799:
1795:
1773:
1768:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1709:
1705:
1682:(1): 31â64.
1679:
1675:
1669:
1650:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1534:
1528:
1517:the original
1503:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1325:
1310:
1293:
1264:
1257:
1222:Onomatopoeia
1184:animal hides
1154:. They made
1137:
1123:The Americas
1098:
1078:
1062:
1041:double flute
1026:
993:
984:
969:Please help
957:
933:Neanderthals
916:
906:
863:
854:
835:
833:
830:
804:
800:aerodynamics
797:
766:
752:
732:
702:
640:
639:
606:
590:
565:
528:
522:
486:
468:
459:
398:
355:
340:
334:October 2021
331:
316:Please help
304:
243:
236:
184:
138:
122:
115:scriptures.
104:
60:
34:produced in
23:
19:
18:
6753:unchambered
6748:Long barrow
6738:Grave goods
6694:Court cairn
6689:Clava cairn
6641:Bowl barrow
6579:Rock cupule
6522:Golden hats
6515:Hill figure
6416:Unstan ware
6396:Cord-marked
6261:Sweet Track
6183:Burnt mound
6104:Stilt house
6092:Sibudu Cave
5885:Tally stick
5853:Quern-stone
5838:Hammerstone
5828:Fire plough
5799:Pesse canoe
5757:Bannerstone
5727:Other tools
5640:Lithic core
5588:Aurignacian
5476:Bare Island
5358:Quern-stone
4936:Terminology
4916:Instruments
4722:Switzerland
4692:South Sudan
4687:South Korea
4612:Saint Lucia
4567:Philippines
4512:North Korea
4492:New Zealand
4487:Netherlands
4292:Ivory Coast
4132:El Salvador
3877:Afghanistan
3844:Micronesian
3645:Compilation
3558:Composition
3448:Composition
3413:Disc jockey
3386:Backup band
3313:Arched Harp
3070:Prehistoric
3012:World music
2744:: 291â320.
2210:Spektrum.de
2062:Archaeology
2046:Inuit Music
1802:(1): 8709.
1494:1885/162771
1178:and wood.
1170:along with
1158:and animal
1099:The oldest
893:Aurignacian
870:Magdalenian
609:lithophones
370:lithophones
362:soundscapes
227:bullroarers
187:Paleolithic
173:Neanderthal
159:through to
145:human voice
90:Ravanahatha
63:Paleolithic
36:preliterate
6977:Prehistory
6961:Categories
6892:trepanning
6785:Ring cairn
6743:Jar burial
6726:transepted
6658:U.S. sites
6559:Petroglyph
6485:Bird stone
6443:wine press
6116:Stone roof
6099:Roundhouse
5991:long house
5968:Stonehenge
5936:Ceremonial
5880:Stone tool
5707:Tool stone
5677:Metallurgy
5581:Mousterian
5558:Toolmaking
5496:Cumberland
5469:Transverse
5439:Schöningen
5331:Qesem cave
5299:Earth oven
5253:Irrigation
5164:Technology
5132:Prehistory
4822:Uzbekistan
4742:Tajikistan
4647:Seychelles
4627:San Marino
4462:Mozambique
4452:Montenegro
4422:Mauritania
4387:Madagascar
4382:Luxembourg
4337:Kyrgyzstan
4312:Kazakhstan
4117:East Timor
4067:Costa Rica
4032:Cape Verde
3942:Bangladesh
3927:Azerbaijan
3849:Polynesian
3839:Melanesian
3621:Production
3600:Organology
3565:Musicology
3295:Soul music
3250:Folk music
3235:Vernacular
2815:. Oxford:
2549:References
2509:2009-10-28
2416:2019-02-24
2318:(3): 6â9.
2293:2012-01-09
2288:Flutopedia
2268:2009-06-26
2239:2009-06-26
1753:A127538849
1367:2019-02-24
1317:, p.
