62:
50:
148:
1112:
3035:
2165:
1803:
3027:
1829:
1816:
536:
31:
131:
Sometimes property developers will only undertake part of the process. For example, some developers source a property and get the plans and permits approved before selling the property with the plans and permits to a builder at a premium price. Alternatively, a developer who is also a builder may
289:
of land is the principal mechanism by which communities are developed. Technically, subdivision describes the legal and physical steps a developer must take to convert raw land into developed land. Subdivision is a vital part of a community's growth, determining its appearance, the mix of its
190:
Assembling a team of professionals to address the environmental, economic, private, physical and political issues inherent in a complex development project is critical. A developer's success depends on the ability to coordinate and lead the completion of a series of interrelated activities
119:
Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, develop projects in joint ventures, and create, imagine, control, and orchestrate the process of development from beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest
344:
tools mitigate the risk of these developers by modeling the population trends and demographic make-up of the sort of customers a home builder or retailer would like to have surrounding their new development.
162:
Developers work with many different counterparts along each step of this process, including architects, city planners, engineers, surveyors, inspectors, contractors, lawyers, leasing agents, etc. In the
470:
Geltner, David, Anil Kumar, and Alex M. Van de Minne. "Riskiness of real estate development: A perspective from urban economics and option value theory." Real Estate
Economics 48.2 (2020): 406-445.
187:. At the other end of the spectrum, a development company might consist of one principal and a few staff who hire or contract with other companies and professionals for each service as needed.
132:
purchase a property with the plans and permits in place so that they do not have the risk of failing to obtain planning approval and can start construction on the development immediately. The
128:
of the property, develop the building program and design, obtain the necessary public approval and financing, build the structures, and rent out, manage, and ultimately sell it.
2582:
1860:
2513:
219:
2507:
211:
568:
104:
or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real
2491:
2202:
2530:
655:
207:
2648:
2564:
1787:
485:
124:
in the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers purchase a tract of land, determine the
3057:
2479:
510:
2653:
2658:
1742:
2519:
2485:
698:
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2600:
665:
585:
540:
179:
A development team can be put together in one of several ways. At one extreme, a large company might include many services, from
1248:
882:
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2278:
1757:
561:
341:
332:
After subdivision is complete, the developer usually markets the land to a home builder or other end user, for such uses as a
2588:
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1147:
354:
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1747:
1043:
17:
2612:
2473:
2195:
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1867:
1772:
168:
57:, virtually all housing is developed and built through property developers, including development in upmarket segments.
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2268:
1570:
1253:
554:
2643:
61:
2724:
1927:
1003:
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2999:
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1915:
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1243:
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1343:
1233:
688:
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2010:
1291:
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1140:
164:
2911:
2804:
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for approvals and infrastructure and because it involves a long investment period with no positive
227:
223:
481:
3030:
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2731:
2719:
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2263:
2258:
2143:
1819:
1485:
1223:
786:
781:
506:
2835:
2794:
2787:
2741:
1998:
1981:
1585:
1545:
1311:
941:
910:
862:
736:
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3062:
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630:
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137:
49:
429:
423:
116:, although many developers also manage the construction process or engage in housebuilding.
