Project-706 - Knowledge

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construction of the nuclear research laboratories, facilities and testing laboratories throughout the country. With little influence of military, Hassan was a proponent of establishing nuclear facilities. Scientists were directly reporting to Dr. Hassan and other civilian officers, while the final reports were submitted to Hassan, who would brief Bhutto over the progress. After his arrival, Khan started to work with Hassan and Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, but was dissatisfied with constant involvement of Hassan, who continued to look critically at Khan's suspected activities in Europe and elsewhere. In 1975, Abdul Qadeer Khan met with Bhutto in private and requested a military department to supervise his work rather than Hassan. Throughout the 1975 until 1977, the military had little influence in the programme and were only involved in a small scale programme with Khan. However, the civil committee was disbanded by General Zia-ul-Haq as he fired Hassan and imprisoned him in the Central Jail of Ralwalpindi with Bhutto in 1977. The same year, the military took control of the programme and, for the first time, became involved in every aspect of the programme. 26 September 1979, after the removal of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Major-General

1586:(NCD), under Iqbal Hussain Qureshi, considered the problem of how plutonium could be separated from uranium when its chemical properties were not known. Nuclear chemists were able to find a separation process, and balanced the first equation for the nuclear weapon at PAEC. The PAEC had worked on the difficult and most challenging plutonium separation process which was developed by both Ishfaq Ahmad and Iqbal Hussain Qureshi. At New Labs, the PAEC produced the reactor-grade plutonium isotopes, and reprocessed them into weapon-grade. The breakthrough with plutonium experiment was at the PINSTECH Laboratory by Iqbal Hussain Qureshi of NCD and Ishfaq Ahmad of Nuclear Physics Group (NPG). The scientists realized that a slow neutron reactor fuelled with uranium would theoretically produce substantial amounts of 1048:, Khan wrote a letter to Bhutto in which he explained that he had gained expertise in centrifuge-based uranium enrichment technologies at URENCO in Belgium. Bhutto directed the letter to Munir Ahmad Khan to arrange a meeting with A.Q. Khan. In October 1974, Munir A. Khan sent Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood to The Netherlands to interview Qadeer Khan. In December 1974, Khan returned to Pakistan to meet Prime Minister Ali Bhutto and PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan, where he tried to convince Bhutto to adopt his uranium route rather than the plutonium approach. Bhutto did not agree to halt the Plutonium route but decided on the spot to place Khan in charge of the uranium program, which would become a parallel nuclear program. 177: 159: 702: 170: 1079:, who was renowned for the construction of the GHQ in Rawalpindi, the headquarters of Pakistan Army's Combatant Command, as the head of the project. Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar led the accelerated construction of the facility, and began to co-administrator the program, alongside Bhutto himself. Impressed by his work at Kahuta, Bhutto gave him additional and secretive assignments for both PAEC and KRL. An office was set up in Prime minister's Secretariat for Brigadier Akbar as he kept Bhutto informed about the construction of the ERL. 4340: 205: 191: 229: 1444: 1356: 848:, Munir Ahmad Khan and Abdus Salam called a meeting to initiate a work on an atomic weapon in March 1974 at the Pinstech Institute. The meeting was convened by Abdus Salam and Riazuddin of the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), Asghar Qadir and Munir Ahmad Rashid of Mathematical Physics Group (MPG), Ishfaq Ahmad and Samar Mubarakmand of Nuclear Physics Group (NPG), and Hafeez Qureshi and Zaman Sheikh of Wah Group Scientists (WGS). During the meeting, the word " 3798: 79: 2379: 366: 3853: 1440:

on MLIS method as secondary process. However, the PAEC did not completely abandon the work on MLIS method; instead it was continued for the research purposes only under Shaukat Hameed Khan. In 1982, the MLIS method was used to separate plutonium isotopes at the Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory of the PINSTECH. For this, Shaukat Hameed Khan was conferred with a civil award by the president.

2367: 1603:. Unlike A.Q. Khan, the PAEC scientists and engineers under Munir Ahmad Khan developed an indigenous capability to develop the programme. The scientists and engineers brought together the experience which they had gained while working in European and American nuclear firms, and designed reprocessing plants, weapons laboratories, enrichment techniques and production of weapon grade plutonium. 1165:(SDW)", it was responsible for the rapid construction of facilities, led by Brigadier Muhammad Sarfaraz. In 1977, Prime minister Bhutto established a military committee to maintain military administrative leadership in project. The Military Engineering Committee (MEC) was led by Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar, and had Major-General Anis Ahmad — 1598:

by both slow and fast neutrons, and had the added advantage of being chemically different from uranium, and could easily be separated from it. After the discovery, the PAEC used Shaukat Hameed Khan's MLIS method to separate plutonium isotopes at Neutron Facility at PINSTECH. From 1974, Shaukat Hameed

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Khan initially worked under Bashiruddin Mahmood. But on 19 April 1976, Khan wrote to Munir Ahmad Khan expressing that he was not satisfied and that he wanted to work independently. The letter was forwarded to Prime minister's secretariat. A.Q. Khan, with support from Prime Minister Bhutto, formed the

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in both of their developed Gas and Thermal diffusion methods in their enrichment laboratories. In 1978, the PAEC had eliminated the MLIS method as secondary process due to its difficulty and complexity. A.Q. Khan's gas centrifuges also became a reason that PAEC was not supported to continue its work

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There are inconsistencies in the above account, which suggests that Brigadier Zahid Ali Akbar Khan was promoted to the rank of two star general by Gen Tikka on the orders of Bhutto to sway the scientists. This account contradicts Dr A.Q. Khan's account which suggests that Zahid Ali Akbar was neither

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In 1968, research on theoretical physics had begun at the newly created Institute of Physics (IP). The IP was established in the small department of physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University (as of today, the IP and the department of physics has been expanded). Pakistani theoretical physicists, such as

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Qadeer Khan had brought with him knowledge of gas centrifuge technologies that he had learned through his position at the classified URENCO uranium enrichment plant in the Netherlands. After General Akbar, Khan himself was put in charge of building, equipping and operating the Kahuta facility. Khan

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assumed the command of Project-706. A military engineer by profession, Khan administratively established military engineer groups in his Corps. He supervised the rapid construction of the Electrical and Vacuum Laboratory (EVL) as well as the development of the town of Kahuta. Throughout the years,

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mechanical and chemical components, physics calculation, high explosives and triggering mechanism. The same month of March, Abdus Salam and Munir Ahmad Khan set up a plant to manufacture fissile explosive lenses. In April 1974, Abdus Salam formed another group, Laser Physics Group (LPG), headed by

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Despite the research and development effort put to develop an atomic device, the Plutonium route was never a part of Project-706 as PAEC had separated the Plutonium route from that project. The climax and the main focus of Project-706 was to build the Kahuta facility as well as the atomic bomb by

