59:
44:
235:, among others) have dismissed this fanciful account as implausible. However, there is a certain amount of corroborating evidence. The notarial ledgers of Perpignan show several transactions in 1393 and 1394 in which Duran (known officially by his Christian name Honoratus de Bonafe) moved assets across the border to France. Also, Paul of Burgos is documented to have been in
623:
374:("The making of the ephod"), containing an introduction and thirty-three chapters, and finished in 1403. He wrote it not only to instruct his contemporaries, who either knew nothing about grammar or had erroneous notions concerning it, but especially to refute mistakes promulgated by the later grammarians. He frequently cites the otherwise unknown
262:, to whom it was dedicated. In it, Duran states the principle that the most convincing polemical technique is to argue within one's opponents own assumptions. Using the knowledge of Latin he gained from his medical studies and the indoctrination he received as a converso, he identifies what he sees as internal contradictions within the
148:
After escaping Spain, he returned to practicing
Judaism openly, and wrote a number of works including polemics against Christianity and grammar. He appears to have also attempted to reach Palestine, however it is unclear whether he made it. He died in 1414/1415 in Iberia, France, or the East.
224:(who had become a believing Christian priest, and had achieved the rank of Bishop). Paul disrupted their plan by persuading Bonjourno to become a true Christian, and Duran was forced to return to Catalonia. In response to these events, Duran wrote
574:
p 39 Yosef Hayim
Yerushalmi, Elisheva Carlebach, John M. Efron - 1998 p34 then footnote 41 Kelimat ha goyim 63 "This discussion makes it perfectly clear that Duran gave no credence to a theory of two Jesuses."
137:
for a short time, but instead of confining his studies to the Talmud, he took up philosophy and other sciences also, in spite of the interdiction of his teachers. Duran became a tutor in the
173:). It was written about 1396, and was circulated by Don MeĂŻr Alguades, to whom it had been sent. It is so ingeniously ambiguous that the Christians, who called it
209:
382:
ha-Levi of Gerona, probably a relative; three letters containing responsa, to his pupil MeĂŻr
Crescas; and two exegetical treatises on several chapters of II
84:) was a Jewish apologist/polemicist, philosopher, physician, grammarian, and controversialist in the 14th century. He was later sometimes referred to by the
433:
429:
375:
177:, interpreted it in their favor; but, as soon as they recognized its satirical import they burned it publicly. This epistle, with a commentary by
594:
404:). He states that while the latter appeals to the senses, the former appeals to the mind. He prefers cantillation, following his belief that the
232:
522:
113:. After escaping Spain, he returned to practicing Judaism openly and wrote several works including polemics against Christianity and grammar.
540:
740:
607:
487:
755:
750:
378:
as an eminent grammarian. See the edition of J. Friedländer and J. Kohn (Vienna, 1865). In 1393 Duran wrote a dirge on
432:), as well as the solution of Ibn Ezra's well-known riddle on the quiescent letters of the Hebrew alphabet (quoted by
735:
220:. The two friends set out on their journey, getting as far as Avignon, where they met up with another converso,
266:, and discrepancies between its literal text and church dogma. The work can be seen as a precursor of modern
379:
440:
Mantua, 1557, without mentioning Duran), and several explanations relating to Ibn Ezra's commentary on the
208:
According to an account written at the top of one of the manuscripts of the epistle, Duran and his friend
745:
589:
339:
765:
681:
271:
636:
291:
258:("Shame of the Gentiles"), a criticism of Christian dogmas, written in 1397 at the request of Don
58:
43:
641:
330:
165:
Duran is the author of a famous satiric epistle called, after the repeatedly recurring phrase,
17:
477:
671:
730:
725:
599:
366:
Duran's chief work, praised by both
Christians and Jews, is his philosophical and critical
326:
240:
8:
393:
295:
178:
760:
213:
603:
503:
483:
267:
102:
705:
421:
685:
456:
452:
383:
283:
73:
632:
259:
221:
186:
141:
family, and during the bloody riots of 1391 was forcibly baptized, becoming a
719:
627:
585:
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451:
he gave the history of Jewish martyrs since the destruction of the Temple.
322:
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157:
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287:
278:(âShame of the Gentilesâ) which some have seen as having discredited the
626: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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441:
417:
334:
105:
to
Christianity in 1391, he also appears in official records under his
348:
358:
126:
122:
85:
392:
In the introduction, he discusses music, contrasting two varieties,
420:
family, Duran wrote an explanation of a religious festival poem by
317:
In 1395 Duran compiled an almanac in twenty-nine sections entitled
130:
106:
309:
352:
279:
236:
217:
142:
138:
134:
572:
Jewish history and Jewish memory: essays in honor of Yosef Hayim
408:
is perfect, and uses it for both liturgical reading and study.
367:
201:, part 2, 1846. Geiger also translated most of it into German (
405:
329:(1379â1406). That Duran was familiar with the philosophy of
286:
writings. Although he did not accept the defence used by
455:
has shown that this work was used by
Solomon Usque and
386:, all of which have been edited as an appendix to the
97:) through association with his two grammars entitled
447:
Duran was also a historian. In a lost work entitled
302:, was derived from the Hebrew word for conversion,
717:
298:. He argued that the old Spanish word for pigs,
595:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
331:Aristotle as interpreted by Muslim philosophers
125:, where he lived for some years, or in another
333:, is apparent from his synoptic commentary on
541:"Duran, Profiat (Ephodi) | Encyclopedia.com"
479:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
189:in 1554, and was republished in A. Geiger's
92:
631:
254:Connected with this epistle is the polemic
411:
57:
42:
321:("The ephod's girdle"), and dedicated to
584:HarrĂĄn, Don (2001). "Profiat Duran". In
482:. Oxford University Press. p. 223.