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2873:
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1976:
1956:
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1560:
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1353:
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1218:
1208:
1198:
1133:
900:
816:
384:
155:
8:
3004:
2777:
2707:
2406:
2349:
2240:
1966:
1949:
1717:
1540:
1535:
1369:
1274:
1269:
1063:
960:
791:
678:
199:
2896:
2878:
2309:
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2031:
1991:
1767:
1641:
1595:
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1408:
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1306:
836:
379:
286:
259:
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141:
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1971:
1905:
1900:
1853:
1671:
1480:
1463:
1423:
1348:
1338:
1316:
1301:
1078:
1038:
920:
915:
796:
443:
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243:
151:
113:
2906:
2679:
2048:
1961:
1939:
1895:
1890:
1691:
1666:
1565:
1507:
1468:
1428:
867:
811:
766:
726:
673:
364:
311:
271:
81:
2926:
2921:
2334:
2324:
2079:
1910:
1555:
1502:
1023:
993:
751:
683:
645:
613:
603:
337:
239:
3014:
2329:
2319:
2116:
2111:
2096:
2053:
1986:
1782:
1762:
1722:
1661:
1443:
1413:
1116:
1088:
1028:
1018:
1013:
801:
756:
741:
716:
711:
399:
359:
203:
133:
101:
43:
3051:
2963:
2948:
2674:
2121:
2106:
2003:
1934:
1580:
1512:
1497:
1326:
1073:
1033:
905:
841:
826:
821:
649:
598:
447:
322:
255:
147:
3009:
2994:
2840:
2699:
2344:
2211:
2133:
2074:
1752:
1651:
1636:
1610:
1433:
1399:
1083:
1008:
895:
872:
731:
546:
460:
New York Times, March 16, 1963, "Personality Boom is Loud for Louis Lesser"
394:
389:
303:
180:
109:
66:
469:
2953:
2943:
2446:
2411:
2381:
2128:
2089:
1922:
1777:
1631:
1453:
1448:
1321:
1156:
972:
635:
623:
278:
184:
97:
54:
2970:
2901:
2426:
2421:
2386:
1732:
1605:
1068:
967:
925:
721:
640:
318:
276:
Purchasing unused land for a potential development is sometimes called
85:
2975:
2431:
2391:
2294:
2101:
1944:
950:
771:
333:
326:
195:
125:
2497:
2376:
2026:
1876:
1712:
1656:
1458:
1384:
1167:
998:
937:
890:
706:
425:
Professional Real Estate
Development: The ULI Guide to the Business
307:
299:
291:
235:
105:
93:
35:
317:
Land development can pose the most risk, but can also be the most
2436:
2416:
1058:
806:
593:
2689:
2451:
2441:
2180:
1517:
1098:
857:
535:
247:
215:
167:
context in the United
Kingdom, 'development' is defined in the
39:
1125:
30:
2542:
1473:
1093:
1048:
977:
955:
374:
89:
2916:
2069:
1845:
1438:
1053:
618:
295:
194:
Development process requires skills of many professionals:
121:
2583:
National
Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
417:
415:
27:
Process that creates or renovates new or existing spaces
2514:
Chartered
Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
482:"Article: What does a property developer do? Sept 2019"
412:
158:
of price and quantity apply to real estate development
2508:
3049:
2492:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
214:to determine demand and a project's economics;
2531:Construction Management Association of America
84:, encompassing activities that range from the
2565:National Association of Women in Construction
2196:
1861:
1788:List of housing markets by real estate prices
1141:
562:
230:to analyze a site's physical limitations and
174:
2480:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association
576:
428:(2 ed.). Urban Land Institute. p.
108:. Real estate development is different from
2203:
2189:
1868:
1854:
1828:
1148:
1134:
569:
555:
421:
2520:Civil Engineering Contractors Association
2486:Associated General Contractors of America
454:
422:Frej, Anne B; Peiser, Richard B. (2003).
191:efficiently and at the appropriate time.
2937:List of tallest buildings and structures
2601:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
146:
60:
48:
29:
2577:National Kitchen & Bath Association
14:
3050:
65:Advertisement for mobile homes on the
2589:National Tile Contractors Association
2559:National Association of Home Builders
2537:Construction Specifications Institute
2184:
1849:
1129:
550:
355:Brownfield regulation and development
2571:National Fire Protection Association
1815:
321:technique as it is dependent on the
294:, and its infrastructure, including
3058:Real estate and property developers
2613:Society of Construction Arbitrators
2474:American Society of Civil Engineers
265:
24:
2468:American Institute of Constructors
1773:Undergraduate real estate programs
169:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
25:
3084:
2932:Lists of buildings and structures