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Before Khan's arrival, a Coordination Board was set up to manage and supervise the Projects' uranium-route. Sultan Bashiruddin Mehmood of the Nuclear Engineering Division, was made the project director. Khan took over the project from Mahmood as he wanted to work alone. This Board was composed of

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plot to target Pakistani nuclear scientists and engineers who were closely associated with Pakistan's nuclear programme. The operation concluded with the arrest and life imprisonment of a supposed Pakistani CIA agent, Rafiq Safi Munshi, who it was alleged had been working as a nuclear engineer at

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also had established their own boards to support the engineering research activities throughout the country. However, the ERL continued to remain under the overall supervision of PAEC until 1977 after which it was separated and made independent, but throughout the subsequent years and the 1980s,

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in Wah Canntonment (ML) and the uranium enrichment plant in Kahuta. Originally known as Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL), the facility was renamed Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) in May 1981 by the Military President and Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq in the honor of Abdul Qadeer

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consisted of a plutonium production reactor, a reprocessing plant, and other facilities associated to weapon production. Bhutto quickly arranged a meeting with Ayub Khan. After this meeting, Ayub Khan remained unconvinced, and rejected the proposal made by Munir Ahmad Khan. Khan notified Bhutto

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Under pressure by the public and media, Military Government's Combatant Headquarters, the GHQ, gave in to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. As Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came into political power, governmental nuclear organizations came under control of Bhutto. In early January 1972, the year after the war, the

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as the head of the committee. Mubashir, with Munir Ahmad Khan, devised a policy that prevented the nuclear proliferation at first. Before the arrival of Abdul Qadeer Khan, Mubashir had been encouraging academic scientists to develop classified technologies ingeniously. Hassan supervised the

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Considering the secrecy of the projects and to maintain leadership over the programmes, Bhutto decided to form a committee that would be responsible for coordination and order in the projects that the academic scientists were working on. In 1974, Bhutto appointed the civil engineer

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Atoms for Peace: Eisenhower UN Speech," The Eisenhower Institute, 8 December 1953, www.eisenhowerinstitute.org, (July 2005); Ashok Kapur, "1953–59: The Origins and Early History of Pakistani Nuclear Activities," Pakistan's Nuclear Development, (New York: Croom Helm, 1987), p.

1284:. This however, was untrue, as Mr Munshi was employed by KESC at the time and was engaged in the movement against Zia. It was his pro-democracy politics that lead to his imprisonment. The operation ended with a declaration of a few undercover CIA agents and U.S. diplomats as 797:(TPG)", which was mandated to develop the design of Pakistan's nuclear weapons. Abdus Salam played an integral role in TPG, and had done the groundbreaking work for the "Theoretical Physics Group", which was initially headed by Salam until 1974. The TPG took the research in 262:

in 1974 in response to the Indian nuclear tests conducted in May 1974. During the course of this program, Pakistani nuclear scientists and engineers developed the requisite nuclear infrastructure and gained expertise in the extraction, refining, processing and handling of

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In 1976, A.Q. Khan was unable to convince Bhutto to halt the Plutonium route. Against the wishes of Khan, the work on plutonium separation process and conversion of uranium into plutonium was taking place under Munir Ahmad Khan. Meanwhile, a team of nuclear chemists of

1205:. Meanwhile, A.Q. Khan had established a proliferation network through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to Kahuta Research Laboratories, including sensitive vacuum and technical equipments necessary for the enrichment technology. He subsequently established 2889: 1577:

in Rawalpindi which was designed by Hafeez Qureshi. In 1981, the reactor went critical under Iqbal Hussain Qureshi. The reactor was put on test in the early 1980s and was processed at ~50% efficiency; the reactor produced the first batch of weapon-grade plutonium.

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as the military wanted a suitable administrator who thoroughly understood the scientific needs of the project. The same year, Akbar was also given command of the Pakistani Army Corps of Engineers in order to recruit senior people whose cooperation were required.

556:, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Foreign minister at that time, began to lobby for a nuclear weapons option. 'If India builds the bomb, we will eat grass or leaves, even go hungry, but we will get one of our own. We have no other choice'. 'In October 1965, Bhutto visited 267:

with the ultimate goal of designing a nuclear device. These objectives were achieved by the early 1980s with the first successful cold test of a Pakistani nuclear device in 1983. The two institutions responsible for the execution of the program were the

1565:. On many different occasions, Khan had objected the Munir Ahmad Khan's work, and unsuccessfully tried to remove Munir Khan from the research and development as A.Q. Khan wanted the government to focus on his method only. After the dismissal of the 1614:

and a PAEC's diagnostic team headed by Samar Mubarakmand arrived on the nuclear test site with trailers fitted with computers and diagnostic equipment. This was followed by the arrival of the DTD Group and the Wah Group Scientists (WGS) with the

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opened a series of bloody counter-insurgency operations led by the defected Bengali dissidents of Pakistan Armed Forces. Later, India intervened in the conflict as covert operations were successfully led by the Indian intelligence agencies.

2199: 1459:, a professor of mathematics at Qau. Alam introduced Shah with KRL scientists where they examined the problems. It was followed by forming Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Division. The CFD Division analyzed the problems of the 1130:

promoted nor deputed by Gen Tikka. According to A.Q., Zahid was deputed to KRL as a Brigadier in the days of Gen Zia (after Gen Tikka retired from the Army) and the promotion to two star general came sometime after that event.

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Khan had continuously worked on this complex and difficult method and successfully used the method to separate the isotopes of plutonium. For this achievement, Shaukat Hameed Khan was conferred with high-civil award by the

1060:(KRL). Just as PAEC, the KRL was under direct control of Prime Minister Bhutto and A.Q. Khan reported directly to the Prime Minister. A.Q. Khan disliked the idea of PAEC getting involved in ERL project, but favoured the 1299:

nuclear complex. Both were intercepted and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated. According to Pakistan, documents that were intercepted later suggested that the two were recruited by the CIA.

600:, Peter Rotolli, John Mumtaz, Fayyazuddin, Ishfaq Ahmad, and Masud Ahmad, had begun research on theoretical and quantum physics. Faheem Hussain became the first physicist at IP to published research analysis on 1541:

had also carried out a first cold test of a working nuclear device on 11 March 1983. Although, PAEC did not use weapon grade plutonium or uranium in their test, KRL's cold test was different in this regard.

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loosely based on Urenco Group technology. It was thanks to Abdul Qadeer Khan's effort that on 4 June 1978, scientists working in the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) succeed in enriching uranium by

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Sublettle, Carey (2 January 2002 (original date: 15 October 1965)). "Historical Background: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto". Nuclear weapons archives. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Retrieved 25 June 2011.