475:
121:It is not known whether he was born at
718:
583:
527:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle
416:At the request of some members of the
239:in 1394 for the conclave in which the
520:
666:De Profiatii Durani Vita ac Studiis,
93:
77:
13:
521:Zwiep, Irene (13 September 2016).
14:
777:
635:; et al., eds. (1901â1906).
129:town. In his youth he attended a
645:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
621:
116:
510:. EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica, inc.
270:. In about 1397 Duran wrote an
577:
564:
551:
533:
514:
496:
469:
212:made up a plan to emigrate to
203:Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift,
1:
462:
741:Medieval Jewish philosophers
661:Introduction, pp. 2â12;
657:J. Friedländer and J. Kohn,
561:1998 p34, footnote 41 on p39
547:. New Catholic Encyclopedia.
7:
756:Philosophers from Catalonia
424:(printed in the collection
400:) and post-Biblical hymns (
362:("The making of the ephod")
340:The Guide for the Perplexed
296:"two Jesuses" in the Talmud
197:1844, and in P. Heilpern's
161:("Be Not Like Thy Fathers")
10:
782:
702:pp. 358 et seq., 472;
682:Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi
325:, writer and physician to
193:, 1840, in the collection
15:
751:14th-century philosophers
476:Grossman, Maxine (2011).
343:, which was published at
250:("Shame of the Gentiles")
51:
36:
32:
25:
690:Historisches WĂśrterbuch,
598:(2nd ed.). London:
292:Disputation of Barcelona
226:Be Not Like Your Fathers
171:Be Not Like Your Fathers
152:
16:Not to be confused with
736:Philosophers of Judaism
642:The Jewish Encyclopedia
508:Encyclopedia Britannica
412:Other works, lost works
185:, was first printed at
181:and an introduction by
313:("The ephod's girdle")
216:in order to return to
82:Isaac ben Moses haLevi
18:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
692:pp. 261 et seq.;
672:Moritz Steinschneider
210:David Bonet Bonjourno
111:Honoratus de Bonafide
72:(c. 1350 â c. 1415) (
600:Macmillan Publishers
545:www.encyclopedia.com
327:Henry III of Castile
241:Antipope Clement VII
80:), full Hebrew name
678:cols. 2112 et seq.;
179:Joseph ibn Shem-Tov
746:Medieval Hebraists
647:Its bibliography:
559:Essays in honour..
449:Zikron ha-Shemadot
434:Immanuel Benvenuto
167:Al Tehi Ka-Aboteka
159:Al Tehi Ka-Aboteka
103:forcibly converted
766:Jewish apologists
609:978-1-56159-239-5
489:978-0-19-973004-9
430:Eliezer Ashkenazi
380:Abraham ben Isaac
376:Samuel Benveniste
268:textual criticism
256:Kelimmat ha-Goyim
248:Kelimmat ha-Goyim
67:
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654:iii.320 et seq.;
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570:David Berger in
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549:
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537:
531:
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523:"Duran, Profiat"
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500:
494:
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422:Abraham ibn Ezra
398:ta'amei ha-miqra
351:in 1742, and at
276:Kelimat ha-Goyim
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633:Singer, Isidore
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504:"Profiat Duran"
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457:Judah ibn Verga
453:Heinrich Graetz
436:in his grammar
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364:
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284:early Christian
252:
231:Some scholars (
195:ḲobeẠWikkuḼim,
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319:Ḥesheb ha-Efod
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311:Hesheb ha-Efod
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272:anti-Christian
260:Hasdai Crescas
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222:Paul of Burgos
191:Melo Chofnajim
187:Constantinople
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115:
101:. After being
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659:Ma'aseh Efod,
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629:
628:public domain
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78:פר×פ××× ××ר××
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27:Profiat Duran
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394:cantillation
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372:Ma'aseh Efod
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365:
360:Ma'aseh Efod
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347:in 1553, at
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323:Moses Zarzal
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63:(aged 64â65)
731:1415 deaths
726:1350 births
696:Henri Gross
438:Liwyat Ḥen,
345:Sabbionetta
288:Nachmanides
720:Categories
676:Cat. Bodl.
463:References
442:Pentateuch
418:Benveniste
335:Maimonides
294:(1263) of
282:and other
205:iv. 451).
199:Eben BoḼan
133:school in
55:1415
40:1350
761:Conversos
370:grammar,
355:in 1860.
274:polemic,
214:Palestine
123:Perpignan
86:sobriquet
592:(eds.).
402:piyyutim
131:Talmudic
107:Converso
637:"Duran"
630::
353:Zhovkva
349:JeĂnitz
304:hamarah
300:Marrano
290:at the
280:Gospels
237:Avignon
218:Judaism
143:marrano
139:Crescas
135:Germany
127:Catalan
710:Gesch.
606:
486:
384:Samuel
368:Hebrew
94:××פ×××
74:Hebrew
406:Torah
153:Works
109:name
99:Ephod
89:Efodi
604:ISBN
484:ISBN
52:Died
37:Born
428:of
722::
708:,
698:,
688:,
674:,
639:.
602:.
588:;
543:.
525:.
506:.
459:.
444:.
337:'
306:.
228:.
145:.
76::
684:-
614:â
612:.
529:.
492:.
396:(
169:(
91:(
20:.
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