1571:Investment rating for real estate
528:
3034:
3033:
3025:
2210:
2164:
2163:
1827:
1814:
1802:
1801:
1110:
534:
3026:
1928:Integrated landscape management
1155:
1004:Residential cluster development
513:from the original on 2020-09-27
488:from the original on 2020-08-08
136:of real estate development and
3000:Sustainability in construction
2831:Modern methods of construction
1728:Graduate real estate education
1173:Tertiary sector of the economy
656:Shopping streets and districts
499:
474:
463:
370:Property investment calculator
13:
1:
2768:Building services engineering
2139:Drainage system (agriculture)
405:
2884:Construction equipment theft
2607:Scottish Building Federation
2503:Construction History Society
1875:
1682:Real estate investment trust
1287:Extraterrestrial real estate
782:Model dwellings for the poor
7:
2315:Chartered Building Surveyor
2279:Water supply and sanitation
1916:Sustainable land management
1687:Real property administrator
1677:Real estate investment club
348:
210:to address project design;
10:
3089:
2862:List of building materials
1344:Private equity real estate
507:"What is a Lady Bird Deed"
269:
250:to provide financing. The
175:Organizing for development
3023:
2849:
2813:
2800:Environmental engineering
2763:Architectural engineering
2755:
2698:
2667:
2621:
2460:
2363:
2287:
2251:
2218:
2159:
2062:
2019:
2011:Locally unwanted land use
1883:
1796:
1700:
1619:
1526:
1398:
1362:
1292:International real estate
1262:
1181:
1163:
1107:
986:
936:
881:
850:
697:
664:
584:
224:environmental consultants
218:to handle agreements and
165:Town and Country Planning
2805:Geotechnical engineering
2783:Construction engineering
2548:Home Builders Federation
2274:Timeline of architecture
2236:Underground construction
578:Real estate developments
2990:Real estate development
2892:Construction management
2747:Vernacular architecture
2732:Indigenous architecture
2720:Industrial architecture
2595:Railway Tie Association
2144:Sustainable agriculture
2037:Real estate development
1486:Real estate transaction
1375:Real estate development
787:Multifamily residential
541:Real estate development
96:to the purchase of raw
74:Real estate development
2836:Monocrete construction
2795:Earthquake engineering
2788:Structural engineering
2742:Landscape architecture
2269:Structural engineering
1999:Developed environments
1982:Environmental planning
1896:Development/Conversion
1586:Real estate derivative
1546:Effective gross income
1312:Healthcare real estate
737:Conservation community
340:. In any case, use of
159:
70:
58:
46:
2826:Earthbag construction
2737:Interior architecture
2231:Offshore construction
2044:Land development bank
1743:Industry trade groups
1647:Exclusive buyer agent
1601:Real estate valuation
1591:Real estate economics
1551:Gross rent multiplier
1380:Real estate investing
1282:Corporate Real Estate
832:Single-room occupancy
777:Mixed-use development
762:Intentional community
747:Golf course community
609:Mixed-use development
270:Further information:
254:of the project hires
242:companies to provide
232:environmental impacts
150:
138:real estate investing
64:
52:
33:
2874:Construction bidding
2554:Lighting Association
2526:The Concrete Society
2402:Construction foreman
2149:Land change modeling
1977:Rangeland management
1957:Illegal construction
1561:Highest and best use
1527:Economics, financing
1491:Real estate contract
1385:Real estate flipping
1354:Residential property
1297:Lease administration
1249:United Arab Emirates
901:Garden city movement
817:Retirement community
543:at Wikimedia Commons
385:Real estate business
342:spatial intelligence
220:government approvals
200:landscape architects
156:economic equilibrium
78:property development
18:Property development
3005:Unfinished building
2778:Coastal engineering
2407:Construction worker
2350:Structural engineer
2241:Tunnel construction
1967:Land rehabilitation
1950:Habitat destruction
1541:Capitalization rate
1536:Asset-based lending
1370:Property management
1275:Commercial building
1270:Commercial property
1064:Planning permission
807:Residential airpark
792:Penthouse apartment
679:Industrial district
260:architectural plans
246:of a property; and
38:development of the
2897:Construction waste
2879:Construction delay
2310:Building officials
2305:Building estimator
2085:Soil contamination
2032:Subdivision (land)
1992:Watertable control
1768:Real estate trends
1672:Real estate broker
1642:Chartered Surveyor
1596:Real estate bubble
1576:Mortgage insurance
1409:Adverse possession
1332:Luxury real estate
1307:Garden real estate
1117:Housing portal
689:Technology centers
509:. April 18, 2020.
