448:
709:) is found instead, and this forces to interpret the sentence by inferring an implicit event ("reading", "writing", or other prototypical actions performed on a book). The problem for compositionality is that the meaning of reading or writing is not present in the words of the sentence, neither in "begin" nor in "book".
574:
parts and a top-level syntactic function that describes their combination. Weak compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by the meaning of its parts as well as their complete syntactic combination. However, there can also be further gradations in between these two extremes.
657:
principle to guide the development of theories of syntax and semantics. The
Principle of Compositionality has been attacked in all three spheres, although so far none of the criticisms brought against it have been generally regarded as compelling. Most proponents of the principle, however, make
586:, are the rules of composition. The sentence "Socrates was a man", for example, becomes "S was a M" once the meaningful lexical itemsâ"Socrates" and "man"âare taken away. The task of finding the rules of composition, then becomes a matter of describing what the connection between S and M is.
716:
purely on the basis of words and their composition, yet a phrase used sarcastically means something completely different from the same phrase uttered straightforwardly. Thus, some theorists argue that the principle has to be revised to take into account linguistic and extralinguistic
608:
should be associated with an operation of the semantics that acts on the meanings of the constituents combined by the syntactic operation. As a guideline for constructing semantic theories, this is generally taken, as in the influential work on the philosophy of language by
575:
This is possible, if one not only allows the meaning of immediate parts but also the meaning of the second-highest parts (third-highest parts, fourth-highest parts, etc.) together with functions that describes their respective combinations.
641:
The principle of compositionality has been the subject of intense debate. Indeed, there is no general agreement as to how the principle is to be interpreted, although there have been several attempts to provide formal definitions of it.
617:
with an operator in the semantics that specifies how the meaning of the whole expression is built from constituents combined by the syntactic rule. In some general mathematical theories (especially those in the tradition of
1183:
539:
Discussion of compositionality started to appear at the beginning of the 19th century, during which it was debated whether what was most fundamental in language was compositionality or
500:
is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them. The principle is also called
1848:
1091:
570:
It is possible to distinguish different levels of compositionality. Strong compositionality refers to compound expressions that are determined by the meaning of its
508:
is widely credited for the first modern formulation of it. However, the principle has never been explicitly stated by Frege, and arguably it was already assumed by
777:
712:
Further, in the context of the philosophy of language, the principle of compositionality does not explain all of meaning. For example, you cannot infer
682:
1221:
567:, stating: "The meaning of a compound expression is a function of the meanings of its parts and of the way they are syntactically combined."
2787:
1117:
988:". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published Thu Apr 8, 2004; substantive revision Fri Dec 7, 2012
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721:, which includes the tone of voice used, common ground between the speakers, the intentions of the speaker, and so on.
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An investigation of the laws of thought: on which are founded the mathematical theories of logic and probabilities
669:, while it becomes more problematic and questionable when the complexity increase is due to sentence or discourse
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The principle of compositionality usually holds when only syntactic factors play in the increased complexity of
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Among the most prominent linguistic problems that challenge the principle of compositionality are the issues of
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Scholars are also divided as to whether the principle should be regarded as a factual claim, open to
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622:), this guideline is taken to mean that the interpretation of a language is essentially given by a
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519:) is highly debated in linguistics. Among its most challenging problems there are the issues of
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1015:. In Sixth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (* SEM 2017) (pp. 168-177).
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1033:
Ray
Jackendoff. 1997. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
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146:
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never adhered to the principle of compositionality as it is known today (Frege endorsed the
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681:. Among the problematic phenomena for traditional theories of compositionality is that of
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613:, to mean that every construct of the syntax should be associated by a clause of the
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between an algebra of syntactic representations and an algebra of semantic objects.
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2003:
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On a sentence level, the principle claims that what remains if one removes the
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240:
1340:
814:
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2383:
2217:
1998:
1613:
1518:
1513:
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1375:
1350:
1315:
1024:
James
Pustejovsky. 1995. The Generative Lexicon. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
932:
650:
552:
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505:
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1380:
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1360:
1096:
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509:
283:
73:
1190:
Werning, Markus; & Wolfram Hinzen, & Edouard
Machery (Eds., 2012)
1181:
Werning, Markus; & Edouard
Machery, & Gerhard Schurz (Eds., 2004)
2591:
2565:
2448:
2212:
2139:
1983:
1948:
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435:
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31:
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1988:
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1455:
1430:
1355:
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629:
The principle of compositionality also exists in a similar form in the
405:
88:
705:) an event as its argument, but in a logical metonymy an object (i.e.
