429:
413:
398:
54:
33:
572:
and a lack of roots. Unfortunately, no fossils of psilophytes are known to exist. A careful study of the morphology and anatomy suggests that whisk ferns are not closely related to rhyniophytes, and that the ancestral features present in living psilophytes represent a reduction from a more typical
924:
593:
synangia resulting from the fusion of three adjacent sporangia, and these are borne laterally on the axes. In the rhyniophytes and trimerophytes the sporangia were single and in a terminal position on branches.
348:
less than 2 mm (0.08 in) long. The gametophyte lives underground as a mycoheterotroph, tapping into mycorrhizal networks to access carbon and other nutrients. When the gametophyte is mature, it is
568:
that suggest an affinity with early vascular plants include dichotomously branching sporophytes, aerial stems arising from horizontal rhizomes, a simple vascular cylinder, homosporous and terminal
730:
428:
1237:
380:
is unusual in that it branches dichotomously, lives underground and possesses vascular tissue. The nutrition of the gametophyte appears to be
361:. A mature sporophyte may grow to a height of 30 cm (10 in) or more but has no apparent leaves. The stem has a core of thick-walled
1276:
1312:
1016:
Qiu, Y-L and Palmer, J (1999) "Phylogeny of early land plants: insights from genes and genomes." Trends in Plant
Science 4(1), 26-30
1185:
1250:
1198:
916:
787:
Manton, Irene (1942). "A Note on the
Cytology of Psilotum with Special Reference to Vascular Prothalli from Rangitoto Island".
300:
are very reduced, the stems being the organs containing photosynthetic and conducting tissue. There are only two species in
1255:
412:
1125:
1412:
692:
467:
meaning "bare", "smooth" or "bald" referring to the lack of the usual plant organs, and the seeming lack of leaves.
1366:
1281:
1224:
1330:
601:
is a fern (in the broad sense that includes horsetails) and that psilophytes are sister to ophioglossoid ferns.
1361:
1001:
976:
948:
1263:
841:
639:
1084:
397:
1177:
1151:
1325:
630:
1203:
1291:
53:
1317:
1172:
708:
685:
Native plants of the Sydney region : from
Newcastle to Nowra and west to the Dividing Range
1146:
1027:
1242:
1353:
1304:
362:
1407:
1402:
517:, with a few isolated populations in south-west Europe. The highest latitudes known are in
483:
284:. Plants in these two genera were once thought to be descended from the earliest surviving
175:
577:
and the rhyniophytes and trimerophytes are that the development of its vascular strand is
8:
369:
which regulates the flow of water and nutrients. The surface of the stem is covered with
1164:
1138:
1374:
1159:
1065:
800:
773:
569:
212:
48:
814:
1299:
1097:
997:
972:
944:
890:
688:
665:
657:
643:
381:
1379:
796:
769:
647:
495:
268:
1102:
1076:
344:. When mature, the synangia release yellow to whitish spores which develop into a
1089:
871:
333:
309:
1268:
518:
477:
289:
285:
260:
195:
151:
78:
288:, but more recent phylogenies place them as basal ferns, as a sister group to
1396:
1050:
661:
460:
201:
158:
1343:
669:
652:
625:
556:
superficially resembles certain extinct early vascular plants, such as the
143:
1211:
1059:
756:
Holloway, John E. (1939). "The
Gametophyte, Embryo, and Young Rhizome of
582:
578:
557:
452:
353:, producing both egg and sperm cells. The sperm cells swim using several
345:
280:
271:
180:
135:
118:
108:
624:
Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (2004).
336:. Above these enations there are synangia formed by the fusion of three
1190:
366:
358:
337:
1216:
1133:
1110:
506:
385:
354:
350:
1229:
1021:
1338:
1044:
687:(3rd ed.). Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. p. 16.
1115:
522:
514:
357:
and when they reach an egg cell, unite with it to form the young
329:
325:
996:(second ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge university press.
971:(second ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
878:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 123.
590:
530:
526:
388:
370:
341:
264:
65:
925:
Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora
Vascular Amenazada de España
510:
297:
293:
256:
98:
88:
32:
941:
Morphology and
Evolution of Vascular Plants, Third Edition
304:
and a hybrid between the two. They differ from those in
623:
938:
840:
Swartz, Olof (1801). Schrader, Heinrich Adolph (ed.).
619:
617:
615:
613:
585:
in rhyniophytes and trimerophytes. The sporangia of
573:modern fern plant. Significant differences between
610:
711:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
1394:
1010:
373:which allow gas exchange with the surroundings.
991:
932:
324:lack true roots but are anchored by creeping
315:
682:
966:
470:
332:, which look like small leaves but have no
328:. The stems have many branches with paired
909:
597:Molecular evidence strongly confirms that
31:
939:Gifford, Ernest; Adriance Foster (1989).