380:Real estate bubble
252:general contractor
244:legal descriptions
212:market consultants
160:
71:
59:
47:
3045:
3044:
2888:Construction loan
2857:Building material
2773:Civil engineering
2397:Concrete finisher
2340:Quantity surveyor
2300:Building engineer
2226:Home construction
2178:
2177:
1972:Landscape ecology
1843:
1842:
1481:Property abstract
1464:Land registration
1424:Concurrent estate
1349:Real estate owned
1339:Off-plan property
1317:Vacation property
1302:Niche real estate
1123:
1122:
1079:Regional planning
1039:Land-use planning
921:Urban green space
916:Planned community
851:Science/education
797:Private community
539:Media related to
152:Supply and demand
16:(Redirected from
3080:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3028:
2912:Design–bid–build
2680:Construction law
2205:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2166:
2049:Land (economics)
1962:Land reclamation
1940:Land consumption
1870:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1748:Investment firms
1667:Property manager
1566:Home equity loan
1469:Leasehold estate
1429:Conditional sale
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1113:
868:Satellite campus
812:Residential area
767:Luxury apartment
727:Closed community
674:Business cluster
571:
564:
557:
548:
547:
538:
522:
521:
519:
518:
503:
497:
496:
494:
493:
478:
472:
467:
461:
458:
452:
451:
419:
365:Land consumption
312:public utilities
272:Land development
266:Land development
100:and the sale of
82:business process
21:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3019:
2927:Interior design
2922:Heavy equipment
2845:
2809:
2751:
2694:
2663:
2617:
2456:
2365:
2359:
2335:Project manager
2325:Civil estimator
2283:
2247:
2214:
2209:
2179:
2174:
2155:
2080:Soil compaction
2058:
2015:
1911:Land management
1879:
1874:
1844:
1839:
1792:
1696:
1615:
1556:Hard money loan
1528:
1522:
1503:Rent regulation
1394:
1358:
1258:
1177:
1159:
1154:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1024:Greenfield land
994:Brownfield land
982:
932:
877:
846:
752:Gated community
693:
684:Industrial park
660:
646:Shopping center
614:Office building
604:Commercial area
580:
575:
531:
526:
525:
516:
514:
505:
504:
500:
491:
489:
480:
479:
475:
468:
464:
459:
455:
440:
420:
413:
408:
351:
338:shopping center
274:
268:
228:soils engineers
204:civil engineers
177:
134:financial risks
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3043:
3042:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3015:Urban planning
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:United Kingdom
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2364:Trades workers
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2355:Superintendent
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Clerk of works
2327:
2322:
2320:Civil engineer
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:Infrastructure
2112:Urban planning
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Overpopulation
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2063:Related fields
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:Customary land
2051:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:Leopold matrix
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1834:List of topics
1824:
1811:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:Urban planning
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:Property cycle
1760:
1755:
1750:
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529:External links
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400:YIMBY movement
397:
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360:Gentrification
357:
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267:
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256:subcontractors
176:
173:
140:differ due to
102:developed land
26:
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2168:Categories:
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2107:Deforestation
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2018:
2012:
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2004:Built-up area
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1935:Land grabbing
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1581:Mortgage loan
1579:
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1529:and valuation
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1513:Torrens title
1511:
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1499:
1498:Real property
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1327:Golf property
1325:
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1074:Redevelopment
1072:
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1055:
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1034:Groundscraper
1032:
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1017:
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1005:
1002:
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987:Miscellaneous
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906:Model village
904:
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869:
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863:Research park
861:
859:
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849:
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842:Tract housing
840:
838:
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828:
827:Rooming house
825:
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822:Revenue house
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663:
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651:
650:Shopping mall
647:
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639:
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634:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
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602:
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599:Business park
597:
595:
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583:
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572:
567:
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560:
558:
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457:
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371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
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353:
352:
346:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
323:public sector
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
282:
280:
273:
263:
262:into action.