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The history of Pakistani interest into nuclear science goes back to late 1948 when a large number of scientists, mathematicians, chemists, and physicists moved to Pakistan from India on the request of

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project's Coordination Board. The PAEC sat its own uranium enrichment program to develop an advanced version for uranium fuel. The PAEC had worked on the most challenging method of isotope separation

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of the Laser Physics Group (LPG) and Sultan Bashiruddin Mehmood of the Nuclear Engineering Division (NED). At PAEC, the Laser Physics Group, under the direction of Shaukat Hameed Khan, developed the

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to be non-Muslims after which Abdus Salam, a senior scientist and Ahmadi, left Pakistan for Great Britain in protest. After the departure of Salam, Munir Ahmad Khan continued the organizations. The

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at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology. The research in nuclear technology at PINSTECH began to pick up speed, and Abdus Salam began to supervise Pakistani research institutes.

801:—the key to calculations of critical mass and weapon detonation. The TPG began to report directly to Abdus Salam and research was undertaken under his supervision. The TPG examined the problems of 3196: 1082:

Throughout the years, A.Q. Khan had established an administrative proliferation network through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to the Kahuta Research Laboratories. He established

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at the New Labs, PARR-Reactor. In March 1974, a meeting led by Abdus Salam and Munir Ahmad Khan constituted a small directorate, code name Wah Group Scientists (WGS). Its members contained

860:' citing economy in the use of fissile material. The Plutonium and Uranium exploration committees, under Ishfaq Ahmad and Ahsan Mubarak, made discoveries of natural raw plutonium ores and 1337:

of India. A high-level Pakistani mission was sent to Vienna, where both countries signed an agreement promising not to attack or assist a foreign power to attack each other's facilities.

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exploration committees throughout the country. Many nuclear research institutes were also established, and work was begun to set up surveying the suitable sites for nuclear power plants.

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country in the field of nuclear technology. A letter was directed to Chaudhry, who migrated to Pakistan in 1948 and established High-Tension Laboratory in 1952. On 8 December 1953, US

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in Belgium and the Netherlands. While at URENCO, Khan was considered a senior translator at the facility and as such had gained access to the most confidential sites and information.

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as Technical member of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, and made him responsible for the preparation of its charter. Raziuddin Siddiqui, a theoretical physicist, established the

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India Thwarts Israeli Destruction of Pakistan's "Islamic Bomb", McNair Paper Number 41, Radical Responses to Radical Regimes: Evaluating Preemptive Counter-Proliferation, May 1995

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with a production capacity of 50 kg of heavy water per day at Multan in conjunction with a planned fertilizer factory. However, the PIDC did not act on the PAEC's proposal.

2342: 1023:. On 19 May 1974, in a news conference, Bhutto stressed that India's nuclear program was designed 'to intimidate Pakistan and establish India's hegemony in the subcontinent'. 1583: 996: 937: 885: 818: 794: 1619:, in sub-assembly form. This was assembled and then placed inside the tunnel. A monitoring system was set up with around 20 cables linking various parts of the device with 2310:"Pakistan Makes Achievements in Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 27 October 1979; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 October 1979, 1573:

Zahid Ali Akbar became in charge of the Project, supervising both PAEC and KRL research developmental work. General Zahid Ali Akbar led the accelerated construction of a

666:, a war in the western front. Pakistan, now fighting on both fronts, lost the war after only 13 days. The war with India and East-Pakistan had caused the collapse of the 3951: 1311:

and Air Intelligence (AI) of Pakistan learned of the Israeli attempted operation when Israeli Air Force's fighter jets flew close to Pakistan's northern border. The

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on 11 March 1983. Scientists and military officers who participated in the Project were given leadership positions in their respective services, and conferred with

2853: 1731:. In return, Libya sent scientists to study Pakistan's enrichment advances. Nominally, the Libyan payments were made in return for Pakistani military assistance. 1606:

In March 1983, only senior scientists and high civil and military officials were invited to witness the cold test of a working nuclear device. In March 1983, the

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took over the government, Libya's connection with Project-706 was immediately cut. According to the Time article, General Zia personally disliked and distrusted

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institute, and the detonation system of the implosion devices was developed at the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) of PAEC under the leadership of

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from the more plentiful isotope. This process of uranium enrichment into weapon-grade is extremely difficult and sensitive, and requires advanced technology.

1121:" would sway with the academic scientists working on the confidential projects. As a two-star general, Zahid Ali Akbar Khan led the constructions of both the 292:(COAS). This organization worked closely with PAEC and KRL to secretly prepare the nuclear test sites in Baluchistan and other required civil infrastructure. 541:

at Karachi. In 1967, Abdus Salam urged Field Marshal Ayub Khan to acquire a nuclear fuel reprocessing facility from the United States, but Ayub Khan and his

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to join Project-706 as Libya was the sole financier of Pakistan's Project-706. Libya also hoped that by following Pakistan's Project-706, Libya could have

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as the head of Plutonium production, nuclear fuel cycle, uranium exploration, processing and conversion, nuclear weapons development and reactor programs.

2495: 2117: 4431: 3783: 4403: 4301: 1479:. Tasneem Shah gained fame when he independently analysed the issue, and assisted the KRL scientists to develop a powerful version of the centrifuges. 762:

as the chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Abdus Salam, Science Advisor, managed a meeting of senior scientists and officials of PAEC.

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It was a major scientific effort of Pakistan. Project-706 refers specifically to the period from 1974 to 1983 when it was under the control of former

4264: 650:. Meanwhile, the political situation in West Pakistan was further deteriorating, and tension momentarily grew between the East and West Pakistan. A 3046: 3008: 2929: 3761: 4326: 2148: 1510:(CACL). Ghulam Dastagir Alam, who co-headed the isotope separation project, informed Abdul Qadeer Khan. Khan immediately went to GHQ to informed 2330:"Pakistan Produces Radio-Isotopes," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 20 September 1978; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 20 September 1978 4475: 4306: 4259: 4218: 3596: 2084: 1574: 1551: 852:" was never used, instead the academic scientists preferred to use scientific research rationale. There, the scientists decided to develop an ' 2796: 3971: 3966: 4386: 4032: 3438: 2978: 2952: 2473: 2434: 786: 1482:

As the problems were being resolved, Khan began the enrichment operations. By the start of 1983, the KRL had developed around 1,500–2,900

960:—determined the number of neutrons would be produced—in a device. The Fast Neutron Physics Group discovered the treatment process for the 4239: 3591: 3389: 893: 584:

After learning what happened, Bhutto famously replied, "Don't worry. Our turn will come". In 1967, a team of Pakistani scientists, under

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to engage research in the peaceful use of nuclear technology. According to Mark Oliphant, no other Muslim scientist was available in the

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process for the isotopes separation. Meanwhile, the PAEC continued its support to Engineering Research Laboratories. The PAEC produced

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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to lead the program. The work on ERL was initiated by Bhutto, and the project was assigned to Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers.