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2358:
2283:
2262:
2192:
2144:
2124:
2020:
1729:
1669:
1548:
1528:
1280:
1275:
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659:
646:
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563:
A common formulation of the principle of compositionality comes from
528:
489:
380:
375:
211:
201:
93:
83:
1101:
1012:
Logical metonymy in a distributional model of sentence comprehension
909:"Hierarchical structure in language and action: A formal comparison"
2453:
2242:
1993:
1684:
1305:
1265:
685:, which has been studied at least since the mid 1990s by linguists
614:
1704:
1260:
907:
Coopmans, Cas W.; Kaushik, Karthikeya; Martin, Andrea E. (2023).
713:
1849:
An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
1784:
605:
98:
2318:
1270:
604:
It is frequently taken to mean that every operation of the
1009:
Chersoni, E., Lenci, A., & Blache, P. (2017, August).
1046:
Baggio, G., Van
Lambalgen, M., & Hagoort, P. (2012)
653:, obvious from the nature of language and meaning; or a
2084:
1115:
Ferreira, F., Bailey, K. G., & Ferraro, V. (2002).
551:
instead), and the first to explicitly formulate it was
1118:
Good-enough representations in language comprehension
1067:, in M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.),
1052:, in M. Werning, W. Hinzen, & E. Machery (Eds.),
906:
839:
837:
778:
Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)
1131:
The âgood enoughâapproach to language comprehension
834:
515:The principle of compositionality (also known as
2759:
2551:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
948:
1102:The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1049:The processing consequences of compositionality
1005:
1003:
951:"Compositionality I: Definitions and Variants"
543:, and compositionality was usually preferred.
2070:
1215:
469:
1000:
888:Partee, Barbara (1984). "Compositionality".
768:— another problem for compositionality
1184:The Compositionality of Meaning and Content
1123:Current directions in psychological science
980:
978:
976:
2077:
2063:
1939:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
1229:
1222:
1208:
1128:Ferreira, F., & Patson, N. D. (2007).
1084:Journal of Logic, Language and Information
1073:, pp. 19â46, Oxford University Press.
803:Journal of Logic, Language and Information
476:
462:
796:
631:compositionality of programming languages
973:
863:"Compositionality: Its Historic Context"
693:. Logical metonymies are sentences like
1193:The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality
1070:The Oxford handbook of compositionality
1055:The Oxford handbook of compositionality
949:Pagin, Peter; WesterstÄhl, Dag (2010).
875:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199541072.013.0001
860:
2760:
1064:Compositionality: Its historic context
887:
799:"Did Frege Believe Frege's Principle?"
16:Principle in linguistics about meaning
2506:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
2058:
1203:
1079:Did Frege believe Fregeâs principle?
944:
942:
856:
854:
852:
366:Conservative and innovative language
2788:Formal semantics (natural language)
2419:Quantificational variability effect
2086:Formal semantics (natural language)
1153:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
867:Oxford handbook of compositionality
13:
1109:
997:Baggio et al. (2012), Conclusions.
797:Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2001).
597:, and the non compositionality of
527:, and the non-compositionality of
14:
2799:
1141:
1089:Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2016)
1076:Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (2001)
939:
849:
662:expressions in natural language.
1136:Language and Linguistics Compass
967:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00228.x
774:— in programming languages
446:
1027:
1018:
2501:Combinatory categorial grammar
1879:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
991:
984:SzabĂł, ZoltĂĄn Gendler (2012) "
900:
881:
821:
790:
593:, the non compositionality of
523:, the non-compositionality of
1:
2279:Antecedent-contained deletion
1760:Principle of compositionality
1040:
890:Varieties of formal semantics
512:decades before Frege's work.