1174:of carved
1172:drumsticks
911:cave near
909:Hohle Fels
838:Bullroarer
763:Bullroarer
757:Bullroarer
743:drumsticks
723:Clapsticks
717:eucalyptus
705:didgeridoo
699:Didgeridoo
685:Didgeridoo
674:New Guinea
670:Australian
509:Qing Shang
274:, such as
111:, ancient
40:prehistory
38:cultures (
6936:symbolism
6800:Tor cairn
6758:GrĂžnsalen
6699:Cremation
6591:Sculpture
6569:Pictogram
6554:Petroform
6374:amber use
6342:Cosmetics
6152:Reservoir
6137:Check dam
6067:Pueblitos
6062:Pit-house
6045:Longhouse
5979:Dwellings
5848:Microlith
5779:Bow drill
5774:Bone tool
5767:prismatic
5576:Acheulean
5491:Cresswell
5464:Arrowhead
5390:Boomerang
5306:Granaries
5268:Terracing
5147:Stone Age
4957:Album era
4837:Venezuela
4702:Sri Lanka
4657:Singapore
4542:Palestine
4497:Nicaragua
4427:Mauritius
4377:Lithuania
4262:Indonesia
4217:Guatemala
3917:Australia
3907:Argentina
3827:Caribbean
3781:Southeast
3506:and study
3504:Education
3494:Technique
3370:Ensembles
3280:Pop music
3112:Art music
3090:Religious
2895:MIT Press
2715:143590098
2651:from the
2641:892647446
2345:Antiquity
1997:190738751
1854:Antiquity
1760:217572037
1733:Antiquity
1621:Behaviour
1586:Behaviour
1168:birchbark
1152:new world
1113:cave bear
1053:mythology
1033:Neolithic
958:does not
735:clapstick
729:Clapstick
713:aerophone
615:Australia
573:Sun Dance
405:Egyptians
305:does not
268:Australia
264:songbirds
239:motherese
219:phalanges
157:whistling
126:acoustics
79:cave bear
6574:Rock art
6537:painting
6510:Geoglyph
6335:timeline
6315:Beadwork
6055:Mehrgarh
6050:Mudbrick
5958:megalith
5833:Fire-saw
5655:debitage
5650:analysis
5618:Hand axe
5598:Cupstone
5176:Glossary
5137:Timeline
5078:Category
4891:Timeline
4862:Zimbabwe
4752:Thailand
4747:Tanzania
4712:Suriname
4667:Slovenia
4662:Slovakia
4577:Portugal
4557:Paraguay
4532:Pakistan
4447:Mongolia
4402:Maldives
4397:Malaysia
4322:Kiribati
4242:Honduras
4157:Ethiopia
4152:Eswatini
4107:Dominica
4102:Djibouti
4057:Colombia
4022:Cameroon
4017:Cambodia
4002:Bulgaria
3987:Botswana
3947:Barbados
3834:Oceanian
3788:European
3744:Southern
3677:Sampling
3469:Notation
3403:Big band
3365:Musician
3095:Biblical
2837:(1956).
2795:(1976).
2758:39481097
2668:(2006).
2627:(2014).
2466:(1973).
2382:14 March
2232:BBC News
2192:19444215
2127:33568488
2016:Archived
1962:23164573
1834:37296190
1825:10256695
1756:ProQuest
1190:See also
1148:Chanting
1105:Slovenia
1087:Slovenia
1075:Slovakia
749:Gum leaf
657:cultural
607:Several
430:clappers
251:and the
223:whistles
211:clapping
199:hominins
165:coughing
161:clicking
143:was the
30:for all
6931:Symbols
6542:pigment
6428:Weaving
6391:Cardium
6386:Pottery
6381:Mirrors
6369:Jewelry
6310:Baskets
6290:culture
6142:Cistern
5948:Pyramid
5890:Weapons
5868:Scraper
5858:Racloir
5818:Cleaver
5806:Chopper
5712:Uniface
5623:Grooves
5613:Hafting
5571:Oldowan
5530:Systems
5481:Cascade
5444:woomera
5434:harpoon
5407:history
5373:Hunting
5353:Pottery
5294:Cooking
5203:Farming
5169:history
5142:Outline
4987:Warfare
4886:Outline
4842:Vietnam
4827:Vanuatu
4817:Uruguay
4797:Ukraine
4772:Tunisia
4677:Somalia
4637:Senegal
4592:Romania
4507:Nigeria
4472:Namibia
4467:Myanmar
4457:Morocco
4437:Moldova
4362:Liberia
4357:Lesotho
4352:Lebanon
4297:Jamaica
4277:Ireland
4252:Iceland
4247:Hungary
4212:Grenada
4197:Germany
4192:Georgia
4172:Finland
4147:Estonia
4142:Eritrea
4122:Ecuador
4097:Denmark
4072:Croatia
4062:Comoros
4012:Burundi
3977:Bolivia
3957:Belgium
3952:Belarus
3937:Bahrain
3932:Bahamas
3922:Austria
3912:Armenia
3892:Andorra
3887:Algeria
3882:Albania
3761:Central
3729:Central
3724:African
3484:Singing
3102:Secular
3085:Martial
3075:Ancient
2872:, 1965.