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Brigadier Syed A. I. Tirmazi (1985). Profiles of Intelligence. Combined Printers. Library of Congress Catalogue No. 95-930455

2937: 2829: 2736: 2709: 1880: 569: 523:, where he signed another contract. It was under Abdus Salam's leadership that Stone designed and then led construction of a 334: 2912: 2033: 1943: 949: 4480: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 1320: 1333:

on one of the Israeli jets. The Israeli jets pulled back subsequently. Soon after the incident, Munir Ahmad Khan met with

4208: 4066: 3818: 1350: 3769: 3481: 1674: 1488: 1428: 1412: 771: 561: 876:. In the 1980s the NPG successfully produced the 10 kg of uranium. The NPG also manufactured and reprocessed the 4470: 4213: 4038: 3606: 2467: 2428: 2027: 1937: 1607: 1538: 1518: 1308: 1072: 1068: 1053: 736: 428: 338: 306:. The program's roots lay in scientists' fears since 1967 that India was also developing nuclear weapons of its own. 269: 3197:"India's covert operation to blow a Pakistani nuclear plant that never happened - The secret story of Kahuta attack" 4354: 3837: 3791: 1451:

Initially, the KRL scientists suffered many setbacks and were unable to develop the machine. While visiting at the

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The Uranium Route to the Bomb: PAEC's role in Uranium Enrichment, Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmad Khan, pp3

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was indigenously developed by the PAEC's research wing, Directorate of Technical Development (DTD), headed by Mr.

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Lieutenant-General Akbar established a military unit to provide logistic support to both PAEC and KRL. Known as "

639: 625: 944:. The Fast Neutron Physics Group (FNPG) took research in and examined the problems in the science of neutron, a 4192: 4124: 2499: 2121: 1764: 1103: 681:. The size of the Military of Pakistan and the civil population dramatically decreased. Pakistan lost half its 642:

were held in Pakistan under the Military government of General Yahya Khan. The electoral results triggered the

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Project-706 led to the creation of multiple production and research sites that operated in extreme secrecy and

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deposits in the different areas of country. The Nuclear Physics Group, formed in 1967, began to work to under

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arrested the French Ambassador to Pakistan, Pol LeGourrierec, and his First Secretary, Jean Forlot, close to

917:. The LPG used advanced laser technologies, and examined the problems in molecular isotopic of separation of 492:

succeeded Ahmad as chairman of the PAEC. Usmani played a pivotal role in the construction and development of

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Major-General Akbar served as the director-general the Kahuta facility. By the 1983, Akbar was promoted to

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On 22 May 1974, three years after the events in 1971, India carried out its first nuclear test, code named

546: 542: 481: 273: 488:, in which the United States agreed to provide a 5 MW pool-type reactor. In 1960, a bureaucrat named 4284: 4016: 3956: 3813: 3693: 3611: 2874: 2314: 1611: 1292: 1198: 845: 813:, and what kind of and how much fissile material and reflectors would be used. In 1973, Bhutto appointed 751: 538: 493: 459: 3050: 677:, Pakistan had lost a significant amount of territory as well as geopolitical and economic influence in 608:. In 1969, Raziuddin Siddiqui established Einstein's Physics Group (EPG) and carried out experiments on 4251: 3946: 3586: 1895: 1849: 1833: 1795: 1734: 1643: 1238: 806: 715: 674: 663: 629: 553: 379: 296: 256: 2728: 1760: 4061: 3792: 3752: 3508: 1697:, under the leadership of Samar Mubarakmand, who tested the two nuclear device on 30 May 1998 at the 922: 798: 643: 633: 531: 477: 3019: 2092: 793:

began to report back to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Theoretical physicists at IP formed the "

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respectively. In 1976 an organization called Special Development Works (SDW) was created within the

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program, where Pakistan was one of the first countries to sign the treaty. On 8 December 1953, the

135: 2156: 1786:. Zia quickly excluded Libyan scientists from Project-706, resulting in Libyans leaving Pakistan. 568:, and other Pakistani scientists working at IAEA. Pakistani IAEA scientists briefed Bhutto on the 333:. Apart from research and development the project was also charged with gathering intelligence on 4296: 4129: 3922: 3733: 3728: 1828: 1686: 1670: 1651: 1174: 857: 826: 822: 790: 444: 432: 2982: 2956: 2866: 2457: 2418: 1307:, Israel supposedly planned an attack on the suspected nuclear facility in the early 1980s. The 4321: 4134: 1271:

that he had conducted the military operation "Rising Sun" in 1979 that successfully thwarted a

1252: 1186: 1030: 1020: 988: 905:. The Laser Physics Group was charged to carry out research and discover a process to separate 585: 424: 398: 354: 3385: 1634:

under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan with Ishfaq Ahmad heading the test team. The 10

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The locations of nuclear sites were more secure than the Prime Minister Secretariat, as the

1221:, while all other uranium related steps to making uranium gas for enrichment remained under 4455: 3738: 3637: 3501: 3018:, vol. 1 (1 ed.), Sindh: Kausar Nazi and Sani Panwhar, p. 60, archived from 3004: 1460: 1436: 1432: 1360: 1326: 1145: 1076: 198: 3161: 8: 4460: 4231: 3708: 3632: 3627: 3372: 2699: 1767: 1737: 1511: 1472: 1424: 1420: 1285: 1280:, and as such had tried to wire classified atomic documents to the American consulate in 1102:

was personally selected, as Abdul Qadeer Khan claimed in his columns. Prime Bhutto asked

926: 902: 802: 605: 520: 390: 303: 299: 259: 184: 163: 1990: 1966: 1693:, which was developed during the period of the 1980s under the umbrella of Project-706. 1263:, United States had ground intelligence and the ISI had apparently arrested a number of 1259:, and other foreign intelligence agencies had a strong interest. According to Brigadier 4090: 3723: 2181:

Ashok Kapur, "1953–59: The Origins and Early History of Pakistani Nuclear Activities,"

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in particle accelerator installed at PINSTECH. The Fast Neutron Physics Group used the

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began to initiate the work on nuclear weapons. Abdus Salam called two of his students,

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took over the centrifuge part of the Uranium Enrichment Program from Chairman of PAEC

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On 11 March 1983, PAEC, successfully tested the non-weapon grade plutonium device in

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Dr. A.Q. Khan's designed the centrifuges loosely based on Zippe-type gas centrifuges.

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production facility and the construction began under Munir Ahmad Khan's direction.