498:principle of compositionality
496:and related disciplines, the
1909:Philosophical Investigations
741:Semantics (computer science)
636:
306:Functional discourse grammar
172:Ethnography of communication
7:
1750:Modality (natural language)
724:
558:
426:Second-language acquisition
10:
2804:
2783:Syntaxâsemantics interface
2160:Syntaxâsemantics interface
1889:Language, Truth, and Logic
1629:Theological noncognitivism
1514:Contrast theory of meaning
1509:Causal theory of reference
1240:Index of language articles
761:Levels of Processing model
534:
104:Syntaxâsemantics interface
2694:
2652:Question under discussion
2602:Conversational scoreboard
2579:
2483:
2476:
2379:Intersective modification
2364:Homogeneity (linguistics)
2271:
2180:
2173:
2092:
2029:
1974:Philosophy of information
1961:
1810:
1662:
1574:Mediated reference theory
1499:
1246:
1237:
1196:, Oxford University Press
1092:Semantic Compositionality
843:Pelletier (2016) section
517:semantic compositionalism
416:Philosophy of linguistics
316:Interactional linguistics
2712:Distributional semantics
1899:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1187:, Vol. I & II, Ontos
783:
772:Referential transparency
2707:Computational semantics
2444:Subsective modification
2248:Propositional attitudes
1700:Useâmention distinction
1544:Direct reference theory
1142:SzabĂł, ZoltĂĄn Gendler.
815:10.1023/A:1026594023292
658:certain exceptions for
2778:Philosophy of language
2737:Philosophy of language
2374:Inalienable possession
2354:Free choice inferences
2349:Faultless disagreement
2120:Generalized quantifier
1634:Theory of descriptions
1569:Linguistic determinism
1231:Philosophy of language
1061:Janssen, T. M. (2012)
861:Janssen, Theo (2012).
582:parts of a meaningful
253:Theoretical frameworks
207:Philosophy of language
187:History of linguistics
2632:Plural quantification
2526:Inquisitive semantics
2491:Alternative semantics
1745:Mental representation
1680:Linguistic relativity
1564:Inquisitive semantics
831:. Walton and Maberly.
731:Componential analysis
595:idiomatic expressions
525:idiomatic expressions
147:Conversation analysis
2617:Function application
2424:Responsive predicate
2414:Privative adjectives
1929:Naming and Necessity
1839:De Arte Combinatoria
1638:Definite description
1599:Semantic externalism
1158:(2004) revisions in
913:Psychological Review
751:Garden-path sentence
391:Internet linguistics
301:Construction grammar
2702:Cognitive semantics
2667:Strawson entailment
2612:Existential closure
2556:Situation semantics
2459:Temperature paradox
2429:Rising declaratives
2394:Modal subordination
2369:Hurford disjunction
2329:Discourse relations
1979:Philosophical logic
1969:Analytic philosophy
1775:Sense and reference
1654:Verification theory
1609:Situation semantics
1058:(pp. 655â672).
695:John began the book
667:sentence processing
326:Systemic functional
121:Applied linguistics
63:General linguistics
2747:Semantics of logic
2672:Strict conditional
2642:Quantifier raising
2607:Downward entailing
2587:Autonomy of syntax
2516:Generative grammar
2496:Categorial grammar
2434:Scalar implicature
2339:Epistemic modality
2314:De dicto and de re
1829:Port-Royal Grammar
1725:Family resemblance
1644:Theory of language
1619:Supposition theory
1144:"Compositionality"
955:Philosophy Compass
925:10.1037/rev0000429
827:Boole, G. (1854).
746:Semantics of logic
494:mathematical logic
431:Theory of language
401:Origin of language
356:Autonomy of syntax
311:Grammaticalization
157:Discourse analysis
152:Corpus linguistics
2755:
2754:
2727:Logic translation
2690:
2689:
2682:Universal grinder
2662:Squiggle operator
2622:Meaning postulate
2561:Supervaluationism
2531:Intensional logic
2511:Dynamic semantics
2472:
2471:
2304:Crossover effects
2253:Tenseâaspectâmood
2233:Lexical semantics
2052:
2051:
1554:Dynamic semantics
845:"12 This Chapter"
736:Context principle
697:, where the verb
687:James Pustejovsky
549:context principle
502:Frege's principle
486:
485:
274:Distributionalism
217:Psycholinguistics
2795:
2732:Linguistics wars
2657:Semantic parsing
2546:Montague grammar
2481:
2480:
2324:Deontic modality
2178:
2177:
2165:Truth conditions
2100:Compositionality
2093:Central concepts
2079:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2014:Formal semantics
1962:Related articles
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1594:Relevance theory
1589:Phallogocentrism
1224:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1157:
1148:Zalta, Edward N.
1138:, 1(1â2), 71-83.