2172:Bibcode
2118:7875526
2097:Bibcode
1804:Bibcode
1606:4534967
1452:4309147
1444:2716823
1424:Bibcode
1302:2780256
1176:antlers
1164:rattles
1142:and of
1069:Ireland
1065:Wicklow
1059:Ireland
979:removed
964:sources
884:Germany
807:vibrato
785:1.25 cm
769:airfoil
600:, or a
598:ÄĂ n brá»
587:Vietnam
575:of the
550:sites.
505:Xia Zhi
326:removed
311:sources
276:magpies
257:dancing
169:yawning
153:humming
149:singing
67:carving
6909:flutes
6704:Dolmen
6628:Burial
6438:winery
6411:Linear
6241:Midden
6219:Cursus
6212:Goseck
6072:Pueblo
6023:Dugout
6008:Burdei
5687:Mining
5511:Lamoka
5506:Folsom
5486:Clovis
5343:Metate
5321:Hearth
5289:Basket
5263:Sickle
4896:Albums
4857:Zambia
4792:Uganda
4787:Tuvalu
4777:Turkey
4737:Taiwan
4717:Sweden
4642:Serbia
4602:Rwanda
4597:Russia
4572:Poland
4547:Panama
4522:Norway
4442:Monaco
4432:Mexico
4392:Malawi
4347:Latvia
4332:Kuwait
4327:Kosovo
4307:Jordan
4282:Israel
4232:Guyana
4222:Guinea
4207:Greece
4187:Gambia
4177:France
4082:Cyprus
4027:Canada
3997:Brunei
3992:Brazil
3972:Bhutan
3962:Belize
3897:Angola
3868:
3798:Nordic
3793:Balkan
3628:Single
3533:Method
3479:Lyrics
3443:Theory
2901:
2851:
2823:
2802:
2779:
2756:
2713:
2639:
2606:
2534:
2474:
2443:
2190:
2164:Nature
2125:
2115:
1995:
1960:
1933:13 May
1924:
1899:13 May
1890:
1832:
1822:
1758:
1751:
1657:
1604:
1566:
1541:
1450:
1442:
1416:Nature
1300:
1272:
1156:gourds
1128:Canada
939:Greece
931:while
918:Nature
901:Swabia
860:France
846:Europe
775:about
653:social
635:Sydney
594:bridge
554:Israel
461:bird.
425:Bastet
421:Osiris
417:Hathor
384:Africa
272:Africa
229:, and
215:rhythm
203:noises
201:. The
6826:sites
6770:Mummy
6490:Cairn
6406:JĆmon
6357:shoes
6352:Hides
6224:Henge
6178:Broch
6040:Jacal
5895:Wheel
5843:Knife
5789:Canoe
5784:Burin
5762:Blade
5660:flake
5521:Plano
5429:baton
5419:Spear
5385:Arrow
5338:Manos
5191:Tools
4931:Songs
4881:Index
4874:Lists
4852:Yemen
4762:Tonga
4727:Syria
4707:Sudan
4697:Spain
4622:Samoa
4582:Qatar
4537:Palau
4502:Niger
4482:Nepal
4477:Nauru
4412:Malta
4367:Libya
4317:Kenya
4302:Japan
4287:Italy
4257:India
4237:Haiti
4202:Ghana
4182:Gabon
4127:Egypt
4052:China
4047:Chile
3967:Benin
3776:South
3756:Asian
3739:North
3702:Remix
3697:Cover
3655:Remix
3464:Genre
3333:Nafir
3255:Blues
3237:music
3080:Dance
3054:Music
2754:S2CID
2734:(PDF)
2722:(PDF)
2711:S2CID
2691:(PDF)
2617:(PDF)
2596:(PDF)
2503:(PDF)
2316:ICONI
2258:MSNBC
2095:(7).