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magazine, Pakistan received hundreds of millions of dollars for Project-706 from

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as a by-product. The experiments also showed theoretically feasible grounds that

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The Wah Group Scientist: Designers and Manufactures of the early nuclear device

1859: 1748:. Libya responded to the invitation by preparing and sending its small team of 1690: 1682: 1616: 1534: 1483: 1267:

and American spies in 1976. Brigadier Imtiaz also claimed in an interview with

1012: 977: 881: 597: 455: 346: 3487: 4449: 3558: 3538: 3245:

Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmad Khan – The Uranium Route to the Bomb:

2700:

Armstrong, David; Joseph John Trento; National Security News Service (2008).

2218: 1982: 1698: 1639: 1587: 1114: 961: 873: 830: 810: 690: 682: 647: 601: 589: 573: 512: 480:

rejected the proposal and instead transferred Nazir Ahmad immediately to the

474: 386: 285: 228: 1443: 936:

In early 1974, under the advice of Abdus Salam, PAEC formed another group, "

4411: 3718: 3688: 3553: 3433: 1658: 1624: 1562: 1334: 1330: 1264: 1256: 1182: 1045: 973: 969: 865: 604:. Later on, the Relativity Group under Fayyazuddin carried out work on the 427:

stated that Pakistan did not have a policy towards the atom bomb. In 1956,

323: 314:

magazine has called Project-706 Pakistan's equivalent of the United States

36: 3468: 35:

After nine years of effort Project-706 was vindicated in Pakistan's first

3713: 3678: 1838: 1631: 1496: 1492: 1407:

Munir Ahmad Khan continued to serve as a member and later as head of the

1379: 1375: 1371: 1000: 918: 869: 849: 834: 782: 774: 755: 508: 212: 2368:"Multan Conference January 1972: The Birth of Nuclear Weapons Programme" 1225:'s responsibility. Bhutto also continued to retain Chairman of PAEC Mr. 465:

In March 1958, Nazir Ahmad made another proposal to the chairman of the

30: 3992: 3269: 1778:

had opposed Bhutto's idea of Libya joining Project-706. In 1977, after

1620: 1399: 1391: 1107: 930: 678: 515:

to sign an agreement with the government of United States to provide a

394: 1019:. The nuclear test came as a surprise and caused a great alarm at the 1702: 1591: 1378:, but only the latter is fissile. The rarer but chemically identical 992: 981: 758:. Bhutto called Munir Ahmad Khan from Vienna and immediately removed 501: 2399: 2397: 1090:

which was also loosely based on the URENCO's Zippe-type centrifuge.

693:

as well as losing millions of citizens to newly created Bangladesh.

365: 3797: 3101: 1805: 1694: 1647: 1635: 1552:

Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor § PARR-III Reactor (New-Labs)

1499: 1206: 1083: 535: 524: 248: 127: 84: 40: 2666:

Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Dr. A.Q. Khan: Nothing Succeeds Like Success,"

1197:

of Special Works Development, and Colonel Zulfikar Ali Khan—CO of

318:. The project initially cost US$ 450 million (raised by both 247:

was the codename of a research and development program to develop

2394: 1779: 1775: 1756: 1281: 577: 497: 209: 195: 181: 1689:. Also, it was Qureshi's designed and developed plutonium-based 984:

to determine the neutrons' behaviour in the fissionable device.

821:(MPG) that took charge to carry out research in calculations on 462:. However, Ayub Khan's military government vetoed the proposal. 3852: 3563: 3009:"Chapter 9: The plutonium reprocessing plant: The inside story" 2793:"Lankan Muslims in Dubai supplied N-materials to Pak: A Q Khan" 1277: 1099: 1038: 557: 448: 3493: 2920:(May 2000) , "§Pakistan's Nuclear Development Under Bhutto.", 2246:

Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Z.A. Bhutto, A Man in Hurry for the Bomb,"

1752:

to the Pakistan's high-powered nuclear research institutions.

519:

in Rawalpindi. In United States, Salam also held meeting with

3228: 3226: 2867:"The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News" 2311: 1741: 1728: 1561:

that was developed by the Qadeer Khan from his experience at

1016: 319: 3335:

Munir Ahmad Khan, "How Pakistan Made Nuclear Fuel", pp. 9–10

2459:

The Theoretical Physics Group, A Cue from Manhattan Project?

302:, and later on under the military administration of General 3442: 3326:

Munir Ahmad Khan, "How Pakistan Made Nuclear Fuel", pp. 5–9

1423:. All of these methods were developed and supervised under 1351:

Abdul Qadeer Khan § Proliferation of URENCO technology

3223: 2686:"South Asian Media Net > OPINION". Southasianmedia.net. 2200:"Contributions of Professor Abdus Salam as member of PAEC" 1463:—measuring the amount of work done by the centrifuge, and 1435:

and provided its feedstock to KRL while the PAEC had used

1272: 451: 420:

welcomed the proposed peaceful use of atomic energy, but

530:

The same year, the PAEC entered another agreement with

385:. The research in nuclear technology was encouraged by 3132:"CIA Plot to Sabotage the Nuclear Program of Pakistan" 2849: 2847: 2407:(Islamabad: Print Wise Publications, 1999), pp. 38–39. 1755:

By the time Libya had joined the research, Bhutto was

3356:"Pakistan Became a Nuclear State in 1983-Dr. Samar", 3041: 3039: 2559:"South Asia | Villagers' fears of nuclear waste" 2276:, 1960–71," Pakistan's Nuclear Development pp. 77–87. 3972:

Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB)

3582:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

2420:

Professor Abdus Salam and Pakistan's Nuclear Program

2143: 2141: 2139: 921:—whether to use infrared or Ultra violet lasers—and 484:. In March 1959, the PAEC entered an agreement with 2924:, Oxford University, United Kingdom: Dr. Professor 2844: 2702:

America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise

2194: 2056:"Roots of Pakistan Atomic Scandal Traced to Europe" 670:of Yahya Khan, and dissolution of United Pakistan. 3360:, (Islamabad) 2 May 2003 accessed on 6 August 2009 3352: 3350: 3036: 2756: 2754: 2631: 2629: 2627: 1247:Munir Ahmad Khan § Saviour of Nuclear Program 868:. The NPG analysis the problems on the converting 581:immediately and told him about what had happened. 2932:and the Oxford University Press, pp. 50–90, 2816: 2814: 2496:""A Tale of Two Scientists," Long Road To Chagai" 2149:"Dr. Rafi Mohammad Chaudhary [1903–1988]" 2136: 1661:was witnessed by PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan, 4447: 4175: 3409: 3407: 3368: 3366: 2786: 2784: 2048: 948:. The Fast Neutron Physics Group calculated the 3977:Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture NIFA 3386:"Ras Koh – Pakistan Special Weapons Facilities" 3347: 2751: 2624: 2259:Munir Ahmad Khan, "Salam Passes into History", 2009: 1098:By September 1976 a one hundred acre site near 4331:Navy Research and Development Institute (NRDI) 3597:Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University 3267:"Dr. G D Alam Interview with Daily Asas and", 2811: 2118:"Research Library: Country Profiles: Pakistan" 2019:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb 1929:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb 754:learned that India was close to developing an 619: 431:(PAEC) was founded and its first chairman was 4491:History of science and technology in Pakistan 4161: 3777: 3509: 3404: 3363: 2781: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2297:, "Bhutto’s footprints on nuclear Pakistan", 2185:, (New York: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 38–39, 42 1508:Chaklala Air Force Base Centrifuge Laboratory 1213:based on the URENCO's Zippe-type centrifuge. 896:. The Wah Group Scientists began research on 570:rapid development of Indian nuclear programme 16:Code name for Pakistan's Nuclear Bomb Program 4387:International Defence Exhibition and Seminar 4355:List of private defence companies (Pakistan) 4033:National Electric Power Regulatory Authority 3488:Project-706: A history by Dr. Inam-ur-Rahman 2635: 2596:Shahidur Rehman, Long road to chagai, p. 3–4 1133: 787:International Centre for Theoretical Physics 4432:Military equipment manufactured in Pakistan 3942:Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology 3592:Defence Science and Technology Organization 3096: 3094: 507:In 1965, Science Advisor to the Government 467:Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation 4168: 4154: 3784: 3770: 3516: 3502: 3236:(Islamabad: Print Wise Publications, 1999) 2723: 2721: 2672: 2022:. Stanford University Press. p. 118. 1932:. Stanford University Press. p. 429. 956:would be produced by the neutrons—and the 4209:Global Industrial & Defence Solutions 2636:Langewiesche, William (4 February 2004). 2619:PAEC's contribution to Uranium enrichment 2112: 2110: 1110:that Brigadier Akbar Khan be promoted to 991:passed a bill with a majority, declaring 737:Learn how and when to remove this message 4275:Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works 3102:"Only bean-spilling spooks can tell why" 3091: 2930:University of Engineering and Technology 2928:, professor of Civil Engineering at the 2822:"On the trail of the black market bombs" 2790: 1958: 1708: 1442: 1354: 1067:As per recommendation of A.Q. Khan, the 364: 2718: 2704:. Steerforth Press, 2007. p. 165. 2695: 2693: 2058:. Nuclearactive.org. 19 February 2004. 1370:Natural uranium consists of only 99.3% 1232: 1093: 401:, who could prove useful for the newly 4448: 4096:World Association of Nuclear Operators 3868:Multan Heavy Water Production Facility 3448: 3003: 2916: 2455: 2416: 2107: 2079: 2077: 1876:List of countries with nuclear weapons 886:Radiation Isotope Application Division 486:United States Atomic Energy Commission 326:) and was approved by Bhutto in 1972. 4476:Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan 4371:Defence Export Promotion Organization 4149: 4045:Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority 3880:Radioactive Waste Management Facility 3873:Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility 3765: 3497: 3453:, Islamabad: Printwise publications, 3383: 2760: 2739:from the original on 10 November 2010 2556: 2382:from the original on 16 February 2020 2340:Fayyazuddin, Faheem Hussain, a friend 1965:Rizvi, Hasan-Askari (December 2001). 1964: 1881:The United States and nuclear weapons 1841:(British World War II atomic program) 999:, under Bashiruddin Mahmood set up a 933:and how atoms separated and ionized. 572:. According to Munir Ahmad Khan, the 337:. The Project was disbanded when the 3112:from the original on 8 November 2017 3049:. Historycommons.org. Archived from 2877:from the original on 16 January 2023 2832:from the original on 9 November 2011 2690: 2565:from the original on 3 November 2012 2476:from the original on 16 January 2023 2437:from the original on 16 January 2023 2036:from the original on 16 January 2023 2015: 1946:from the original on 16 January 2023 1925: 1642:, and the natural uranium came from 1015:, near Pakistan's Eastern Border of 1006: 695: 4067:Nuclear power programme in Pakistan 3819:Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex 2607:Electroweak Experiments in Pakistan 2074: 1623:in diagnostic vans parked near the 1610:, under General Akbar, cleared the 1181:, Air Vice-Marshal (Major-General) 13: 3482:Project 706 : The Muslim Bomb 3422: 2769:from the original on 22 April 2009 2357:Abdus Salam as I know, Fayyazuddin 1997:from the original on 27 March 2022 1891:Pakistan – United States relations 1872:(necessary for uranium enrichment) 1545: 1489:electromagnetic isotope separation 1056:, which later became known as the 564:meeting. While there, he met with 562:International Atomic Energy Agency 369:Chaghi Monument Islamabad Pakistan 290:Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan) 14: 4512: 4486:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 4214:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 4039:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 3607:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 3475: 3247:PAEC's role in Uranium Enrichment 2062:from the original on 27 July 2011 1539:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 1529:, claimed to carry out the first 1315:responded immediately. The PAF's 1303:After the successful outcomes of 1117:, as it was felt that the title " 1054:Engineering Research Laboratories 429:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 339:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 270:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 4338: 4269:Telephone Industries of Pakistan 3851: 3838:Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor 3796: 3434:Nuclear Activities in South Asia 3428:Personal References and Accounts 3308:from the original on 31 May 2016 3160:. thenews.com.pk. Archived from 3134:. Thenews.com.pk. Archived from 3075:. thenews.com.pk. Archived from 2648:from the original on 12 May 2008 1340: 1255:was aware of the United States, 1062:Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers 972:, and examined the behaviour of 700: 389:who, in 1948, wrote a letter to 227: 203: 189: 175: 168: 157: 95:Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers 77: 29: 4236:Project Management Organization 3523: 3392:from the original on 1 May 2010 3377: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3290: 3277: 3260: 3251: 3239: 3214: 3189: 3176: 3150: 3124: 3065: 2997: 2971: 2945: 2859: 2795:. Express India. Archived from 2660: 2612: 2605:Cosmic Anger by Gordon Fraser, 2599: 2590: 2577: 2557:Saeed, Nadeem (28 April 2006). 