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1007:
998:
995:
989:
986:Compositionality
982:
971:
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946:
937:
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904:
898:
897:
885:
879:
878:
858:
847:
841:
832:
825:
819:
818:
794:
683:logical metonymy
620:Montague grammar
478:
471:
464:
450:
396:LGBT linguistics
386:Internationalism
361:Compositionality
222:Sociolinguistics
197:Neurolinguistics
192:Interlinguistics
177:Ethnomethodology
19:
18:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2686:
2575:
2536:Lambda calculus
2468:
2439:Sloppy identity
2399:Opaque contexts
2334:Donkey anaphora
2299:Counterfactuals
2267:
2169:
2088:
2083:
2053:
2048:
2025:
2004:School of Names
1957:
1952:
1942:
1932:
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1919:Of Grammatology
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1806:
1658:
1604:Semantic holism
1584:Non-cognitivism
1524:Conventionalism
1495:
1242:
1233:
1228:
1125:, 11(1), 11-15.
1112:
1110:Further reading
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756:Initial algebra
727:
675:semantic memory
639:
611:Donald Davidson
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241:Writing systems
132:Anthropological
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2722:Inferentialism
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2717:Formal grammar
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2637:Possible world
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2521:Glue semantics
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2484:Formal systems
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2409:Polarity items
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2296:
2294:Conservativity
2291:
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2260:
2258:Quantification
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2135:Presupposition
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1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Presupposition
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
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1666:
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1660:
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1656:
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1626:
1621:
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1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:Deconstruction
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
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1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
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1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1139:
1126:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1087:
1074:
1059:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1017:
999:
990:
972:
961:(3): 250â264.
938:
919:(4): 935â952.
899:
880:
848:
833:
820:
788:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
775:
769:
766:Opaque context
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
726:
723:
703:subcategorizes
691:Ray Jackendoff
655:methodological
651:analytic truth
638:
635:
565:Barbara Partee
560:
557:
536:
533:
484:
483:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
455:
454:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
421:Prescriptivism
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
349:
348:
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328:
323:
318:
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308:
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288:
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266:
255:
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101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
55:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2800:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
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2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2745:
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2730:
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2725:
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2705:
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2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2680:
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2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
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2640:
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2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
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2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
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2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
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2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
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2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
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2475:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
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2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Performatives
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Logophoricity
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
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2347:
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2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
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2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
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2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Evidentiality
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Scholasticism
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1851:
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1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:
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1826:
1821:
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1809:
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1768:
1766:
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1736:
1733:
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1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
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1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Structuralism
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Descriptivism
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:Contrastivism
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1030:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1004:
994:
987:
981:
979:
977:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
943:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
846:
840:
838:
830:
824:
816:
812:
809:(1): 87â114.
808:
804:
800:
793:
789:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
722:
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
656:
652:
648:
643:
634:
632:
627:
625:
621:
616:
612:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:contextuality
587:
585:
581:
576:
573:
568:
566:
556:
554:
553:Rudolf Carnap
550:
546:
545:Gottlob Frege
542:
541:contextuality
532:
530:
526:
522:
521:contextuality
518:
513:
511:
507:
506:Gottlob Frege
503:
499:
495:
491:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
459:
457:
456:
453:
449:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:Descriptivism
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
347:
346:
339:
338:Structuralism
336:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Prague circle
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Documentation
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
142:Computational
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
118:
117:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
60:
59:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
39:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2677:Type shifter
2647:Quantization
2597:Continuation
2464:Veridicality
2344:Exhaustivity
2309:Cumulativity
2228:Indexicality
2208:Definiteness
2203:Conditionals
2130:Logical form
2099:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1799:
1759:
1740:Metalanguage
1735:Logical form
1690:Truth-bearer
1649:Unilalianism
1559:Expressivism
1386:Wittgenstein
1331:von Humboldt
1248:Philosophers
1191:
1182:
1151:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1105:, Oxford UP.
1100:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1029:
1020:
1010:
993:
958:
954:
916:
912:
902:
893:
889:
883:
866:
844:
828:
823:
806:
802:
792:
711:
706:
698:
694:
679:sensory cues
664:
649:testing; an
644:
640:
628:
624:homomorphism
603:
588:
577:
571:
569:
562:
538:
516:
514:
510:George Boole
501:
497:
487:
360:
284:Glossematics
264:Constituency
236:interpreting
74:Lexicography
2592:Context set
2566:Type theory
2449:Subtrigging
2213:Disjunction
2140:Proposition
1984:Linguistics
1949:Limited Inc
1869:On Denoting
1695:Proposition
1346:de Saussure
1311:Ibn Khaldun
436:Terminology
411:Orthography
331:Usage-based
232:Translating
127:Acquisition
32:Linguistics
2773:Principles
2762:Categories
2742:Pragmatics
2389:Mirativity
2155:Speech act
2110:Entailment
2105:Denotation
2044:Discussion
2039:Task Force
1989:Pragmatics
1780:Speech act
1710:Categories
1624:Symbiosism
1579:Nominalism
1491:Watzlawick
1371:Bloomfield
1291:Chrysippus
1097:M. Aronoff
1086:10:87â114.