2012:Music
1993:S2CID
1958:JSTOR
1602:JSTOR
1520:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1448:S2CID
1249:Notes
1180:Drums
1162:into
1160:horns
1109:femur
1101:flute
1029:Keros
928:human
810:sound
781:60 cm
777:15 cm
537:Hindu
533:Vedas
529:marga
519:India
493:Jiahu
483:China
472:mbira
448:Libya
434:flute
432:or a
413:music
389:Egypt
231:rasps
189:era.
176:hyoid
113:Hindu
109:Vedas
105:marga
82:femur
32:music
6919:gudi
6677:Cist
6606:list
6433:Wine
6362:Ătzi
6347:Glue
6320:Beds
6288:and
6286:Arts
6157:Well
6013:Cave
5943:Kiva
5873:side
5863:Rope
5811:tool
5745:bone
5735:Adze
5501:Eden
5414:Nets
5284:Fire
5248:Goad
5233:Celt
5024:Folk
4757:Togo
4562:Peru
4527:Oman
4407:Mali
4342:Laos
4272:Iraq
4267:Iran
4167:Fiji
4077:Cuba
4042:Chad
3766:East
3749:West
3734:East
3650:Live
3489:Song
3459:Form
3275:Jazz
2899:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2821:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2637:OCLC
2604:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2384:2006
2188:PMID
2123:PMID
1935:2013
1922:ISBN
1901:2013
1888:ISBN
1830:PMID
1749:Gale
1655:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1440:PMID
1298:OCLC
1270:ISBN
1049:harp
1045:lyre
1021:and
962:any
960:cite
874:apex
836:see
793:cord
789:5 cm
773:wood
647:and
602:K'ni
489:gudi
478:Asia
376:and
368:and
309:any
307:cite
278:and
270:and
225:"),
193:and
167:and
155:and
52:folk
6028:Hut
5963:row
5794:Oar
5752:Axe
5740:Awl
3528:PhD
2746:doi
2703:doi
2353:doi
2320:doi
2180:doi
2168:459
2113:PMC
2105:doi
2066:doi
1985:doi
1862:doi
1820:PMC
1812:doi
1741:doi
1714:doi
1684:doi
1629:doi
1625:143
1594:doi
1590:118
1489:hdl
1479:doi
1432:doi
1420:338
1395:doi
1319:143
1047:or
973:by
913:Ulm
878:lip
633:in
495:in
409:Bat
399:In
320:by
266:of
6963::
2897:.
2847:.
2819:.
2752:.
2742:13
2740:.
2736:.
2709:.
2699:13
2697:.
2693:.
2559:.
2518:^
2494:.
2455:^
2374:.
2349:72
2347:.
2334:^
2314:.
2302:^
2286:.
2256:.
2229:.
2218:^
2186:.
2178:.
2166:.
2147:.
2135:^
2121:.
2111:.
2103:.
2091:.
2087:.
2052:^
1991:.
1981:24
1979:.
1954:27
1952:.
1858:97
1856:.
1842:^
1828:.
1818:.
1810:.
1800:13
1798:.
1794:.
1782:^
1747:.
1737:78
1735:.
1710:55
1708:.
1696:^
1680:48
1678:.
1641:^
1623:.
1600:.
1588:.
1487:.
1473:.
1469:.
1446:.
1438:.
1430:.
1418:.
1393:.
1389:.
1385:.
1360:.
1337:^
1284:^
1067:,
1055:.
733:A
703:A
655:,
515:.
282:.
163:,
151:,
58:.
5113:e
5106:t
5099:v
3046:e
3039:t
3032:v
2973:e
2966:t
2959:v
2907:.
2857:.
2829:.
2760:.
2748::
2705::
2672:.
2659:.
2643:.
2540:.
2512:.
2480:.
2449:.
2419:.
2386:.
2359:.
2355::
2328:.
2322::
2296:.
2271:.
2242:.
2194:.
2182::
2174::
2151:.
2129:.
2107::
2099::
2093:7
2072:.
2068::
1999:.
1987::
1964:.
1937:.
1903:.
1868:.
1864::
1836:.
1814::
1806::
1762:.
1743::
1720:.
1716::
1690:.
1686::
1663:.
1635:.
1631::
1608:.
1596::
1572:.
1547:.
1497:.
1491::
1481::
1475:1
1454:.
1434::
1426::
1403:.
1397::
1391:2
1370:.
1304:.
1278:.
1000:)
994:(
989:)
985:(
981:.
967:.
899:(
840:)
827:.
527:(
347:)
341:(
336:)
332:(
328:.
314:.
103:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.