651:
308:in having stems with many branches and a
994:Palaeobotany and the evolution of plants
969:Green plants, their origin and diversity
897:. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
755:
451:was first formally described in 1801 by
16:Genus of ferns in the family Psilotaceae
985:
962:
960:
749:
241:Palisot De Beauvisage ex de Mirbel 1802
1395:
992:Stewart, W.N.; Rothwell, G.W. (1993).
943:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
839:
786:
676:
442:
1026:
1025:
882:
870:
780:
683:Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2010).
455:and the description was published in
1367:cde0830e-e6e7-4c68-a31c-b5cd5e5184d7
1292:32606d41-96be-4dbf-8815-7c703e5d68b8
1126:a3b78738-706f-42d6-9e1e-c8a6915f833d
957:
888:
626:"The evolution of plant development"
548:
541:is found from Florida to Texas, and
505:is tropical and subtropical, in the
487:, with a hybrid between them known,
459:. The name of the genus is from the
876:The Composition of Scientific Words
807:
723:
701:
13:
1331:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30213385-2
967:Bell, P.R.; Hemsley, P.R. (1992).
864:
846:Journal für die Botanik (Schrader)
833:
801:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088408
774:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085063
457:Journal für die Botanik (Schrader)
312:with three lobes rather than two.
14:
1424:
709:"Introduction to the Psilotales"
427:
411:
396:
52:
365:in its centre surrounded by an
1:
604:
640:Botanical Society of America
7:
842:"Genera et species Filicum"
560:and the trimerophyte genus
10:
1429:
631:American Journal of Botany
564:. The unusual features of
316:Description and life cycle
1413:Taxa named by Olof Swartz
1034:
320:Whisk ferns in the genus
218:
211:
171:
166:
149:
142:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
471:Species and distribution
889:de Lange, Peter James.
475:There are two species,
653:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726
340:and which produce the
1123:Euro+Med PlantBase:
872:Brown, Roland Wilbur
501:The distribution of
484:Psilotum complanatum
435:Psilotum complanatum
758:Psilotum triquetrum
443:Taxonomy and naming
376:The gametophyte of
263:. It is one of two
382:myco-heterotrophic
292:. They lack true
278:, the other being
274:commonly known as
1390:
1389:
1300:Open Tree of Life
1028:Taxon identifiers
549:Relation to ferns
248:
247:
242:
234:
226:
205:
191:
183:
138:
1420:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1269:NHMSYS0000494648
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1232:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1168:
1167:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
989:
983:
982:
964:
955:
954:
936:
930:
929:
921:
917:"Psilotum nudum"
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
886:
880:
879:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
811:
805:
804:
789:Annals of Botany
784:
778:
777:
762:Annals of Botany
753:
747:
746:
744:
742:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
705:
699:
698:
680:
674:
673:
655:
621:
537:. In the U.S.,
431:
415:
400:
240:
232:
224:
199:
189:
179:
134:
57:
56:
35:
21:
20:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1004:
990:
986:
979:
965:
958:
951:
937:
933:
919:
915:
914:
910:
900:
898:
887:
883:
869:
865:
855:
853:
838:
834:
824:
822:
813:
812:
808:
785:
781:
754:
750:
740:
738:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
707:
706:
702:
695:
681:
677:
622:
611:
607:
551:
529:, and southern
473:
445:
438:
432:
423:
416:
407:
401:
334:vascular tissue
318:
286:vascular plants
261:vascular plants
187:P. ×intermedium
162:
155:
133:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:wfo-4000031808
1371:
1358:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1120:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1071:
1056:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1002:
984:
977:
956:
949:
931:
908:
893:Psilotum nudum
881:
863:
832:
806:
795:(2): 283–292.
779:
768:(2): 313–336.
748:
722:
700:
693:
675:
646:): 1726–1741.