1041:References
896:: 281â311.
701:requires (
599:quotations
529:quotations
504:, because
406:Orismology
291:Functional
279:Generative
269:Dependency
89:Pragmatics
79:Morphology
69:Diachronic
2768:Semantics
2541:Mereology
2477:Formalism
2359:Givenness
2284:Cataphora
2272:Phenomena
2263:Vagueness
2193:Ambiguity
2145:Reference
2125:Intension
2115:Extension
2021:Semiotics
2009:Semantics
1859:Alciphron
1795:Statement
1730:Intension
1670:Ambiguity
1549:Dramatism
1529:Cratylism
1281:Eubulides
1276:Aristotle
1256:Confucius
933:1939-1471
869:: 19â46.
660:idiomatic
647:empirical
637:Critiques
572:immediate
555:in 1947.
490:semantics
381:Iconicity
376:Etymology
296:Cognitive
259:Formalist
212:Phonetics
202:Philology
94:Semantics
84:Phonology
2695:See also
2580:Concepts
2454:Telicity
2289:Coercion
2243:Negation
2238:Modality
2188:Anaphora
2034:Category
1994:Rhetoric
1819:Cratylus
1790:Sentence
1765:Property
1685:Language
1663:Concepts
1501:Theories
1466:Strawson
1451:Davidson
1441:Hintikka
1436:Anscombe
1381:Vygotsky
1336:Mauthner
1306:Averroes
1296:Zhuangzi
1286:Diodorus
1266:Cratylus
725:See also
707:the book
699:to begin
615:T-schema
584:sentence
559:Overview
182:Forensic
162:Distance
109:Typology
24:a series
22:Part of
2198:Binding
1801:more...
1705:Concept
1446:Dummett
1421:Gadamer
1416:Chomsky
1401:Derrida
1391:Russell
1376:Bergson
1361:Tillich
1321:Leibniz
1261:Gorgias
1150:(ed.).
719:context
714:sarcasm
671:context
580:lexical
535:History
137:Applied
47:History
42:Outline
2627:Monads
2174:Topics
1953:(1988)
1943:(1982)
1933:(1980)
1923:(1967)
1913:(1953)
1903:(1951)
1893:(1936)
1883:(1921)
1873:(1905)
1863:(1732)
1853:(1668)
1843:(1666)
1833:(1660)
1823:(n.d.)
1785:Symbol
1486:Searle
1476:Putnam
1426:Kripke
1411:Austin
1396:Carnap
1341:RicĆur
1326:Herder
1316:Hobbes
931:
606:syntax
452:Portal
350:Topics
99:Syntax
2319:De se
2223:Focus
2181:Areas
2150:Scope
1811:Works
1720:Class
1481:Lewis
1471:Quine
1456:Grice
1406:Whorf
1366:Sapir
1351:Frege
1301:Xunzi
1271:Plato
1146:. In
1099:(ed)
1082:, in
784:Notes
677:, or
52:Index
1770:Sign
1675:Cant
1461:Ryle
1431:Ayer
1356:Boas
1176:2020
1172:2017
1168:2012
1164:2007
1160:2005
929:ISSN
689:and
234:and
227:Text
2571:TTR
1715:Set
1134:in
1121:in
1095:in
963:doi
921:doi
917:130
871:doi
811:doi
488:In
2764::
1871:"
1174:,
1170:,
1166:,
1162:,
1002:^
975:^
957:.
953:.
941:^
927:.
915:.
911:.
892:.
865:.
851:^
836:^
807:10
805:.
801:.
673:,
633:.
601:.
531:.
492:,
26:on
2078:e
2071:t
2064:v
1867:"
1640:)
1636:(
1223:e
1216:t
1209:v
1178:.
1156:.
969:.
965::
959:5
935:.
923::
894:3
877:.
873::
817:.
813::
477:e
470:t
463:v
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