2550: 2541: 2532: 2519: 2506: 2488: 2449: 2410: 2360: 2351: 2333: 2324: 2304: 2288: 2279: 2266: 2253: 2240: 2188: 1475:—what would be its appropriate 1169:of Central Works Organization, 765: 626:1970 Pakistani general election 255:. The program was initiated by 4188:Ministry of Defence Production 3967:Institute of Power Engineering 3952:Centre for High Energy Physics 2547:Shahidur Rehman,1990, pp 39–40 2263:(Islamabad), 24 November 1996. 2183:Pakistan's Nuclear Development 2175: 2163: 1919: 1746:its own nuclear weapon program 1193:, Brigadier Muhammad Sarfaraz— 837:involved in general theory of 588:, produced the first batch of 549:, had denied Salam's request. 1: 4496:Military projects of Pakistan 4307:Precision Engineering Complex 4280:Pakistan Aeronautical Complex 4228:Maritime Technologies Complex 3962:Centre for Earthquake Studies 3888:Facilities under construction 3826:Karachi Nuclear Power Complex 3814:Chashma Nuclear Power Complex 3602:Pakistan Institute of Physics 2981:. Jang.com.pk. Archived from 2955:. Jang.com.pk. Archived from 2791:Agencies (9 September 2009). 2729:"Eye To Eye: An Islamic Bomb" 2378:(1–2): 12–18. November 2006. 2091:. 3 June 1985. Archived from 1913: 1824:German nuclear energy project 1471:would a machine covered, and 341:(PAEC) carried out the first 4501:Defence industry of Pakistan 4466:Military history of Pakistan 4436:List of missiles of Pakistan 4392:Pakistan and Nuclear weapons 4290:POF Metallurgical Laboratory 4177:Defence industry of Pakistan 3831:Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex 2583:Rehman, Shaheed-Ur- (1999). 2372:Pakistan Military Consortium 1967:"Pakistan's Nuclear Testing" 1811:Pakistan and nuclear weapons 1715:Libya and nuclear technology 1402:, and Munir Ahmad Khan. The 1347:Kahuta Research Laboratories 1297:Kahuta Research Laboratories 1058:Kahuta Research Laboratories 997:Nuclear Engineering Division 950:numerical ranges of neutrons 888:(RIAD), and Zaman Sheikh, a 482:Federal Bureau of Statistics 373: 274:Kahuta Research Laboratories 7: 4481:Nuclear history of Pakistan 3957:National Centre for Physics 3694:Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui 3612:National Centre for Physics 3182:"Profiles of Intelligence" 3016:Last Days of Premier Bhutto 2301:, (Islamabad) 4 April 2006. 1789: 1537:but this is debated as the 1035:nuclear weapon technologist 846:Argonne National Laboratory 620:The Indo-Pakistani 1971 War 494:Karachi Nuclear Power Plant 460:Argonne National Laboratory 454:heavy water reactor or the 10: 4517: 4252:Khan Research Laboratories 3947:Khan Research Laboratories 3877:Gadwal Enrichment Facility 3849: 3587:Khan Research Laboratories 2312:http://web.lexis-nexis.com 1896:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 1850:History of nuclear weapons 1834:Soviet atomic bomb project 1796:Soviet atomic bomb project 1712: 1663:General Khalid Mahmud Arif 1584:Nuclear Chemistry Division 1549: 1344: 1329:the IAF jets and gained a 1239:CIA activities in Pakistan 1236: 938:Fast Neutron Physics Group 819:Mathematical Physics Group 675:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 664:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 630:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 623: 532:General Electric of Canada 525:nuclear research institute 360: 4420: 4379: 4363: 4347: 4336: 4201: 4183: 4120: 4104: 4077: 4062:Energy policy of Pakistan 4054: 4023: 4011: 3985: 3934: 3887: 3860: 3806: 3793:Nuclear power in Pakistan 3753:Nuclear power in Pakistan 3747: 3661: 3620: 3572: 3531: 3449:Rehman, Shahidur (1999), 2525:Munir Khan Passes Away," 1977:(6). jstor.org: 943–955. 1906:Pakistan-Soviet Relations 1163:Special Works Development 1134:Administrative committees 923:Electromagnetic radiation 799:Fast neutron calculations 795:Theoretical Physics Group 644:Bangladesh Liberation War 634:Bangladesh liberation war 471:heavy water nuclear plant 223: 218: 150: 145: 123: 108: 100: 90: 72: 64: 56: 48: 28: 23: 4471:Secret military programs 4224:National Defence Complex 4085:Pakistan Nuclear Society 2979:"Text Available in Urdu" 2514:A Story of Mathematician 1991:10.1525/as.2001.41.6.943 1983:10.1525/as.2001.41.6.943 1901:Indo-Pakistani relations 1719:Libya–Pakistan relations 1465:Centrifugal acceleration 1413:molecular laser isotopes 1359:Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's 1123:Metallurgical Laboratory 987:End of 1974, Pakistan's 654:in East Pakistan called 469:(PIDC) for setting up a 136:Operation Smiling Buddha 4297:Heavy Industries Taxila 3729:Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi 3232:Shahid-ur-Rahman Khan, 3158:"Security Verification" 3073:"Security Verification" 2516:, p.61, Shahidus Rehman 2456:Rehman, Shahid (1999). 2417:Rehman, Shahid (1999). 2403:"Shahid-ur-Rahman Khan, 1829:Japanese atomic program 1687:Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi 1404:Pakistan Defence Forces 1191:Chaklala Air Force Base 1179:Sargodha Air Force Base 858:gun type fission device 791:Quaid-e-Azam University 709:Some of this section's 554:1965 India-Pakistan War 439:to the Prime minister, 3388:. Globalsecurity.org. 2765:. Globalsecurity.org. 2585:Pakistan's Finest Hour 2317:9 January 2009 at the 1559:centrifugal technology 1455:of Qau, Alam met with 1448: 1367: 1253:Government of Pakistan 1211:gas-centrifuge program 1088:gas-centrifuge program 1031:metallurgical engineer 1021:Government of Pakistan 958:efficiency of neutrons 884:, director-general of 586:Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry 443:served agency's first 399:Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry 370: 355:Government of Pakistan 351:high civil decorations 335:Indian nuclear efforts 4425:Pakistan Armed Forces 3935:National laboratories 3704:Iqbal Hussain Qureshi 3298:"November 2005 Issue" 3047:"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" 2512:Long Road to Chagai, 2502:on 18 September 2011. 2274:Dr. Usmani Takes Over 2120:. NTI. Archived from 1865:Nuclear weapon design 1709:Libya and Project-706 1638:non-weaponized grade 1446: 1358: 1319:'s jets belonging to 1037:, had spent years at 760:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 668:military dictatorship 662:This was followed by 656:Operation Searchlight 490:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 441:Salimuzzaman Siddiqui 368: 288:, directly under the 3739:Ghulam Dastagir Alam 3638:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 3108:. 1 September 2009. 2828:. 12 February 2004. 2345:4 March 2012 at the 2016:Khan, Feroz (2012). 1926:Khan, Feroz (2012). 