608:
606:
603:
581:, while it is
550:
547:
543:P. complanatum
519:South Carolina
478:Psilotum nudum
472:
469:
444:
441:
440:
439:
433:
426:
424:
420:Psilotum nudum
417:
410:
408:
404:Psilotum nudum
402:
395:
384:, assisted by
317:
314:
290:Ophioglossales
255:is a genus of
246:
245:
244:
243:
235:
233:Willdenow 1802
227:
225:Willdenow 1789
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
192:
184:
176:P. complanatum
169:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:Psilotum nudum
147:
146:
140:
139:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
99:Polypodiopsida
96:
92:
91:
89:Polypodiophyta
86:
82:
81:
76:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
42:Psilotum nudum
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1425:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1013:
1005:
999:
995:
988:
980:
974:
970:
963:
961:
952:
946:
942:
935:
927:
926:
918:
912:
896:
894:
885:
877:
873:
867:
851:
847:
843:
836:
820:
818:
810:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
737:. ]: plantnet
736:
734:
726:
710:
704:
696:
694:9781741755718
690:
686:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:
627:
620:
618:
616:
614:
609:
602:
600:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
479:
468:
466:
462:
461:Ancient Greek
458:
454:
450:
436:
430:
425:
421:
414:
409:
405:
399:
394:
393:
392:
390:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
239:
236:
231:
228:
223:
220:
219:
217:
214:
210:
203:
198:
197:
193:
188:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
170:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
145:
141:
137:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:Tracheophytes
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1035:
1012:
993:
987:
968:
940:
934:
923:
911:
899:. Retrieved
892:
884:
875:
866:
854:. Retrieved
849:
845:
835:
823:. Retrieved
816:
809:
792:
788:
782:
765:
761:
757:
751:
739:. Retrieved
732:
725:
713:. Retrieved
703:
684:
678:
635:
629:
598:
596:
586:
574:
565:
561:
558:rhyniophytes
553:
552:
542:
538:
534:
525:province in
502:
500:
496:W. H. Wagner
492:
488:
482:
476:
474:
464:
456:
448:
446:
434:
419:
403:
377:
375:
321:
319:
305:
301:
279:
275:
251:
250:
249:
237:
229:
221:
194:
186:
174:
150:
144:Type species
129:
128:
72:
41:
24:
18:
1408:Fern genera
1403:Psilotaceae
1212:iNaturalist
1060:Wikispecies
901:24 December
856:24 December
825:24 December
760:(Swartz)".
741:24 December
715:24 December
570:eusporangia
562:Psilophyton
545:in Hawaii.
493:intermedium
453:Olof Swartz
346:gametophyte
306:Tmesipteris
281:Tmesipteris
276:whisk ferns
272:Psilotaceae
119:Psilotaceae
40:Closeup of
1397:Categories
1230:30213385-2
1003:0521382947
978:0521646731
950:0716719460
605:References
591:trilocular
513:, and the
447:The genus
386:endophytic
367:endodermis
363:protostele
359:sporophyte
230:Bernhardia
222:Hoffmannia
204:) Beauvois
161:) Beauvois
109:Psilotales
85:Division:
1134:FloraBase
662:0002-9122
583:centrarch
507:New World
418:Clump of
351:monoicous
338:sporangia
310:synangium
62:Kingdom:
1362:VicFlora
1344:40019032
1339:Tropicos
1165:Psilotum
1066:Psilotum
1045:Wikidata
1036:Psilotum
874:(1956).
817:Psilotum
733:Psilotum
670:21652320
599:Psilotum
587:Psilotum
575:Psilotum
566:Psilotum
554:Psilotum
539:P. nudum
535:P. nudum
503:Psilotum
489:Psilotum
449:Psilotum
406:rhizomes
378:Psilotum
355:flagella
330:enations
326:rhizomes
322:Psilotum
302:Psilotum
252:Psilotum
238:Tristeca
213:Synonyms
196:P. nudum
167:Species
130:Psilotum
115:Family:
25:Psilotum
1354:4946068
1243:1335587
1191:2688173
1051:Q139732
515:Pacific
371:stomata
267:in the
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
66:Plantae
1351:uBio:
1318:PSILO4
1313:PLANTS
1305:769692
1289:NZOR:
1217:154813
1178:127362
1152:127362
1077:194149
1074:APDB:
1000:
975:
947:
821:. APNI
691:
668:
660:
638:(10).
579:exarch
465:psilos
422:plants
342:spores
298:leaves
269:family
265:genera
259:-like
190:Wagner
1256:17006
1238:IRMNG
1204:10047
1160:FoAO2
1139:20872
1116:1QSIG
1090:88006
920:(PDF)
852:: 109
644:Wiley
531:Japan
527:Spain
523:Cádiz
463:word
437:plant
389:fungi
294:roots
73:Clade
1326:POWO
1282:3239
1277:NCBI
1251:ITIS
1225:IPNI
1199:GRIN
1186:GBIF
1111:EPPO
1103:74BL
1085:APNI
998:ISBN
973:ISBN
945:ISBN
903:2016
858:2016
827:2016
743:2016
717:2016
689:ISBN
666:PMID
658:ISSN
589:are
533:for
511:Asia
481:and
296:and
257:fern
1375:WFO
1264:NBN
1173:FoC
1147:FNA
1098:CoL
797:doi
770:doi
648:doi
181:Sw.
136:Sw.
1399::
1377::
1364::
1341::
1328::
1315::
1302::
1279::
1266::
1253::
1240::
1227::
1214::
1201::
1188::
1175::
1162::
1149::
1136::
1113::
1100::
1087::
1062::
1047::
959:^
922:.
848:.
844:.
791:.
764:.
664:.
656:.
636:91
634:.
628:.
612:^
521:,
509:,
498:.
491:×
202:L.
159:L.
75::
1006:.
981:.
953:.
928:.
905:.
895:"
891:"
860:.
850:2
829:.
819:"
815:"
803:.
799::
793:6
776:.
772::
766:3
745:.
735:"
731:"
719:.
697:.
672:.
650::
642:(
391:.
200:(
157:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
