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protopresbyterates (eparchies), in which the protopope is elected by clergy and people and rules under the bishop. In these cases he may be compared to rural deans in the
Western church. Such an office is the highest to which a married Orthodox priest may aspire, since bishops are always monks. In Russia the protopope (protoierei) sometimes wears the Byzantine
433:, III, 142). There are cases in which a protopope in a remote place has episcopal jurisdiction, but not orders, like some vicars Apostolic, or the archpriests in England from 1599 to 1621. In such cases they are distinguished from archpriests and have such officials under them (so the introduction to Nicholas Bulgaris' "Sacred Catechism", Venice, 1681).
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In imperial Russia, royal
Bulgaria, royal Rumania and Habsburg Austria, the protopopes had authority over a district containing several parishes which they had to visit occasionally, representing for the clergy the court of first instance. In Orthodox Hungary and Transylvania there are
412:). In the bishop's absence he took his place as president, and had jurisdiction over his fellow-clergy. George Kodinos (fourteenth century) says of the protopope: "he is first in the tribunal holding the second place after the pontiff" (De Officiis, I, quoted by Goar 237).
383:), takes his place in his absence (ibid.). So also Leo Allatius's list, where it is said further that: "he holds the place of the pontiff" (ibid., 229). He is promoted by presentation to the patriarch, who lays his hand on him with prayer, and the clergy cry "
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Distinct from the official of the patriarchal court, though bearing the same title, were the protopopes in the country parishes. They correspond to
Catholic
389:" (ἄξιος) three times (the rite from Allatius is given by Goar, 238). Goar notes that the protopope, at least to some extent, succeeded to the place of the
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together with a statement of their duties. Among these the protopope had the first place on the left. "The protopope stands above the left choir when the
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and in the same way the pontiff to the protopope and he has all first places in the church" (Goar, 225). Under him the "second one" (ὁ δευτερεύων
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that there should be bishops in small towns and villages, and because of this they ordain for these priests who are protopopes and chorepiscopi" (
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The rights and duties of these dignitaries have varied to some extent at different times and in different local churches. Roughly, the titles
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