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:site planners
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
186:
182:
172:
170:
166:
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
129:
127:
123:
117:
115:
114:housebuilding
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
63:
56:
51:
45:
42:seafront and
41:
37:
32:
19:
3068:Construction
3063:Architecture
3010:Urban design
2995:Stonemasonry
2989:
2907:Design–build
2850:Other topics
2841:Slip forming
2700:Architecture
2345:Site manager
2264:Construction
2259:Architecture
2212:Construction
2134:Permaculture
2075:Soil science
2036:
1832:
1820:
1806:
1753:Land banking
1652:Land banking
1637:Buyer broker
1611:Rental value
1434:Conveyancing
1374:
1244:Saudi Arabia
1084:Urban design
1009:Construction
896:Civic center
873:Science park
732:Company town
631:Power center
577:
515:. Retrieved
501:
490:. Retrieved
476:
465:
456:
424:
395:Urban sprawl
390:Shared ranch
331:
316:
285:
277:
275:
193:
189:
181:architecture
178:
161:
154:curves with
130:
118:
110:construction
92:of existing
77:
73:
72:
67:Florida Keys
3073:Real estate
2954:Plasterwork
2944:Megaproject
2756:Engineering
2685:Site safety
2447:Steel fixer
2412:Electrician
2382:Boilermaker
2288:Professions
2129:Agriculture
2090:Alkali soil
1923:Landscaping
1891:Degradation
1778:Urban decay
1632:Buyer agent
1454:Foreclosure
1449:Encumbrance
1322:Arable land
1234:Puerto Rico
1182:By location
1157:Real estate
1044:Nonbuilding
973:Tower block
837:Subdivision
699:Residential
636:Retail park
287:Subdivision
281:development
279:speculative
258:to put the
185:engineering
69:, June 1973
55:Netherlands
3052:Categories
2971:Parge coat
2902:Demolition
2668:Regulation
2622:By country
2427:Millwright
2422:Ironworker
2387:Bricklayer
1733:Green belt
1606:Remortgage
1390:Relocation
1189:Bangladesh
1069:Playground
968:Skyscraper
722:City block
666:Industrial
641:Riverfront
586:Commercial
517:2020-04-18
492:2020-04-15
439:0874208947
406:References
319:profitable
196:architects
86:renovation
2976:Roughcast
2432:Plasterer
2392:Carpenter
2295:Architect
2102:Pollution
1945:Land loss
1718:Filtering
1708:Companies
1627:Appraiser
1508:Severance
1204:Indonesia
951:Apartment
938:Buildings
883:Municipal
772:McMansion
448:778267123
334:warehouse
327:cash flow
302:systems,
292:land uses
236:surveyors
216:attorneys
126:marketing
94:buildings
3039:Category
2964:Proofing
2867:Millwork
2498:Build UK
2377:Banksman
2170:Land use
2027:Property
2020:Property
1906:Conflict
1901:Planning
1877:Land use
1808:Category
1713:Eviction
1657:Landlord
1459:Land law
1224:Pakistan
1168:Property
999:Cemetery
891:Arcology
707:Agrihood
511:Archived
486:Archived
349:See also
308:sewerage
300:drainage
144:effects.
142:leverage
106:property
36:Solidere
3031:Outline
2981:Harling
2814:Methods
2725:British
2644:Romania
2567:(NAWIC)
2516:(CIPHE)
2510:(CICES)
2437:Plumber
2417:Glazier
2252:History
1884:General
1821:Commons
1738:Indices
1620:Parties
1419:Closing
1363:Sectors
1059:Parking
594:Airport
248:lenders
88:and re-
80:, is a
53:In the
2690:Zoning
2649:Turkey
2603:(RICS)
2591:(NTCA)
2579:(NKBA)
2573:(NFPA)
2561:(NAHB)
2533:(CMAA)
2522:(CECA)
2494:(APHC)
2482:(ATAC)
2476:(ASCE)
2452:Welder
2442:Roofer
1826:
1813:
1800:
1758:People
1692:Tenant
1518:Zoning
1239:Russia
1229:Panama
1214:Turkey
1194:Canada
1099:Zoning
858:Campus
624:inland
446:
436:
310:, and
44:harbor
40:Beirut
2708:Style
2639:Japan
2629:India
2609:(SBF)
2597:(RTA)
2585:(NRC)
2550:(HBF)
2543:FIDIC
2539:(CSI)
2488:(AGC)
2470:(AIC)
2219:Types
1701:Other
1474:Lease
1263:Types
1219:Kenya
1209:Italy
1199:China
1094:YIMBY
1049:NIMBY
978:Villa
961:types
956:House
942:types
926:parks
375:NIMBY
304:water
296:roads
240:title
171:s55.
90:lease
76:, or
2959:Damp
2917:DfMA
2821:List
2713:List
2634:Iran
2368:List
2070:Soil
1439:Deed
1054:Park
619:Port
444:OCLC
434:ISBN
238:and
226:and
206:and
122:risk
98:land
34:The
1400:Law
336:or
183:to
112:or
3054::
484:.
442:.
432:.
414:^
329:.
314:.
306:,
298:,
283:.
234:;
222:;
202:,
198:,
2370:)
2366:(
2204:e
2197:t
2190:v
1869:e
1862:t
1855:v
1149:e
1142:t
1135:v
944:)
940:(
652:)
648:(
570:e
563:t
556:v
520:.
495:.
450:.
430:3
20:)
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