1761:military coup d'état 1701:, with the codename 1671:Michael John O'Brian 1517:By the end of 1983, 1384:physically separated 1233:Foreign Intelligence 1175:Michael John O'Brian 1146:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 1094:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 1077:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 929:— what would be its 831:critical mass theory 827:cross section theory 534:to build a 137 199:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 4232:Air Weapons Complex 4193:Ministry of Defence 3709:Muneer Ahmad Rashid 3633:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 3628:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 3490:(Film only in Urdu) 3451:Long Road to Chagai 3285:Long Road to Chagai 3234:Long Road to Chaghi 2985:on 31 December 2009 2959:on 31 December 2009 2922:The Mirage of Power 2668:Long Road To Chagai 2638:"The Wrath of Khan" 2405:Long Road to Chaghi 2248:Long Road To Chagai 2196:Professor Riazuddin 2159:on 13 January 2010. 1768:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 1765:Chief of Army Staff 1738:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1473:Rotational dynamics 1425:Shaukat Hameed Khan 1286:personae non-gratae 1104:Chief of Army Staff 1075:selected Brigadier 1029:, a German-trained 927:atomic spectroscopy 903:Shaukat Hameed Khan 803:neutron diffraction 689:and a third of its 685:, a quarter of its 638:In March 1970, the 539:Nuclear power plant 521:Edward Durell Stone 391:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 304:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 300:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 260:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 164:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 4256:People Steel Mills 4125:Electricity sector 4112:Nuclear Technology 4091:CANDU Owners Group 3734:Władysław Turowicz 3724:Noor Muhammad Butt 3439:The Kahuta Project 3344:defencejournal.com 3283:Rehman, Shahidur, 3201:The Economic Times 3164:on 31 January 2010 3138:on 1 February 2010 3079:on 1 February 2010 3025:on 18 October 2017 2871:www.thenews.com.pk 2799:on 13 January 2012 2462:. pp. 38–40. 2198:(23 August 2005). 2153:Nazaria-i-Pakistan 2085:"Who Has the Bomb" 1870:Isotope separation 1750:nuclear scientists 1675:Chairman of Senate 1608:Corps of Engineers 1571:Lieutenant-General 1512:General Zia-Ul-Haq 1504:Pakistan Air Force 1449: 1409:Uranium enrichment 1368: 1317:aggressor squadron 1269:News International 1155:lieutenant general 1073:Corps of Engineers 1044:After the India's 946:subatomic particle 878:Plutonium isotopes 815:Raziuddin Siddiqui 770:In December 1972, 610:general relativity 606:Bethe-Bloch theory 445:Technical (member) 425:Sir Zaf-rulla Khan 371: 4443: 4442: 4143: 4142: 3759: 3758: 3699:Samar Mubarakmand 3674:Abdul Qadeer Khan 3648:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 3549:Kala Chitta Range 3460:978-969-8500-00-9 3287:, pp 57–58 and 72 3273:, p. 1, 1998 2939:978-0-19-579300-0 2856:history of Kahuta 2711:978-1-58642-137-3 2527:Business Recorder 2295:Farhatullah Babar 1855:Nuclear arms race 1801:Manhattan Project 1679:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 1659:cold fission test 1594:would be readily 1575:plutonium reactor 1567:Bhutto Government 1421:thermal diffusion 1396:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 1291:On 26 June 1979, 1069:Engineer-in-Chief 1027:Abdul Qadeer Khan 1007:Abdul Qadeer Khan 942:Samar Mubarakmand 890:chemical engineer 839:fission reactions 747: 746: 739: 640:general elections 614:quantum mechanics 410:Dwight Eisenhower 316:Manhattan Project 282:Abdul Qadeer Khan 235: 234: 140:Soviet–Afghan War 4508: 4342: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4012:Fuel extractions 3925: 3913: 3901: 3855: 3801: 3800: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3669:Munir Ahmad Khan 3518: 3511: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3471: 3417: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3381: 3375: 3370: 3361: 3354: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3193: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3024: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2918:Hassan, Mubashir 2914: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2498:. Archived from 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2308: 2302: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2221:. Archived from 2204: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2155:. Archived from 2145: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1923: 1846:Nuclear weapons 1669:(Major-General) 1667:Air Vice-Marshal 1477:rotational speed 1321:No. 11 Squadron 1243:Operation Kahuta 1227:Munir Ahmad Khan 1223:Munir Ahmad Khan 1219:Munir Ahmad Khan 1183:Eric Gordan Hall 1173:(Major-General) 1171:Air Vice-Marshal 844:Educated at the 805:, the theory of 742: 735: 731: 728: 722: 704: 696: 574:nuclear facility 566:Munir Ahmad Khan 543:Finance minister 517:research reactor 458:reactor, at the 422:Foreign minister 278:Munir Ahmed Khan 265:fissile material 243:, also known as 231: 208: 207: 206: 194: 193: 192: 180: 179: 178: 173: 172: 171: 162: 161: 160: 119: 116: 112:Green and White 83: 81: 80: 33: 21: 20: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4416: 4375: 4359: 4343: 4334: 4197: 4179: 4174: 4144: 4139: 4116: 4100: 4073: 4050: 4019: 4017:Fuel extraction 4007: 3981: 3930: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3883: 3856: 3847: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3760: 3755: 3743: 3657: 3653:Mubashir Hassan 3643:Rahimuddin Khan 3616: 3574: 3568: 3544:Chagai District 3527: 3522: 3478: 3461: 3425: 3423:Further reading 3420: 3412: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3053:on 15 June 2011 3045: 3044: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3011: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2926:Mubashir Hassan 2915: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2789: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2759: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2634: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529:, 23 April 1999 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2470: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2431: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347:Wayback Machine 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2319:Wayback Machine 2309: 2305: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2228:on 27 June 2014 2225: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2147: 2146: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2030: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1940: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1819:Operation Alsos 1815:Other projects 1792: 1784:Colonel Gaddafi 1770:. According to 1721: 1713:Main articles: 1711: 1657:The successful 1554: 1548: 1546:Plutonium route 1484:gas centrifuges 1366:gas centrifuges 1364: 1353: 1343: 1305:Operation Opera 1249: 1237:Main articles: 1235: 1151:three-star rank 1141:Mubashir Hassan 1136: 1096: 1009: 978:Neutron sources 862:Natural uranium 785:working at the 768: 743: 732: 726: 723: 720: 705: 652:military action 636: 624:Main articles: 622: 547:Muhammad Shoaib 437:Science Advisor 418:Pakistani media 414:Atoms for Peace 383:Liaqat Ali Khan 376: 363: 345:of a miniature 253:nuclear weapons 238: 204: 202: 201: 190: 188: 187: 176: 174: 169: 167: 166: 158: 156: 152: 138: 134: 132:Operation Opera 130: 117: 114: 113: 78: 76: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4514: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4441: 4440: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4329: 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